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Comparative evaluation of analogue front-end designs for the CMS Inner Tracker at the High Luminosity LHC

W. Adam,Thomas Bergauer,D. Blöch,Marko Dragicevic,R. Frühwirth,V. Hinger,H. Steininger,W. Worby Beaumont,Davide Di Croce,X. Janssen,Tomáš Kello,Aleksandra Lelek,P. Van Mechelen,Senne van Putte,N. Van Remortel,Freya Blekman,Martin Delcourt,Jorgen d'Hondt,Steven Lowette,Seth Moortgat,Alexander Morton,Denise Müller,Abanti Ranadhir Sahasransu,Emil Sørensen Bols,Yannick Allard,Diego Beghin,Bugra Bilin,Barbara Clerbaux,G. De Lentdecker,Wei-Tian Deng,Laurent Favart,Anastasia Grebenyuk,Dmytro Hohov,A. K. Kalsi,A. Khalilzadeh,Mostafa Mahdavikhorrami,Inna Makarenko,Louis Moureaux,А. В. Попов,Nicolas Postiau,Frédéric Robert,Zixuan Song,Laurent Thomas,Pascal Vanlaer,David Vannerom,Q. Wang,Han Wang,Yang Yu,Agni Bethani,Giacomo Bruno,Florian Joel J Bury,Claudio Caputo,Pieter David,A. Deblaere,Christophe Delaere,Izzeddin Suat Donertas,Andrea Giammanco,Vincent Lemaı̂tre,Kuntal Mondal,Jessica Prisciandaro,N. Szilasi,Angela Taliercio,M. Teklishyn,Pietro Vischia,Sébastien Wertz,Vuko Brigljević,Dinko Ferenček,Devdatta Majumder,S. R. Mishra,Matej Roguljić,Andrei Starodumov,Tatjana Šuša,Paula Eerola,Erik Brücken,Tapio Lampén,Laura Martikainen,Eija Tuominen,Panja-Riina Luukka,Tuure Tuuva,J.-L. Agram,Jérémy Andrea,Dylan Apparu,D. Blöch,C. Bonnin,Guillaume Bourgatte,J.-M. Brom,Eric Christian Chabert,L. Charles,Caroline Collard,E. Dangelser,Douja Darej,Ulrich Goerlach,Clément Grimault,L. Gross,Christoph Haas,M. Krauth,Emery Nibigira,N. Ollivier-Henry,E. Silva Jiménez,Ece Aşılar,G. Baulieu,Gaëlle Boudoul,L. Caponetto,Nicolas Chanon,Didier Contardo,P. Dené,T. Dupasquier,G. Galbit,Shilpi Jain,N. Lumb,Laurent Mirabito,B. Nodari,Stéphane Perriès,M. Vander Donckt,Sébastien Viret,Lutz Feld,W. Karpiński,Katja Klein,Martin Lipinski,D. Louis,Danilo Meuser,Alexander Pauls,G. Pierschel,Max Philip Rauch,Nicolas Röwert,Johannes Schulz,Marius Teroerde,M. Wlochal,Christian Dziwok,G. Fluegge,Oliver Pooth,Achim Stahl,Tim Ziemons,Chun Cheng,Patrick Connor,Adinda de Wit,Guenter Eckerlin,Doris Eckstein,Elisabetta Gallo,Moritz Guthoff,Ali Harb,Claus Kleinwort,Rainer Mankel,H. Maser,Mareike Meyer,C. Muhl,Andreas Mussgiller,Younes Otarid,Daniel Pitzl,O. Reichelt,Mykola Savitskyi,R. Stever,Nicolas Tonon,A. Velyka,Roberval Walsh,Q. Wang,A. Zuber,Anna Benecke,H. Biskop,P. Buhmann,Melanie Eich,Finn Feindt,A. Froehlich,Erika Garutti,Paolo Gunnellini,Mohammadtaghi Hajheidari,Johannes Haller,Andreas Hinzmann,Henrik Ronald Jabusch,Gregor Kasieczka,Robert Klanner,Viktor Kutzner,Torben Lange,Stephan Martens,Malte Mrowietz,Caroline Elisabeth Niniane Niemeyer,Yuval Nissan,Kylee Peña,Oliver Rieger,Peter Schleper,Joern Schwandt,Dennis Schwarz,Jory Sonneveld,Georg Steinbrück,Alexandra Tews,Benedikt Vormwald,Jens Wellhausen,Irene Zoi,M. Abbas,L. Ardila,M. Balzer,T. Barvich,Thomas Blank,Erik Butz,M. Caselle,Wim de Boer,Alexander Dierlamm,Alexander Droll,Karim El Morabit,Frank Hartmann,Ulrich Husemann,Roland Koppenhöfer,Stefan Maier,S. Mallows,T. Mehner,Marius Metzler,J.