V. Scarpine

Signal properties of the first large‐area, high resolution, active matrix, flat‐panel imager are reported. The imager is based on an array of 1536×1920 pixels with a pixel‐to‐pixel pitch of 127 μm. Each pixel consists of a discrete amorphous silicon n‐i‐p photodiode coupled to an amorphous silicon thin‐film transistor. The imager detects incident x rays indirectly by means of an intensifying screen placed over the array. External acquisition electronics send control signals to the array and process analog imaging signals from the pixels. Considerations for operation of the imager in both fluoroscopic and radiographic modes are detailed and empirical signal performance data are presented with an emphasis on exploring similarities and differences between the two modes. Measurements which characterize the performance of the imager were performed as a function of operational parameters in the absence or presence of illumination from a light‐emitting diode or x rays. These measurements include characterization of the drift and magnitude of the pixel dark signal, the size of the pixel switching transient, the temporal behavior of pixel sampling and the implied maximum frame rate, the dependence of relative pixel efficiency and pixel response on photodiode reverse bias voltage and operational mode, the degree of linearity of pixel response, and the trapping and release of charge from metastable states in the photodiodes. In addition, x‐ray sensitivity as a function of energy for a variety of phosphor screens for both fluoroscopic and radiographic operation is reported. Example images of a line‐pair pattern and an anthropomorphic phantom in each mode are presented along with a radiographic image of a human hand. General and specific improvements in imager design are described and anticipated developments are discussed. This represents the first systematic investigation of the operation and properties in both radiographic and fluoroscopic modes of an imager incorporating such an array.

The development of the first prototype active matrix flat-panel imager (AMFPI) capable of radiographic and fluoroscopic megavoltage operation is reported. The signal and noise performance of individual pixels is empirically quantified. Results of an observer-dependent study of imaging performance, using a contrast-detail phantom, are detailed and radiographic patient images are shown. Finally, a theoretical investigation of the zero-frequency detective quantum efficiency (DQE) performance of such imagers, using a cascaded systems formalism, is presented.The imager is based on a 508-microm pitch, 26 x 26 cm2 array which detects radiation indirectly via an overlying copper plate + phosphor screen converter.Due to its excellent optical coupling, the imager exhibits sensitivity superior to that of video-based systems. With an approximately 133 mg/cm2 Gd2O2S:Tb screen the system is x-ray quantum-noise-limited down to approximately 0.3 cGy, conservatively, and extensions of this behavior to even lower doses by means of reduced additive electronic noise is predicted. The observer-dependent study indicates performance superior to that of conventional radiotherapy film while the patient images demonstrate good image quality at 1 to 4 MU. The theoretical studies suggest that, with a 133 mg/cm2 Gd2O2S:Tb screen, the system would provide DQE performance equivalent to that of video-based systems and that almost a factor of two improvement in DQE is achievable through the incorporation of a 400 mg/cm2 screen.The reported prototype imager is the first megavoltage AMFPI having performance characteristics consistent with practical clinical operation. The superior contrast-detail sensitivity of the imager allows the capture of high-quality 6- and 15-MV images at minimal dose. Moreover, significant performance improvements, including extension of the operational range up to full portal doses, appear feasible. Such capabilities could be of considerable practical benefit in patient localization and verification.

We use mock galaxy survey simulations designed to resemble the Dark Energy Survey Year 1 (DES Y1) data to validate and inform cosmological parameter estimation. When similar analysis tools are applied to both simulations and real survey data, they provide powerful validation tests of the DES Y1 cosmological analyses presented in companion papers. We use two suites of galaxy simulations produced using different methods, which therefore provide independent tests of our cosmological parameter inference. The cosmological analysis we aim to validate is presented in DES Collaboration et al. (2017) and uses angular two-point correlation functions of galaxy number counts and weak lensing shear, as well as their cross-correlation, in multiple redshift bins. While our constraints depend on the specific set of simulated realisations available, for both suites of simulations we find that the input cosmology is consistent with the combined constraints from multiple simulated DES Y1 realizations in the $Ω_m-σ_8$ plane. For one of the suites, we are able to show with high confidence that any biases in the inferred $S_8=σ_8(Ω_m/0.3)^{0.5}$ and $Ω_m$ are smaller than the DES Y1 $1-σ$ uncertainties. For the other suite, for which we have fewer realizations, we are unable to be this conclusive; we infer a roughly 70% probability that systematic biases in the recovered $Ω_m$ and $S_8$ are sub-dominant to the DES Y1 uncertainty. As cosmological analyses of this kind become increasingly more precise, validation of parameter inference using survey simulations will be essential to demonstrate robustness.

The Project X Injector Experiment (PXIE), a test bed for the Project X front end, will be completed at Fermilab at FY12-16. One of the challenging goals of PXIE is demonstration of the capability to form a 1 mA H- beam with an arbitrary selected bunch pattern from the initially 5 mA 162.5 MHz CW train. The bunch selection will be made in the Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) at 2.1 MeV by diverting undesired bunches to an absorber. This paper presents the MEBT scheme and describes development of its elements, including the kickers and absorber.

