А. Спиридонов

Large language models have been shown to achieve remarkable performance across a variety of natural language tasks using few-shot learning, which drastically reduces the number of task-specific training examples needed to adapt the model to a particular application. To further our understanding of the impact of scale on few-shot learning, we trained a 540-billion parameter, densely activated, Transformer language model, which we call Pathways Language Model PaLM. We trained PaLM on 6144 TPU v4 chips using Pathways, a new ML system which enables highly efficient training across multiple TPU Pods. We demonstrate continued benefits of scaling by achieving state-of-the-art few-shot learning results on hundreds of language understanding and generation benchmarks. On a number of these tasks, PaLM 540B achieves breakthrough performance, outperforming the finetuned state-of-the-art on a suite of multi-step reasoning tasks, and outperforming average human performance on the recently released BIG-bench benchmark. A significant number of BIG-bench tasks showed discontinuous improvements from model scale, meaning that performance steeply increased as we scaled to our largest model. PaLM also has strong capabilities in multilingual tasks and source code generation, which we demonstrate on a wide array of benchmarks. We additionally provide a comprehensive analysis on bias and toxicity, and study the extent of training data memorization with respect to model scale. Finally, we discuss the ethical considerations related to large language models and discuss potential mitigation strategies.

A search has been performed for weakly interacting neutral light scalar and pseudoscalar particles in a proton-iron beam dump experiment via the Bethe-Heitler process. No positive signal was observed. Limits are derived on the masses of these particles in the framework of the Standard Model and its minimal supersymmetric extension (MSSM) comparing the experimental results with expectations for Bethe-Heitler e + e − and μ + μ − pair production. The Higgs particle of the SU 2L ×U 1 Standard Theory is excluded for masses in the range m H <0.9 MeV at 95% CL. Limits on light Higgs particles of the MSSM and Peccei-Quinn like axions are derived.

We discuss the physics case for and the concept of a medium-scale axion helioscope with sensitivities in the axion-photon coupling a few times better than CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST). Search for an axion-like particle with these couplings is motivated by several persistent astrophysical anomalies. We present early conceptual design, existing infrastructure, projected sensitivity and timeline of such a helioscope (Troitsk Axion Solar Telescope Experiment, TASTE) to be constructed in the Institute for Nuclear Research, Troitsk, Russia. The proposed instrument may be also used for the search of dark-matter halo axions.

The HERA-B Outer Tracker is a large system of planar drift chambers with about 113000 read-out channels. Its inner part has been designed to be exposed to a particle flux of up to 2.10^5 cm^-2 s^-1, thus coping with conditions similar to those expected for future hadron collider experiments. 13 superlayers, each consisting of two individual chambers, have been assembled and installed in the experiment. The stereo layers inside each chamber are composed of honeycomb drift tube modules with 5 and 10 mm diameter cells. Chamber aging is prevented by coating the cathode foils with thin layers of copper and gold, together with a proper drift gas choice. Longitudinal wire segmentation is used to limit the occupancy in the most irradiated detector regions to about 20 %. The production of 978 modules was distributed among six different laboratories and took 15 months. For all materials in the fiducial region of the detector good compromises of stability versus thickness were found. A closed-loop gas system supplies the Ar/CF4/CO2 gas mixture to all chambers. The successful operation of the HERA-B Outer Tracker shows that a large tracker can be efficiently built and safely operated under huge radiation load at a hadron collider.

Data from a proton beam-dump experiment at the 70 GeV Serpukhov accelerator were analysed to search for heavy neutrino decays νH→e+e−νe at the IHEP-JINR Neutrino Detector. No signal over background was found. The upper limits on the elements if a mixing matrix |UeH|2 in the mass range 5<mνH<493 MeV and |UeH||UμH| in the mass range 3<mνH<388 MeV. were established at 90% CL.

In this paper we describe the operation and performance of the HERA-B Outer Tracker, a 112674 channel system of planar drift tube layers. The performance of the HERA-B Outer Tracker system fullfilled all requirements for stable and efficient operation in a hadronic environment, thus confirming the adequacy of the honeycomb drift tube technology and of the front-end readout system. The detector was stably operated with a gas gain of 30000 in an Ar/CF4/CO2 (65:30:5) gas mixture, yielding a good efficiency for triggering and track reconstruction, larger than 95 % for tracks with momenta above 5 GeV/c. The hit resolution of the drift cells was 300 to 320 micrometers and the relative momentum resolution can be described as: sigma(p)/p (in %) = (1.61 +- 0.02) + (0.0051 +- 0.0006) p. At the end of the HERA-B running no aging effects in the Outer Tracker cells were observed.

The HERA-B Outer Tracker consists of drift tubes folded from polycarbonate foil and is operated with Ar/CF4/CO2 as drift gas. The detector has to stand radiation levels which are similar to LHC conditions. The first prototypes exposed to radiation in HERA-B suffered severe radiation damage due to the development of self-sustaining currents (Malter effect). In a subsequent extended R&D program major changes to the original concept for the drift tubes (surface conductivity, drift gas, production materials) have been developed and validated for use in harsh radiation environments. In the test program various aging effects (like Malter currents, gain loss due to anode aging and etching of the anode gold surface) have been observed and cures by tuning of operation parameters have been developed.

The problem of reconstructing the function S(x) from the finite number of measured functionals Yn = ∫dχ An(χ)S (x) is studied in the class of linear estimates. Functions An(x) characterise the resolution of the experiment or the response function of the detector. The bias and error operator of estimate Ŝ(x) are studied as well. The least squares method, the spectral window method, the iterative method, Tikhonov's regularization method and others are investigated as unfolding (deconvolution, unsmearing) methods. These methods are compared for two numerical examples. The problem of choosing the regularization parameter and some related problems are also discussed.

A method for resident space object (RSO) detection in video stream processing using a set of matched filters has been proposed. Matched filters are constructed based on the connection between the Fourier spectrum shape of the difference frame and the magnitude of the linear velocity projection onto the observation plane. Experimental data were obtained using the mobile optical surveillance system for low-orbit space objects. The detection problem in testing mode was solved for raw video data with intensity signals from three different satellites: KORONAS-FOTON, CUSAT 2/FALCON 9, GENESIS 1. Difference frames of video data with the AQUA satellite pass to construct matched filters were used. The satellites were automatically detected at points where the difference in the value of their linear velocity projection and the reference satellite was close in value. It has been established that the difference in the inclination angle between the detected satellite intensity signal Fourier image and the reference satellite mask corresponds to the difference in the inclinations of these objects. The proposed method allows not only to detect but also to study the motion parameters of both artificial and natural space objects, such as satellites, debris and asteroids.

