Wing Yan Wong

To present the findings of a literature review regarding nurses' intention to leave their employment or the profession.The nursing shortage is a problem that is being experienced worldwide. It is a problem that, left unresolved, could have a serious impact on the provision of quality health care. Understanding the reasons why nurses leave their employment or the profession is imperative if efforts to increase retention are to be successful.Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify English research reports about nurses' intention to leave their employment or the profession. Key results concerning the issue were extracted and synthesized.The diversified measurement instruments, samples and levels of intention to leave caused difficulties in the attempt to compare or synthesize findings. The factors influencing nurses' intention to leave were identified and categorized into organizational and individual factors.The reasons that trigger nurses' intention to leave are complex and are influenced by organizational and individual factors. Further studies should be conducted to investigate how external factors such as job opportunities correlate with nurses' intention to leave.The review provides insight that can be useful in designing and implementing strategies to maintain a sustainable workforce in nursing.

Inequalities in health have existed for many decades and have led to unjust consequences in morbidity and mortality.These have become even more apparent during the COVID-19 pandemic with individuals from black and minority ethnic groups, poorer socioeconomic backgrounds, urban and rurally deprived locations, and vulnerable groups of society suffering the full force of its effects.This review is highlighting the current disparities that exist within different societies, that subsequently demonstrate COVID-19, does in fact, discriminate against disadvantaged individuals.Also explored in detail are the measures that can and should be taken to improve equality and provide equitable distribution of healthcare resources amongst underprivileged communities.

Macrophages are essential for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, and their activation has been proposed to be critical to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although there are many recognized mediators of macrophage activation, increasing evidence suggests that macrophages respond to exosome stimulation. Exosomes are 40–150 nm microvesicles released from different cell types and are found in a variety of physiological fluids, including serum. As studies have shown that circulating exosomes participate in intercellular communication and can mediate the immune response, we hypothesized that exosomes may play a role in the pathogenesis of IBD though modulation of macrophage activity. In this study, we used the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced acute colitis mice model to investigate the effect of serum exosomes on macrophages and identify exosome proteins potentially involved in macrophage activation. We treated RAW264.7 macrophages with serum exosomes isolated from dextran sulfate sodium induced mice and found that treatment induced phosphorylation of p38 and ERK and production of tumor necrosis factor α when compared to treatment with exosomes isolated from control mice. Subsequent proteomic analysis identified 56 differentially expressed proteins, a majority of which were acute‐phase proteins and immunoglobulins. Bioinformatics analysis suggested these proteins were mainly involved in the complement and coagulation cascade, which has been implicated in macrophage activation. Our findings provide new insight into the role of circulating serum exosomes in acute colitis and contribute to the understanding of macrophage activation in the pathogenesis of IBD.

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and glucocerebrosidase (GBA) represent two most common genetic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD). Both genes are important in the autophagic-lysosomal pathway (ALP), defects of which are associated with α-synuclein (α-syn) accumulation. LRRK2 regulates macroautophagy via activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) kinase (MEK) and the calcium-dependent adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways. Phosphorylation of Rab GTPases by LRRK2 regulates lysosomal homeostasis and endosomal trafficking. Mutant LRRK2 impairs chaperone-mediated autophagy, resulting in α-syn binding and oligomerization on lysosomal membranes. Mutations in GBA reduce glucocerebrosidase (GCase) activity, leading to glucosylceramide accumulation, α-syn aggregation and broad autophagic abnormalities. LRRK2 and GBA influence each other: GCase activity is reduced in LRRK2 mutant cells, and LRRK2 kinase inhibition can alter GCase activity in GBA mutant cells. Clinically, LRRK2 G2019S mutation seems to modify the effects of GBA mutation, resulting in milder symptoms than those resulting from GBA mutation alone. However, dual mutation carriers have an increased risk of PD and earlier age of onset compared with single mutation carriers, suggesting an additive deleterious effect on the initiation of PD pathogenic processes. Crosstalk between LRRK2 and GBA in PD exists, but its exact mechanism is unclear. Drugs that inhibit LRRK2 kinase or activate GCase are showing efficacy in pre-clinical models. Since LRRK2 kinase and GCase activities are also altered in idiopathic PD (iPD), it remains to be seen if these drugs will be useful in disease modification of iPD.

In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an altered gut microbiota is observed and is a proposed causal factor for compromised intestinal integrity and disease progression. Therefore, maintenance and modulation of the gut microbiome may be beneficial to health and for treatment of IBD. Prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics have been suggested to positively impact the gut microbiota and thus we aimed to evaluate the effects of a formulated prebiotic mixture (Pre), probiotic mixture (Pro), and synbiotics (Syn) in normal mice, and their therapeutic effects in acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice. We observed significant reductions in plasma IL-6 levels and increased intestinal occludin expression in both models after treatment. In DSS-induced mice, treatment modulated gut microbiota, improved gut integrity, upregulated anti-inflammatory cytokines, and suppressed plasma pro-inflammatory mediators, potentially via inhibition of IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Our results demonstrate the beneficial effects of Pre, Pro, and Syn consumption and their potential therapeutic effects in IBD.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, responsible for an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018, and this burden continues to increase. Therefore, there is a clear and urgent need for novel drugs with increased efficacy for the treatment of different cancers. Previous research has demonstrated that brevilin A (BA) exerts anticancer activity in various cancers, including human multiple myeloma, breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon carcinoma, suggesting the anticancer potential present in the chemical scaffold of BA. Here, we designed and synthesized a small library of 12 novel BA derivatives and evaluated the biological anticancer effects of the compounds in various cancer cell lines. The results of this structure–activity relationship study demonstrated that BA derivatives BA-9 and BA-10 possessed significantly improved anticancer activity toward lung, colon, and breast cancer cell lines. BA-9 and BA-10 could more effectively reduce cancer cell viability and induce DNA damage, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis when compared with BA. Our findings represent a significant step forward in the development of novel anticancer entities.

