V. Papadimitriou

A golden age for heavy-quarkonium physics dawned a decade ago, initiated by the confluence of exciting advances in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and an explosion of related experimental activity. The early years of this period were chronicled in the Quarkonium Working Group (QWG) CERN Yellow Report (YR) in 2004, which presented a comprehensive review of the status of the field at that time and provided specific recommendations for further progress. However, the broad spectrum of subsequent breakthroughs, surprises, and continuing puzzles could only be partially anticipated. Since the release of the YR, the BESII program concluded only to give birth to BESIII; the B-factories and CLEO-c flourished; quarkonium production and polarization measurements at HERA and the Tevatron matured; and heavy-ion collisions at RHIC have opened a window on the deconfinement regime. All these experiments leave legacies of quality, precision, and unsolved mysteries for quarkonium physics, and therefore beg for continuing investigations at BESIII, the LHC, RHIC, FAIR, the Super Flavor and/or Tau–Charm factories, JLab, the ILC, and beyond. The list of newly found conventional states expanded to include h c (1P), χ c2(2P), $B_{c}^{+}$ , and η b (1S). In addition, the unexpected and still-fascinating X(3872) has been joined by more than a dozen other charmonium- and bottomonium-like “XYZ” states that appear to lie outside the quark model. Many of these still need experimental confirmation. The plethora of new states unleashed a flood of theoretical investigations into new forms of matter such as quark–gluon hybrids, mesonic molecules, and tetraquarks. Measurements of the spectroscopy, decays, production, and in-medium behavior of $c\bar{c}$ , $b\bar{b}$ , and $b\bar{c}$ bound states have been shown to validate some theoretical approaches to QCD and highlight lack of quantitative success for others. Lattice QCD has grown from a tool with computational possibilities to an industrial-strength effort now dependent more on insight and innovation than pure computational power. New effective field theories for the description of quarkonium in different regimes have been developed and brought to a high degree of sophistication, thus enabling precise and solid theoretical predictions. Many expected decays and transitions have either been measured with precision or for the first time, but the confusing patterns of decays, both above and below open-flavor thresholds, endure and have deepened. The intriguing details of quarkonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions that have emerged from RHIC have elevated the importance of separating hot- and cold-nuclear-matter effects in quark–gluon plasma studies. This review systematically addresses all these matters and concludes by prioritizing directions for ongoing and future efforts.

A measurement of the CP-violation parameter Re(ɛ’/ɛ) has been made using the full E731 data set. We find Re(ɛ’/ɛ)=(7.4±5.2±2.9)×10−4 where the first error is statistical and the second systematic.Received 18 January 1993DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1203©1993 American Physical Society

This report is the result of the collaboration and research effort of the Quarkonium Working Group over the last three years. It provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in heavy-quarkonium theory and experiment, covering quarkonium spectroscopy, decay, and production, the determination of QCD parameters from quarkonium observables, quarkonia in media, and the effects on quarkonia of physics beyond the Standard Model. An introduction to common theoretical and experimental tools is included. Future opportunities for research in quarkonium physics are also discussed.

The E731 experiment at Fermilab has searched for direct CP violation in K0→ππ, which is parametrized by ɛ'/ɛ. For the first time all four of the KL,S→ππ modes were collected simultaneously, which greatly facilitated studies of systematic uncertainty. We find Re(ɛ'/ɛ)=-0.0004±0.0014(stat)±0.0006(syst). The result provides no evidence for direct CP violation.Received 18 December 1989DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.1491©1990 American Physical Society

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the prospects for B physics at the Tevatron. The work was carried out during a series of workshops starting in September 1999. There were four working groups: 1) CP Violation, 2) Rare and Semileptonic Decays, 3) Mixing and Lifetimes, 4) Production, Fragmentation and Spectroscopy. The report also includes introductory chapters on theoretical and experimental tools emphasizing aspects of B physics specific to hadron colliders, as well as overviews of the CDF, D0, and BTeV detectors, and a Summary.

With the E731 apparatus at Fermilab, we have simultaneously collected 6859 ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{L}}$ and ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{S}}$ decays into ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\gamma}. Using our sample of over 370 000 ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ decays for normalization we have determined that the ratio \ensuremath{\Gamma}(${\mathit{K}}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$\ensuremath{\gamma})/\ensuremath{\Gamma}(${\mathit{K}}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$) is (23.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ for ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{L}}$ and (7.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.22)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ for ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{S}}$, for photon energies greater than 20 MeV in the kaon center of mass. After removing the inner-bremsstrahlung contribution, we find that the photon energy spectrum of the direct emission decay of the ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathit{L}}$ is consistent with the presence of a vector meson propagator in the form factor.

The full E731 data set is used to provide precise determinations of several parameters of the neutral kaon. We find the KS lifetime τS=(0.8929±0.0016)×10−10 s, the KL−KS mass difference Δm=(0.5286±0.0028)×1010ħ s−1 the phase of η+−, Φ+−=42.4°±1.4°, and the phase difference between Φ00 and Φ+−, ΔΦ=-1.6°±1.2°. Comparisons with previous experiments and with CPT symmetry are given.Received 18 January 1993DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1199©1993 American Physical Society

We present a brief overview of the most relevant current issues related to quarkonium production in high energy proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions along with some perspectives. After reviewing recent experimental and theoretical results on quarkonium production in pp and pA collisions, we discuss the emerging field of polarisation studies. Thereafter, we report on issues related to heavy-quark production, both in pp and pA collisions, complemented by AA collisions. To put the work in a broader perspective, we emphasize the need for new observables to investigate quarkonium production mechanisms and reiterate the qualities that make quarkonia a unique tool for many investigations in particle and nuclear physics.