Development of a new type of vibrating wire monitor (VWM), which has two mechanically coupled wires (vibrating and target), is presented. The new monitor has a much larger aperture size than the previous model of the VWM, and thus allows us to measure transverse beam halos more effectively. A prototype of such a large aperture VWM with a target wire length of 60 mm was designed, manufactured, and bench-tested. Initial beam measurements have been performed at the Fermilab High Intensity Neutrino Source facility, and key results are presented.

improvements to achieve multi-MW capabilities at Fermilab. PIP-II is based on three major thrusts. They are (1) the recently completed upgrades to the Recycler and Main Injector (MI) for the NOvA experiment, (2) the Proton Improvement Plan [3] currently underway, and (3) the Project X Reference Design [4]. Note that: The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) consolidates a set of improvements to the existing Linac, Booster, and Main Injector (MI) aimed at supporting 15 Hz Booster beam operation. In combination, the NOvA upgrades and PIP create a capability of delivering 700 kW beam power from the Main Injector at 120 GeV; The scope of the Project X Reference Design Report was aimed well beyond PIP. It described a complete concept for a multi-MW proton facility that could support a broad particle physics program based on neutrino, kaon, muon, and nucleon experiments [5,6]. The Project X conceptual design has evolved over a number of years, incorporating continuous input on physics research goals and advances in the underlying technology development programs [7,8,9]. PIP-II, to high degree, inherits these goals as the goals for future developments and upgrades. This document (PIP-II Reference Design Report) describes an initial step in the development of the Fermilab accelerating complex. The plan described in this Report balances the far-term goals of the Laboratory's long baseline neutrino mission with the near- and mid-term goals identified at the Snowmass workshop [10] and endorsed by the P5 report [1].

The SVX vertex detector has been very successful in heavy flavor physics at CDF, playing a significant role in both top and bottom analyses. SVX′, a radiation hard version of SVX, is presently taking data. In 1998 the Main Injector upgrade to the accelerator complex at Fermilab will provide a significant increase in luminosity, and will require a new vertex detector, SVX II. The specifications and design considerations for this detector are discussed.

In this study, an electrode system consisting of twelve small platinum dot electrodes imbedded in a spiral silicone rubber insulating cuff was used to investigate the feasibility of selective (regional) stimulation of the median nerves of the raccoon. Acute experiments in four raccoons consisted of functional response observations, isometric force recordings from tendon attachments and postmortem fascicular mapping. Functional responses (elbow, wrist and/or digit flexion, pronation and/or thumb abduction) to selective stimulation were noted as dependent upon cuff electrode configuration (longitudinal tripole with and without field steering, as well as a transverse bipolar arrangement) and current level (threshold, 1/2 maximal, maximal). Muscle force recruitment curves (force as a function of stimulus amplitude) were plotted for flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus and pronator teres of three raccoons. Fascicular maps at the level of the nerve cuff were created indicating the approximate position of innervation to each of the aforementioned muscles, as well as other innervation such as paw fascicles, sensory fascicles, and elbow innervation (such as coracobrachialis). The greatest selectivity was observed at or near threshold current levels. In all tour raccoons studied, a threshold electrode choice and stimulation strategy could be identified enabling selective production of either digit flexion, wrist flexion and/or digit and wrist flexion. It was possible to elicit a selective pronation response at threshold in three of the four animals. Selective elbow flexion at threshold could be produced in all four experiments. With stronger currents, additional movements were usually induced. The raccoon therefore appears to be a suitable, if challenging, animal model for further development of not only nerve cuff electrode approaches but perhaps other stimulation electrode technologies prior to human neuroprosthetic studies. (J Spinal Cord Med 1997; 20:233-243)

Initial results are presented of a prototype optical transition radiation (OTR) detector under development at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The purpose of this prototype detector is to evaluate the feasibility of using OTR imaging of intense proton (or antiproton) beams in transport lines for beam position and shape measurements. A secondary purpose is to develop experience in designing, constructing and operating a camera and optics system in high radiation environments. Measurements are made of 120 GeV proton beams with intensities up to 4.7/spl times/10/sup 12/ particles. Data are presented of OTR with titanium and aluminum foils.

After 30 years of operation, the Cockcroft-Walton based injector at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory has been replaced by a new beam line including a dimpled magnetron 35 keV source in combination with a 750 keV four-rod radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ). The new injector is followed by the existing drift tube linac. Prior to installation, a test beam line was built which included the magnetron source and the four-rod RFQ with a number of beam measurement instrumentation. The first beam test with the RFQ showed an output energy deviation greater than 2.5%. Other problems also showed up which led to investigations of the output energy, power consumption and transmission properties using rf simulations which were complemented with additional beam measurements. The sources of this deviation and the mechanical modifications of the RFQ to solve this matter will be presented in this paper. Meanwhile, the nominal output energy of 750 keV has been confirmed and the new injector with the four-rod RFQ is in full operation.

Fermilab has developed standard optical transition radiation (OTR) detectors as part of its Run II upgrade program for measuring intense proton and antiproton beams. These detectors utilize radiation‐hardened CID cameras to image the OTR and produce high‐resolution two‐dimensional beam profiles. One of these detectors has been installed in the Tevatron next to the new ionization profile monitor (IPM). Initial OTR measurements are presented for 150 GeV injected coalesced and uncoalesced proton bunches. OTR images are taken for one‐turn and two‐turn injections over an intensity range of 1.5e11 to 3.5e11 protons. Preliminary profile measurements give uncoalesced beam size sigmas of 1.0 mm horizontally by 0.7 mm vertically and coalesced beam size sigmas of 1.8 mm horizontally by 0.7 mm vertically. OTR images are also presented for changes in the Tevatron skew quadrupole magnet currents, which produce a rotation to the OTR image, and for changes to the Tevatron RF, which can be used to measure single‐turn dispersion. Operational aspects of this detector for beam studies and Tevatron tune‐up are also discussed.