We present SpaceHopper, a three-legged, small-scale robot designed for future mobile exploration of asteroids and moons. The robot weighs 5.2kg and has a body size of 245mm while using space-qualifiable components. Furthermore, SpaceHopper's design and controls make it well-adapted for investigating dynamic locomotion modes with extended flight-phases. Instead of gyroscopes or fly-wheels, the system uses its three legs to reorient the body during flight in preparation for landing. We control the leg motion for reorientation using Deep Reinforcement Learning policies. In a simulation of Ceres' gravity (0.029g), the robot can reliably jump to commanded positions up to 6m away. Our real-world experiments show that SpaceHopper can successfully reorient to a safe landing orientation within 9.7 degree inside a rotational gimbal and jump in a counterweight setup in Earth's gravity. Overall, we consider SpaceHopper an important step towards controlled jumping locomotion in low-gravity environments.

Применение пробиотиков позволяет нормализовать состав микрофлоры и снизить патогенную нагрузку в рубце, что приводит к улучшению зоотехнических показателей коров. Эксперимент проводили на 2 группах дойных коров в течение 90 суток. Животные контрольной группы получали основной рацион (ОР), а опытной — ОР и испытуемую кормовую добавку на основе штамма микроорганизма Bacillus sp. и органических кислот. При скармливании дойным коровам кормовой добавки отмечено увеличение, в среднем за опыт, среднесуточного удоя молока 4%-ной жирности на 2,3 кг и снижение содержания соматических клеток в молоке на 60% (P≤0,05). Результаты, полученные методом T-RFLP, показали, что важным эффектом от действия препарата явилось уменьшение в рубце числа клостридий на 4,4% по сравнению с контролем (Р≤0,05). Также в опытной группе наблюдалось увеличение содержания целлюлозолитических бактерий — лахноспир и руминококков в 1,5 и 4,2 раза соответственно по сравнению с контролем (P≤0,05). The use of probiotics allows to normalize the composition of microflora and reduce pathogenic microorganisms in the rumen, which leads to zootechnical indicators of cows improvement. The experiment was carried out on 2 groups of dairy cows for 90 days. Animals in the control group received the basic diet (BD), while the animals in the experimental group received the BD and a tested feed additive based on the strain Bacillus sp. and organic acids. When dairy cows were fed the feed additive, the average daily milk yield of 4% fat milk increased by 2.3 kg and somatic cell content in milk decreased by 60% (P≤0.05). The results obtained by the T-RFLP method showed that a significant effect of the probiotic was a 4.4% decrease in the number of clostridia in the rumen compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Additionally, an increase in cellulolytic bacteria — Lachnospira and Ruminococcus by 1.5 and 4.2 fold, respectively, was observed in the experimental group compared to the control (P≤0.05).

The Concurrent Track Evolution method, which was introduced in a previous paper (Mankel, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 395 (1997) 169), has been further explored by applying it to the propagation of track candidates into an inhomogeneous magnetic field volume equipped with tracking detectors, as is typical for forward B spectrometers like HERA-B or LHCb. Compared to the field-free case, the method was extended to three-dimensional propagation, with special measures necessary to achieve fast transport in the presence of a highly variable magnetic field. The performance of the method is tested on HERA-B Monte Carlo events with full detector simulation and a realistic spectrometer geometry.

This paper describes new three-dimensional algorithms of stochastic data transformation, offering a solution for information security problems. The most important feature of these algorithms is a high degree of parallelism at the level of elementary operations. In this paper we present a new 3D stochastic transformation called DOZEN, inspired by AES cipher, and two new constructions of S-box, called 2D and 3D S-boxes respectively.

The Doppler measurements of the small satellites (SSs) were carried out using the Belarusian State University ground station. Measurements of a telemetry signal for the several satellite orbits with a limited number of data on one pass were performed. Two methods for orbit determination of an SS are considered. The first method is based on the perturbed circular motion prediction model for the satellite orbit with experimental data from radio signal processing. It does not require additional information from the NORAD database of satellite orbital parameters. Using predicted data of the tracking angles of antenna systems and the Doppler frequency shift of the telemetry radio signal, the ground station of the Belarusian State University received and successfully decoded telemetry packets from unknown SS LUOJIA-1 01. The second method is based on the SGP4 model and requires additional information from the NORAD two-line element (TLE) catalog of the satellite orbital parameters. An unknown SS LUOJIA-1 01 was identified using the NORAD TLE catalog based on a probabilistic estimation of the elevation angle and the Doppler frequency shift of receiving telemetry signals.

In this work, the determination of the orbit of an unknown ultra-small spacecraft based on Doppler measurements of the telemetry signal frequency is studied. The reception and processing of telemetry radio signals was carried out by the ground station of the Belarusian State University. In the model of perturbed circular motion, the radio signals of a small satellite were processed and the parameters of its orbit were determined. Based on a probabilistic estimate of the elevation angle and Doppler frequency shift of an ultra-small spacecraft from 10–20 measurements, a set of orbital parameters is determined for the estimated time of receiving telemetry signals. For antenna systems, the dynamics of changes in the elevation angle, azimuth, and Doppler frequency shift of telemetry radio signals for the next flights of an unknown ultra-small spacecraft was predicted. The calculated absolute errors in predicting the elevation angle, azimuth, and Doppler frequency shift did not exceed $$3^{\circ}$$ , $$3^{\circ}$$ and 250 Hz, respectively, which is sufficient for successful telemetry reception and decoding. Using the NORAD database of orbital parameters, the Chinese nanosatellite LUOJIA-1 01 of the Cubesat (6U) format (number 43485 in the NORAD system) was identified.

The paper examines the categories of state, municipal and public control in the context of constitutional law, substantiates their systemic interrelation and a kind of trinity manifested in the commonality of legal nature and their organic correlation in terms of goals, objectives, mechanisms of implementation and expected socially significant results. Based on the analysis of scientific views and current legislation, it is shown that such an understanding corresponds to the constitutional foundations of control in the Russian Federation — the basic provisions of the Constitution on a democratic rule-of-law social state. The author suggests that state, municipal and public control in their systemic unity means the activities of bodies authorized by legislation, as well as public institutions (civil society institutions), to implement the established forms and limits of control powers and functions aimed at achieving protection of constitutionally significant values, including full compliance with safeguards of human rights and freedoms and strengthening the rule of law, as well as improving the efficiency of state and municipal administration, informing authorities and their officials about the identified shortcomings in order to eliminate them.

The HERA-B Outer Tracker is a large detector with 112 674 drift chamber channels.It is exposed to a particle flux of up to 2 • 10 5 cm -2 s -1 thus coping with conditions similar to those expected for the LHC experiments.The front-end readout system, based on the ASD-8 chip and a customized TDC chip, is designed to fulfil the requirements on low noise, high sensitivity, rate tolerance, and high integration density.The TDC system is based on an ASIC which digitizes the time in bins of about 0.5 ns within a total of 256 bins.The chip also comprises a pipeline to store data from 128 events which is required for a deadtime-free trigger and data acquisition system.We report on the development, installation, and commissioning of the front-end electronics, including the grounding and noise suppression schemes, and discuss its performance in the HERA-B experiment.