High salt intake has been known to cause hypertension and other side effects. However, it is still unclear whether it also affects fibrosis in the mature or developing liver. This study demonstrates that high salt exposure in mice (4% NaCl in drinking water) and chick embryo (calculated final osmolality of the egg was 300 mosm/L) could lead to derangement of the hepatic cords and liver fibrosis using H&E, PAS, Masson, and Sirius red staining. Meanwhile, Desmin immunofluorescent staining of mouse and chick embryo livers indicated that hepatic stellate cells were activated after the high salt exposure. pHIS3 and BrdU immunohistological staining of mouse and chick embryo livers indicated that cell proliferation decreased; as well, TUNEL analyses indicated that cell apoptosis increased in the presence of high salt exposure. Next, dihydroethidium staining on the cultured chick hepatocytes indicated the excess ROS was generated following high salt exposure. Furthermore, AAPH (a known inducer of ROS production) treatment also induced the liver fibrosis in chick embryo. Positive Nrf2 and Keap1 immunohistological staining on mouse liver suggested that Nrf2/Keap1 signaling was involved in high salt induced ROS production. Finally, the CCK8 assay was used to determine whether or not the growth inhibitory effect induced by high salt exposure can be rescued by antioxidant vitamin C. Meanwhile, the RT-PCR result indicated that the Nrf2/Keap1 downsteam genes including HO-1, NQO-1, and SOD2 were involved in this process. In sum, these experiments suggest that high salt intake would lead to high risk of liver damage and fibrosis in both adults and developing embryos. The pathological mechanism may be the result from an imbalance between oxidative stress and the antioxidant system.

National data on dengue notifications do not capture all dengue infections and do not reflect the true intensity of disease transmission. To assess the true dengue infection rate and disease control efforts in Singapore, we conducted age-stratified serosurveys among residents after a 2013 outbreak that was the largest dengue outbreak on record. The age-weighted prevalence of dengue immunoglobulin G among residents was 49.8% (95% confidence interval: 48.4, 51.1) in 2013 and 48.6% (95% confidence interval: 47.0, 50.0) in 2017; prevalence increased with age. Combining these data with those from previous serosurveys, the year-on-year estimates of the dengue force of infection from 1930 to 2017 revealed a significant decrease from the late 1960s to the mid-1990s, after which the force of infection remained stable at approximately 10 per 1,000 persons per year. The reproduction number (R0) had also declined since the 1960s. The reduction in dengue transmission may be attributed to the sustained national vector program and partly to a change in the age structure of the population. The improved estimated ratio of notified cases to true infections, from 1:14 in 2005-2009 to 1:6 in 2014-2017, signifies that the national notification system, which relies on diagnosed cases, has improved over time. The data also suggest that the magnitudes of dengue epidemics cannot be fairly compared across calendar years and that the current disease control program remains applicable.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in females worldwide. Estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer, suggest that globally, there were around 2.1 million new breast cancer cases and 627,000 deaths due to breast cancer in 2018. Among the subtypes of breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive and carries the poorest prognosis, largest recurrence, and lowest survival rate. Major treatment options for TNBC patients are mainly constrained to chemotherapy, which can be accompanied by severe side effects. Therefore, development of novel and effective anti-cancer drugs for the treatment of TNBC are urgently required. Centipeda minima is a well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has historically been used to treat rhinitis, sinusitis, relieve pain, and reduce swelling. Recent studies have shown that Centipeda minima exhibited efficacy against certain cancers, however, to date, no studies have been conducted on its effects in breast cancer. Here, we aimed to investigate the anti-cancer activity of the total extract of Centipeda minima (CME), and its underlying mechanism, in TNBC. In MDA-MB-231, we found that CME could significantly reduce cell viability and proliferation, induce apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell migration and invasion, in a dose and time-dependent manner. We showed that CME may potentially act via inhibition of multiple signaling pathways, including the EGFR, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB, and STAT3 pathways. Treatment with CME also led to in vitro downregulation of MMP-9 activity and inhibition of metastasis. Further, we demonstrated that CME could significantly reduce tumor burden in MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice, without any appreciable side effects. Based on our findings, CME is a promising candidate for development as a therapeutic with high efficacy against TNBC.

Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), a dimeric oncoprotein of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), is essential for both viral-genome maintenance and the survival of infected cells. Despite EBNA1's potential as a therapeutic target, tools for the direct monitoring of EBNA1 in vitro and in vivo are lacking. Here, we show that a peptide-based inhibitor that luminesces when bound to EBNA1 inside the nucleus of EBV+ cells can regulate EBNA1 homodimer formation and selectively inhibit the growth of EBV+ tumours of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells (C666-1 and NPC43) and Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells. We also show that the peptide-based probe leads to 93% growth inhibition of EBV+ tumours in mice. Our findings support the hypothesis that selective inhibition of EBNA1 dimerization can be used to afford better EBV-related cancer differentiation, and highlight the potential application of the probe as a new generation of biotracers for investigating the fundamental biological function of EBNA1 and for exploring its application as a therapeutic target. A peptide-based fluorescent inhibitor of the dimerization of an oncoprotein of the Epstein–Barr virus blocks the proliferation of tumours associated with the virus in mice.