Optical transition radiation (OTR) detectors are being developed at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) as part of the collider Run II upgrade program and as part of the NuMI primary beam line. These detectors are designed to measure 150 GeV antiprotons as well as 120 GeV proton beams over a large range of intensities. Design and development of an OTR detector capable of measuring beam in both directions down to beam intensities of ∼ 5e9 particles for nominal beam sizes are presented. Applications of these OTR detectors as an on-line emittance monitor for both antiproton transfers and reverse-injected protons, as a Tevatron injection profile monitor, and as a high-intensity beam profile monitor for NuMI are discussed. In addition, different types of OTR foils are being evaluated for operation over the intensity range of ∼ 5e9 to 5e13 particles per pulse, and these are described.

An Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) detector has been installed in the Fermilab NuMI proton beamline, which operates at beam powers of up to -350 kW, to obtain real-time, spill-by-spill beam profiles for neutrino production. As part of the Run II collider plan and the NuMI neutrino program, a series of OTR detectors were designed, constructed and installed in various beamlines at Fermilab. NuMI OTR images of 120 GeV protons for 13 beam intensities up to 4.1times10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> at a spill rate of 0.5 Hz and small transverse beam size of ~1 mm (sigma) are presented here. Beam profiles are extracted from the OTR images and compared with an adjacent secondary- electron emission (SEM) monitor. The OTR detector provides two-dimensional beam shape, such as ellipticity and tilt, as well as beam centroid and beam intensity information. In addition, the response of the OTR detector over time is examined to look for signs of foil aging.

In the framework of Fermilab's Beam-Beam Compensation (BBC) project, the 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> Tevatron electron lens (TEL2) was installed in the Tevatron during Spring 2006 shutdown. It was successfully commissioned and a series of beam studies has been carried out in single bunch and all-bunch modes. The paper describes TEL2 commissioning and beam studies results.

The PIP2IT test accelerator is under construction at Fermilab. Its ion source and Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) in its initial (straight) configuration have been commissioned to full specification parameters. This paper introduces the LEBT design and summarizes the outcome of the commissioning activities.

Transverse 2D phase space distribution of a 2.1 MeV, 5 mA H$^-$ beam is measured at the PIPIT test accelerator at Fermilab with an Allison scanner. The paper describes the design, calibration, and performance of the scanner as well as the main results of the beam measurements. Analyses of the recorded phase portraits are performed primarily in action-phase coordinates; the stability of the action under linear optics makes it easier to compare measurements taken with different beamline conditions, e.g. in various locations. The intensity of a single measured point (\pixel") is proportional to the phase density in the corresponding portion of the beam. When the Twiss parameters are calculated using only the high-phase density part of the beam, the pixel intensity in the beam core is found to be decreasing exponentially with action and to be phase-independent. Outside of the core, the intensities decrease with action at a significantly slower rate than in the core. This `tail' comprises 10-30% of the beam, with 0.1% of the total measured intensity extending beyond the action 10-20 times larger than the rms emittance. The transition from the core to the tail is accompanied by the appearance of a strong phase dependence, which is characterized in action-phase coordinates by two `branches' extending beyond the core. A set of selected measurements shows, in part, that there is no measurable emittance dilution along the beam line in the main portion of the beam; the beam parameters are practically constant over a 0.5 ms pulse; and scraping in various parts of the beam line is an effective way to decrease the transverse tails by removing the branches.

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) at Fermilab is a program of upgrades to the injection complex. At its core is the design and construction of a CW-compatible, pulsed H- superconducting RF linac. To validate the concept of the front-end of such machine, a test accelerator (a.k.a. PXIE) is under construction. It includes a 10 mA DC, 30 KeV H- ion source, a 2 m-long Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), a 2.1 MeV CW RFQ, followed by a Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) that feeds the first of 2 cryomodules increasing the beam energy to ~25 MeV, and a High Energy Beam Transport section (HEBT) that takes the beam to a dump. The ion source and LEBT, which includes 3 solenoids, several clearing electrodes/collimators and a chopping system, have been built, installed, and commissioned to full specification parameters. This report presents the outcome of our commissioning activities, including phase-space measurements at the end of the beam line under various neutralization schemes obtained by changing the electrodes' biases and chopper parameters.

ABSTRACT We cross-match and compare characteristics of galaxy clusters identified in observations from two sky surveys using two completely different techniques. One sample is optically selected from the analysis of 3 years of Dark Energy Survey observations using the redMaPPer cluster detection algorithm. The second is X-ray selected from XMM observations analysed by the XMM Cluster Survey. The samples comprise a total area of 57.4 deg2, bounded by the area of four contiguous XMM survey regions that overlap the DES footprint. We find that the X-ray-selected sample is fully matched with entries in the redMaPPer catalogue, above λ &amp;gt; 20 and within 0.1 &amp;lt;$z$ &amp;lt;0.9. Conversely, only 38 per cent of the redMaPPer catalogue is matched to an X-ray extended source. Next, using 120 optically clusters and 184 X-ray-selected clusters, we investigate the form of the X-ray luminosity–temperature (LX –TX ), luminosity–richness (LX –λ), and temperature–richness (TX –λ) scaling relations. We find that the fitted forms of the LX –TX relations are consistent between the two selection methods and also with other studies in the literature. However, we find tentative evidence for a steepening of the slope of the relation for low richness systems in the X-ray-selected sample. When considering the scaling of richness with X-ray properties, we again find consistency in the relations (i.e. LX –λ and TX –λ) between the optical and X-ray-selected samples. This is contrary to previous similar works that find a significant increase in the scatter of the luminosity scaling relation for X-ray-selected samples compared to optically selected samples.