-O. Müller-Gosewisch,Th. Müller,M. Neufeld,Andreas Nürnberg,Oliver Sander,Matthias Schröder,Ivan Shvetsov,Hans-Jürgen Simonis,J. Stanulla,P. Steck,Michael Waßmer,M. Weber,A. Weddigen,F. Wittig,Georgios Anagnostou,Panagiotis Assiouras,Georgios Daskalakis,I. Kazas,Aristotelis Kyriakis,Demetrios Loukas,T. Balázs,K. Márton,Ferenc Siklér,Viktor Veszprémi,Abhishek Das,Chandiprasad Kar,Prolay Mal,R. Mohanty,P. Saha,Sagarika Swain,Ashutosh Bhardwaj,C. Jain,Geetika Jain,Ajay Kumar,K. Ranjan,S. Saumya,R. Bhattacharya,Suchandra Dutta,Pritam Palit,Gourab Saha,S. Sarkar,P. Cariola,Donato Creanza,Mauro de Palma,G. De Robertis,Luigi Fiore,Merve Ince,F. Loddo,Giorgio Maggi,S. Martiradonna,M. Mongelli,Salvatore My,Giovanna Selvaggi,Lucia Silvestris,Sebastiano Albergo,Salvatore Costa,Alessandro Di Mattia,Renato Potenza,M.A. Saizu,Alessia Tricomi,Cristina Tuvè,Giuseppe Barbagli,M. Brianzi,Antonio Cassese,Rudy Ceccarelli,R. Ciaranfi,Vitaliano Ciulli,Carlo Civinini,R. D’Alessandro,Francesco Fiori,Ettore Focardi,G. Latino,Piergiulio Lenzi,Mattia Lizzo,Marco Meschini,Simone Paoletti,Roberto Seidita,Giacomo Sguazzoni,Lorenzo Viliani,Fabrizio Ferro,E. Robutti,Francesco Brivio,M. E. Dinardo,Paolo Dini,Simone Gennai,Luca Guzzi,Sandra Malvezzi,Dario Menasce,Luigi Moroni,Daniele Pedrini,Davide Zuolo,Patrizia Azzi,N. Bacchetta,Pierluigi Bortignon,D. Bisello,Tommaso Dorigo,Mia Tosi,Hevjin Yarar,L. Gaioni,M. Manghisoni,L. Ratti,Valerio Re,E. Riceputi,G. Traversi,Patrick Asenov,Giorgio Baldinelli,F. Bianchi,Gian Mario Bilei,S. Bizzaglia,M. Caprai,B. Checcucci,Diego Ciangottini,Livio Fanò,L. Farnesini,M. Ionica,Matteo Magherini,Giancarlo Mantovani,Valentina Mariani,Mauro Menichelli,A. Morozzi,Francesco Moscatelli,D. Passeri,Andrea Piccinelli,P. Placidi,Antônio Rossi,Attilio Santocchia,Daniele Spiga,Loriano Storchi,Tommaso Tedeschi,C. Turrioni,Paolo Azzurri,Giuseppe Bagliesi,A. Basti,R. Beccherle,Valerio Bertacchi,L. Bianchini,Tommaso Boccali,F. Bosi,Rino Castaldi,M. A. Ciocci,Roberto Dell’Orso,Silvio Donato,Alessandro Giassi,M. T. Grippo,Franco Ligabue,G. Magazzú,Elisabetta Manca,Giulio Mandorli,M. Massa,E. Mazzoni,Alberto Messineo,A. Moggi,F. Morsani,Fabrizio Palla,Shubhi Parolia,F. Raffaelli,G. Ramirez Sanchez,Andrea Rizzi,Suvankar Roy Chowdhury,Paolo Spagnolo,Roberto Tenchini,Guido Tonelli,Andrea Venturi,P. G. Verdini,Riccardo Bellan,S. Coli,Marco Costa,Roberto Covarelli,G. Dellacasa,Natale Demaria,S. Garbolino,M. T. Grippo,Ernesto Migliore,Ennio Monteil,Marco Monteno,Giacomo Ortona,Luca Pacher,A. Rivetti,Ada Solano,Antonio Vagnerini,Jordi Duarte Campderrós,Marcos Fernández,Andrea García Alonso,G. Gómez,F. Sánchez,R. Jaramillo Echeverria,D. Moya,Alberto Ruiz