To investigate the in vivo effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on intestinal polyp development and the interaction between this single‐organism probiotic and the gut microbiota therein. The ApcMin/+ mouse model was used to study the potential preventive effect of LGG on intestinal polyposis, while shotgun metagenomic sequencing was employed to characterize both taxonomic and functional changes within the gut microbial community. We found that the progression of intestinal polyps in the control group altered the community functional profile remarkably despite small variation in the taxonomic diversity. In comparison, the consumption of LGG helped maintain the overall functional potential and taxonomic profile in the resident microbes, thereby leading to a 25% decrease of total polyp counts. Furthermore, we found that LGG enriched those microbes or microbial activities related to short‐chain fatty acid production (e.g. Roseburia and Coprococcus), as well as suppressed the ones that can lead to inflammation (e.g. Bilophila wadsworthia). Our study using shotgun metagenomics highlights how single probiotic LGG may exert its beneficial effects and decrease polyp formation in mice by maintaining gut microbial functionality. This probiotic intervention targeting microbiota may be used in conjugation with other dietary supplements or drugs as part of prevention strategies for early‐stage colon cancer, after further clinical validations in human.

The preparation of a novel anthracene-containing dynamic [2]rotaxane by a templating self-assembly process between a diamine and a dialdehyde to form a [24]crown-8 macrocyclic diimine, in the presence of a dumbbell containing a secondary dialkylammonium ion center as the template, which has been exploited for its sensing properties. By appealing to the ability of the anthracene ring system--one of the two stoppers associated with the dumbbell--to act as a fluorescent probe, the fluorescence and fluorescence-quenching nature of the dynamic rotaxane in an equilibrium mixture has been investigated and quantified in the presence of external stimuli such as water, acids, salts, and an amine. The stability, as expressed by the hydrolysis of the dynamic rotaxane has been monitored by following: (i) the anthracene fluorescence and (ii) the movements of the signals in the (1)H NMR spectra. The rate of hydrolysis (t(1/2) = 6.9 min) of the dynamic rotaxane in the presence of a small amount (1 equiv.) of acid was found to be very much faster than when the hydrolysis was carried out with a large amount (>100 equiv.) of water, when t(1/2) > 140 min. Furthermore, it has been established that the anthracene fluorescence of the dynamic rotaxane rises with an increasing amount of acid. Two acid sensors have been identified with different operating modes-namely, logarithmic and linear. The combination of different inputs involving water, acids, salts and an amine leads to different fluorescence outputs from the dynamic rotaxane, hence, producing a prototype for expressing molecular logic.

Abstract In this article, the effect of enzyme treatment using neutral cellulase on the color fading property of cotton denim fabric was studied. Four enzyme processing parameters namely treatment temperature, treatment time, pH value, and agitation were considered. To investigate the optimum condition for the enzyme treatment, an orthogonal analysis was used and, based on the K / S summation value ( K / S Sum), the optimum condition for enzyme treatment in this study was treatment temperature = 50°C; treatment time = 30 min; pH value = 8; and agitation = 50 steel balls (simulated mild agitation) for the best color fading achievement with desired worn and aged effect. Meanwhile, the level of importance based on the orthogonal analysis was in the order: treatment temperature > treatment time > agitation > pH and the effect of each processing factors was also discussed. In addition, other properties like CIE Lab values, weight loss, and color fastness to laundering and crocking were also evaluated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011

Surgical ciliated cysts, or postoperative maxillary cysts, are benign cystic lesions induced after a surgical procedure in the maxillofacial area. It is a cystic lesion in the maxillary region that develops after radical sinus surgery to treat maxillary sinusitis. 1 Kubo I. A buccal cyst occurred after a radical operation of the maxillary sinus. Z F Otol Tokyo. 1927; 3: 896 Google Scholar It is frequently reported in the Japanese literature, and most cases are related to previous Caldwell-Luc surgeries to treat maxillary sinusitis. 2 Nishioka M. Pittella F. Hamagaki M. et al. Prevalence of postoperative maxillary cyst significantly higher in Japan. Oral Med Pathol. 2005; 10: 9 Crossref Google Scholar There are case reports of surgical ciliated cysts that developed after midface and bimaxillary orthognathic surgery, 3 Sugar A.W. Walker D.M. Bounds G.A. Surgical ciliated (postoperative maxillary) cysts following mid-face osteotomies. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990; 28: 264 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (34) Google Scholar , 4 Bourgeois Jr, S.L. Nelson B.L. Surgical ciliated cyst of the mandible secondary to simultaneous Le Fort I osteotomy and genioplasty: Report of case and review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2005; 100: 36 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar alveolar bone grafting, 5 Lekkas C. Smets L.M.H. van Hoeken F. Cyst arising in a free bone graft. Eur J Plast Surg. 2001; 24: 195 Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar and maxillofacial trauma. 6 Shuttleworth F.N. King P.F. Pyocele of the orbit following fracture of the maxilla. Br J Ophthalmol. 1951; 35: 427 Crossref PubMed Scopus (3) Google Scholar It is believed that some cells of the respiratory lining are trapped during a surgical procedure or trauma. Subsequent cystic change of the trapped lining and enlargement of the cyst from the osmotic difference cause destruction of adjacent bone and structures. As the cyst expands, it may affect the adjacent teeth. The clinical scenario may be identical to a radicular cyst if a “nonvital” tooth is involved.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins (GpS) have been shown to have anti‐cancer activity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used the Apc Min /+ colorectal cancer (CRC) mouse model to investigate the anti‐cancer effect of GpS and we demonstrated that GpS treatment could significantly reduce the number and size of intestinal polyps in Apc Min /+ mice. In order to identify the potential targets and mechanisms involved, a comparative proteomics analysis was performed and 40 differentially expressed proteins after GpS treatment were identified. Bioinformatics analyses suggested a majority of these proteins were involved in processes related to cellular redox homeostasis, and predicted Raf‐1 as a potential target of GpS. The upregulation of two proteins known to be involved in redox homeostasis, peroxiredoxin‐1 (Prdx1) and peroxiredoxin‐2 (Prdx2), and the downregulation of Raf‐1 were validated using Western blot analysis. After further investigation of the associated signaling networks, we postulated that the anti‐cancer effect of GpS was mediated through the upregulation of Prdx1 and Prdx2, suppression of Ras, RAF/MEK/ERK/STAT, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and modulation of JNK/p38 MAPK signaling. We also examined the potential combinatorial effect of GpS with the chemotherapeutic 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and found that GpS could enhance the anti‐cancer efficacy of 5‐FU, further suppressing the number of polyps in Apc Min/+ mice. Our findings highlight the potential of GpS as an anti‐cancer agent, the potential mechanisms of its anti‐cancer activities, and its effect as an adjuvant of 5‐FU in the chemotherapy of CRC.