The Proton Improvement Plan - II (PIP-II) is a new linear accelerator (LINAC) complex being built at Fermilab. It is based on superconducting radiofrequency cavities and will accelerate H- ions to 800 MeV kinetic energy before injection into the existing Booster ring. Measurements of the profile of the beam along the LINAC must be done by non-intercepting methods due to the superconducting cavities. The method chosen is photoionization of a small number of H- by a focused infrared laser, aka laserwire. The number of ionized electrons is measured as a function of laser position within the H- beam. To aid in the design of the collection mechanism, a simulation was written in MATLAB with input from the commercial electromagnetic simulation, CST. This simulation calculates the number and positions of the liberated electrons and tracks them through the magnetic collection and H- beam fields to the collection point. Results from this simulation for various points along the LINAC will be shown.

The Proton Improvement Plan - II (PIP-II) is a new linear accelerator (LINAC) complex being built at Fermilab. It is based on superconducting radiofrequency cavities and will accelerate H- ions to 800 MeV kinetic energy before injection into the existing Booster ring. Measurements of the profile of the beam along the LINAC must be done by non-intercepting methods due to the superconducting cavities. The method chosen is photoionization of a small number of H- by a focused infrared laser, aka laserwire. The number of ionized electrons is measured as a function of laser position within the H- beam. To aid in the design of the collection mechanism, a simulation was written in MATLAB with input from the commercial electromagnetic simulation, CST. This simulation calculates the number and positions of the liberated electrons and tracks them through the magnetic collection and H- beam fields to the collection point. Results from this simulation for various points along the LINAC will be shown.

The development and initial characterization of an active matrix, flat-panel imager (AMFPI) incorporating a newly designed, indirect-detection array is reported. The array has a 127 micrometers pitch, a 1536 X 1920 pixel format, and incorporates a pixel design comprising a discrete a-Si:H photodiode coupled to an a-Si:H thin-film transistor. The array represents an aggressive redesign of a previously reported array having the same pitch and format. In particular, this new array was designed with the dual goals of maximizing the optical fill factor so as to enhance sensitivity as well as minimizing the data line capacitance so as to reduce additive electronic noise. Although constrained by the sue of discrete photodiodes, the new design nevertheless successfully achieves a fill factor of approximately 56 percent along with a data line capacitance of approximately 50 pF which are significant improvements over the previous design. In this paper, considerations in the design of such arrays are reviewed and performance results of the AMFPI, based on initial empirical results and theoretical considerations, are presented. Finally, possible trends in the future development of indirect and direct detection AMFPIs are described.

An H⁻ beam was accelerated through a continuous wave (CW) capable, 4-vane, radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) at Fermilab that was designed and constructed at Berkeley Lab. This RFQ is designed to accelerate up to 10 mA H⁻ beam from 30 keV to 2.1 MeV in a test accelerator (PIP2IT). This paper presents results of specification verification and commissioning.

An optical transition radiation (OTR) detector has been installed in the FNAL AP-1 pre-target beamline to image OTR from 120 GeV protons used for antiproton production. This detector will be used to measure protons-on-target beam profiles at high intensities where the present secondary emission monitor (SEM) will not operate. This detector will complement the AP-1 beam instrumentation that includes 2 toroids, 6 secondary emission monitors, 9 beam position monitors (BPM), 24 beam loss monitors (BLM) and a resistive wall monitor (RWM). The AP-1 beamline is a 120 GeV high-intensity fixed-target proton beamline with the following beam parameters: a maximum expected beam intensity of 1e13 protons/spill, spill rate of 1.9 seconds, and a spill length 1.6 musec. Commissioning of the OTR system is proceeding and initial results are presented.

High intensity hadron beams of up to 2 MW beam power are a key element of new proposed experimental facilities at Fermilab. Project X, which includes a SCRF 8 GeV H{sup -} linac, will be the centerpiece of future HEP activities in the neutrino sector. After a short overview of this, and other proposed projects, we present the current status of the beam instrumentation activities at Fermilab with a few examples. With upgrades and improvements they can meet the requirements of the new beam facilities, however design and development of new instruments is needed, as shown by the prototype and conceptual examples in the last section.

The Warm Front End (WFE) of the Proton Improvement Plan II Injector Test at Fermilab has been constructed to its full length. It includes a 15-mA DC, 30-keV H- ion source, a 2 m-long Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) with a switching dipole magnet, a 2.1 MeV CW RFQ, followed by a Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) with various diagnostics and a dump. This report presents the commissioning status, focusing on beam measurements in the MEBT. In particular, a beam with the parameters required for injection into the Booster (5 mA, 0.55 ms macro-pulse at 20 Hz) was transported through the WFE.

The Proton Improvement Plan, Stage Two (PIP-II) is a program of upgrades proposed for the Fermilab injection complex, which central part is an 800 MeV, 2 mA CW SRF linac. A prototype of the PIP-II linac front end called PIP-II Injector Test (PIP2IT) is being built at Fermilab. As of now, a 15 mA DC, 30-keV H- ion source, a 2 m-long Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), a 2.1 MeV CW RFQ, followed by a 10 m Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) have been assembled and commissioned. The MEBT bunch-by-bunch chopping system and the requirement of a low uncontrolled beam loss put stringent limitations on the beam envelope and its variation. Measurements of transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics in the MEBT were performed in the range of 1-10 mA of the RFQ beam current. Almost all measurements are made with 10 {\mu}s beam pulses in order to avoid damage to the beam line. This report presents measurements of the transverse optics with differential trajectories, reconstruction of the beam envelope with scrapers and an Allison emittance scanner, as well as bunch length measurements with a Fast Faraday Cup.