We present a comprehensive treatment of the precise determinations of the parameters Re$({\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}}/\ensuremath{\varepsilon})$, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{S}},$ $\ensuremath{\Delta}m$, ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{+\ensuremath{-}},$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\varphi}$ in the neutral kaon system with the Fermilab E731 detector. Together, these determinations allow accurate studies of both $\mathrm{CP}$ and $\mathrm{CPT}$ symmetry. Details of the detector and its performance and the data analysis are given. The extensive Monte Carlo simulation of the detector and comparison with data are also presented.

Data taken in a Fermilab experiment designed to measure to CP-violation parameter \ensuremath{\epsilon}'/\ensuremath{\epsilon} from a study of K\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2\ensuremath{\pi} decays were used to look for the as yet unseen decay modes ${K}_{L}$,S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{0}$${\mathrm{e}}^{+}$${\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. The detector was optimized for the detection of kaon decays with four electromagnetic showers in the final state. The results (90% confidence) are branching ratios 4.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}8}$ and 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ for ${K}_{L}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$${e}^{+}$${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${K}_{S}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$${e}^{+}$${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, respectively.

The NT-02 neutrino physics target made of the isotropic graphite grade produced neutrinos for the MINOS and MINERVA high-energy physics experiments. The segmented, 95-cm-long NT-02 target was bombarded with a 340 kW, Gaussian 1.1 mm sigma beam of 120 GeV protons reaching $6.516\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{20}$ protons on target and a peak fluence of $8.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{21}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{protons}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Reductions in detected neutrino events during the experiment were attributed to radiation-induced damage on the target material leading to the NT-02 target replacement. With future neutrino physics targets aiming at the multimegawatt power regime, identifying life expectancy or fluence thresholds of target materials is of paramount importance, and, therefore, pinpointing the exact cause and target failure mode triggering the neutrino yield reduction is critical. To help unravel the effects of the 120 GeV beam on the isotropic graphite structure at the microstructural or lattice level, x-ray beams from National Synchrotron Light Source II were utilized to study failed in-beam as well as intact NT-02 target segments. The primary objective was to arrive at a scientifically sound explanation of the processes responsible for the target failure by correlating macroscopic observations with microstructural analyses. Results from transmission electron microscopy studies were integrated in assessing the microstructural evolution. The x-ray diffraction study revealed (a) the diffused state reached by the graphite microstructure within the $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ of the beam where the graphite lattice structure transforms into a nanocrystalline structure, a finding supported by electron microscopy examination, thus providing an indication of the fluence threshold, and (b) the dominant role of the irradiation temperature profile exhibiting a high gradient from the beam center to the heat sink and aggravating the damage induced in the microstructure by the high proton fluence. The effects of the 120 GeV protons on the isotropic graphite target structure are corroborated by observed damage induced by 160-MeV protons and by fast neutrons to comparative doses on similar graphite, an assessment that will aid the design of next-generation megawatt-class neutrino targets.

Using the complete Fermilab E731 data set, we find Γ(KL→π0γγ, mγγ≥0.280 GeV)Γ(KL→all)=(1.86±0.60±0.60)×10−6, in good agreement with a recent report of the first observation of this decay. For the low γγ mass region we find Γ(KL→π0γγ, mγγ<0.264 GeV)Γ(KL→all)<5.1×10−6 (90% confidence).Received 19 February 1991DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.44.R573©1991 American Physical Society

Data collected by the E731 experiment at Fermilab were used to search for CPT violation in K0→ππ decays by measuring the difference Δφ between the phases of the CP-violating parameters η00 and η+−. Our result, Δφ=-0.3°±2.4°±1.2°, where the first error is statistical and the second systematic, is consistent with CPT symmetry.Received 22 January 1990DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.2976©1990 American Physical Society

The LBNF/DUNE CDR describes the proposed physics program and experimental design at the conceptual design phase. Volume 2, entitled The Physics Program for DUNE at LBNF, outlines the scientific objectives and describes the physics studies that the DUNE collaboration will perform to address these objectives. The long-baseline physics sensitivity calculations presented in the DUNE CDR rely upon simulation of the neutrino beam line, simulation of neutrino interactions in the far detector, and a parameterized analysis of detector performance and systematic uncertainty. The purpose of this posting is to provide the results of these simulations to the community to facilitate phenomenological studies of long-baseline oscillation at LBNF/DUNE. Additionally, this posting includes GDML of the DUNE single-phase far detector for use in simulations. DUNE welcomes those interested in performing this work as members of the collaboration, but also recognizes the benefit of making these configurations readily available to the wider community.

This volume of the LBNF/DUNE Conceptual Design Report covers the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility for DUNE and describes the LBNF Project, which includes design and construction of the beamline at Fermilab, the conventional facilities at both Fermilab and SURF, and the cryostat and cryogenics infrastructure required for the DUNE far detector.