Postbiotics are suggested to confer health benefits via modulation of the host gut microbiota, and possess certain advantages over traditional probiotics in safety, production, and storage. As the gut microbiota are a vital contributor to the overall health of the host, we aimed to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of the postbiotic, heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L137 (HK L-137) in healthy mice, as well as their therapeutic effects in an acute colitis mouse model. In both models, treatment with HK L-137 increased the abundance of Lactobacillus species, improved intestinal barrier integrity via upregulation of ZO-1, as well as modulated cytokine levels. In colitis mice, treatment with HK L-137 ameliorated disease-associated changes and exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect. Altogether, our findings demonstrate the beneficial effects of the postbiotic HK L-137 and its potential for further development for the maintenance of health and therapy of IBD.

Large amounts (>100 mol equivalents) of water are required to effect by hydrolysis the partial disassembly of the rings from the dumbbell components of two dynamic [2]rotaxanes. The two dynamic [2]rotaxanes are comprised of [24]crown-8 rings-each of which incorporate two imine bonds-encircling a dumbbell component composed of a dibenzylammonium ion in which each of the two benzyl substituents carries two methoxyl groups attached to their 3- and 5-positions. A mechanism for the partial disassembly of the two dynamic [2]rotaxanes, involving the cleavage of the kinetically labile imine bonds by water molecules, is proposed. The most important experimental observation to be noted is the fact that the hydrolysis of the macrocyclic diimines, associated with the templating -CH(2)NH(2)(+)CH(2)-centres in the middle of their dumbbells, turns out to be an uphill task to perform in the face of the molecular recognition provided by strong [N(+)-HO] hydrogen bonds and weaker, yet not insignificant, [C-HO] interactions. The dynamic nature of the imine bond formation and hydrolysis is such that the acyclic components produced during hydrolysis of the imine bonds can be enticed to cyclise once again around the -CH(2)NH(2)(+)CH(2)-template, affording the [2]rotaxanes. The reluctance of imine bonds, present in substantial numbers in larger molecular and extended structures, is significant when it comes to exercising dynamic chemistry in compounds where multiple imine bonds are present.

To explore the reasons why nurses leave public hospitals for the private sector.While the global shortage of nurses is aggravating, this problem in public hospitals in Hong Kong is worsened by the trend of nurses moving to private hospitals. Thus, it is important to understand from the perspective of nurses the reasons affecting their decision to stay or leave a hospital.Qualitative approach using narrative analysis.Data were collected using individual semistructured interviews. Twelve participants who had moved to a private hospital from a public hospital were encouraged to explain why they had made the move. Crossley's analytic method was adopted to analyse the collected data.The nurses' stories were categorised into five sections: 'life in public hospitals', 'decision-making', 'life in the private hospitals', 'future plans' and 'values and beliefs'.The results are consistent with those of previous studies showing that job satisfaction and demographic factors play significant roles in the decision of nurses to switch to another hospital. This study revealed specific reasons why the nurses made the move, such as the fairness of the remuneration policy, significant people and stressors.The results have relevance for hospital management with regard to strategies to consider when addressing the issues of staff retention and recruitment.

A toxicoproteomic study was performed on liver of rats treated with retrorsine (RTS), a representative hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid at a toxic dose (140 mg/kg) known to cause severe acute hepatotoxicity. By comparing current data with our previous findings in mild liver lesions of rats treated with a lower dose of RTS, seven proteins and three toxicity pathways of vascular endothelial cell death, which was further verified by observed sinusoidal endothelial cell losses, were found uniquely associated with retrorsine-induced hepatotoxicity. This toxicoproteomic study of acute pyrrolizidine alkaloid intoxication lays a foundation for future investigation to delineate molecular mechanisms of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity.

Our earliest phytochemical separation of Miliusa sinensis aided us in the isolation of a class of unique miliusanes, which were demonstrated as anticancer lead molecules. In the present study, we isolated 19 miliusanes (1–19), including 11 novel ones (5 and 10–19) from another Miliusa plant (M. balansae), and synthesized additional derivatives to elucidate the structure–activity relationship of miliusanes. When extrapolated to various carcinoma xenograft mouse models, miliusol (1) and its derivatives 20, 26, and 27 (7.5–40 mg/kg) were demonstrated with tumor inhibitory efficacy comparable or even superior to the mainstay chemotherapeutics paclitaxel or fluorouracil. To gain a molecular insight into their anticancer mechanism, 1–3 (GI50 0.03–4.79) were administered to a wide spectrum of human cancer cell lines, including those with specific drug resistance. We further revealed that the antiproliferative properties of miliusanes in carcinoma cells were highly associated with the p21-dependent induction of cellular senescence.