The paper examines the principle of systemic unity of state control (supervision) and public control in the context of constitutional law science that, according to the author, is conditioned by the logic of the development of Russian legislation concerning control and supervisory activities and provides the necessary constitutional and theoretical support point for further increasing of cohesion between the state and civil society. Based on a systematic analysis of the basic provisions of legislative acts concerning types of control, the paper shows that this constitutional law principle manifests itself in the following aspects: as a uniform conceptual approach of the law-maker to aim all types of control to achieve constitutionally significant goals and protect constitutionally significant values; orientation of all types of control to comprehensively ensure the rule of law in the areas of controlled public relations; the correlation of the content of the types of control in terms of a combination of both verification measures (or supervision) and analytical and prognostic components aimed at countering the formation of conditions conducive to violations; the correlation of the expected results of control activities within all types of control, namely, the elimination of violations and restoration of the state of protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals and legal entities and public interests; unity of the constructive nature of control activities. The practical introduction into the doctrine and law-making of the proposed constitutional law principle of the systemic unity of state control (supervision) and public control will make it possible to ensure to a greater extent that all control and supervisory activities are aimed at achieving a state of protection of constitutionally significant values, including full compliance with safeguards of human and civil rights and freedoms, strengthening the rule of law, and improving the efficiency of the state and municipal administration.

The Doppler measurements of the unknown small satellite were carried out using Belarusian State University ground station. Small satellite orbit determination by Doppler measurements of a telemetry signal on several orbits with a limited number of data on one pass was studied using University ground station. Satellite orbital elements were predicted during week to justify the orbit determination model. Small satellite radio signal processing and orbit determination based on the perturbed circular motion model are described. A good agreement with experimental Doppler frequency shift data was achieved.

Currently, ultra-small satellite aresubjectstostringentrequirementsintermsoftheaccuracyof determining the position of the satellite in orbit, while the satellite is the subject to restrictions on mass, size and power consumption. The aim of this work is to simulate of navigation receiver operation for the ultra-small satellite with restrictions on energy consumption and computational resources. The operating conditions are considered and the requirements to the onboard navigation receiver for the ultra-small satellite are determined. The navigation receiver operation at the initial stage, performance testing, error detection, analysis of the reliability of the solution of the navigation-time determination problem are described. The structure of the design ballistics problems for orbit prediction of ultra-small spacecraft and navigation satellites, radio visibility intervals for GLONASS and GPS systems, parameters of navigation signals have been developed. The motion relative to the satellite systems GPS and GLONASS for a preliminary orbit of СubeBel-1 have been simulated. The Doppler dynamics of the GPS satellite signals in the receiver without restrictions on the relative speed for one day has been calculated. Radio visibility intervals for GPS and GLONASS satellites were calculated and optimal conditions for the cold start of the navigation receiver with a relative speed limit ( Vr &lt; 500 m/s) for 1 hour of operation both in separate and in joint operation on both systems were determined. To test the verification methods of the experimental data of the СubeBel-1 satellite, the operation of the navigation receiver of the Nsight satellite was studied according to the received telemetry from the beginning of its flight until the moment it entered stable operation.It is shown that the telemetry data of the navigation receiver at the testing stage had a significant error. After software correction, the navigation receiver worked steadily throughout the week of observation, the error of longitude and latitude measurements did not exceed 0.2 degrees.

The Doppler measurements of the telemetry radio signals nanosatellite CubeBel-l for a single pass over the Belarusian State University ground station were carried out. Two methods for orbit determination of a small satellite are considered. The first method is based on the SGP4 model and requires additional information from the NORAD TLE catalog of the satellite orbital parameters. An unknown small satellite is identified using the NORAD TLE catalog based on a probabilistic estimation of the elevation angle and the Doppler frequency shift of receiving telemetry signals. The second method is based on processing experimental measurements of the Doppler frequency of the telemetry radio signals and Keplerian circular motion model for the small satellite. It does not require additional information from the NORAD database of satellite orbital parameters.

The dependence of sampling fluctuations on the detector structure is investigated for multilayer total absorption detectors. Monte Carlo calculations and analysis of the experimental data prove sampling fluctuations to be dependent not only on the thickness of a detector cell but also on the relation between passive and active matter. We have obtained approximate formulae describing this dependence for electron-photon and hadron calorimeters.

Abstract For the certification of the building (establishing the efficiency class), a simplified calculation of the excess heat energy during direct solar heating of the building can be applied. This excess is possible under appropriate climatic conditions of the construction site and the parameters of translucent structures. An example of a building project with low-energy architecture for the climatic conditions of Krasnodar is given. The use of passive solar heating devices reduces energy consumption for building heating by 43% and, accordingly, reduces carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere.

The problem of pre-flight calculation of the orbital parameters of the first nanosatellite of the Belarusian State University CubeBel-1 before launching from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China has been solved. The first nanosatellite passes over the Belarusian State University ground station were predicted based on the perturbed circular motion model. The initial TLE file was generated and published on the Internet. This allowed dozens of radio amateurs from 5 continents successfully to receive the nanosatellite telemetry on the first day after the launch on October 29, 2018 at 00:43:13.576 UTC, and the Belarusian State University ground station was the first to decode the CubeBel-1 telemetry. The obtained initial parameters were compared with the calculations in the SGP 4 model. It is shown that the absolute errors in predicting the elevation and azimuth of nanosatellite CubeBel-1 did not exceed 2o and 3o, respectively, and the absolute error in predicting the Doppler frequency shift of telemetry signals did not exceed 350 Hz, which, with appropriate receiver settings, is sufficient for successful reception of telemetry signals of satellite and their decoding.

Recent neural network-based language models have benefited greatly from scaling up the size of training datasets and the number of parameters in the models themselves. Scaling can be complicated due to various factors including the need to distribute computation on supercomputer clusters (e.g., TPUs), prevent bottlenecks when infeeding data, and ensure reproducible results. In this work, we present two software libraries that ease these issues: $\texttt{t5x}$ simplifies the process of building and training large language models at scale while maintaining ease of use, and $\texttt{seqio}$ provides a task-based API for simple creation of fast and reproducible training data and evaluation pipelines. These open-source libraries have been used to train models with hundreds of billions of parameters on datasets with multiple terabytes of training data. Along with the libraries, we release configurations and instructions for T5-like encoder-decoder models as well as GPT-like decoder-only architectures. $\texttt{t5x}$ and $\texttt{seqio}$ are open source and available at https://github.com/google-research/t5x and https://github.com/google/seqio, respectively.

The Doppler measurements of the telemetry radio signals nanosatellite CubeBel-1 for a single pass over the Belarusian State University ground station were carried out. Two methods for orbit determination of a small satellite (SS) are considered. The first method is based on the SGP4 model and requires additional information from the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) two-line elements (TLE) catalog of the satellite orbital parameters. An unknown SS is identified using the NORAD TLE catalog based on a probabilistic estimation of the elevation angle and the Doppler frequency shift of receiving telemetry signals. The first method was allowed to determine the nanosatellite CubeBel-1 unambiguously. The second method is based on processing experimental measurements of the Doppler frequency of the telemetry radio signals and the Keplerian circular motion model for SS. It does not require additional information from the NORAD database of satellite orbital parameters. The second method was allowed only to calculate the average state vector unknown satellite. Finally, the corrected state vector in the geocentric inertial coordinate system was obtained based on the differential correction method.