Jimeno,L. Scodellaro,Iván Vila,Amparo Lopez Virto,Jesús Manuel Vizan Garcia,Duccio Abbaneo,I. Ahmed,E. Albert,J. Sánchez Alméida,M. Barinoff,J. Batista Lopes,G. Bergamin,G. Blanchot,F. Boyer,Alessandro Caratelli,R. Carnesecchi,Davide Ceresa,J. Christiansen,K. Cichy,Esteban Curras Rivera,J. Daguin,S. Détraz,Maciej Wojciech Dudek,Natalia Emriskova,F. Faccio,N. Frank,T. French,A. Hollos,G. Hugo,J. Kapłon,Zsuzsa Kerekes,K. Kloukinas,Neal Koss,L. Kottelat,D. Koukola,M. Kovacs,A. La Rosa,P. Lenoir,R. Loos,A. Marchioro,I. Domínguez,Stefano Mersi,S. Michelis,Arnaud Millet,Antti Onnela,S. Orfanelli,T. Pakulski,Antonios N. Papadopoulos,Andrea Rodríguez Pérez,F. Perez Gomez,J. F. Pernot,P. Petagna,Q. Piazza,Peyton Rose,Simone Scarfì,M. Sinani,R. Tavares Rego,Paola Tropea,J. Troska,Andromachi Tsirou,F. Vasey,P. Vichoudis,Alexandros L. Zografos,W. Bertl,Lea Caminada,Aliakbar Ebrahimi,Wolfram Erdmann,Roland Horisberger,H. C. Kaestli,Danek Kotliński,Urs Langenegger,Beat H. Meier,Marino Missiroli,Lars Noehte,Tilman Rohe,S. Streuli,Konstantin Androsov,Malte Backhaus,R. H. Becker,Pirmin Berger,D. Di Calafiori,Alessandro Calandri,L. Djambazov,Mauro Donegà,Christian Dorfer,Franz Glessgen,Christoph Grab,Dmitry Hits,Werner Lustermann,Maren Tabea Meinhard,Vasilije Perovic,Michael Reichmann,Branislav Ristić,U. Roeser,Daniele Ruini,J.H. Sørensen,Rainer Wallny,K. Bösiger,Danyyl Brzhechko,F. Canelli,K. J. R. Cormier,Riccardo del Burgo,Marc Huwiler,Arash Jofrehei,B. Kilminster,Stefanos Leontsinis,Anna Macchiolo,Umberto Molinatti,Ronald Maier,Vinicius Massami Mikuni,Izaak Neutelings,Arne Reimers,Peter Robmann,Yasuhiro Takahashi,David Wolf,P.-H Chen,Wenjun Hou,Rong-Shyang Lu,Emyr Clement,David Cussans,J. Goldstein,Sarah Seif El Nasr-Storey,Nicolas Stylianou,John A Coughlan,Kristian Harder,Mei-Li Holmberg,Konstantinos Manolopoulos,Thomas Schuh,Ian R Tomalin,Robert Bainbridge,Johan Borg,C. Brown,Giacomo Fedi,G. Hall,David Gabriel Monk,Mark Pesaresi,Kenta Uchida,Kathryn Coldham,Joanne Cole,Mohammadmersad Ghorbani,Ahsan Mehmood Khan,P. Kyberd,Ivan Reid,Rachel Bartek,A. Dominguez,Rishabh Uniyal,Andres Mateus Vargas Hernandez,G. Benelli,Bjorn Burkle,Xavier Coubez,U. Heintz,N. Hinton,Julie Managan Hogan,A. Honma,Andrei Korotkov,D. Li,Michael Lukasik,M. Narain,Sinan Sagir,Farrah Simpson,E. Spencer,Emanuele Usai,J. Voelker,Wing Yan Wong,W. Zhang,E. Cannaert,M. Chertok,John Conway,Grace Haza,D. Hemer,Frank Jensen,J. Thomson,Wei Wei,T. Welton,Rachel Yohay,F. Zhang,Gail Hanson,Weinan Si,P. Chang,Stephane Cooperstein,Nikkie Deelen,Raffaele Gerosa,Leonardo Giannini,S. Krutelyov,B.N. Sathia,Varun Sharma,Matevž Tadel,A. Yagil,Valentina Dutta,Loukas Gouskos,Joe Incandela,Matthew Kilpatrick,S. Kyre,H. Qu,Melissa Quinnan,John Perry Cumalat,William T Ford,Emily Macdonald,Alexx Perloff,Kevin Stenson,K. A. Ulmer,Stephen Robert Wagner,J. P. Alexander,Y. Bordlemay Padilla,Samuel Bright-Thonney,Hok Chuen