We report on a search for the rare decay KL→π0νν in the KTeV experiment at Fermilab. We searched for two-photon events whose kinematics were consistent with an isolated π0 coming from the decay KL→π0νν. One candidate event was observed, which was consistent with the expected level of background. An upper limit on the branching ratio was determined to be B(KL→π0νν)<1.6×10−6 at the 90% confidence level.

A search for the rare decay mode ${K}_{L}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma} was performed using a data set from Fermilab experiment E-731. The decay is of interest in the context of chiral perturbation theory and for its contribution to the decay ${K}_{L}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$${e}^{+}$${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. The result is B(${K}_{L}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma})2.7 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}6}$ (90% confidence level) which is nearly a two-order-of magnitude improvement over the previous best limit.

This volume of the LBNF/DUNE Conceptual Design Report cover the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility for DUNE and describes the LBNF Project, which includes design and construction of the beamline at Fermilab, the conventional facilities at both Fermilab and SURF, and the cryostat and cryogenics infrastructure required for the DUNE far detector.

Starting in September 1999, a series of workshops was carried out to study the prospects for B physics at the Tevatron. There were four working groups covering CP Violation, Rare and Semileptonic Decays, Mixing and Lifetimes, as well as Production, Fragmentation and Spectroscopy. Upon the completion of a comprehensive written report summarizing the results of this workshop, we will review the highlights of B Physics at the Tevatron in Run II and beyond. On our way to this goal, we will pass by questions such as ‘Why are there so many B factories these days?’ or ‘Why do we also want to do B Physics at Fermilab?’

Based upon the analysis of the complete data set of Fermilab experiment E-731, we report a new limit on the branching ratio of ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ which is 7.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ (90% confidence).

This volume of the LBNF/DUNE Conceptual Design Report cover the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility for DUNE and describes the LBNF Project, which includes design and construction of the beamline at Fermilab, the conventional facilities at both Fermilab and SURF, and the cryostat and cryogenics infrastructure required for the DUNE far detector.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF, formerly the Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment) is under design as a next generation neutrino oscillation experiment, with primary objectives to search for CP violation in the leptonic sector, to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and to provide a precise measurement of θ23. The facility will generate a neutrino beam at Fermilab by the interaction of a proton beam with a target material. At the ultimate anticipated proton beam power of 2.3 MW the target material must dissipate a heat load of between 10 and 25 kW depending on the target size. This paper presents a target concept based on an array of spheres and compares it to a cylindrical monolithic target such as that which currently operates at the T2K facility. Simulation results show that the proposed technology offers efficient cooling and lower stresses whilst delivering a neutrino production comparable with that of a conventional solid cylindrical target.3 MoreReceived 12 January 2015DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.18.091003This article is available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article’s title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical Society

We report a value of -[3.3±1.1 (stat)±0.7(sys)]×10−3 for the quadratic slope parameter h in the Dalitz plot of the KL→3π0 decay. This result is obtained from a sample of 5.1×106 decays. The validity of the ΔI=1/2 rule in the quadratic term is investigated using this result. This is the first measurement of the 3π0 slope parameter, and also the most sensitive measurement of any of the quadratic slope parameters for the charged or neutral kaons.Received 21 January 1992DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.2580©1992 American Physical Society

Data collected in Fermilab experiment E731 was used to perform the first search for the decay KL→π0νν. This decay is dominated by short distance effects and is almost entirely direct CP violating within the standard model. Cuts were developed to reject the background processes Λ→nπ0 and KL→π+e−γν. No candidate events were seen. We find BR (KL→π0νν)<2.2 × 10−4 at the 90% confidence level.

Operating and improving the understanding of the Fermilab Accelerator Complex for the colliding beam experiments requires advanced software methods and tools. The Shot Data Analysis (SDA) has been developed to fulfill this need. Data from the Fermilab Accelerator Complex is stored in a relational database, and is served to programs and users via Web-based tools. Summary tables are systematically generated during and after a store. These tables (the Supertable, the Recomputed Emittances, the Recomputed Intensities and other tables) are discussed here.

In this paper we discuss the luminosity determination at the Tevatron. We discuss luminosity measurements by the machine as well as by using the luminosity detectors of the CDF and D0 experiments. We discuss the uncertainties of the measurements, the effort to maximize the initial and integrated luminosity, the challenges and the lessons learned.

We have observed 729±15 KL→π±π0e∓ν¯(ν) decays in the data set collected in the 1987–1988 run of Fermilab experiment E731. We found the Ke4 branching ratio to be [5.16±0.20(stat)±0.22(sys)]×10−5. We also performed the first measurement of the form factors parametrizing the decay. Our branching ratio result agrees with a prediction using a vector-meson-exchange model. An interpretation of the data in terms of chiral perturbation theory implies a value L3=(3.4±0.4)×10−3 in the O(p4) chiral Lagrangian.Received 6 January 1993DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1591©1993 American Physical Society

We present the latest measurements on masses, lifetimes and branching fractions for the Bs and Bc mesons as well as for b‐baryons. For the Bs meson we discuss as well the latest results on mixing. These results were produced by the CDF and D0 experiments at Fermilab or by earlier LEP and PEPII experiments.