The possibility to use the maximum entropy principle to estimate distributions from measurements with known resolution functions has been considered. The general analytical form of the distribution estimate has been obtained. The statistical properties of this estimate, i.e. the error matrix and bias, have been analyzed. The method is generalized for the case when the unknown distribution is considered to be close to a certain known one. The proposed method is illustrated by a number of numerical experiments. The results are compared with those obtained by other methods.

The longitudinal polarization of direct μ+-mesons, produced by 70 GeV protons and having transverse momentum P┴ μ = 2.8 GeV/c, has been measured. On the basis of these measurements as well as of similar ones made for P┴ μ = 2.0 GeV/c, a value of the polarization of- (0.85 ± 0.36) has been obtained. This indicates production of direct leptons due to weak interactions.

The success of the reform of the state control and inspection system depends significantly on taking into account the estimates of all stakeholders, i.e. business, government, and citizens as beneficiaries of the state control and inspection activities; and such estimates should be considered at the stages of planning, monitoring, and evaluating the achieved results. The priority project ‘Reforming State Control and Inspection System in the Russian Federation’ considers citizens’ estimates only if presented by statistical indicators that reflect the nature, frequency, and scale of harm often measured by the control bodies themselves, i.e. such data are prone to distortion. The authors suggest to supplement this system by indicators allowing the citizens to assess the state control and inspection activities and reform. These indicators can be measured in representative surveys, which would allow to balance the existing system of monitoring the state control and inspection activities. The article presents both international and Russian approaches to the sociological study of the efficiency of the state control and inspection system. The authors identify methodological rules of such surveys, such as that all adult citizens should be questioned regardless of their experience of interaction with control bodies. The article also describes the types of public legally protected values and the types of risks that should be part of sociological questionnaires; and suggests some key indicators for the assessment of the state control activities by the citizens: the frequency of facing the need to protect public values (the lower the frequency, the higher the effectiveness); the general estimate of the public values safety (by groups of risks); and the results of citizens’ interaction with the control bodies to protect public values including damage compensation.

Scientific and educational nanosatellite of CubeSat 2U format launched by Belarusian State University October, 29 2018 is under use as Research/Educational lab for students, researchers and global amateur radio community.

Traditional image processing techniques provide sustainable efficiency in the astrometry of deep space objects and in applied problems of determining the parameters of artificial satellite orbits. But the speed of the computing architecture and the functions of small optical systems are rapidly developing thus contribute to the use of a dynamic video stream for detecting and initializing space objects. The purpose of this paper is to automate the processing of optical measurement data during detecting space objects and numerical methods for the initial orbit determination. This article provided the implementation of a low-cost autonomous optical system for detecting of space objects with remote control elements. The basic algorithm model had developed and tested within the framework of remote control of a simplified optical system based on a Raspberry Pi 4 single-board computer with a modular camera. Under laboratory conditions, the satellite trajectory had simulated for an initial assessment of the compiled algorithmic modules of the computer vision library OpenCV. Based on the simulation results, dynamic detection of the International Space Station in real-time from the observation site with coordinates longitude 25o41′49″ East, latitude 53o52′36″ North in the interval 00:54:00 – 00:54:30 17.07.2021 (UTC + 03:00) had performed. The video processing result of the pass had demonstrated in the form of centroid coordinates of the International Space Station in the image plane with a timestamps interval of which is 0.2 s. This approach provides an autonomous raw data extraction of a space object for numerical methods for the initial determination of its orbit.

Abstract The performance of a gas ionization EM calorimeter with planar electrodes and steel absorbers has been studied with a 26.6 GeV/ c electron beam at the 70 GeV IHEP accelerator. The design of the calorimeter is optimized for the operation at high counting rates by minimizing the coupling inductance and by choosing rather fast and heavy perfluoroalkane C 3 F 8 ( v dr =0.07 mm/ns at a reduced field E / N =1.0×10 −16  V cm 2 ). This gas has been used for the first time in calorimetry applications. The total calorimeter thickness is ≈21 X 0 . The signal readout has been done by remote 25  Ω low-noise preamplifiers coupled to towers via 25  Ω cable of 3 m length. The choice of a 25  Ω input impedance provides a complete matching between preamplifier, cable and tower. The studies of the calorimeter consisted in measuring the signal and noise spectra at different values of HV, ADC gate width and gas pressure. The electron attachment rate in C 3 F 8 with a stated purity of 99.99% is quite low (at a given E / N the mean free path of electrons is λ=2.2 cm at 1 atm). The intrinsic energy resolution of the calorimeter after noise subtraction is found to be independent of the gas pressure and equal to ≈7% at E =26.6 GeV/ c .

The analysis made it possible to identify a number of current features of the Russian model of control and supervisory activities that are significant in the context of constitutional law. The first involves building a modern domestic model of control and supervisory activities based on a fully updated legislative foundation. The second includes the focus on the full-fledged formation of the service and partner model of control and supervisory activities (in fact, it acts as generic feature defining the meaning and having value-semantic, axiological significance and explained through a whole group of interrelated features of the Russian model of regulation and development of control and supervisory activities). The third means expanding the use of a risk-based approach as one of central principles of organization of control and supervisory activities (a full-fledged interested feedback from business and the expert community constitutes an invaluable tool in determining risks). The fourth refers to the focus on the priority of a preventive approach in implementation of control and supervisory activities (non-responding to the damage caused, but a proactive position, expressed in ensuring prevention of any possible damage to protected values; it serves as a priority and deserves further development of mechanisms facilitating its broad implementation). The fifth means active digitalization of control and supervisory activities and ensuring openness (accessibility) of information. The sixth involves constant focus on the introduction of new technologies and approaches to organizing control and supervisory activities. The author demonstrates a number of important steps that are advisable to encourage positive development of the features of the domestic model. It is emphasized that at the new stage of the reform of state control (supervision) and municipal control, development of new scientifically and practically grounded approaches to the implementation of specific mechanisms and tools that will result in uncovering the potential of the partner and service model of control and supervisory activities in the Russian Federation will be in great demand.