Lithium is a common mood stabilizer to treat bipolar disorder. It has a narrow window of therapeutic action and its mechanism of action and possible side effects are still not fully understood. Lithium is a potent inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β). Previous studies indicated that lithium can induce cell cycle arrest by stabilization of p53. In order to further elucidate the signaling mechanism of lithium-induced cell cycle arrest and its potential pharmacological effect on p53 transformed cell lines, we studied the effect of lithium on the rat fibroblast cell line R6 and a p53Val135 transformed cell line R6T2 (hereafter referred to as T2). We monitored the effects of lithium on cell cycle progression by FACS analysis and the activation of MAPK signaling pathways by Western blot using anti-phospho-MAPK antibodies in R6 and T2. We report here lithium can induce G2/M arrest in T2 independent of β-catenin signals. Lithium increases phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) leading to the up-regulation of p53 levels and subsequent G2/M arrest. Lithium also induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, consequently downregulated p53 and alleviated G2/M cell cycle arrest. We further showed the gate-keeping role of p53 in the lithium-induced G2/M arrest in the T2 cell line. Our results reveal a novel mechanism underlying the differential response of the transformed and normal R6 to lithium-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and delineate the multiplicity of signaling pathways dictating the cell fate in responding to cell stress signals.

Bacterial cellulose, BC is a natural compound that produced by bacteria Acetobacter xylinum in static or agitated cultures. BC has excellent properties such as excellent mechanical properties, high crystallinity, high purity, high water holding capacity and high permeability for water vapour and gases. Based on this unique and extraordinary properties, BC has the potential to be used in a wide range of applications, including food packaging, biomedical products, electronics, and energy. Nata de cassava (NdC) is a type of BC produced from cassava liquid waste that is fermented with the help of bacteria Acetobacter xylinum in static culture. The acid treatment using various concentration of phosphoric acid, H3PO4 (20 – 60 mmol) on the NdC samples was done to improve the BC thermal stability. This research aims to study the effects of acid treatments on the thermal properties of NdC. FTIR has confirmed the successful of acid treatments on the samples, while thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to determine thermal stability of the NdC membrane. Thermal decomposition occurs primarily in two stages: the first occurs at a rapid rate of decomposition, while the second occurs more slowly. The last step shows that by increasing the acid concentration, resulted in increase of membrane residue where the higher (60 mmol) concentration of phosphorous-contained membrane exhibited a low degradation, reduced by 72.69% of its mass at 600 °C, in comparison to pure NdC which reduced by 91.39% of its mass. The main reason in improvement of char residue is that the treatment of cellulose with H3PO4 has released the ester form so that the phosphorous radicals (PO and POO) can be easily released during the thermal decomposition of this compound. It indicates that by treating the NdC samples with H3PO4 resulted in less weight degradation and improve the thermal stability of bacterial cellulose. In conclusion, the acid treatment on the NdC has successfully improved the thermal properties, thus it has potential to be applied as a conducting membrane in fuel cell application.

Results of a systematic study of atomic-mass differences in the region $82<~N<~126$ are presented as plots of double-neutron separation energy and neutron-pairing energy. These plots provide information concerning the extent of the nuclear deformation which begins in the region of 90 neutrons, its dependence upon $Z$, and its gradual dissappearance in the region $106\ensuremath{\lesssim}N\ensuremath{\lesssim}116$.

A series of 2,6-bis(imino)pyridyl-based V-shaped compounds bearing various para-substituents on the terminal aromatic rings [C5H3N(CHN–C6H4R)2; R = OMe, iPr, Me, H, Cl, F, and CF3] have been prepared and investigated for their reversible binding with the dumbbell-shaped cations NH2+–{CH2–C6H3(OMe-3,5)2}2 and 9-anthryl–CH2–NH2+–CH2–C6H3(OMe-3,5)2. Three crystalline V-shaped compounds and a dumbbell hexafluorophosphate were characterised in the solid state by X-ray structural analysis. The binding mode of the 1 : 1 V-shaped molecule·dumbbell complexes was evaluated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The binding constants (90–400 M−1 in dichloromethane) and stoichiometries of the complexes were determined using the Method of Continuous Variations and the Rose-Drago Method based on 1H NMR spectroscopic data. In a series of V-shaped compounds, the binding strength with both dumbbell cations diminishes with the decreasing electron-donating ability of the R substituents. Specifically, one of the diimine V-shaped compounds shows a stronger binding with the symmetrical dumbbell than with the unsymmetrical anthracene-containing dumbbell. Fluorescence measurements of equimolar mixtures of the V-shaped compounds and the unsymmetrical dumbbell have revealed a reduced anthracene emission which is approximately 50% that of the original intensity. Rapid and complete dissociation (<5 min) of the V-shaped compounds from the dumbbells was realised using an excess of acid or base, whereas only partial dissociation of the complexes was achieved with a large excess of water (<1 h).

Journal of Cardiac SurgeryVolume 35, Issue 4 p. 860-867 REVIEW ARTICLE Internal mammary harvesting: Techniques and evidence from the literature Daniel Yim, Daniel Yim School of Medicine, St. George's Medical School, University of London, London, UKSearch for more papers by this authorWing Yan E. Wong, Wing Yan E. Wong School of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, East Sussex, UKSearch for more papers by this authorKa Siu Fan, Ka Siu Fan School of Medicine, St. George's Medical School, University of London, London, UKSearch for more papers by this authorAmer Harky MBChB, MSc, MRCS, Corresponding Author Amer Harky MBChB, MSc, MRCS aaharky@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0001-5507-5841 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK Correspondence Amer Harky, MBChB, MSc, MRCS, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK. Email: aaharky@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this author Daniel Yim, Daniel Yim School of Medicine, St. George's Medical School, University of London, London, UKSearch for more papers by this authorWing Yan E. Wong, Wing Yan E. Wong School of Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, East Sussex, UKSearch for more papers by this authorKa Siu Fan, Ka Siu Fan School of Medicine, St. George's Medical School, University of London, London, UKSearch for more papers by this authorAmer Harky MBChB, MSc, MRCS, Corresponding Author Amer Harky MBChB, MSc, MRCS aaharky@gmail.com orcid.org/0000-0001-5507-5841 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK Correspondence Amer Harky, MBChB, MSc, MRCS, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK. Email: aaharky@gmail.comSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 February 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocs.14459Citations: 7Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is one of the most commonly performed cardiac surgeries in the world. CABG using the internal mammary artery (IMA) remains the gold standard intervention for myocardial intervention in multivessel coronary artery disease. IMA harvesting can be performed with various techniques and approaches: pedicled vs skeletonized harvesting technique as well as approaches such as conventional sternotomy, robotic and endoscopic approaches. While each technique and approach have their respective advantages and disadvantages, evidence remains varied between cohorts. Traditionally, IMA has been used as an in situ conduit; however, IMA free grafts also provide satisfactory outcomes in certain situations. This literature review aims to explore the efficacy of different techniques and approaches of IMA harvesting and grafting. With evidence compiled, this will provide an overview of the complexity of CABG and locate gaps in current literature to direct future research. CONFLICT OF INTERESTS The authors declare that there are no conflict of interests Citing Literature Volume35, Issue4April 2020Pages 860-867 RelatedInformation