Fermilab has long had the world's most intense antiproton source. Despite this, the opportunities for medium-energy antiproton physics at Fermilab have been limited in the past and - with the antiproton source now exclusively dedicated to serving the needs of the Tevatron Collider - are currently nonexistent. The anticipated shutdown of the Tevatron in 2010 presents the opportunity for a world-leading medium-energy antiproton program. We summarize the current status of the Fermilab antiproton facility and review some physics topics for which the experiment we propose could make the world's best measurements. Among these, the ones with the clearest potential for high impact and visibility are in the area of charm mixing and CP violation. Continued running of the Antiproton Source following the shutdown of the Tevatron is thus one of the simplest ways that Fermilab can restore a degree of breadth to its future research program. The impact on the rest of the program will be minor. We request a small amount of effort over the coming months in order to assess these issues in more detail.

Abstract In this paper, we discuss luminosity measurements at Tevatron and HERA, as well as plans for luminosity measurements at LHC. We discuss luminosity measurements using the luminosity detectors of the experiments as well as measurements by the machine. We address uncertainties of the measurements, challenges and lessons learned.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will utilize a beamline located at Fermilab to provide and aim a neutrino beam of sufficient intensity and appropriate energy range toward the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) detectors, placed deep underground at the SURF Facility in Lead, South Dakota. The primary proton beam (60-120 GeV) will be extracted from the MI-10 section of Fermilab's Main Injector. Neutrinos will be produced when the protons interact with a solid target to produce mesons which will be subsequently focused by magnetic horns into a 194m long decay pipe where they decay into muons and neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined taking into account the physics goals, spatial and radiological constraints, and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The Beamline facility is designed for initial operation at a proton-beam power of 1.2 MW, with the capability to support an upgrade to 2.4 MW. LBNF/DUNE obtained CD-1 approval in November 2015. We discuss here the design status and the associated challenges as well as the R&D and plans for improvements before baselining the facility.

A trigger processor was designed, built, and used in a high-energy physics experiment which was designed to search for a second source of charge-conjugate-parity (CP) violation. An 804-element lead-glass array measured the energies and positions of the final state electromagnetic showers, called clusters. A cluster is defined as an island of connected glass blocks each with more than 1 GeV of energy deposited. The processor selected four clusters events which constituted less than 10% of the total. The trigger contributed negligible deadtime to the data acquisition system. Erasable programmable logic devices were used extensively to search in parallel for the clusters. A typical event took about 30 mu s to be processed the reduction in trigger rate by more than one of magnitude resulted in an experiment that has the highest reported statistics and sensitivity for the measurement of the CP violation parameter epsilon "/ epsilon .< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a neutrino beamline facility located at Fermilab to carry out a compelling research program in neutrino physics. The facility will aim a beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed at the Homestake Mine in South Dakota. The neutrinos are produced in a three-step process. First, protons from the Main Injector (60-120 GeV) hit a solid target and produce mesons. Then, the charged mesons are focused by a set of focusing horns into the decay pipe, towards the far detector. Finally, the mesons that enter the decay pipe decay into neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined taking into account several factors including the physics goals, the Monte Carlo modeling of the facility, spacial and radiological constraints and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be {approx}700 kW, however some of the parameters were chosen to be able to deal with a beam power of 2.3 MW. We discuss here the status of the conceptual design and the associated challenges.

In this paper we discuss the luminosity determination at the Tevatron. We discuss luminosity measurements by the machine as well as by using the luminosity detectors of the CDF and D0 experiments. We discuss the uncertainties of the measurements, the effort to maximize the initial and integrated luminosity, the challenges and the lessons learned.

Abstract A trigger processor which locates and counts electromagnetic showers in a calorimeter was designed, built and used as a second-level trigger in a high energy physics experiment that searches for direct CP violation in the 2π decay modes of neutral kaons and for various rare kaon decays.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a neutrino beamline facility located at Fermilab. The facility is designed to aim a beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed at the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) in South Dakota. The neutrinos are produced in a three-step process. First, protons from the Main Injector hit a solid target and produce mesons. Then, the charged mesons are focused by a set of focusing horns into the decay pipe, towards the far detector. Finally, the mesons that enter the decay pipe decay into neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined by an amalgam of the physics goals, the Monte Carlo modeling of the facility, and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be ~700 kW, however some of the parameters were chosen to be able to deal with a beam power of 2.3 MW.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) will utilize a beamline located at Fermilab to provide and aim a neutrino beam of sufficient intensity and appropriate energy range toward the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) detectors, placed deep underground at the SURF Facility in Lead, South Dakota. The primary proton beam (60-120 GeV) will be extracted from the MI-10 section of Fermilab's Main Injector. Neutrinos will be produced when the protons interact with a solid target to produce mesons which will be subsequently focused by magnetic horns into a 194m long decay pipe where they decay into muons and neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined taking into account the physics goals, spatial and radiological constraints, and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The Beamline facility is designed for initial operation at a proton-beam power of 1.2 MW, with the capability to support an upgrade to 2.4 MW. LBNF/DUNE obtained CD-1 approval in November 2015. We discuss here the design status and the associated challenges as well as the R&D and plans for improvements before baselining the facility.

