Tuula Tuure

The increase in allergic diseases is attributed to a relative lack of microbial stimulation of the infantile gut immune system. Probiotics, live health-promoting microbes, might offer such stimulation.We studied the effect of a mixture of 4 probiotic bacterial strains along with prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in preventing allergic diseases.We randomized 1223 pregnant women carrying high-risk children to use a probiotic preparation or a placebo for 2 to 4 weeks before delivery. Their infants received the same probiotics plus galacto-oligosaccharides (n = 461) or a placebo (n = 464) for 6 months. At 2 years, we evaluated the cumulative incidence of allergic diseases (food allergy, eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis) and IgE sensitization (positive skin prick test response or serum antigen-specific IgE level >0.7 kU/L). Fecal bacteria were analyzed during treatment and at age 2 years.Probiotic treatment compared with placebo showed no effect on the cumulative incidence of allergic diseases but tended to reduce IgE-associated (atopic) diseases (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.50-1.00; P = .052). Probiotic treatment reduced eczema (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.55-0.98; P = .035) and atopic eczema (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.46-0.95; P = .025). Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria more frequently (P < .001) colonized the guts of supplemented infants.Probiotic treatment showed no effect on the incidence of all allergic diseases by age 2 years but significantly prevented eczema and especially atopic eczema. The results suggest an inverse association between atopic diseases and colonization of the gut by probiotics.The prevention of atopic eczema in high-risk infants is possible by modulating the infant's gut microbiota with probiotics and prebiotics.

Probiotic bacteria are suggested to reduce symptoms of the atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS) in food-allergic infants. We aimed to investigate whether probiotic bacteria have any beneficial effect on AEDS.Follow-up of severity of AEDS by the Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index in 230 infants with suspected cow's milk allergy (CMA) receiving, in a randomized double-blinded manner, concomitant with elimination diet and skin treatment, Lactobacillus GG (LGG), a mixture of four probiotic strains, or placebo for 4 weeks. Four weeks after the treatment, CMA was diagnosed with a double-blind placebo-controlled (DBPC) milk challenge in 120 infants.In the whole group, mean SCORAD (at baseline 32.5) decreased by 65%, but with no differences between treatment groups immediately or 4 weeks after the treatment. No treatment differences were observed in infants with CMA either. In IgE-sensitized infants, however, the LGG group showed a greater reduction in SCORAD than did the placebo group, -26.1 vs-19.8 (P=0.036), from baseline to 4 weeks after the treatment. Exclusion of infants who had received antibiotics during the study reinforced the findings in the IgE-sensitized subgroup.Treatment with LGG may alleviate AEDS symptoms in IgE-sensitized infants but not in non-IgE-sensitized infants.

<h3>Background</h3> Less microbial exposure in early childhood is associated with more allergic disease later. Allergic children have a different fecal microflora, with less lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Beneficial effects regarding the development of allergy have been suggested to come through probiotic supplementation. <h3>Objective</h3> We sought to study the effect of probiotic and prebiotic supplementation in preventing allergies. <h3>Methods</h3> In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study we randomized 1223 mothers with infants at high risk for allergy to receive a probiotic mixture (2 lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and propionibacteria) or placebo during the last month of pregnancy and their infants to receive it from birth until age 6 months. Infants also received a prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharide or placebo. At 5 years, we evaluated the cumulative incidence of allergic diseases (eczema, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and asthma) and IgE sensitization. <h3>Results</h3> Of the 1018 intent-to-treat infants, 891 (88%) attended the 5-year visit. Frequencies of allergic and IgE-associated allergic disease and sensitization in the probiotic and placebo groups were similar: 52.6% versus 54.9% and 29.5% versus 26.6%, respectively, and 41.3% in both. No significant difference appeared in frequencies of eczema (39.3% vs 43.3%), atopic eczema (24.0% vs 25.1%), allergic rhinitis (20.7% vs 19.1%), or asthma (13.0% vs 14.1%) between groups. However, less IgE-associated allergic disease occurred in cesarean-delivered children receiving probiotics (24.3% vs 40.5%; odds ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.23% to 0.96%; <i>P</i> = .035). <h3>Conclusions</h3> No allergy-preventive effect that extended to age 5 years was achieved with perinatal supplementation of probiotic bacteria to high-risk mothers and children. It conferred protection only to cesarean-delivered children.

Live probiotic bacteria and dietary prebiotic oligosaccharides (together termed synbiotics) increasingly are being used in infancy, but evidence of long-term safety is lacking. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, we studied the safety and long-term effects of feeding synbiotics to newborn infants.Between November 2000 and March 2003, pregnant mothers carrying infants at high risk for allergy were randomly assigned to receive a mixture of 4 probiotic species (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and LC705, Bifidobacterium breve Bb99, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp shermanii) or a placebo for 4 weeks before delivery. Their infants received the same probiotics with 0.8 g of galactooligosaccharides, or a placebo, daily for 6 months after birth. Safety data were obtained from clinical examinations and interviews at follow-up visits at ages 3, 6, and 24 months and from questionnaires at ages 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Growth data were collected at each time point.Of the 1018 eligible infants, 925 completed the 2-year follow-up assessment. Infants in both groups grew normally. We observed no difference in neonatal morbidity, feeding-related behaviors (such as infantile colic), or serious adverse events between the study groups. During the 6-month intervention, antibiotics were prescribed less often in the synbiotic group than in the placebo group (23% vs 28%). Throughout the follow-up period, respiratory infections occurred less frequently in the synbiotic group (geometric mean: 3.7 vs 4.2 infections).Feeding synbiotics to newborn infants was safe and seemed to increase resistance to respiratory infections during the first 2 years of life.

