Y. Jeong

This study examines the effects of bottom electrodes for metal ferroelectric metal (MFM) capacitor applications. We investigated the following parameters of bottom electrodes and Pb(Zr 0.53 Ti 0.47 )O 3 (PZT) thin films: substrate temperature, rf power, gas flow rate, Ar/O 2 ratio, electrode material, and post-annealing effect. Bottom electrodes grown at 300°C for Pt and 200°C for RuO 2 exhibited a film resistivity of 10 -4 Ω·cm, had a surface roughness of approximately 55 Å and a preferred crystal orientation. Rapid thermal annealing (RTA) treatments on a Pt electrode at 600°C for 30 s improved the resistivity to 5×10 -6 Ω·cm and generated the (111) preferred crystal orientation. PZT films exhibited a strong PZT (101) peak for an optimized Pt bottom electrode and (111), (200), (112) planes without preferred PZT orientations for the RuO 2 electrode. A well-fabricated Pd/PZT/Pt capacitor showed a leakage current density in the order of 6×10 -5 A/cm 2 , a dielectric constant ( ε r ) of 365, a remanent polarization ( P r ) of 27 µC/cm 2 , and a coercive field ( E c ) of 50.5 kV/cm. This paper discusses the bottom electrode properties as well as their recommended conditions in memory device applications of thin-film PZT capacitors.

The upgrade of the CMS detector for the high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will include gas electron multiplier (GEM) detectors in the end-cap muon spectrometer. Due to the limited supply of large area GEM detectors, the Korean CMS (KCMS) collaboration had formed a consortium with Mecaro Co., Ltd. to serve as a supplier of GEM foils with area of approximately 0.6 m2. The consortium has developed a double-mask etching technique for production of these large-sized GEM foils. This article describes the production, quality control, and quality assessment (QA/QC) procedures and the mass production status for the GEM foils. Validation procedures indicate that the structure of the Korean foils are in the designed range. Detectors employing the Korean foils satisfy the requirements of the HL-LHC in terms of the effective gain, response uniformity, rate capability, discharge probability, and hardness against discharges. No aging phenomena were observed with a charge collection of 82 mC cm−2. Mass production of KCMS GEM foils is currently in progress.

Abstract The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors of the GE1/1 station of the CMS experiment have been operated in the CMS magnetic field for the first time on the 7 th of October 2021. During the magnetic field ramps, several discharge phenomena were observed, leading to instability in the GEM High Voltage (HV) power system. In order to reproduce the behavior, it was decided to conduct a dedicated test at the CERN North Area with the Goliath magnet, using four GE1/1 spare chambers. The test consisted in studying the characteristics of discharge events that occurred in different detector configurations and external conditions. Multiple magnetic field ramps were performed in sequence: patterns in the evolution of the discharge rates were observed with these data. The goal of this test is the understanding of the experimental conditions inducing discharges and short circuits in a GEM foil. The results of this test lead to the development of procedure for the optimal operation and performance of GEM detectors in the CMS experiment during the magnet ramps. Another important result is the estimation of the probability of short circuit generation, at 68 % confidence level, p short HV OFF = 0.42 -0.35 +0.94 % with detector HV OFF and p short HV OFF < 0.49% with the HV ON. These numbers are specific for the detectors used during this test, but they provide a first quantitative indication on the phenomenon, and a point of comparison for future studies adopting the same procedure.

This paper introduces a new noise prediction method for air conditioners. In this study, XAI (eXplainable Artificial Intelligence) technology was used to identify the refrigerant flow noise of cassette air conditioners. Using the RandomForest regression method of machine learning models and DNN and CNN of deep learning models, the noise prediction models were designed, and their performance were compared. In addition, a method of analyzing factors contributing to each model was presented using SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanation), one of XAI that can explain the predicted model. Based on these results, the idea of the analysis was suggested to find the control factors for reducing the air conditioner noise.

The key to semi-supervised semantic segmentation is to assign the appropriate pseudo-label to the pixels of unlabeled images. Recently, various approaches to consistency-based training and the filtering of reliable pseudo-labels have shown remarkable results. Nonetheless, there are still issues to be addressed. We find that recent approaches have specific problems in common. In pseudo-labels for training unlabeled images, we confirm that false foreground class pseudo-labels are mostly caused by background class confusion, not confusion between different foreground classes. To solve this problem, we propose a foreground and background discrimination model for semi-supervised semantic segmentation. Our proposed model is trained using a novel approach called multi-view integrated ensemble (MVIE) via output perturbation. Experimental results in various partition protocols show that our approach outperforms the existing state of the art (SOTA) in binary prediction on unlabeled data, and the segmentation model trained with the help of our model outperforms existing models.