Within the next ten years the Standard Model will likely have to be modified to encompass a wide range of newly discovered phenomena, new elementary particles, new symmetries, and new dynamics. These phenomena will be revealed through experiment with high energy particle accelerators, mainly the LHC. This will represent a revolution in our understanding of nature, and will either bring us closer to an understanding of all phenomena, through existing ideas such as supersymmetry to superstrings, or will cause us to scramble to find new ideas and a new sense of direction. We are thus entering a dramatic and important time in the quest to understand the fundamental laws of nature and their role in shaping the universe. The energy scales now probed by the Tevatron, of order hundreds of GeV, will soon be subsumed by the LHC and extended up to a few TeV. We expect the unknown structure of the mysterious symmetry breaking of the Standard Model to be revealed. We will then learn the answer to a question that has a fundamental bearing upon our own existence: 'What is the origin of mass?' All modern theories of 'electroweak symmetry breaking' involve many new particles, mainly to provide a 'naturalness' rationale for the weak scale. Supersymmetry (SUSY) represents extra (fermionic) dimensions of space, leading to a doubling of the number of known elementary particles and ushering in many additional new particles and phenomena associated with the various symmetry breaking sectors. The possibility of additional bosonic dimensions of space would likewise usher in an even greater multitude of new states and new phenomena. Alternatively, any new spectroscopy may indicate new principles we have not yet anticipated, and we may see new strong forces and/or a dynamical origin of mass. The wealth of new particles, parameters, CP-phases, and other phenomena carries important implications for precision quark flavor physics experiments that are uniquely sensitive probes of new phenomena. We have already begun to see the enlargement of the Standard Model in the leptonic sector. Neutrino masses and mixing angles, which in the early 1990's were unknown, must now be incorporated into our full description of nature. In a minimal scenario of Majorana masses and mixings amongst the three known left-handed neutrinos, we see a strong hint of a new and very large mass scale, possibly associated with grand unification or the scale of quantum gravity, the Planck mass. We are not yet sure what the proper description of neutrino masses and mixing angles will be. Experiments may reveal additional unexpected particles coupled to the neutrino sector. New phenomena, such as leptonic CP-violation, will be major focal points of our expanding understanding of the lepton sector. There is much to be done with experiment to attack the issues that neutrinos now present. Already, developments in neutrino physics and the possibility of a novel source of CP-violation in the lepton sector have spawned hopes that the cosmic matter-antimatter asymmetry may be explained through leptogenesis. Neutrino physics, together with the search for new energy frontier physics, offers the possibility of experimental handles on the questions of dark matter and dark energy. Without the discovery of new particles in accelerator experiments, the telescope-based cosmological observations of the early universe would remain unexplained puzzles. The process of understanding the laws of physics in greater detail through accelerator-based high energy physics will potentially have incisive impact on our understanding of dark matter and dark energy. Precision flavor physics in both the quark and the lepton sectors offers a window on the sensitive entanglement of beyond-the-Standard-Model physics with rare processes, through quantum loop effects involving known or new states. Flavor physics offers sensitive indirect probes and may be the first place to reveal additional key components of the post-Standard Model physics. The main arenas for quark flavor physics include strange, charm and beauty, hence kaons, D-mesons, B-mesons and heavy baryons. A remarkable historical paradigm for the importance of flavor physics is the well known suppression of flavor-changing neutral currents. The analysis of the K{sub L}-K{sub S} mass difference by Gaillard and Lee, 35 years ago in the Fermilab Theory Group, led to the confirmation of the GIM mechanism and predicted the mass of the charm quark, m{sub c} {approx} 1.5 GeV, definitively and prior to its discovery. This, today, implies an astonishing constraint on SUSY models, e.g., that the down and strange squarks are mass degenerate to 1:10{sup 5}. This, in turn, has spawned a new working hypothesis called 'Minimal Flavor Violation' (MFV). But is MFV really a true principle operating in nature and, if so, where does it come from? Such questions can only be addressed in precision flavor physics experiments.

In this paper we present results on production and polarization of the J/ψ, ψ(2S), χ c , ϒ and χ b states at [Formula: see text]. These results were obtained from data taken with the CDF detector at Fermilab. We cover recently completed analyses of the 1992-96 collider run.

Between 1992 to 1996, the CDF experiment has collected a data sample of 110 pb{sup -1} of p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron. In the year 2001 the Tevatron will commence p{bar p} collisions again at {radical}s = 2.0 TeV delivering an integrated luminosity of 1 fb{sup -1} per year. In the mean time the CDF detector will have undergone substantial upgrades which will allow for a rich B physics program with unique capabilities. In this paper we discuss the B physics prospects at CDF with the data that will be collected during this upcoming Tevatron run.

The purpose of the Shot Data Acquisition and Analysis (SDA) system is to provide summary data on the Fermilab RunII accelerator complex and provide related software for detailed analyses. In this paper, we discuss such a specific analysis on Tevatron beam lifetimes at injection. These results are based on SDA data, tools and methodology. Beam lifetime is one of our most important diagnostics. An analysis of it can give information on intra beam scattering, aperture limitations, instabilities and most importantly beam-beam effects. Such an analysis gives us a better understanding of our machine, and will lead to an improved performance in the future.