The paper examines the institute of parliamentary control from the point of view of its modern constitutional and legal understanding in the general system of state control (supervision), municipal control and public control in their interrelation. The papere provides an unambiguous positive assessment of precise declaration and disclosure of parliamentary control directly in the text of the Constitution of the Russian Federation that took place during the comprehensive introduction of amendments to the Russian Constitution in 2020 aimed at improving regulation of certain issues of organization and functioning of public power. A promising proposal is made that in the future, within the framework of a unified logic of improving the constitutional and legal institutions and significant instruments of state and municipal administration, including those aimed at improving the quality of the functioning of the unified system of public power in our country, we should also consider how to consolidate in the Constitution of the Russian Federation the terms and fundamental principles of state control (supervision), municipal control and public control in the same accentuated and substantive manner in the Constitution of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation. A number of specific legislative proposals have been formulated, including proposals aimed at bringing the goals, objectives and principles of the types of control under study closer together. A new version of Article 2 «Objectives of Parliamentary Control» of Federal Law No. 77‑FZ dated 7 May 2013 «On Parliamentary Control» is proposed and justified, other significant changes in the context of the topic under study are formulated in the Federal Law No. 77‑FZ, as well as in Federal Law No. 212‑FZ dated 21.07.2014 «On the Basics of Public Control in the Russian Federation». Implementation of the above proposals will serve to strengthen the system of regulation and implementation of various types of control in Russia, develop tools and improve the effectiveness of parliamentary control and, in general, solve the complex task of improving the quality of public and municipal governance in our country.

Abstract Nowadays, the problem of safe aircraft flows merging is considered usually as one-stage. However, real air-route schemes assume often a tree-like structure when primary flows are merged at some points and the resultant flows are merged further. In this case, the safety of merging should be controlled not only at the final point, but also at some intermediate ones. With that, aircraft can change their order between these merge points by means of usage of holding areas and/or path alignments. In this paper, the authors suggest a mixed integer linear programming formalization of such a problem. The suggested procedure is realized as a computational program with the optimization Gurobi library. Results of numerical simulations are presented.

In this paper, the effect of organo-modified montmorillonite (oMMT) on the properties and structure of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are studied. A technology for preliminary mechanical activation of oMMT in a planetary mill was proposed. Using the methods of scanning electron microscopy and IR spectroscopy, the structure and morphology of oMMT were studied before and after mechanical activation in a planetary mill. It has been found that preliminary mechanical activation leads to dispersion and an increase in the porosity of oMMT. Heat treatment at the temperature of the composite material processing does not result in the destruction of organic modifiers. Studies of the mechanical properties of polymer-silicate composites have revealed that the introduction of preliminarily mechanically activated oMMT contributes to enhancement of the tensile and compressive strength of the composite material based on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene.

In the study, the author proceeds from the fact that open state and municipal administration as a concept and practice with huge potential is systematically associated with the development of effective mechanisms of public control. A number of conclusions and proposals are suggested for discussion, including the following: 1) implementation of the formats of open state and municipal governance in combination with the evolution of control and supervisory activities, public control gives a synergetic effect and significantly increases the confidence of society, citizens, business in the system of public authorities and their activities; 2) an extremely important role in achieving positive effects and practical results is played by the comprehensive digitalization of control and supervisory activities, state and municipal management in general, which is why this trend needs to be continued, making the relevant technologies and services even more understandable, accessible and convenient; 3) the new philosophy of state and municipal management currently being formed and improved should include effective open administration and organization of control and supervisory activities based on building a full-fledged partner and service model of such activities; this new philosophy should fully embody the evolving ideas of clientcentricity and the key principles of the concept of the «State for the People.» A number of specific proposals have been formulated, including normative ones, aimed at further development of digitalization of public control, including a proposal to study the issue of creating and developing a single portal of public control in the Russian Federation.

An unknown small satellite from a multi-payload launch on 04/01/2022 was identified using the processing of Doppler measurements of telemetry radio signals on 11 passes received by the Belarusian State University ground station for the period from 04/14/2022 to 04/15/2022. Using a statistical analysis of the small satellite elevation angle and the Doppler frequency shift of its radio signals in the model of perturbed circular motion, the most probable estimate of the four-parameter state vector of the unknown small satellite was obtained. On the basis of the obtained state vector, subsequent radio communication sessions with an unknown small satellite were predicted, radio signals of its telemetry were received and decoded. The decoded telemetry packets made it possible to identify the Chilean university's PlantSat nanosatellite. After the publication by the NORAD system of an updated database of averaged orbital parameters in the TLE format, the antenna pointing parameters and the Doppler frequency shift at the time of receiving telemetry radio signals for each of the satellites from multi-payload launch on 04/01/2022 were numerically simulated. Based on a probabilistic estimate of the elevation angle and Doppler frequency shift, the PlantSat nanosatellite built by students and engineers of the University of Chile was uniquely identified using the NORAD system database.

The paper presents a video data processing system application for angular measurement of the space object orbits in operating mode at the ground-based optical observation station of the Belarusian State University. The development of a sustainable detection system, localization, and identification of space objects is based on the research of the video stream difference frames in the spatial and frequency domains. The method for finding the small moving object of unknown brightness against the quasi-periodic noise background is discussed. Particularly the Fourier transform of a difference frame from a projection's weighted sum to detect and study the motion properties of faint objects is used. The multithreading in the proposed architecture of the video data processing system is realized. The read and write rate of raw video data from an active camera is up to 40 fps. Time synchronization is carried out by reference clock of remote servers and GNSS unit with an accuracy of 1 ms. The result of the experimental survey of the space object orbits angular measurement by the video data processing system in the operating mode of the ground-based optical observation station is performed. The proposed system allows obtaining the space object orbit angular measurement with an accuracy of 0.1 degree.

The correcting factors method (CFM) often used for unfolding measured distributions, is analyzed in the paper. Statistical and systematical errors of this method are considered. The comparison of several CFM modifications with Tikhonov's regularization method is made after numerical examples.

The production of prompt and ordinary (ν)e was investigated in a proton beam dump experiment at the 70 GeV Serpukhov accelerator measuring their interactions in the IHEP-JINR neutrino detector. An upper limit of σcharm <2.4 μb/nucleon at 90% CL was obtained near the production threshold.

In this note we present a flexible approach to perform the propagation of track parameters and their derivatives in an inhomogeneous magnetic field, keeping the computational effort small. We discuss also a Kalman filter implementation using this optimized computation of the derivatives.

The Architecture and instrumentation of university mobile optical tracking system for Low Earth Orbit Space objects are considered. Experimental physical setup and astronomical image processing pipeline are presented. For unknown space object single pass over the university observation site from 23:01:37.200 to 23:02:50.780 for 09.09.2021 (UTC) received astrometry data from image processing. Two methods for orbit determination of an unknown space object are considered. The first method based on Keplerian motion model and probabilistic estimation of the elevation angle, right ascension, declination, right ascension rate and declination rate. Additionally, the space object position and velocity were calculated by the well- known Gauss method. Two samples are used to evaluate the time interval influence on the space object state vector calculation accuracy in the Gauss method. In the Gauss method the errors in determining radius vector and velocity vector projections are decreased with an increase in the time interval between angular measurements. Using the Mike McCants' database of orbital parameters, the space object (NORAD 26906) was identified.