We investigate the neutral Higgs sector in the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model (NMSSM) with explicit CP violation at the one-loop level by using the effective potential method. In general, explicit CP violation is possible at the tree-level in the Higgs potential of the NMSSM, which may possess a complex phase. The tree-level Higgs potential can be made CP conserving by assuming that all the relevant parameters are real. However, the CP-conserving Higgs potential at the tree level may still develop complex phases at the one-loop level through radiative corrections. These complex phases exhibit explicit CP violation through the mixings between the scalar and pseudoscalar Higgs bosons. One of the complex phases arise in the neutralino sector. For a particular choice of the relevant parameter values, the scalar-pseudoscalar mixings are found to strongly dependent on this phase. Meanwhile, for a wide region in the parameter space, the ratios of CP mixing elements of the neutral Higgs boson mass matrix to CP non-mixing ones increase weakly against this phase. Also, the neutral Higgs boson masses are roughly stable against the variation of this phase.

조직 구성원의 자발적 이직은 모든 기업들이 고민하는 중요한 이슈 중 하나이다. 하지만 대부분의 선행연구는 신입사원을 대상으로 하고 있으며 경력사원을 대상으로 한 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 더구나 최근 한국 기업들에서 대졸 공채형태의 신입채용보다 수시 경력사원 채용으로 채용형태가 변화하는 상황이므로 본 연구의 실무적 시사점이 많을 것이다. 본 연구는 개인-조직가치 적합성과 개인의 직무성과가 경력사원의 자발적 이직결정에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이직행동에 영향을 주는 주요 변수인 적합성 중, 경력 입사자에게는 개인-조직 적합성이 개인-직무 적합성보다 더중요한 변수라고 판단하여 첫 번째 독립변수로 설정하였다. 경력사원의 이직은 직무의 변경 없이 단지 회사만을 이동하는 경우가 일반적이기 때문이다. 또한, 직무성과(고과)의 수준도 경력사원의 이직결정에 큰 영향을 미치는 변수로 판단하여 두 번째 독립변수로 설정하였다. 마지막으로 사회적 교환이론에 근거하여 개인-조직가치 적합성이 이직행동에 미치는 부의 관계를 고과가 강화하리라는 가설을 검증해 보고자 하였다. 연구표본은 2011년도 국내 A대기업 전자계열사에 입사한 경력사원 191명을 대상으로 하였고 최대 40개월간의 직무성과(고과)와 이직 여부 및 이직 시점을 관찰하였다. 이직이라는 사건(event)이 개인-조직가치 적합성과 개인의 직무성과에 의해 어떤 영향을 받는 지를 알아보기 위해 사건사 분석법(event history analysis)을 활용하였다. 연구결과 및 시사점은세 가지로 요약된다. 첫째, 개인-조직가치 적합성의 수준이 높을수록 경력입사자의 자발적 이직은 감소하였다. 둘째, 입사 후 높은 고과나 낮은 고과를 받은 인력은 중간수준의 고과를 받은 인력보다 자발적 이직의 가능성이 높았다. 셋째, 개인-조직가치 적합성과 이직행동 간의 부(-)의 관계는 높은 고과에 의해 강화되었다. 즉, 개인-조직가치 적합성이 낮은 인력이 높은 고과를 받는 경우 이직행동은 더욱 강화된다. 본 연구를 통해 한국 대기업 경력입사자의 조기이직 문제점을 바탕으로 채용 시 개인-조직가치 간의 적합성 검증을 강화하고 우수 성과자의 유실을 최소화할 수 있는 차별적인 보상체계를 구축해야 한다는 시사점을 제공한다.The study was conducted with the purpose of finding out what influence the person-organizational value fit and job performance have on the decision of managerial-level newcomers’ voluntary turnover. A total of 191 individuals who had joined the two electronic subsidiaries of one large domestic company in Korea as managerial-level newcomers in 2011 were selected as the objects of the study, and after observing whether or not they tried to effect turnover during the thirty-six months they were analyzed by event-history analysis. The results are as follows. First, as the person-organizational value fit is higher, so the newcomers’ voluntary turnovers decrease. Second, those who got a higher or lower performance appraisal grade than average after their joining the company showed a higher voluntary turnover rate. This supports the theory suggested by Williams and Livingstone (1994) that the possibility of trying to effect turnovers may be higher when individuals get very high or very low job performance merits. Third, the relationship between person-organization value fit and voluntary turnover is moderated with high performance appraisal grades. If lower fit people get lower performance appraisal grades, the probability of turnover will be increased. The results of the study demonstrate that the verification of the person-organization value fit should be strengthened and a differential reward system should be constructed to provide motivation for those who produce higher performance.

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines, the causal agent of bacterial pustule of soybean, induces hypersensitive response (HR) in a non-host plant, hot pepper (Capsicum annuum). A wild-type strain (8ra) and its non-patho-genic mutant (8-13) of X. axonopodis pv. glycines were inoculated into the pepper leaf tissues and their subcellular responses to the bacterial infections were examined by electron microscopy. Intrastructural changes related to HR were found in the leaf tissues infected with 8ra from 8 h after inoculation, characterized by separation of plasmalemma from the cell wall, formation of small vacuoles and vesicles, formation of cell wall apposition, and cellular necrosis. No such responses were observed in the tissues infected with the mutant. In 8ra, the bacterial cells were attached to the cell walls, with the cell wall material dissolved into and appearing to encapsulate the bacterial cells. The bacterial cells later became entirely embedded in the cell wall material. On the other hand, in 8-13, the bacterial cells were usually not attached tightly to the plant cell wall, and no or poor encapsulation of the bacteria by the wall material occurred, although these were encircled by rather loose wall materials at the later stages.