In this paper we present results on J/ψ, ψ(2S), χc and ϒ production at [Formula: see text]. These results were obtained from data taken with the CDF detector at Fermilab. We cover recently completed analyses of the 1992-95 collider run. We find an excess of J/ψ, ψ(2S) and ϒ production compared with the predictions from the Color Singlet Model. Prospects for the near future are also discussed.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a beamline facility located at Fermilab to carry out a compelling research program in neutrino physics. The facility will aim a wide band beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota, about 1,300 km away. The main elements of the facility are a primary proton beamline and a neutrino beamline. The primary proton beam (60-120 GeV) will be extracted from the MI-10 section of Fermilab’s Main Injector. Neutrinos are produced after the protons hit a solid target and produce mesons which are sign selected and subsequently focused by a set of magnetic horns into a 204 m long decay pipe where they decay mostly into muons and neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined taking into account the physics goals, spacial and radiological constraints, and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be ~1.2 MW; however, the facility is designed to be upgradeable for 2.3 MW operation. We discuss here the status of the design and the associated challenges.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a neutrino beamline facility located at Fermilab. The facility is designed to aim a beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed in South Dakota. The neutrinos are produced in a three-step process. First, protons from the Main Injector hit a solid target and produce mesons. Then, the charged mesons are focused by a set of focusing horns into the decay pipe, towards the far detector. Finally, the mesons that enter the decay pipe decay into neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined by an amalgam of the physics goals, the Monte Carlo modeling of the facility, and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be ~700 kW, however some of the parameters were chosen to be able to deal with a beam power of 2.3 MW. The LBNE Neutrino Beam has made significant changes to the initial design through consideration of numerous Value Engineering proposals and the current design is described.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a beamline facility located at Fermilab to carry out a compelling research program in neutrino physics. The facility will aim a wide band beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota, about 1,300 km away. The main elements of the facility are a primary proton beamline and a neutrino beamline. The primary proton beam (60 -120 GeV) will be extracted from the MI-10 section of Fermilab's Main Injector. Neutrinos are produced after the protons hit a solid target and produce mesons which are sign selected and subsequently focused by a set of magnetic horns into a 204 m long decay pipe where they decay mostly into muons and neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined taking into account the physics goals, spacial and radiological constraints and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be ~1.2 MW, however the facility is designed to be upgradeable for 2.3 MW operation. We discuss here the status of the design and the associated challenges.

In this paper the author presents results on quarkonia production, B-meson production and b{bar b} correlations in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV. These results were obtained from data taken with the CDF detector at Fermilab. The author covers recently completed analyses of the 1992-95 collider run. Prospects for the near and more distant future are also discussed.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a neutrino beamline facility located at Fermilab to carry out a compelling research program in neutrino physics. The facility will aim a beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed at the Homestake Mine in South Dakota, about 1300 km away. The neutrinos are produced as follows: First, protons extracted from the MI-10 section of the Main Injector (60-120 GeV) hit a solid target above grade and produce mesons. Then, the charged mesons are focused by a set of focusing horns into a 250 m long decay pipe, towards the far detector. Finally, the mesons that enter the decay pipe decay into neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined taking into account several factors including the physics goals, the modeling of the facility, spacial and radiological constraints and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be ~700 kW, however some of the parameters were chosen to be able to deal with a beam power of 2.3 MW in order to enable the facility to run with an upgraded accelerator complex. We discuss here the status of the design and the associated challenges.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a neutrino beamline facility located at Fermilab. The facility is designed to aim a beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed at the Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) in South Dakota. The neutrinos are produced in a three-step process. First, protons from the Main Injector hit a solid target and produce mesons. Then, the charged mesons are focused by a set of focusing horns into the decay pipe, towards the far detector. Finally, the mesons that enter the decay pipe decay into neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined by an amalgam of the physics goals, the Monte Carlo modeling of the facility, and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be ~700 kW, however some of the parameters were chosen to be able to deal with a beam power of 2.3 MW.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a neutrino beamline facility located at Fermilab to carry out a compelling research program in neutrino physics. The facility will aim a beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed at the Homestake Mine in South Dakota, about 1300 km away. The neutrinos are produced as follows: First, protons extracted from the MI-10 section of the Main Injector (60-120 GeV) hit a solid target above grade and produce mesons. Then, the charged mesons are focused by a set of focusing horns into a 250 m long decay pipe, towards the far detector. Finally, the mesons that enter the decay pipe decay into neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined taking into account several factors including the physics goals, the modeling of the facility, spacial and radiological constraints and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be ~700 kW, however some of the parameters were chosen to be able to deal with a beam power of 2.3 MW in order to enable the facility to run with an upgraded accelerator complex. We discuss here the status of the design and the associated challenges.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a neutrino beamline facility located at Fermilab to carry out a compelling research program in neutrino physics. The facility will aim a beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed at the Homestake Mine in South Dakota, about 1300 km away. The neutrinos are produced as follows: First, protons extracted from the MI-10 section of the Main Injector (60-120 GeV) hit a solid target above grade and produce mesons. Then, the charged mesons are focused by a set of focusing horns into a 200 m long decay pipe, towards the far detector. Finally, the mesons that enter the decay pipe decay into neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined taking into account several factors including the physics goals, the modelling of the facility, spacial and radiological constraints and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be ~700 kW, however some of the parameters were chosen to be able to deal with a beam power of 2.3 MW in order to enable the facility to run with an upgraded accelerator complex. We discuss here the status of the design and the associated challenges.

The Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) will utilize a neutrino beamline facility located at Fermilab to carry out a compelling research program in neutrino physics. The facility will aim a beam of neutrinos toward a detector placed at the Homestake Mine in South Dakota. The neutrinos are produced in a three-step process. First, protons from the Main Injector (60-120 GeV) hit a solid target and produce mesons. Then, the charged mesons are focused by a set of focusing horns into the decay pipe, towards the far detector. Finally, the mesons that enter the decay pipe decay into neutrinos. The parameters of the facility were determined taking into account several factors including the physics goals, the Monte Carlo modeling of the facility, spacial and radiological constraints and the experience gained by operating the NuMI facility at Fermilab. The initial beam power is expected to be ~700 kW, however some of the parameters were chosen to be able to deal with a beam power of 2.3 MW. We discuss here the status of the conceptual design and the associated challenges.