Two methods for pre-launch calculation orbital parameters of a university small satellite on a piggyback launch are considered. The first method is based on the satellite latitude argument history numerical analysis of a past similar launches to nearly circular orbit and the perturbed circular motion model for the small satellite orbit prediction. This method requires the following additional information from the launch provider: launch time, orbital inclination and period or altitude to predict the small satellite first passes over the university ground station. The second method is based on the satellite latitude and longitude history analysis of a past similar launches to an arbitrary orbit. These methods were used for pre-flight orbital parameters calculation before launching the first Belarusian State University nanosatellite СubeBel-1 from the Jiuquan spaceport in China. Using two methods, the state vector of the university nanosatellite was predicted on the first day of its flight. For successful nanosatellite telemetry reception by a network of amateur radio stations around the world, averaged orbital parameters in TLE format were generated and published on the Internet. This made it possible for dozens radio amateurs to steadily receive radio signals from the university nanosatellite on the first day of the flight. The antenna pointing angles and the Doppler shift of the nanosatellite radio signal were predicted for the Belarusian State University ground station, which allowed it to be the first in the world to decode the CubeBel-1 telemetry. The second method in the comparison in the first method allowed to reduce absolute pass parameter errors for elevation from 2° degrees to 1°, for azimuth from 3° degrees to 2° and Doppler frequency shift from 350 Hz to 250 Hz.

Abstract The work purpose is the development of BSUIM-1 and BSUIM-2 complexes for training specialists in the aerospace industry with the used engineering test beds and experimental facilities. Two sets of nanosatellite engineering models and ground stations had developed. They allow testing hardware and software of the onboard equipment and payload, simulating operation modes, and flight programs, and enable students to gain practical skills in working with ultra-small satellites. The complexes include ground stations, 2 ultra-small satellite simulators, BSUSAT-1 low-orbit nanosatellite, remote access laboratory, local and external servers for data storage. The complexes' website and database allow for full-time and remote training. The experience gained in conducting experiments, processing telemetry, and structuring information in the database is used for further development. All the developed equipment is made based on commercial off-the-shelf elements. It has reduced development costs, flexible equipment reconfiguration, and easier access to the simulator's internal architecture for demonstration purposes. The developed complexes allow students to practically study the ultra-small satellite components design and ground stations, methods for receiving and processing telemetry and scientific information, attitude determination and control algorithms. The complexes allow to conduct of research in the development of individual onboard systems and special-purpose equipment of the nanosatellite and their testing in the loop. The results obtained are introduced into the educational process and are used in lectures and laboratory classes for aerospace specialties students. The developed complexes make it possible to carry out term papers, theses, and master’s works related to the design of hardware and software for nanosatellites and a ground station, the setting up of space experiments, the development of new algorithms and a flight program for ultra-small satellites.

. In the paper, the author applies constitutional law positions in order to study key aspects of a number of stages of the comprehensive reform of state control (supervision), municipal control and public control in their systemic unity in the Russian Federation. The author makes the following conclusions and proposals: 1) the next stage of the reform of control and supervisory activities has now begun and its main direction may become the reduction in the number of unnecessary inspections and the expansion of preventive measures, which can be reflected in the Concept of the reform of control and supervisory activities being prepared in 2022–2024; 2) the development and further implementation of information technologies, electronic platforms and services that are convenient for operational communication of all parties involved in the process of control and supervision activities should become an important mechanism, which will contribute to solving the fundamental task of putting the rights and legitimate interests of citizens and organizations in the spotlight, the needs and expectations of people in accordance with the constitutional imperative about the person as the highest value; 3) given the priority of developing effective communication mechanisms within a single system of public authority, regulatory authorities’ assistance to local governments is very important, which can be expressed in educational and methodological assistance, advising on topical issues of control and supervisory activities, etc.; 4) the conceptual result of a comprehensive reform of the sphere under consideration should be the formation of a new constitutional and legal philosophy of the future control and supervision activities in the context of improving state and municipal government and the actively developing concept «the state for citizens».

In this note we present a mathematical framework for a rigorous approach to a common track fit for trackers located in the inner region of the ZEUS detector. The approach makes use of the Kalman filter and offers a rigorous treatment of magnetic field inhomogeneity, multiple scattering and energy loss. We describe mathematical details of the implementation of the Kalman filter technique with a reduced amount of computations for a cylindrical drift chamber, barrel and forward silicon strip detectors and a forward straw drift chamber. Options with homogeneous and inhomogeneous field are discussed. The fitting of tracks in one ZEUS event takes about of 20ms on standard PC.

Abstract The research and educational network of ground stations for receiving and processing information from low-orbit educational spacecraft is considered in this paper. Ground stations are equipped with an orbit measurement and determination system with time synchronization. This network realizes receiving and processing telemetry of ultra-small satellites, performing measurements and determining their orbital parameters and teaching students of aerospace specialties. Software and hardware of stationary and mobile ground stations are considered. The ground station was tested in the modes of receiving data and measuring the ultra-small satellite orbit with different frequency of telemetry packets. The initial orbit determination by frequency and time measurements of a LUOJIA-1 01 nanosatellite telemetry signal on several orbits with a limited number of data on one pass was studied. The nanosatellite radio signal nominal frequency and initial orbital parameters were unknown. Close orbit determination using a ground station network for satellite constellation launch in the first week of flight was considered. The simulation results showed that if the mean anomalies of neighbouring satellites differ by 0.1°, the spacecraft can be identified in the constellation by the frequency and time measurements of the same radio signal at three synchronized ground stations.

We present the procedure of track reconstruction in the HERA-B detector. A Kalman filter-based algorithm for track finding in the field-free area and for track following through the inhomogeneous magnetic field is described. The matching of track segments from different parts of the tracking system and the track fit are discussed. The performance of the procedure is shown.

The characteristics of a gas ionization calorimeter with planar electrode geometry have been studied in hadron and electron beams with momenta from 19 to 50 GeV/c. The calorimeter was filled with a 95% Ar + 5% CF4 gas mixture. Absorbers were made of uranium and steel. The dependencies of energy resolution on gas pressure and absorber thickness are presented. The signal-to-noise and electron-to-hadron ratios are discussed.

In this note we present a study of the radiative tails in the invariant mass spectra of muon or electron pairs from J/psi, psi(2S) and Upsilon(1S) decays which is due to an additional emission of a photon. An analytic formula for dilepton mass spectra in radiative decays is derived and a Monte Carlo simulation for realistic detector conditions is used to study effects on the spectra. A rather simple parameterisation is given, suitable for the treatment of real data.

The application of modified nanoporous aluminum oxide (PAO) as a composite for concentration and extraction of heavy metals is discussed in the article. There are identified the conditions for the synthesis of PAO matrix, selected the optimum surface-active agent for its modification. Spectrophotometric investigations have shown that the synthesized sorbent has complexing properties and it is suitable for concentration of metals from solutions.