Cheng,John Conway,Derek James Cranshaw,Abhisek Datta,A. Filenius,Shaun Hogan,Steven Lantz,Jose Monroy,H. Postema,Dan Quach,Joseph Reichert,Michael Reid,D. Riley,A. Rýd,K. Smolenski,C. Strohman,Julia Thom,Peter Wittich,Rui Zou,Amandeep Singh Bakshi,Douglas Berry,K. Burkett,Donald P. Butler,A. Canepa,G. Derylo,Jennet Dickinson,Anindya Ghosh,C. Gîngu,Hugo Becerril Gonzalez,Stefan Grünendahl,Lesya Anna Horyn,Mark E. Johnson,Pamela Klabbers,C. M. Lei,R. Lipton,S. Łoś,Petra Merkel,P. Murat,Steve Nahn,Fabio Ravera,R. Rivera,Leonard Spiegel,Lorenzo Uplegger,E. Voirin,H. Weber,Hugo Becerril Gonzalez,X. Chen,Susan Dittmer,A. Evdokimov,Olga Evdokimov,Cecilia Elena Gerber,David Jonathan Hofman,C. Mills,Titas Roy,Sahithi Rudrabhatla,Jaehyeok Yoo,Mohammad Alhusseini,Süleyman Durgut,Jane Nachtman,Yasar Onel,C. Rude,Christina Snyder,K. Yi,Oz Amram,Nicholas Eminizer,A. V. Gritsan,Savvas Kyriacou,Petar Maksimović,Cristina Mantilla Suárez,Jeffrey Roskes,Morris Swartz,Tamás Álmos Vámi,Justin Anguiano,A. Bean,Sadia Khalil,Erich Schmitz,Graham Wilson,Andrew Ivanov,Tyler Mitchell,Abhi Modak,R. Taylor,J. G. Acosta,L. Cremaldi,Sandra Oliveros,L. Perera,D. J. Summers,K. Bloom,Daniel R Claes,Caleb Fangmeier,Frank Golf,Changwoo Joo,Ilya Kravchenko,J. E. Siado,Ia Iashvili,A. Kharchilava,Christine Mclean,Duong Nguyen,Juska Pekkanen,Salvatore Rappoccio,Andreas Albert,Zeynep Demiragli,D. Gastler,E. Hazen,A. Peck,James Rohlf,J. Li,Ashley Parker,Louise Skinnari,K. A. Hahn,Y. Liu,Kevin Sung,Bryan Cardwell,Brian Francis,Christopher Hill,Kai Wei,S. Malik,Scarlet Norberg,J. E. Ramirez Vargas,Ridhi Chawla,Sruthy Jyothi Das,Matthew Jones,Andreas Werner Jung,Abraham Mathew Koshy,Giulia Negro,Jason Thieman,Tongguang Cheng,James Dolen,Neeti Parashar,K. M. Ecklünd,Sarah Freed,Ajay Kumar,H. Liu,T. Nussbaum,R. Démina,Joseph Lynn Dulemba,Otto Hindrichs,E. Bartz,A. Gandrakotra,Y. Gershtein,Eva Halkiadakis,Andrew Hart,Amitabh Lath,Kevin Nash,Marc Osherson,S. Schnetzer,Robert Stone,Ricardo Eusebi,P. D’Angelo,W. Johns

Preamplifier

Front and back ends

Chip

2021

Abstract The CMS Inner Tracker, made of silicon pixel modules, will be entirely replaced prior to the start of the High Luminosity LHC period. One of the crucial components of the new Inner Tracker system is the readout chip, being developed by the RD53 Collaboration, and in particular its analogue front-end, which receives the signal from the sensor and digitizes it. Three different analogue front-ends (Synchronous, Linear, and Differential) were designed and implemented in the RD53A demonstrator chip. A dedicated evaluation program was carried out to select the most suitable design to build a radiation tolerant pixel detector able to sustain high particle rates with high efficiency and a small fraction of spurious pixel hits. The test results showed that all three analogue front-ends presented strong points, but also limitations. The