본 연구는 지방산의 합성의 완성 및 지방세포의 성장 및 합성에 영향을 미치는 FASN과 ACACA 유전자내의 단일염기변이(SNP)들을 한우의 도체형질에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 한우 능력평가집단 425두와 농협 축산연구원에서 제공받은 632두를 대상으로 FASN 유전자내의 4개(g.11280A>G, g.16024A>G, g.16039T>C, g.17924A>G)의 단일염기변이들과 ACACA 유전자내의 1개(g.2274G>A) 단일염기변이들이 도체형질에 미치는 효과를 분석하였다. 한우능력평가집단에서 FASN g.17924A>G는 도체중과 등지방두께에 유의적인 연관성을 나타내었으며, ACACA g.2274G>A는 배장근 단면적에 유의적인 연관성을 나타내었다. 농협 축산연구원의 샘플에서도 FASN g.17924A>G는 도체중에서 ACACA g.2274G>A는 배장근 단면적에서 동일한 유의적인 연관성이 관찰되었다. 한우 능력평가집단과 농협 축산연구원 샘플을 통합하여 FASN 유전자 g.17924A>G 와 ACACA 유전자 g.2274G>A 변이를 분석한 결과에서는 FASN g.17924A>G는 도체중과 등지방두께에 유의적인 연관성이 나타났으며, ACACA g.2274G>A는 등지방두께에서 유의적인 연관성을 나타내었다. 또한 FASN g.17924A>G와 ACACA g.2274G>A 의 유전자형조합에 따른 분석에서 도체중과 근내지방도에서 상호작용효과가 추정되었으며, 도체중과 근내지방도에 유의적인 상가적 효과를 나타내었다. FASN g.17924G>A의 GG 유전자형과 ACACA g.2274A>G의 GG 유전자형의 조합을 가진 개체는 다른 유전자형 조합을 가진 개체보다 높은 도체중과 근내지방도를 발현하는 개체인 것으로 관찰되었다(P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과는 두 유전자내의 단일염기변이들을 육량과 육질이 우수한 송아지 생산에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to investigate the combined effect of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and Acetyl CoA Carboxylase-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> (ACACA) genes on carcass traits of Korean cattle (Hanwoo). A total of 1,057 commercial Hanwoo cattle provided by the NongHyup Livestock Research Center (NLRC) and Hanwoo Performance Competition (HPC) were used to analyze the effect of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within FASN (g.11280A>G, g.16024A>G, g.16039T>C, and g.17924A>G) and one SNP within ACACA (g.2274G>A) genes. In addition, the effect of genotypic combinations between FASN (g.17924A>G) and ACACA (g.2274G>A) SNPs has been studied with carcass traits. Significant associations were identified between g.17924A>G of FASN and carcass weight and back fat, and between the ACACA gene SNP g.2274G>A and longissimus muscle area with HPC samples. It was also found that both effects of FASN g.17924A>G and ACACA g.2274G>A polymorphisms were consistent in NLRC samples. Combined analyses of both NLRC and HPC samples also revealed the significant associations between the FASN g.17924A>G and carcass weight and back fat and between the ACACA g.2274G>A and back fat, respectively. The effect of the genotypic combination of g.17924A>G within FASN and g.2274G>A within ACACA genes showed that the combination of both GG genotypes of FASN and ACACA SNPs causes higher carcass weight and marbling score. The results of this study indicate that the two SNP markers within the FASN and ACACA genes can be utilized to select superior Hanwoo cows and calves in commercial Hanwoo farms.

The concentration of 222 Rn in the air has been measured in the 700 m-deep Yangyang underground laboratory between October 2004 and May 2022. The average concentrations (spreads) in two experimental areas, called A6 and A5, were measured to be 53.4 Bq/ m 3 (13.9 Bq/ m 3 ) and 33.5 Bq/ m 3 (7.9 Bq/ m 3 ), respectively. The lower value in the A5 area reflects the presence of better ventilation. The radon concentrations sampled within the two A5 experimental rooms’ air are found to be correlated to the local tunnel temperature outside of the rooms, with correlation coefficients r = 0.22 and r = 0.70. Therefore, the radon concentrations display a seasonal variation, because the local temperature driven by the overground season influences air ventilation in the experimental areas. A sinusoidal function with a period of 1 year was used to fit the radon concentration data of both underground areas finding a maximum amplitude on August, 31 ± 6 days.

For the purpose of development of high performance gasoline engine, the design technique of the 5-valve(3 intake valves) combustion chamber for a subcompact vehicle has been studied. 3 intake valves cylinder heads were designed by using a 3-dimension CAD program, and steady state flow experiments have been performed with these model. The 5-valve engines, which have larger valve opening areas, have larger intake flow rates and higher flow coefficient than the 4-valve engines. The effects of intake port design parameters of a 5-valve engine on the intake flow rate and bore size were studied, and the design guidelines for the 5-valve engine were established.