The major purposes of this chapter are to provide (1) an overview of the regional geology, tectonics, and metallogenesis of Northeast Asia for readers who are unfamiliar with the region, (2) a general scientific introduction to the succeeding chapters of this volume, and (3) an overview of the methodology of metallogenic and tectonic analysis used in this study. We also describe how a high-quality metallogenic and tectonic analysis, including construction of an associated metallogenic-tectonic model will greatly benefit other mineral resource studies, including synthesis of mineral-deposit models; improve prediction of undiscovered mineral deposit as part of a quantitative mineral-resource-assessment studies; assist land-use and mineral-exploration planning; improve interpretations of the origins of host rocks, mineral deposits, and metallogenic belts, and suggest new research. Research on the metallogenesis and tectonics of such major regions as Northeast Asia (eastern Russia, Mongolia, northern China, South Korea, and Japan) and the Circum-North Pacific (the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera) requires a complex methodology including (1) definitions of key terms, (2) compilation of a regional geologic base map that can be interpreted according to modern tectonic concepts and definitions, (3) compilation of a mineral-deposit database that enables a determination of mineral-deposit models and clarification of the relations of deposits to host rocks and tectonic origins, (4) synthesis of a series of mineral-deposit models that characterize the known mineral deposits and inferred undiscovered deposits in the region, (5) compilation of a series of metallogenic-belt belts constructed on the regional geologic base map, and (6) construction of a unified metallogenic and tectonic model. The summary of regional geology and metallogenesis presented here is based on publications of the major international collaborative studies of the metallogenesis and tectonics of Northeast Asia that have been led by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). These studies have produced two broad types of publications (1) a series of regional geologic, mineral-deposit, and metallogenic-belt maps, with companion descriptions of the region, and (2) a suite of metallogenic and tectonic analyses of the same region. The study area consists of eastern Russia (most of eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East), Mongolia, northern China, South Korea, Japan, and adjacent offshore areas. The major cooperative agencies are the Russian Academy of Sciences; the Academy of Sciences of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia); VNIIOkeangeologia and Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation; the Mongolian Academy of Sciences; the Mongolian University of Science and Technology; the Mongolian National University; Jilin University, Changchun, People?s Republic of China, the China Geological Survey; the Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources; the Geological Survey of Japan/AIST; the University of Texas, Arlington, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This study builds on and extends the data and interpretations from a previous project on the Major Mineral Deposits, Metallogenesis, and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera conducted by the USGS, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, and the Geological Survey of Canada. The major products of this project were summarized by Naumova and others (2006) and are described in appendix A.

The roadmap for constructing a regional nanosatellite constellation using the piggyback launch according to Chinese provider information has developed. For nanosatellite constellation formation to a specific purpose, it is necessary to analyse existing constellation operated similar tasks. Therefore, the software module for the Spire Global constellation orbital construction analysis was developed. The construction of Spire Global nanosatellites constellation based on orbital parameters database in the two-line element set format, satellite constellation databases and the developer site was analysed. A launch from the International Space Station and a piggyback launch were used for constellation formation. Nanosatellite deployment schemes, orbital parameters and flight parameters are investigated launches from the Taiyuan and Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centers with orbit inclination about 90°, that best correspond to the passes over Minsk (ϕ = 53°54′27″ N, λ = 27°33′52″ E) are analysed. The method of nanosatellite orbit preflight prediction at a passing launch has been developed. It involves a finding the nanosatellite state vector in the first flight day and at the time of constellation mission operate start. The launch time, satellite launch center coordinates, launch vehicle type, orbit inclination and altitude (period) are used in the method. In addition, the launch history and the satellite motion dynamics analysis on similar orbits is carried out. It was found that five launches are enough to organise a regional nanosatellite constellation with average radio visibility interruption time of at least 36 min with a maximum value of 85 min.

The paper shows from the standpoint of constitutional and legal science that state control (supervision), municipal control, public control are inextricably linked with the functions of the state and form a part of the subject of constitutional law and an important element of modern Russian constitutionalism. With this in mind, control and supervisory activities have very strong theoretical and legal and constitutional grounds due to the special importance of such activities for the normal functioning of the state as such, the state and public system and to ensure the full implementation of the constitutional and legal status of the individual. The author highlights the following current trends in the development of public administration in our country that are of particular importance for the further improvement of control and supervisory activities: the orientation of public administration to citizens, their rights, needs, expectations and wishes; openness (transparency) of public administration; development of forms of interactive communications of public authorities and society; reduction of excessive administrative burden on subjects in respect of which control and supervisory activities are carried out; the widespread introduction of a risk-based approach within the framework of control and supervisory activities; increasing the role of public control as a significant form of feedback in the government-public dialogue, contributing to the improvement of public administration. It is important to conduct modern constitutional and legal studies of state control (supervision), municipal control and public control with mandatory consideration of the indicated trends and based on the relevant priorities, which will allow developing legal approaches, normative and practical proposals that ensure the client-centricity of public administration, its even greater openness and clarity for citizens and increasing the level of satisfaction of society with the results of activities of public authorities at all levels.

Following the results of the conducted research of significant milestones in the state legal understanding of state control (supervision) in different historical periods, the author shows the following. The consideration of state control (supervision), municipal control and public control in their systemic unity in connection with the issues of improving the quality of state and municipal management in modern Russia is based on long-standing state legal traditions in the domestic legal science and practice of state construction of both the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. The paper concludes that at present the improvement of legal regulation and constitutional and legal approaches to the understanding and organization of state control (supervision), municipal control and public control in Russia continues, while modern vectors are set by the concepts of «State for citizens», client-centricity of public administration and the expansion of risk-based approach in control and supervisory activities. The author notes that in the future it might be possible to return to the previously discussed idea of codification of legislative material in order to give the regulatory framework of control and supervisory activities even greater stability and systematization, corresponding to its extremely important importance in the system of modern Russian legislation. The author expresses a standpoint on the need to develop the legal doctrine of the control and supervisory activities as an interdisciplinary subject and a plane for interdisciplinary research given the continuing constitutional and legal basis for a systematic scientific understanding of these activities. This is important since it is this approach that can give a significant synergetic effect for the further scientifically elaborated development of control and supervisory activities in the Russian Federation.

The results of the simulation and development of an aerodynamic platform for pre-flight testing of nanosatellites and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are presented. The platform movable part is realized in the form of a regular hexagonal prism with a honeycomb hollow structure. It provides levitation conditions and allows a check of the attitude control system performance. The airflow dumping elements of the air injection subsystem which provides platform stability are suggested. The aerodynamic platform model is developing as part of a project to introduce practical elements of prototyping and pre-flight testing of nanosatellites and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles into the educational process. It will help university students to solve scientific and technological problems.