The scope and limitations of dipolar cycloaddition reactions between nitrile oxides/nitrones and prop-1-ene-1,3-sultone have been investigated. A remarkably high degree of regioselectivity and stereoselectivity was observed. The homochiral sultam 8e was synthesized in a four-step reaction sequence starting from the substituted isoxazoline 4e obtained from the cycloaddition. The absolute stereochemistry of this material was assigned by an X-ray crystallographic investigation of the intermediate 7e.

Artificial neural network (ANN) model was used for predicting colour properties of 100% cotton denim fabrics, including colour yield (in terms of K/S value) and CIE L*, a*, b*, C *, and h ° values, under the influence of cellulase treatment with various combinations of cellulase processing parameters. Variables examined in the ANN model included treatment temperature, treatment time, pH, mechanical agitation, and fabric yarn twist level. The ANN model was compared with a linear regression model where the ANN model produced superior results in the prediction of colour properties of cellulase-treated 100% cotton denim fabrics. The relative importance of the examined factors influencing colour properties was also investigated. The analysis revealed that cellulase treatment processing parameters played an important role in affecting the colour properties of the treated 100% denim cotton fabrics.

We report a case of a Singaporean who acquired Zika virus (ZIKV) during a visit to Cuba. The infection was confirmed using molecular and serological methods. This report highlights potential drawbacks of using IgG serology for diagnosis of flavivirus infections in endemic regions. The low viremia detected during the early phase of this case resulted in low mosquito infectivity rates, suggesting the possibility of ZIKV transmission prior to clinical onset. The report also emphasizes the challenges of public health interventions for Zika fever and the importance of sustaining a low vector population to reduce the risk of arbovirus transmission in vulnerable regions.

Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are flaviviruses of public health relevance. Both viruses circulate in the same endemic settings and acute infections generally manifest similar symptoms. This highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis for clinical management and outbreak control. One of the commonly used acute diagnostic markers for flaviviruses is nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). However, false positives due to antigenic cross-reactivity have been reported between DENV and ZIKV infections when using DENV NS1 antigen (NS1 Ag) detection assays in acute cases. Therefore, we investigated the lowest detectable virus titres and cross-reactivity of three commercial dengue NS1 Ag rapid assays and two ELISAs for different flaviviruses. Our results showed that substantially high viral titres of ZIKV, Kunjin virus (KUNV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) are required to give false-positive results when using DENV NS1 rapid detection assays. Commercial DENV NS1 ELISAs did not react with ZIKV and YFV. In comparison, tested assays detected DENV at a significantly low virus titre. Given the relatively low viral loads reported in clinical samples, our findings suggest that commercially available dengue NS1 Ag detection assays are less likely to generate false-positive results among clinical samples in areas where multiple flaviviruses cocirculate.

Shifting of virus serotypes and clade replacement events are known to drive dengue epidemics. However, only a few studies have attempted to elucidate the virus attributes that contribute to such epidemics. In 2007, Singapore experienced a dengue outbreak affecting more than 8000 individuals. The outbreak ensued with the shuffling of dominant clades (from clade I to clade II) of Dengue virus 2 (DENV-2) cosmopolitan genotype, at a time when the Aedes premise index was significantly low. Therefore, we hypothesized that clade II had higher epidemic potential and fitness than clade I. To test this hypothesis, we tested the replication and apoptotic qualities of clade I and II isolates in mammalian cells and their ability to infect and disseminate in a field strain of Ae. Aegypti. Our findings indicated that clade II replicated more efficiently in mammalian cells than clade I and possessed higher transmission potential in local vectors. This could collectively improve the epidemic potential of clade II, which dominated during the outbreak in 2007. The findings exemplify complex interactions between the emergence, adaptation and transmission potential of DENV, and testify the epidemiological importance of a deeper understanding of virus and vector dynamics in endemic regions.

Introduction: Pathological angiogenesis, the abnormal or excessive generation of blood vessels, plays an important role in many diseases including cancer, diabetic retinopathy, psoriasis, and arthritis. Additionally, increasing evidence supports the close linkage between angiogenesis and inflammation. Snake venoms are a rich natural source of biologically active molecules and carry rich potential for the discovery of anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory modulators. Methods: Here, we isolated and purified a novel protein, ZK002, from the venom of the snake Deinagkistrodon acutus, and investigated its anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activities and mechanisms. Results: ZK002 was identified as a 30 kDa heterodimeric protein of α and β chains, which exhibited anti-angiogenic activity in various in vitro assays. Mechanistically, ZK002 inhibited activation of VEGF signaling and related mediators including eNOS, p38, LIMK, and HSP27. ZK002 also upregulated the metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP3 and inhibited components of the VEGF-induced signaling cascade, PPP3R2 and SH2D2A. The anti-angiogenic activity of ZK002 was confirmed in multiple in vivo models. ZK002 could also inhibit the in vitro expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as in vivo inflammation in the carrageenin-induced edema rat model. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the potential for further development of ZK002 as a dual function therapeutic against diseases with involvement of pathogenic angiogenesis and chronic inflammation.