Differential front-end demonstrated very low noise, but the threshold tuning became problematic after irradiation. Moreover, a saturation in the preamplifier feedback loop affected the return of the signal to baseline and thus increased the dead time. The Synchronous front-end showed very good timing performance, but also higher noise. For the Linear front-end all of the parameters were within specification, although this design had the largest time walk. This limitation was addressed and mitigated in an improved design. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the three front-ends in the context of the CMS Inner Tracker operation requirements led to the selection of the improved design Linear front-end for integration in the final CMS readout chip.

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“Comparative evaluation of analogue front-end designs for the CMS Inner Tracker at the High Luminosity LHC” is a paper by W. Adam Thomas Bergauer D. Blöch Marko Dragicevic R. Frühwirth V. Hinger H. Steininger W. Worby Beaumont Davide Di Croce X. Janssen Tomáš Kello Aleksandra Lelek P. Van Mechelen Senne van Putte N. Van Remortel Freya Blekman Martin Delcourt Jorgen d'Hondt Steven Lowette Seth Moortgat Alexander Morton Denise Müller Abanti Ranadhir Sahasransu Emil Sørensen Bols Yannick Allard Diego Beghin Bugra Bilin Barbara Clerbaux G. De Lentdecker Wei-Tian Deng Laurent Favart Anastasia Grebenyuk Dmytro Hohov A. K. Kalsi A. Khalilzadeh Mostafa Mahdavikhorrami Inna Makarenko Louis Moureaux А. В. Попов Nicolas Postiau Frédéric Robert Zixuan Song Laurent Thomas Pascal Vanlaer David Vannerom Q. Wang Han Wang Yang Yu Agni Bethani Giacomo Bruno Florian Joel J Bury Claudio Caputo Pieter David A. Deblaere Christophe Delaere Izzeddin Suat Donertas Andrea Giammanco Vincent Lemaı̂tre Kuntal Mondal Jessica Prisciandaro N. Szilasi Angela Taliercio M. Teklishyn Pietro Vischia Sébastien Wertz Vuko Brigljević Dinko Ferenček Devdatta Majumder S. R. Mishra Matej Roguljić Andrei Starodumov Tatjana Šuša Paula Eerola Erik Brücken Tapio Lampén Laura Martikainen Eija Tuominen Panja-Riina Luukka Tuure Tuuva J.-L. Agram Jérémy Andrea Dylan Apparu D. Blöch C. Bonnin Guillaume Bourgatte J.-M. Brom Eric Christian Chabert L. Charles Caroline Collard E. Dangelser Douja Darej Ulrich Goerlach Clément Grimault L. Gross Christoph Haas M. Krauth Emery Nibigira N. Ollivier-Henry E. Silva Jiménez Ece Aşılar G. Baulieu Gaëlle Boudoul L. Caponetto Nicolas Chanon Didier Contardo P. Dené T. Dupasquier G. Galbit Shilpi Jain N. Lumb Laurent Mirabito B. Nodari Stéphane Perriès M. Vander Donckt Sébastien Viret Lutz Feld W. Karpiński Katja Klein Martin Lipinski D. Louis Danilo Meuser Alexander Pauls G. Pierschel Max Philip Rauch Nicolas Röwert Johannes Schulz Marius Teroerde M. Wlochal Christian Dziwok G. Fluegge Oliver Pooth Achim Stahl Tim Ziemons Chun Cheng Patrick Connor Adinda de Wit