Based on the systematic approach, the author shows the key elements of the consistency of legislation on state control (supervision), municipal control and public control and formulates the main integrative properties of the relevant set of legislative acts that allow it to be considered as an integral system in context of constitutional law at the present time. It is noted that in the future, when improving legislation on public control, on the one hand, and on state control (supervision), municipal control, on the other hand, special attention should be paid to further convergence of their basic norms, primarily norms-principles and norms-goals that form value-semantic (axiological) foundations for appropriate regulation. In addition, it is important to think over the vector of strengthening social elements in the sphere of state and municipal control. The author defines several specific proposals to supplement provisions of the Federal Laws «On the Foundations of Public Control in the Russian Federation», «On State Control (Supervision) and Municipal Control in the Russian Federation», «On Parliamentary Control» and other legislative acts. Implementation of the outlined legislative ideas will facilitate revealing of the potential of the partner and service model of control and supervisory activities and it will significantly increase the level of trust on behalf of civil society and business.

Abstract The present paper offers a method to calculate track parameters in a multiple spectrometer when consideration of multiple Coulomb scattering is necessary. The method is based on application of differential stochastic equations [4,6], which are a generalization of the Lorentz equations for a particle moving in a magnetic field with energy losses and multiple scattering. A peculiar feature of the method is the estimation of the momentum not only in the vertex but also in each track point measured. This enables to detect poor measurements and kinks on the track. The results of reconstructing the momenta of simulated and gauge muons illustrate this method, which has also been used in processing the neutrino experiment data with the ITEP-IHEP magnetic spectrometer [2]. Simple analytical expressions for momentum reconstruction errors, which are valid in a wide energy range, have been obtained.

Special choice of parameters for minimization is offered in the problem of improving estimates for particle momenta in the vertex of the event with the use of the 4-momentum conservation law. This choice permits the use of any unconditional minimization method instead of only the method of Lagrange multipliers.

The article substantiates the need to take special regulatory measures to enable controlled persons to challenge decisions, actions (inaction) of state bodies and settle emerging economic disputes in a pre-trial manner using the public services portal. This will make it possible to relieve the judicial system and free business from excessive illegal control and will contribute to the development of the economy at all levels.

The paper was withdrawn by the authors since it has not been reviewed and approved by an official body within the collaboration.

NIKHEF, AmsterdamA method based on the usage of efˇciency proˇle is proposed to estimate the hit efˇciency of driftchambers with a large number of channels. The performance of the method under real conditions of thedetector operation has been tested analysing the experimental data from the HERA-B drift chambers.„²O µI¥´±¨ OEE¥±E¨¢´µ¸E¨ ¸· i EO¢ ´¨° OI¥¥± ¤·¥°Eµ¢OI ± ³¥· ¸ iµ²OI¨³ ±µ²¨I¥¸E¢µ³± ´ ²µ¢ ¶·¥¤²µ¦¥´ ³¥Eµ¤, µ¸´µ¢ ´´O° ´ ¨¸¶µ²O§µ¢ ´¨¨ ¶·µE¨²O´µ° EE´±I¨¨ OEE¥±E¨¢´µ¸E¨.·¨³¥´¨³µ¸EO ³¥Eµ¤ ¢ ·¥ ²O´OI E¸²µ¢¨OI · iµEO ¤ ¥E¥±Eµ· ¶·µ¢¥·¥´ ´ ¶·¨³¥·¥ ´ ²¨§ O±¸-¶¥·¨³¥´E ²O´OI ¤ ´´OI ¸ ¤·e°Eµ¢OI ± ³¥· E¸E ´µ¢±¨ HERA-B.

The track-ˇnding efciency in the OTR PC chambers has been estimated from the real data by using external reference tracks provided by VDS, RICH, and ECAL reconstruction. A method of reducing the ghost fraction in the reference track sample has been developed. The experimental data taken during the 2000 run have been analyzed. A set of routines have been developed to provide a tool to estimate the track efciency of the OTR. The limitations of the considered method are discussed in the conclusion. � §· iµE ´ ³¥Eµ¤ µI¥´±¨ E·¥±µ¢µ° OEE¥±E¨¢´µ¸E¨ �'-± ³¥· ¢´¥I´¥£µ E·¥±ep (OTR) ¨§ ´ - ²¨§ ·¥ ²O´OI ¤ ´´OI ¸ ¨¸¶µ²O§µ¢ ´¨¥³ µ¶µ·´µ£µ E·¥± , ¶µ²EI¥´´µ£µ ¸ ¶µ³µÐOO ·¥±µ´¸E·E±I¨¨ ¢ ¢¥·I¨´´µ³ ¤¥E¥±Eµ·¥ (VDS), ¤¥E¥±Eµ·¥ I¥·¥´±µ¢¸±¨I ±µ²¥I (RICH) ¨ O²¥±E·µ³ £´¨E´µ³ ¤¥E¥±Eµ·¥ (ECAL). � ¸¸³µE·¥´ ´µ¢O° ³¥Eµ¤ ¶µ¤ ¢²¥´¨O ¤µ ²¨ ²µ|´OI E·¥±µ¢ ¢ ´ iµ·¥ ¢O¤¥²O¥³OI µ¶µ·´OI E·¥±µ¢. ²O ´ ²¨§ iO²¨ ¨¸¶µ²O§µ¢ ´O O±¸¶¥·¨³¥´E ²O´O¥ ¤ ´´O¥, ´ i· ´´O¥ ¢ ¸¥ ´¸¥ µi²EI¥- ´¨O E¸E ´µ¢±¨ ¢ 2000 £. ‚ § ±²OI¥´¨¥ µi¸E|¤ OE¸O µ£· ´¨I¥´¨O ´ ¶·¨³¥´¨³µ¸EO · c¸³µE·¥´´µ£µ ³¥Eµ¤ .

The longitudinal polarization of direct μ+-mesons, produced by 70 GeV protons and having transverse momentum P┴ μ = 2.8 GeV/c, has been measured. On the basis of these measurements as well as of similar ones made for P┴ μ = 2.0 GeV/c, a value of the polarization of- (0.85 ± 0.36) has been obtained. This indicates production of direct leptons due to weak interactions.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Abstract The longitudinal polarization of direct muons with 1.9 GeV/ c transverse momentum produced by 70 GeV protons on the copper target has been measured to be η = −0.41 ± 0.17.

The isoscalar structure functions xF_3 and F_2 are measured as functions of x averaged over all Q^2 permissible for the range 6 to 28 GeV of incident (anti)neutrino energy. With the measured values of xF_3, the value of the Gross-Llewellyn Smith sum rule is found to be $\int_{0}^{1}{F_3 dx} = 2.13\pm0.38 (stat)\pm 0.26 (syst)$. The QCD analysis of xF_3 provides $\Lambda_{\overline{MS}} =358 \pm 59 MeV$ . The obtained value of the strong interaction constant $\alpha_S (M_Z)=0.120^{+3}_{-4}$ is larger than most of the deep inelastic scattering results.

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

In this article we examine a possibility to apply, during the reconstruction of hadron energy and direction in a multilayer calorimeter, a priori information on hadronic cascades in the specified calorimeter — the distribution of the energy deposition in the cascade. Parametric formulas describing the spatial distribution of the mean energy deposition in the hadronic cascade have been obtained. For the simulated events we compare these methods with the trivial methods traditionally used.