Bladder responses to percutaneous electrodes were investigated with stimulation in three male spinal cats. The animals had been spinalized (T1 level lesion) 10 weeks prior to these studies and had been instrumented with chronic bladder wall electrodes and suprapubic bladder catheters for filling and pressure recording. Percutaneous stimulation in tethered animals was conducted with hook electrodes inserted with a needle in the abdomen bilaterally adjacent to the bladder trigone. Stimulation was conducted with 40 Hz pulse trains of 10 to 30 mA for three seconds. Stimulation with both percutaneous and chronic electrodes induced high bladder pressures and voiding. In addition, with chronically implanted electrodes, impedance monitoring of bladder volume was found to be an effective recording technique. (J Spinal Cord Med; 18:98–102)

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) at Fermilab is a program of upgrades to the injection complex. At its core is the design and construction of a CW-compatible, pulsed H- superconducting RF linac. To validate the concept of the front-end of such machine, a test accelerator (a.k.a. PXIE) is under construction. It includes a 10 mA DC, 30 KeV H- ion source, a 2 m-long Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), a 2.1 MeV CW RFQ, followed by a Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) that feeds the first of 2 cryomodules increasing the beam energy to ~25 MeV, and a High Energy Beam Transport section (HEBT) that takes the beam to a dump. The ion source and LEBT, which includes 3 solenoids, several clearing electrodes/collimators and a chopping system, have been built, installed, and commissioned to full specification parameters. This report presents the outcome of our commissioning activities, including phase-space measurements at the end of the beam line under various neutralization schemes obtained by changing the electrodes' biases and chopper parameters.

The measurement and control of beam halos will be critical for the applications of future high-intensity hadron linacs. In particular, beam profile monitors require a very high dynamic range when used for the transverse beam halo measurements. In this study, the Vibrating Wire Monitor (VWM) with aperture 60 mm was installed at the High Intensity Neutrino Source (HINS) front-end to measure the transverse beam halo. A vibrating wire is excited at its resonance frequency with the help of a magnetic feedback loop, and the vibrating and sensitive wires are connected through a balanced arm. The sensitive wire is moved into the beam halo region by a stepper motor controlled translational stage. We study the feasibility of the vibrating wire for the transverse beam halo measurements in the low-energy front-end of the proton linac.

A CW-compatible, pulsed H- superconducting RF linac (a.k.a. PIP-II) is envisaged as a possible path for upgrading Fermilab’s injection complex [1]. To validate the concept of the front-end of such machine, a test accelerator (a.k.a. PXIE) [2] is under construction. The warm part of this accelerator comprises a 10 mA DC, 30 keV H- ion source, a 2m-long LEBT, a 2.1 MeV CW RFQ, and a MEBT that feeds the first cryomodule. In addition to operating in the nominal CW mode, the LEBT should be able to produce a pulsed beam for both PXIE commissioning and modelling of the front-end nominal operation in the pulsed mode. Concurrently, it needs to provide effective means of inhibiting beam as part of the overall machine protection system. A peculiar feature of the present LEBT design is the capability of using the ~1m-long section immediately preceding the RFQ in two regimes of beam transport dynamics: neutralized and space charge dominated. This paper introduces the PXIE LEBT, reports on the status of the ion source and LEBT installation, and presents the first beam measurements.

The High Intensity Neutrino Source (HINS) Six-Cavity Test has demonstrated the use of high power RF vector modulators to control multiple RF cavities driven by a single high power klystron to accelerate a non-relativistic beam. Installation of 6 cavities in the existing HINS beamline has been completed and beam measurements have started. We present data showing the energy stability of the 7 mA proton beam accelerated through the six cavities from 2.5 MeV to 3.4 MeV.

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) is developing optical transition radiation (OTR) detectors for beam diagnostics for their 120‐GeV proton and antiproton transfer lines. As part of a collaboration to enhance the luminosity for the FNAL collider RUN II program, the quality of the proton and antiproton beams, as they are transported from the main injector (MI) to the Tevatron, will be characterized using OTR imaging techniques. A prototype detector in air has already successfully acquired OTR images of 120‐GeV protons upstream of the antiproton production target. This result demonstrates that (i) the Ti and Al thin foil screens survive the 5 × 1012 proton beam spills, (ii) OTR is sufficient to image lower intensity antiproton beams, and (iii) the images provide two‐dimensional information and higher resolution than the present multi‐wire profile monitors in the transport lines. Beam bombardment effects on the Al screen and radiation effects on the lenses, filters and cameras have been evaluated for the prototype system for over 1 × 1019 120‐GeV protons and will also be presented. An in‐vacuum OTR station is being designed for the transport lines with adjustments to the optical components as warranted by the beam characteristics and anticipated radiation environment.

We describe a prototype of an illumination system, the Ring of Fire (ROF), which is used as part of an internal calibration system for large focal plane detector arrays in TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmat) telescope designs. Such designs have been proposed for the SNAP (SuperNova Acceleration Probe) version of a Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM). The ROF system illuminates the focal plane with a light beam the closely matches that of the telescope and is used for creating high spatial frequency flat fields and monitoring filter bandpasses for experiments that demand a highly accurate characterization of the detectors. We present measurements of a mockup of this prototype ROF design including studies in variations in illumination across a large focal plane.