Guenter Eckerlin Doris Eckstein Elisabetta Gallo Moritz Guthoff Ali Harb Claus Kleinwort Rainer Mankel H. Maser Mareike Meyer C. Muhl Andreas Mussgiller Younes Otarid Daniel Pitzl O. Reichelt Mykola Savitskyi R. Stever Nicolas Tonon A. Velyka Roberval Walsh Q. Wang A. Zuber Anna Benecke H. Biskop P. Buhmann Melanie Eich Finn Feindt A. Froehlich Erika Garutti Paolo Gunnellini Mohammadtaghi Hajheidari Johannes Haller Andreas Hinzmann Henrik Ronald Jabusch Gregor Kasieczka Robert Klanner Viktor Kutzner Torben Lange Stephan Martens Malte Mrowietz Caroline Elisabeth Niniane Niemeyer Yuval Nissan Kylee Peña Oliver Rieger Peter Schleper Joern Schwandt Dennis Schwarz Jory Sonneveld Georg Steinbrück Alexandra Tews Benedikt Vormwald Jens Wellhausen Irene Zoi M. Abbas L. Ardila M. Balzer T. Barvich Thomas Blank Erik Butz M. Caselle Wim de Boer Alexander Dierlamm Alexander Droll Karim El Morabit Frank Hartmann Ulrich Husemann Roland Koppenhöfer Stefan Maier S. Mallows T. Mehner Marius Metzler J.-O. Müller-Gosewisch Th. Müller M. Neufeld Andreas Nürnberg Oliver Sander Matthias Schröder Ivan Shvetsov Hans-Jürgen Simonis J. Stanulla P. Steck Michael Waßmer M. Weber A. Weddigen F. Wittig Georgios Anagnostou Panagiotis Assiouras Georgios Daskalakis I. Kazas Aristotelis Kyriakis Demetrios Loukas T. Balázs K. Márton Ferenc Siklér Viktor Veszprémi Abhishek Das Chandiprasad Kar Prolay Mal R. Mohanty P. Saha Sagarika Swain Ashutosh Bhardwaj C. Jain Geetika Jain Ajay Kumar K. Ranjan S. Saumya R. Bhattacharya Suchandra Dutta Pritam Palit Gourab Saha S. Sarkar P. Cariola Donato Creanza Mauro de Palma G. De Robertis Luigi Fiore Merve Ince F. Loddo Giorgio Maggi S. Martiradonna M. Mongelli Salvatore My Giovanna Selvaggi Lucia Silvestris Sebastiano Albergo Salvatore Costa Alessandro Di Mattia Renato Potenza M.A. Saizu Alessia Tricomi Cristina Tuvè Giuseppe Barbagli M. Brianzi Antonio Cassese Rudy Ceccarelli R. Ciaranfi Vitaliano Ciulli Carlo Civinini R. D’Alessandro Francesco Fiori Ettore Focardi G. Latino Piergiulio Lenzi Mattia Lizzo Marco Meschini Simone Paoletti Roberto Seidita Giacomo Sguazzoni Lorenzo Viliani Fabrizio Ferro E. Robutti Francesco Brivio M. E. Dinardo Paolo Dini Simone Gennai Luca Guzzi Sandra Malvezzi Dario Menasce Luigi Moroni Daniele Pedrini Davide Zuolo Patrizia Azzi N. Bacchetta Pierluigi Bortignon D. Bisello Tommaso Dorigo Mia Tosi Hevjin Yarar L. Gaioni M. Manghisoni L. Ratti Valerio Re E. Riceputi G. Traversi Patrick Asenov Giorgio Baldinelli F. Bianchi Gian Mario Bilei S. Bizzaglia M. Caprai B. Checcucci Diego Ciangottini Livio Fanò L. Farnesini M. Ionica Matteo Magherini Giancarlo Mantovani Valentina Mariani Mauro Menichelli A. Morozzi Francesco Moscatelli D. Passeri Andrea Piccinelli P. Placidi Antônio Rossi Attilio Santocchia Daniele Spiga Loriano Storchi Tommaso Tedeschi C. Turrioni Paolo Azzurri Giuseppe Bagliesi A. Basti R. Beccherle Valerio