We report an unusual case of localized congenital tuberculosis otitis in a preterm infant. Unlike disseminated congenital cases, the manifestations of localized otitis are associated with a triad of signs: (i) regional lymphadenopathy in the absence of typical systemic features of tuberculosis; (ii) delayed onset of presentation; and (iii) refractory otitis unresponsive to conventional antimicrobial agents. The need for greater diligence in looking for neonatal tuberculosis is emphasized, especially in an ethnic or socioeconomic environment where the disease is prevalent. Congenital tuberculosis, otitis, preterm PC Ng, Department of Paediatrics, Level 6, Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease affecting the gastrointestinal tract. IBD is characterized by courses of relapse and remission, and remains incurable. Although multiple factors are related to the pathogenesis of IBD, disruption of intestinal mucosa homeostasis has been proposed to be a major contributor to IBD, and abnormal activation of immune cells is key for initiation of the inflammatory response. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the intestine. Once activated, they are responsible for secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to attract circulating monocytes to inflammatory sites, exacerbating the inflammatory response, and leading to tissue damage. Therefore, the suppression of activated macrophages, cytokine/chemokine production, and subsequent monocyte chemotaxis possesses great potential for the treatment of IBD. In our study, we have demonstrated the inhibitory effect of Centipeda minima total extract (CME) on the activation of NF-κB, STAT3, and MAPK signaling in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, we identified the significant suppressive effect of CME on CCL8 expression in activated macrophages, which potentially contributed to inhibition of monocyte chemotaxis. In the DSS-induced acute colitis mouse model, we have demonstrated the suppressive effect of CME on intestinal macrophage infiltration and its ameliorative effect in IBD. Altogether, we have provided evidence of the therapeutic effect of CME in IBD and the potential of CME for the treatment of IBD.

Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai, colloquially known as Caoshanhu, is a Chinese medicinal herb with reported anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and non-specific immunoenhancing properties. Although the plant has been clinically used for treating a variety of diseases, its bioactive ingredients are largely unknown and its mode of action has never been investigated. In this study, the anti-tumor property of ethyl acetate (EA) extract of S. glabra was investigated by determining its in vitro growth-inhibitory effects on a panel of human cancer cell lines of different histotypes. Growth inhibition of the EA extract on the cancer cells seemed to be selective, and the leukemic HL-60 was found to be the most responsive after 48 h of treatment (IC50=58 microg/ml). Flow cytometric studies further illustrated that the extract might interfere with DNA replication and thus arrested the cell cycle at S phase in the leukemic cells, followed by DNA fragmentation and loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane after 72 h of treatment. Concurrently, the pro-apoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was also up-regulated by more than 178% of the control level. All these findings suggested that the extract had initiated apoptosis to kill the leukemic cells. Results from this pioneer study help to establish a scientific foundation for future research and development of the bioactive ingredients in EA extract of S. glabra as efficacious anti-cancer agents.

Journal Article In vitro assessment of ultraviolet protection of coloured cotton knitted fabrics with different structures under stretched and wet conditions Get access W. Y. Wong, W. Y. Wong 1Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. K. C. Lam, J. K. C. Lam * 1Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China *Corresponding author: jimmy.lam@polyu.edu.hk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar C. W. Kan, C. W. Kan 1Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. Postle R. Postle 2School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Volume 164, Issue 3, April 2015, Pages 325–334, https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncu276 Published: 08 September 2014 Article history Received: 09 July 2014 Revision received: 30 July 2014 Accepted: 03 August 2014 Published: 08 September 2014

Neolaxiflorin L (NL) is a low-abundant Isodon 7,20-epoxy- ent-kuarenoid and was found to be a promising anticancer drug candidate in our previous study. In order to study its structure-activity relationship (SAR), a diversity-oriented synthetic route toward two libraries of (±)-NL analogs, including analogs containing different functionalities in the same 7,20-epoxy- ent-kuarene skeleton and analogs with skeletal changes, has been developed. The results of this total synthesis-enabled SAR successfully led to a bioactive alkyne-tagged NL derivative, which could be a useful probe for proteomics studies.

Virtual environment has been incorporated in radiation therapy education since 2014. Previous studies revealed that training of radiotherapy treatment delivery in virtual environment had significant positive impact in anatomy teaching, with reference to the treatment target and organ at risks. It improved students' learning experience and confidence in practical assessments. In this study, we focused to investigate whether adding physical learning into virtual environment (i.e. mixed learning) can improve students learning experience and outcome during clinical placement.