We propose to assemble a cost-effective, yet powerful, solenoidal magnetic spectrometer for antiproton-annihilation events and use it at the Fermilab Antiproton Accumulator to measure the charm production cross section, study rare hyperon decays, search for hyperon CP asymmetry, and precisely measure the properties of several charmonium and nearby states. Should the charm production cross section be as large as some have proposed, we will also be able to measure D{sup 0}-{bar D}{sup 0} mixing with high precision and discover (or sensitively limit) charm CP violation. The experiment will be carried out by an international collaboration, with installation occurring during the accelerator downtime following the completion of the Tevatron run, and with funding largely from university research grants. The experiment will require some four years of running time. As possibly the sole hadron experiment in progress at Fermilab during that time, it will play an important role in maintaining a broad particle-physics program at Fermilab and in the U.S.

We present the latest measurements on production, spectroscopy, lifetimes and branching fractions for b-mesons, b-baryons and quarkonia. We also discuss recent results on Bs0 mixing as well as on CP violation for the Bs0 meson and for b-baryons. These results were obtained by analyzing data collected by the CDF II detector at Fermilab.

In this paper we discuss luminosity measurements at Tevatron and HERA as well as plans for luminosity measurements at LHC. We discuss luminosity measurements using the luminosity detectors of the experiments as well as measurements by the machine. We address uncertainties of the measurements, challenges and lessons learned.

In this brief White Paper we glance over the studies carried out so far by the CMS Collaboration in the field of conventional and exotic hadron spectroscopy. We highlight the most relevant scientific achievements and discuss the future perspectives of this engagement.

The Tevatron’s Shot Data Analysis (SDA) system is based on a data acquisition mechanism crafted specifically to collect data generated during the course of Tevatron proton/antiproton stores, including their setup. SDA is responsible for calculating important store quantities, which experts at Fermilab study in order to improve the performance of the Tevatron. These results are archived permanently in databases and in user-accessible summary files. This paper presents an overview of this system and a perspective on the operational issues relevant to keeping it up and running.

We discuss current issues and present the latest measurements on quarkonia production from experiments monitoring hadron-hadron and lepton-hadron collisions. These measurements include cross section and polarization results for charmonium and bottomonium states.

We discuss current issues and present the latest measurements on quarkonia production from experiments monitoring hadron-hadron and lepton-hadron collisions. These measurements include cross section and polarization results for charmonium and bottomonium states.

In this paper the authors present results on Charm and Beauty production as well as on production and polarization of Quarkonia at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV. These results were obtained from data taken with the CDF detector at Fermilab. They cover recently completed analyses of the 1992--96 collider run.

Between 1992 and 1996, the CDF and D0 experiments have collected data samples of 110 pb−1 each of pp collisions at √s = 1.8 TeV at the Fermilab Tevatron. In the year 2001 the Tevatron commenced pp collisions again at √s = 1.96 TeV with the goal of delivering an integrated luminosity of 1 fb−1 per year. In the mean time the CDF and D0 detectors have undergone substantial upgrades which allow for a rich B physics program with unique capabilities. In this paper we discuss recent results and the B Physics prospects at the Tevatron with 2 fb−1 of data (Run IIa) or 15 fb−1 of data (Run IIa+Run IIb).

We present the latest measurements of weakly decaying b-hadrons from experiments at e{sup +}e{sup -} and p{anti p} colliders. These measurements include the average lifetime of b-hadrons, lifetimes of the B{sup -}, B{sup 0} and B{sup 0}{sub s} mesons, the average lifetime of b-baryons and lifetimes of the {Lambda}{sub b} and {Xi}{sub b} baryons.

We report on the observation of bottom-charm mesons via the decay mode B{sub c}{sup {+-}} {yields} J/{psi}l{sup {+-}}{nu} in 1.8 TeV p{anti p} collisions using the CDF detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. A fit of background and signal contributions to the J/{psi}l mass distribution yielded 20.4{sup +6.2}{sub -5.5} events from B{sub c} mesons. We measured the B{sub c}{sup +} mass to be 6.40{+-}0.39(stat.){+-}0.13(syst.)GeV/c and the B{sub c}{sup +}lifetime to be 0:46{sup +0.18}{sub -0.16}(stat.){+-} 0.03(syst.)ps. The measured production cross section times branching ratio for B{sub c}{sup +}{yields}J/{psi}l{sup +}{nu} relative to that for B{sup +}{yields}J/{psi}K{sup +} is 0.132{sup +0.041}{sub -0.037}(stat.){+-}0.031(syst.){sup +0.032}{sub -0.020}(lifetime).

The decay $K_L \to \pi^0 \gamma\gamma$ is of interest in the context of both Chiral Perturbation Theory and the VMD model and for its contribution to the decay $K_L \to \pi^0 e^+e^-$. Using the full data set from Fermilab experiment E731 we report on an observation of the $K_L \to \pi^0 \gamma\gamma$ decay and assuming Chiral Perturbation Theory we have calculated a branching ratio of (2.2 ± 0.7 ± 0.8) x $10^{-6}$ for decays with $\gamma\gamma$ invariant mass above 0.280 GeV. We have also calculated a branching ratio and an upper limit for decays with $\gamma\gamma$ invariant mass above 0.300 GeV.