Bertacchi L. Bianchini Tommaso Boccali F. Bosi Rino Castaldi M. A. Ciocci Roberto Dell’Orso Silvio Donato Alessandro Giassi M. T. Grippo Franco Ligabue G. Magazzú Elisabetta Manca Giulio Mandorli M. Massa E. Mazzoni Alberto Messineo A. Moggi F. Morsani Fabrizio Palla Shubhi Parolia F. Raffaelli G. Ramirez Sanchez Andrea Rizzi Suvankar Roy Chowdhury Paolo Spagnolo Roberto Tenchini Guido Tonelli Andrea Venturi P. G. Verdini Riccardo Bellan S. Coli Marco Costa Roberto Covarelli G. Dellacasa Natale Demaria S. Garbolino M. T. Grippo Ernesto Migliore Ennio Monteil Marco Monteno Giacomo Ortona Luca Pacher A. Rivetti Ada Solano Antonio Vagnerini Jordi Duarte Campderrós Marcos Fernández Andrea García Alonso G. Gómez F. Sánchez R. Jaramillo Echeverria D. Moya Alberto Ruiz Jimeno L. Scodellaro Iván Vila Amparo Lopez Virto Jesús Manuel Vizan Garcia Duccio Abbaneo I. Ahmed E. Albert J. Sánchez Alméida M. Barinoff J. Batista Lopes G. Bergamin G. Blanchot F. Boyer Alessandro Caratelli R. Carnesecchi Davide Ceresa J. Christiansen K. Cichy Esteban Curras Rivera J. Daguin S. Détraz Maciej Wojciech Dudek Natalia Emriskova F. Faccio N. Frank T. French A. Hollos G. Hugo J. Kapłon Zsuzsa Kerekes K. Kloukinas Neal Koss L. Kottelat D. Koukola M. Kovacs A. La Rosa P. Lenoir R. Loos A. Marchioro I. Domínguez Stefano Mersi S. Michelis Arnaud Millet Antti Onnela S. Orfanelli T. Pakulski Antonios N. Papadopoulos Andrea Rodríguez Pérez F. Perez Gomez J. F. Pernot P. Petagna Q. Piazza Peyton Rose Simone Scarfì M. Sinani R. Tavares Rego Paola Tropea J. Troska Andromachi Tsirou F. Vasey P. Vichoudis Alexandros L. Zografos W. Bertl Lea Caminada Aliakbar Ebrahimi Wolfram Erdmann Roland Horisberger H. C. Kaestli Danek Kotliński Urs Langenegger Beat H. Meier Marino Missiroli Lars Noehte Tilman Rohe S. Streuli Konstantin Androsov Malte Backhaus R. H. Becker Pirmin Berger D. Di Calafiori Alessandro Calandri L. Djambazov Mauro Donegà Christian Dorfer Franz Glessgen Christoph Grab Dmitry Hits Werner Lustermann Maren Tabea Meinhard Vasilije Perovic Michael Reichmann Branislav Ristić U. Roeser Daniele Ruini J.H. Sørensen Rainer Wallny K. Bösiger Danyyl Brzhechko F. Canelli K. J. R. Cormier Riccardo del Burgo Marc Huwiler Arash Jofrehei B. Kilminster Stefanos Leontsinis Anna Macchiolo Umberto Molinatti Ronald Maier Vinicius Massami Mikuni Izaak Neutelings Arne Reimers Peter Robmann Yasuhiro Takahashi David Wolf P.-H Chen Wenjun Hou Rong-Shyang Lu Emyr Clement David Cussans J. Goldstein Sarah Seif El Nasr-Storey Nicolas Stylianou John A Coughlan Kristian Harder Mei-Li Holmberg Konstantinos Manolopoulos Thomas Schuh Ian R Tomalin Robert Bainbridge Johan Borg C. Brown Giacomo Fedi G. Hall David Gabriel Monk Mark Pesaresi Kenta Uchida Kathryn Coldham Joanne Cole Mohammadmersad Ghorbani Ahsan Mehmood Khan P. Kyberd Ivan Reid Rachel Bartek A. Dominguez Rishabh Uniyal Andres Mateus Vargas Hernandez