The beam-profile diagnostics station prototype for the superconducting rf electron linac being constructed at Fermilab at the New Muon Lab has been tested. The station uses intercepting radiation converter screens for the low-power beam mode: either a 100-\mu m thick YAG:Ce single crystal scintillator or a 1-\mu m thin Al optical transition radiation (OTR) foil. The screens are oriented with the surface perpendicular to the beam direction. A downstream mirror with its surface at 45 degrees to the beam direction is used to direct the radiation into the optical transport. The optical system has better than 20 (10) \mu m rms spatial resolution when covering a vertical field of view of 18 (5) mm. The initial tests were performed at the A0 Photoinjector at a beam energy of ~15 MeV and with micropulse charges from 25 to 500 pC for beam sizes of 45 to 250 microns. Example results will be presented.

A number of particle physics experiments are being proposed as part of the Department of Energy HEP Intensity Frontier. Many of these experiments will utilize megawatt level proton beams onto targets to form secondary beams of muons, kaons and neutrinos. These experiments require transverse size measurements of the incident proton beam onto target for each beam spill. Because of the high power levels, most beam intercepting profiling techniques will not work at full beam intensity. The possibility of utilizing optical transition radiation (OTR) for high intensity proton beam profiling is discussed. In addition, previous measurements of OTR beam profiles from the NuMI beamline are presented.

A number of high-intensity, multi-GeV superconducting RF (SRF) proton or H linacs are being developed or proposed throughout the world. The intensity frontier, having been identified as one leg of the future of particle physics, can be addressed by the development of such a linac. All these accelerators will place strict demands on the required beam diagnostics, especially in the development of none or minimum invasive monitors such as beam profile and halo monitors. An H / proton beam test facility is currently under construction and commissioning at Fermilab. It serves as a test bed for the development of critical beam manipulation and diagnostics components for the anticipated Project X, Fermilab’s SRF multi-MW, multiGeV linac. The paper will discuss the beam diagnostic needs for these high-intensity linacs in particular the role of the Project X test facility for development and testing of these beam instrumentation systems.

Optical diffraction radiation has been observed and recently used to measure the beam size of electrons at KEK. This non-invasive technique also holds promise for imaging beams close to the interaction point in hadron colliders. In this paper we consider the feasibility of this technique for the Tevatron and the LHC.

In modern high intensity ion–particle accelerators, a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) is utilized to prepare a high-quality beam for injection to the main accelerating section. Since an RFQ governs the initial beam parameters, characterization of the beam coming out from the RFQ is foremost step toward commissioning of an accelerator facility. It allows validating the RFQ design as well as attaining a better understanding of charged-particle beams. This paper describes the beam-performance of the Proton Improvement Plan-II Injector Test (PIP2IT) Continuous Wave (CW) four vane-type RFQ. It is designed to operate at a frequency of 162.5 MHz and accelerate a nominal H− beam of 5 mA from 30 keV to 2.1 MeV. The paper details beam tests performed to validate the RFQ design specifications for transmission, beam kinetic energy and, RMS emittances. The paper also presents beam profile measurements and implication of the beam-jitters on the effective beam emittance at the RFQ exit.

The raccoon was evaluated as an animal model for upper limb neural prosthetics. This animal was selected primarily because the functional use of its forelimb mimics in many ways the usage in humans and because of its optimal size and commercial availability. Eight cadaver and fresh specimen forearms were dissected. Important characteristics of the raccoon forearm were: 1) large muscles in the volar forearm, 2) large digits in the paw that appear more similar to humans than to other species such as cat or dog, 3) persistence of two median nerve cords into the forearm, 4) no separation of individual tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus in the carpal tunnel, 5) a small thumb digit with little function and 6) a primary origin of flexor policis longus on the proximal ulna with a secondary origin on the radius. Four animals were anesthetized and responses of the forearm and paw to stimulation of the volar forearm muscles with percutaneous electrodes were evaluated. A pair of stimulating electrodes was placed in each of four muscles or muscle groups. Recording electrodes were placed in two muscles which showed the greatest separation of muscle movements to stimulation. Stimulation currents just above threshold produced discrete motion as well as recordable EMG M-waves. Incremental increases in stimulation current produced an increase in M-wave amplitude up to a maximal stimulating current. Torque recordings for pronation, wrist flexion and finger flexion showed graded and selective responses. These results including anatomical descriptions indicate both the limitations of this animal model and its potential use in the development of upper limb neural prosthetics. We conclude that the raccoon model may be superior to other nonprimate animal models such as the cat because of its extensive forearm and paw movements.

Fermilab is developing a Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) to increase throughput of its proton source. The plan addresses hardware modifications to increase repetition rate and improve beam loss while ensuring viable operation of the proton source through 2025. The first phase of the PIP will enable the Fermilab proton source to deliver 1.8e17 protons per hour by mid-2013. As part of this initial upgrade, Fermilab plans to install a new front-end consisting of dual H- ion sources and a 201 MHz pulsed RFQ. This paper will present beam studies measurements of this new front-end and discuss new beam instrumentation upgrades for the Fermilab linac.

The PXIE accelerator [1] is the front-end test stand of the proposed Proton Improvement Plan (PIP-II) [2] initiative: a CW-compatible pulsed H- superconducting RF linac upgrade to Fermilab’s injection system. The PXIE Ion Source and Low-Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) section are designed to create and transfer a 1-10 mA $$H^{-}$$ beam, in either pulsed (0.001–16 ms) or DC mode, from the ion source through to the injection point of the RFQ. This paper discusses the range of diagnostic tools – Allison-type Emittance Scanner, Faraday Cup, Toroid, DCCT, electrically isolated diaphragms – involved in the commissioning of the beam line and preparation of the beam for injection into the RFQ.