In the 1988--89 collider run the authors studied the reactions p{anti p}{yields}J/{psi}({psi}(2S))X{yields}{mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}}X by using 2.6 {+-} 0.2 pb{sup {minus}1} of data. This allowed them to shed some light on the quarkonia production mechanisms at the Tevatron energy. The production mechanisms of the J/{psi}`s ({psi}(2S)`s) are B decays, direct charmonium production and the recently suggested gluon fragmentation. They have also reconstructed {chi}{sub c} mesons through the decay chain {chi}{sub c}{yields}J/{psi}{gamma}, J/{psi}{yields}{mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}} using the same data set. In the 1992--93 run they have approximately a factor of 5 more J/{psi}`s per pb{sup {minus}1} than in the previous run. They show the J/{psi} mass spectrum from a 12 pb{sup {minus}1} sample which represents ca 60% of the 1992--93 data. From the measurement of the average b lifetime with inclusive J/{psi}`s they have indications that the fraction of J/{psi}`s coming from b`s is lower than the one they assumed in the previous run. With the new data set they are also reconstructing a respectable sample of {chi}{sub c} decays. This sample will be used to measure the fraction f{sub {chi}} and to cross check the fraction f{sub b} measured with the SVX. Since they can now measure the J/{psi} differential more » cross section from b`s and from {chi}{sub c}`s, it will be much easier to disentangle the different J/{psi} production mechanisms. The authors know that several of the 1988--89 CDF b-quark cross section measurements were statistically limited or were derived under certain assumptions; they expect that the analysis of the data set they collected during the 1992--93 run will shed light onto the problem. From (14.3{+-}1.0) pb{sup {minus}1} of the 1992--93 data they also reconstructed 104{+-}21 J/{psi}K{sup {+-}} and 26{+-}8 J/{psi}K{sup 0*} events for P{sub T}{sup B}>6.0 GeV/c and P{sub T}{sup B}>9.0 GeV/c respectively. The corresponding b-quark cross sections are given. « less

We report on measurements of the Upsilon(1S), Upsilon(2S) and Upsilon(3S) differential and integrated cross sections in pp(bar) collisions at sqrt(s)=1.8 TeV. The three resonances were reconstructed through the decay Upsilon--&gt;mu(+)mu(-). The cross section measurements are compared to theoretical models of direct bottomonium production.

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Vaia Papadimitriou, CDF Collaboration; Inclusive J/ψ, ψ (2S) and b‐quark production in p̄p collisions at √s = 1.8 TEV. AIP Conf. Proc. 1 February 1992; 272 (1): 1086–1092. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.43556 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioAIP Conference Proceedings Search Advanced Search |Citation Search

The high rate of B{anti B} production at the Tevatron makes it a unique place for the study of B production and decay. Although e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} colliders provide a cleaner environment than hadron colliders for the study of B decays, CDF has shown that exclusive B channels can be successfully reconstructed in a harsh environment. Their data have been taken in p{anti p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV with the CDF detector during the 1988--89 and the 1992--93 collider runs. The CDF detector has been upgraded before the start of the 1992--93 run. The authors have collected {approximately}21 pb{sup {minus}1} of data with this upgraded detector during the 1992--93 run. During the 1988--89 collider run CDF has shown that once can study quarkonia physics and b physics even in a harsh p{anti p} collider environment. The data collected with the upgraded CDF detector during the 1992--93 run are leading them to a rich program which focuses on the production and decay of quarkonia and b-quarks, and which will answer many of the questions posed during the 1988--89 collider run. Results from both runs are concluded.

The authors report on measurements of the {Upsilon}(1S), {Upsilon}(2S) and {Upsilon}(3S) differential and integrated cross sections in p{bar p} collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV. The three resonances were reconstructed through the decay {Upsilon} {yields} {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}}. The cross section measurements are compared to theoretical models of direct bottomonium production.

Inclusive [ital J]/[psi] and [psi](2S) production has been studied in [ital [bar p]p] collisions at [radical][ital s] = 1.8 TeV with the Collider Detector at Fermilab. The products of production cross section times the branching fraction of [ital J]/[psi]([psi](2S)) to [mu][sup +][mu][sup [minus]] are reported as functions of the [ital J]/[psi]([psi](2S)) [ital P][sub [ital T]] in the kinematic range [ital P][sub [ital T]][ge]6 GeV/[ital c] and [vert bar][eta][vert bar][le]0.5. The products of the integrated cross section times branching fraction and the [ital b]-quark production cross section calculated from these values are also reported.

Inclusive J/[psi] and [psi](2S) production has been studied in p[bar p] collisions at [radical]s = 1.8 TeV with the Collider Detector at Fermilab. The products of production cross section times the branching fraction of J/[psi]([psi](2S)) to [mu][sup +][mu][sup [minus]] are reported as functions of the J/[psi]([psi](2S)) P[sub T] in the kinematic range P[sub T] > 6 GeV/c and [vert bar][eta][vert bar] [le] 0.5. The products of the integrated cross section times branching fraction and the b-quark production cross section calculated from these values are also reported.