Abstract Apcmin/+ mice, a commonly used mouse model for colorectal cancer, manifest both high number of intestinal polyps and hyperlipidemia, which make the min/+ mouse an ideal animal model for drug intervention studies for both hyperlipidemia and colorectal cancer Triterpenoids, produced in many plants, are widely used in Asian medicine. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Gp), also called jiaogulan, is a rich source of dammarane-type triterpenoids and is used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases including cancer and hyperlipidemia. However, the proven efficacy and the underlying mechanism have not been investigated systematically. Using the Apcmin/+ mouse as the animal model, treatment with Gp total triterpenoids (GpMix) markedly reduce the numbers and sizes of polyps. In conjunction with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), the size and numbers of polyps of the treated animals were further reduced. Besides the anti-cancer effect of GpMix, we have also shown that the GpMix can effectively suppress the plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels in Apcmin/+ mice. To delineate the precise mechanisms of the anti-cancer and anti-hyperlipidemia effects of GpMix, we performed molecular and proteomic analysis of the plasma obtained from animals treated with and without GpMix. Results showed that lipoprotein lipase, PPARα and adiponectin are upregulated and HMG-CoA reductase is down-regulated upon GpMix treatment. Plasma protein profiling revealed that several downregulated proteins are directly related to cancer, inflammatory, cell proliferation, including serum amyloid A1 and A2, serum amyloid P-component, major urinary proteins, glutathione peroxidase 3, complement C3 and serotransferrin. In the same treated animals, four lipogenesis proteins including apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein A-II, apolipoprotein A-IV, and apolipoprotein C-III by which the activity of lipoprotein lipase is tightly regulated are downregulated. These protein profiling data, together with the adipocyte-specific signaling data shown above provide solid evidence of the anti-cancer and anti-hyperlipidemia effects of GpMix. [This study was financially supported by Research Grants Council of Hong Kong under HKBU2/07C and FRG/07-08/II-50 and FRG/08-09/II-61 Grants to WLWH.] Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5563.

The effect of enzyme treatment using neutral cellulase on the colour fading property of cotton denim fabric manufactured by conventional ring-spun and torque-free ring-spun yarn was studied. Four cellulase processing parameters namely treatment temperature, treatment time, pH value and agitation were considered. In order to investigate the optimum condition for the neutral cellulsae treatment, an orthogonal analysis was used and, based on the colour fading percentage (CF%), the optimum condition for cellulase treatment on conventional ring-spun yarn made denim fabric was treatment temperature = 55°C; treatment time = 60 minutes; pH value = 8 and agitation = 100 steel balls (simulated vigorous agitation) for the best colour fading achievement with desired worn and aged effect. While the optimum condition for cellulase treatment on torque-free ring-spun made denim fabric was treatment temperature = 50°C; treatment time = 30 minutes; pH value = 8 and agitation = 50 steel balls (simulated mild agitation) for achieving best colour fading effect. Meanwhile, the level of importance based on the orthogonal analysis of the two types of fabric was not the same.

Abstract Triterpenoids, produced in many plants, are widely used in Asian medicine. Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Gp), also called jiaogulan, is a rich source of dammarane-type triterpenoids (GpS) and is used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases including cancer and hyperlipidemia. However, the proven efficacy and the underlying mechanism have not been investigated systematically. We have been investigating the anticancer activities of GpS using in vitro and in vivo models. We found that GpS effectively inhibits the growth of tumor cells. Intriguingly, inhibitory effects of GpS require the presence of co-cultivated normal cells. In animal study, GpS treatment markedly reduced the numbers and sizes of polyps in Apcmin/+ mice, a commonly used mouse model for colorectal cancer, manifest both high number of intestinal polyps and hyperlipidemia. We also found that GpS can effectively suppress plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels in Apcmin/+ mice. To delineate the precise mechanisms of the anticancer and antihyperlipidemia effects of GpS, we performed molecular and proteomic analysis of mouse plasma and liver tissue treated with or without GpS and cDNA microarray analysis for cell line. Proteomic and cDNA microarray analyses revealed that a wide spectrum of glycolytic and energy metabolic gene products were downregulated in cells and liver tissue treated with GpS. Molecular study results showed that lipoprotein lipase, PPARα, PPARγ and adiponectin were upregulated and HMG-CoA reductase was downregulated upon GpS treatment. Plasma protein profiling revealed that several downregulated proteins were directly related to cancer, inflammatory, cell proliferation and four lipogenesis were downregulated. Moreover, we also investigated the combinatorial effect of GpS with 5-FU. We found that combined treatment further reduced the intestinal polyps in all regions of intestine. Strikingly, the combined treatment almost completely suppressed small intestinal polyps. Such efficacy cannot be achieved with 5-FU alone. We further used cDNA microarray experiments to further investigate the gene expressions profiles of liver tissue between GpS, 5-FU and combined treatments in Apcmin/+ mice. In the case of GpS, 125 differentially expressed genes were identified (&amp;gt;2-fold; p&amp;lt;0.05)) as compared with no treatment; 374 genes were found at 5-FU treatment; 431 genes were found at combined treatment. Based on the KEGG pathway and GO analysis, among the differentially genes expressed of GpS treatment, genes were involved in PPAR, Wnt, MAPK, p53 and Insulin signaling pathways, cell cycle, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, lipid metabolic process and humoral immune response. For 5-FU treatment, genes were involved in PPAR, p53, ATM, insulin, MAPK, IL-6 signaling pathways, cell cycle and glutathione metabolism. For the combined treatment, genes were involved in PPAR, p53, TGF-β, FAS, p38MAPK signaling pathways, cell cycle, glutathione metabolism, and chemokine activity. Surprisingly, only 17 of these differentially expressed genes were common in GpS, 5-FU and combined treatments. Further analysis will be presented in the meeting. In conclusion, the data shown above (1) provide solid evidence of the anticancer and antihyperlipidemia effects of GpS; (2) provide a conceptually novel approach by which the growth of cancer cells can be suppressed through the reduction of cellular glycolytic activities; (3) botanical tripterpenoids can be potentially used as adjuvant chemotherapy in combination of 5-FU for the treatment of colorectal cancer. [This study was partially supported by Research Grants Council of Hong Kong under HKBU2/07C and HKBU 260307 Grants to WLWH.] Citation Format: William Chi Shing Tai, Wing Yan Wong, Jen Fu Chiu, Wen Luan Wendy Hsiao. Mechanistic investigation of the anti-cancer and anti-hyperlipidemia effects of Gynostemma triterpenoids using systems biology approach [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chemical Systems Biology: Assembling and Interrogating Computational Models of the Cancer Cell by Chemical Perturbations; 2012 Jun 27-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A24.