Synchrotrons or storage rings require a small section of their circumference devoid of any beam (i.e. a “notch”) to allow for the rise time of an extraction kicker device. In multi-turn injection schemes, this notch in the beam may be generated either in the linac pulse prior to injection or in the accelerator itself after injection. In the case of the Fermilab Booster, the notch is created in the ring near injection energy by the use of fast kickers which deposit the beam in a shielded collimation region within the accelerator tunnel. With increasing beam powers, it is desirable to create this notch at the lowest possible energy to minimize activation. Fermilab has undertaken an R&D project to build a laser system to create the notch within a linac beam pulse at 750 keV, where activation issues are negligible. We will describe the concept for the laser notcher and discuss our current status and future plans for installation of the device.

Project X, under study at Fermilab, is a multitask high-power superconducting RF proton beam facility, aiming to provide high intensity protons for rare processes experiments and nuclear physics at low energy, and simultaneously for the production of neutrinos, as well as muon beams in the long term. A beam test facility - former known as High Intensity Neutrino Source (HINS) - is under commissioning for testing critical components of the project, e.g. dynamics and diagnostics at low beam energies, broadband beam chopping, RF power generation and distribution. In this paper we describe the layout of the test facility and present beam dynamics simulations and measurements.

The new FNAL H- injector upgrade is currently being tested before installation in the Spring 2012 shutdown of the accelerator complex. This line consists of an H- source, low energy beam transport (LEBT), 200 MHz RFQ and medium energy beam transport (MEBT). Beam measurements have been performed to validate the design before installation. The results of the beam measurements are presented in this paper.

The High Intensity Neutrino Source (HINS) ‘SixCavity Test’ has demonstrated the use of high power RF vector modulators to control multiple RF cavities driven by a single high power klystron to accelerate a nonrelativistic beam. Installation of 6 cavities in the existing HINS beamline has been completed and beam measurements have been made. We present data showing the energy stability of the 7 mA proton beam accelerated through the six cavities from 2.5 MeV to 3.4 MeV..

The beam-profile diagnostics station prototype for the superconducting rf electron linac being constructed at Fermilab at the New Muon Lab has been tested. The station uses intercepting radiation converter screens for the low-power beam mode: either a 100-\mu m thick YAG:Ce single crystal scintillator or a 1-\mu m thin Al optical transition radiation (OTR) foil. The screens are oriented with the surface perpendicular to the beam direction. A downstream mirror with its surface at 45 degrees to the beam direction is used to direct the radiation into the optical transport. The optical system has better than 20 (10) \mu m rms spatial resolution when covering a vertical field of view of 18 (5) mm. The initial tests were performed at the A0 Photoinjector at a beam energy of ~15 MeV and with micropulse charges from 25 to 500 pC for beam sizes of 45 to 250 microns. Example results will be presented.

A number of particle physics experiments are being proposed as part of the Department of Energy HEP Intensity Frontier. Many of these experiments will utilize megawatt level proton beams onto targets to form secondary beams of muons, kaons and neutrinos. These experiments require transverse size measurements of the incident proton beam onto target for each beam spill. Because of the high power levels, most beam intercepting profiling techniques will not work at full beam intensity. The possibility of utilizing optical transition radiation (OTR) for high intensity proton beam profiling is discussed. In addition, previous measurements of OTR beam profiles from the NuMI beamline are presented.

We describe a prototype of an illumination system, the Ring of Fire (ROF), which is used as part of an internal calibration system for large focal plane detector arrays in TMA (Three Mirror Anastigmat) telescope designs. Such designs have been proposed for the SNAP (SuperNova Acceleration Probe) version of a Joint Dark Energy Mission (JDEM). The ROF system illuminates the focal plane with a light beam the closely matches that of the telescope and is used for creating high spatial frequency flat fields and monitoring filter bandpasses for experiments that demand a highly accurate characterization of the detectors. We present measurements of a mockup of this prototype ROF design including studies in variations in illumination across a large focal plane.

We give short overview of various beam emittance measurement methods, currently applied at different machine locations for the Run II collider physics program at Fermilab. All these methods are based on beam profile measurements, and we give some examples of the related instrumentation techniques. At the end we introduce a multi-megawatt proton source project, currently under investigation at Fermilab, with respect to the beam instrumentation challenges.

The free space electro-optical (EO) sampling technique is a powerful tool for analyzing the longitudinal charge density of an ultrashort e-beam. In this paper, we present (i) experimental results for a laser-based mock-up of the EO experiment [1] and (ii) a design for a beam-based, single-shot, EO sampling experiment using the e-beam from the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) RF photoinjector. For the mock-up, a tabletop terahertz experiment is conducted in the AWA laser room. The mock-up uses an IR beam incident on <110> ZnTe crystal to produce a THz pulse via optical rectification. Detection is based on the cross correlation between the THz field and the probe IR laser field in a second <110> ZnTe crystal.

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) at Fermilab is a program of upgrades to the injection complex. At its core is the design and construction of a CW compatible, pulsed H- SRF linac. To validate the concept of the front-end of such machine, a test accelerator known as PIP-II Injector Test (PIP2IT) is under construction. It includes a 10 mA DC, 30 keV H- ion source, a 2 m-long Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT), a 2.1 MeV CWRFQ, followed by a Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) that feeds the first of 2 cryomodules increasing the beam energy to about 25 MeV, and a High Energy Beam Transport section (HEBT) that takes the beam to a dump. The ion source, LEBT, RFQ, and initial version of the MEBT have been built, installed, and commissioned. This report presents the overall status of the warm front end.