G. Benelli Bjorn Burkle Xavier Coubez U. Heintz N. Hinton Julie Managan Hogan A. Honma Andrei Korotkov D. Li Michael Lukasik M. Narain Sinan Sagir Farrah Simpson E. Spencer Emanuele Usai J. Voelker Wing Yan Wong W. Zhang E. Cannaert M. Chertok John Conway Grace Haza D. Hemer Frank Jensen J. Thomson Wei Wei T. Welton Rachel Yohay F. Zhang Gail Hanson Weinan Si P. Chang Stephane Cooperstein Nikkie Deelen Raffaele Gerosa Leonardo Giannini S. Krutelyov B.N. Sathia Varun Sharma Matevž Tadel A. Yagil Valentina Dutta Loukas Gouskos Joe Incandela Matthew Kilpatrick S. Kyre H. Qu Melissa Quinnan John Perry Cumalat William T Ford Emily Macdonald Alexx Perloff Kevin Stenson K. A. Ulmer Stephen Robert Wagner J. P. Alexander Y. Bordlemay Padilla Samuel Bright-Thonney Hok Chuen Cheng John Conway Derek James Cranshaw Abhisek Datta A. Filenius Shaun Hogan Steven Lantz Jose Monroy H. Postema Dan Quach Joseph Reichert Michael Reid D. Riley A. Rýd K. Smolenski C. Strohman Julia Thom Peter Wittich Rui Zou Amandeep Singh Bakshi Douglas Berry K. Burkett Donald P. Butler A. Canepa G. Derylo Jennet Dickinson Anindya Ghosh C. Gîngu Hugo Becerril Gonzalez Stefan Grünendahl Lesya Anna Horyn Mark E. Johnson Pamela Klabbers C. M. Lei R. Lipton S. Łoś Petra Merkel P. Murat Steve Nahn Fabio Ravera R. Rivera Leonard Spiegel Lorenzo Uplegger E. Voirin H. Weber Hugo Becerril Gonzalez X. Chen Susan Dittmer A. Evdokimov Olga Evdokimov Cecilia Elena Gerber David Jonathan Hofman C. Mills Titas Roy Sahithi Rudrabhatla Jaehyeok Yoo Mohammad Alhusseini Süleyman Durgut Jane Nachtman Yasar Onel C. Rude Christina Snyder K. Yi Oz Amram Nicholas Eminizer A. V. Gritsan Savvas Kyriacou Petar Maksimović Cristina Mantilla Suárez Jeffrey Roskes Morris Swartz Tamás Álmos Vámi Justin Anguiano A. Bean Sadia Khalil Erich Schmitz Graham Wilson Andrew Ivanov Tyler Mitchell Abhi Modak R. Taylor J. G. Acosta L. Cremaldi Sandra Oliveros L. Perera D. J. Summers K. Bloom Daniel R Claes Caleb Fangmeier Frank Golf Changwoo Joo Ilya Kravchenko J. E. Siado Ia Iashvili A. Kharchilava Christine Mclean Duong Nguyen Juska Pekkanen Salvatore Rappoccio Andreas Albert Zeynep Demiragli D. Gastler E. Hazen A. Peck James Rohlf J. Li Ashley Parker Louise Skinnari K. A. Hahn Y. Liu Kevin Sung Bryan Cardwell Brian Francis Christopher Hill Kai Wei S. Malik Scarlet Norberg J. E. Ramirez Vargas Ridhi Chawla Sruthy Jyothi Das Matthew Jones Andreas Werner Jung Abraham Mathew Koshy Giulia Negro Jason Thieman Tongguang Cheng James Dolen Neeti Parashar K. M. Ecklünd Sarah Freed Ajay Kumar H. Liu T. Nussbaum R. Démina Joseph Lynn Dulemba Otto Hindrichs E. Bartz A. Gandrakotra Y. Gershtein Eva Halkiadakis Andrew Hart Amitabh Lath Kevin Nash Marc Osherson S. Schnetzer Robert Stone Ricardo Eusebi P. D’Angelo W. Johns published in 2021. It has an Open Access status of “hybrid”. You can read and download a PDF Full Text of this paper here.