We have successfully imaged for the first time the angular distribution patterns of optical transition radiation (OTR) generated by 120-GeV proton beams passing through an Al metal plane. These experiments were performed at Fermilab (FNAL) with the same chamber, foil, and camera design as with the near-field experiments previously reported. In this case the lens-to-CID-chip separation was remotely adjusted to provide the focus-at- infinity, or far-field optical imaging. Data have been obtained in transport lines both before the antiproton production target and before the NuMI target with particle intensities of about 5 to 22 times 1012. A two-foil interferometer calculation was also performed. Single-foil experimental and modeling results will be presented.

The warm front end of the PIP2IT accelerator, assem-bled and commissioned at Fermilab, consists of a 15 mA DC, 30 keV H- ion source, a 2 m long Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) line, and a 2.1 MeV, 162.5 MHz CW RFQ, followed by a 10 m long Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT) line. A part of the commissioning efforts involves operation with the average beam power emulating the operation of the proposed PIP-II accelera-tor, which will have a duty factor of 1.1% or above. The maximum achieved power is 5 kW (2.1 MeV x 5 mA x 25 ms x 20 Hz). This paper describes the difficulties encoun-tered and some of the solutions that were implemented.

Initial results are presented of a prototype optical transition radiation (OTR) detector under development at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL). The purpose of this prototype detector is to evaluate the feasibility of using OTR imaging of proton (or antiproton) beams in transport lines for beam position and shape measurements. A secondary purpose is to develop experience in designing, constructing and operating a camera and optics system in high radiation environments. Measurements are made of 120 GeV proton beams with up to 4.7 /spl times/ 10/sup 12/ particle intensities. Data are presented of OTR with titanium and aluminum foils.

During the 1988/1989 run at the Fermilab Tevatron, the CDF detector collected {approx equal}4.1 pb{sup {minus}1} of p{bar p} data at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV. The main goals of this run being physics at high p{sub t}, the CDF trigger was tuned'' for maximizing signals from Z{sup 0}s, Ws, t-quarks, etc. As such, compared to the high p{sub t} physics, the b-physics program was of secondary importance other than that which would be used for background calculations. Also, CDF had no vertex chamber capability for seeing displaced vertices. However, significant b-quark, physics results are evident in two data samples; inclusive electrons and inclusive J/{psi} where J/{psi} {yields} {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}}. We can then ask ourselves, given all this, why is it that CDF is able to do b-quark physics The answer is that nature has been kind enough to provide b-quarks at an extremely high rate at the Tevatron. The production cross-section for b{bar b} production is quite large. In the rest of this paper, I will try to specify the goals for b-physics using the inclusive electrons and J/{psi} signals for the 1988/1989 data set. I will then provide a brief look at the data, and will finish withmore » some highly speculative guesses as to whether or not experiments at the Tevatron which look for CP violation in the b sector are possible.« less

Obstructive voiding is best evaluated with urodynamics, including bladder pressure and urine flow rates. Until recently, the recording of bladder pressure required the use of a urethral catheter. In preliminary observations, a noninvasive back-pressure method using an external condom catheter has been introduced to determine bladder pressure. This device uses a side tube for pressure recording and an outlet tube that is clamped for short periods of time. We have investigated design criteria for back-pressure recording techniques. In the laboratory setting using a plastic model, we determined that a low compliance condom is needed. In addition, a back flow of fluid during the clamping procedure helps to obtain quick back pressures and facilitates evaluation of pressure when low flow rates are present. These modified condom devices were evaluated in four male subjects. Back pressures were not statistically different than bladder pressures recorded with a urethral catheter. The use of back pressures in the evaluation for obstructive uropathy can be enhanced by using a pressure and flow nomogram.

of 1.96 TeV. At Tevatron top (t) and anti-top ($$\bar{t}$$) quarks are predominantly pair produced through strong interactions--quark annihilation (≅ 85%) and gluon fusion (≅ 15%). Due to the large mass of top quark, t or $$\bar{t}$$ decays (~ 10-25 sec) before hadronization and in SM framework, it decays to a W boson and a b quark with ~ 100% branching ratio (BR). The subsequent decay of W boson determines the major signatures of t$$\bar{t}$$ decay. If both W bosons (coming from t and $$\bar{t}$$ decays) decay into leptons (viz., eve, μvμ or τcτ) the corresponding t$$\bar{t}$$ decay is called dileptonic decay. Of all dileptonic decay modes of t$$\bar{t}$$, the t$$\bar{t}$$ → WWb$$\bar{b}$$ → eveμvμb$$\bar{b}$$ (eμ channel) decay mode has the smallest background contamination from Z0 production or Drell-Yan process; simultaneously, it has the highest BR (~ 3.16%) [2] amongst all dileptonic decay modes of t$$\bar{t}$$. During Run I (1992-1996) of Tevatron, three eμ candidate events were detected by D0 experiment, out of 80 candidate events (inclusive of all decay modes of t$$\bar{t}$$). Due to the rarity of the t$$\bar{t}$$ events, the measured cross-section has large uncertainty in its value (viz., 5.69 ± 1.21(stat) ± 1.04(sys) pb {at} √s = 1.8 TeV measured by D0 [3]). This analysis presents a cross section measurement in eμ channel utilizing ~ 228 pb-1 of data collected by D0 experiment during Tevatron Run II (between June 2002 and April 2004).