Probiotic bacteria have beneficial effects on the immune system and gastrointestinal tract, but the impacts of their long-term consumption on health and growth in early infancy are not well documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-enriched formula on growth and faecal microflora during the first 6 months of life in normal healthy infants.One hundred and twenty healthy infants (up to 2 months) received LGG-supplemented formula or regular formula in a double-blind, randomized manner until the age of 6 months. Weight, length and head circumference were measured monthly and transformed into standard deviation scores (SDS). Faecal samples were obtained from a random sample of infants (n=25) at entry and at the end of the study.One hundred and five infants (51 in the LGG group) completed the study. Children receiving LGG-supplemented formula grew better: their changes in their length and weight SDS (DeltaSDS) at the end of the study were significantly higher than those receiving regular formula (0.44+/- 0.37 versus 0.07+/- 0.06, P< 0.01 and 0.44+/- 0.19 versus 0.07+/- 0.06, P< 0.005, respectively). The LGG group had a significant, higher defecation frequency 9.1+/-2.06 versus 8.0+/- 2.8 (P<0.05). More frequent colonization with lactobacilli was found in the LGG group, 91% versus 76% (P<0.05) at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS Infants fed with LGG-enriched formula grew better than those fed with regular formula. Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanism of LGG in infant growth.

A delayed and local gastrointestinal hypersensitivity to cow's milk (CM) protein is difficult to diagnose and there are limited data on this disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate local intestinal cytokine secretion in the upper small intestine in children with delayed-type cow's milk allergy (CMA). Duodenal biopsy samples from 31 children with delayed CMA, 14 with celiac disease (CD), and 14 healthy controls were studied for the spontaneous release of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10, measured by cytometric bead array, and of TGF-beta and IL-6 measured by ELISA. The children with delayed CMA secreted more IFN-gamma than the controls (p = 0.006) and the children with CD (p = 0.006). The children with CD secreted more IL-6 compared to the controls (p = 0.008) and the children with delayed CMA (p = 0.002). The children with delayed CMA who had continuously been exposed to CM secreted less TGF-beta than the children with delayed CMA who avoided CM (p = 0.050), and showed a tendency towards lower secretion compared to the controls (p = 0.078). Secretions of TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 were low in general; however, the children with delayed CMA who did not avoid CM secreted more IL-4 and IL-10 than the controls (p = 0.016, 0.059). In conclusion, the children with delayed CMA showed up-regulation of IFN-gamma. Interestingly, TGF-beta secretion was up-regulated in those children with delayed CMA who avoided CM suggesting recovery of regulation mechanisms.

Objectives: The etiology of infantile colic has remained unknown. The present study aimed to identify possible differences in the fecal microbial composition and metabolic end products between colicky and non-colicky infants and to examine whether an orally administered probiotic supplementation has any effect on the microbiota and relief in colicky symptoms. Subjects and methods: The study population consisted of nine colicky and nine non-colicky infants. Five colicky infants received probiotic supplementation (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705, Bifidobacterium breve Bbi99, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS) and four colicky infants received placebo for 2 weeks. Fecal microbiota of all infants was studied by culture, cellular fatty acid (CFA) analysis, and gas and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in 48 h fermentation. Microbial parameters and crying profiles were compared between the cases and controls at baseline and between the probiotic and placebo supplementation after 2 weeks. Results: Although SCFA and gas production and bacterial total counts were similar, the prevalence of indole-producing coliforms was significantly higher in colicky infants compared with controls (89% vs 33%), while many aerobic genera present in controls were not detected in colicky infants. CFA composition reflected the differences, since >2% of the CFAs were present exclusively in the colicky group. After probiotic supplementation, the total counts of anaerobic bacteria, especially lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, increased significantly. Fermentation parameters were not extensively affected; however, acetic and lactic acid production tended to increase and hydrogen production tended to decrease. No significant difference was observed in crying patterns between the probiotic and placebo group. Conclusion: The composition of the intestinal microbiota differs between colicky and non-colicky infants. Although no apparent relief in colicky symptoms was achieved, the probiotic supplementation seems to increase the bacterial diversity and strengthen the succession towards a balanced commensal gut microbiota.

The age at manifestation of primary hypolactasia varies between ethnic groups. Many people report experiencing the first symptoms of lactose intolerance at adult age. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether primary hypolactasia can appear after the age of 20 among the Finnish population and to investigate the outcome of different diagnostic methods of lactose maldigestion.Lactose digestion status was assessed by the lactose tolerance test with ethanol (LTTE) in 42 subjects (38-71 years) who reported having gastrointestinal symptoms after the ingestion of 20 g or less of lactose and who were diagnosed as lactose digesters in earlier studies. Thirteen of the study subjects underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and 35 gave a blood sample for DNA analysis.Only one of the 42 subjects studied had the genotype C/C(-13910) indicating hypolactasia. Lactase activity was higher in those with the genotype T/T (69.2 U/g protein) than in those with the heterozygous genotype C/T (36.3 U/g protein) (p=0.017).Although primary hypolactasia normally appears before the age of 20 years, the decline in lactase activity may on rare occasions continue after that age. Genotyping of the C/T(-13910) variant was found to be a reliable diagnostic approach in defining the lactase persistence/non-persistence status of the study subjects.

Abstract Background Intestinal flora and innate immunity, and their interactions impact adaptive immunity. Objective To study the association of fecal defensin levels in infancy with synbiotic treatment and with the emergence of atopy. Methods The randomly selected group of 102 infants belonged to a randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial where 1223 infants in high risk for allergy received, from birth to 6 months, a mixture of synbiotics, or placebo. Clinical trials registration number for the clinical trial is NCT00298337. In the subgroup, 45 received active treatment and 56 received placebo treatment. Follow‐up for the emergence of sensitization and allergic diseases lasted 5 years. At the age of 3 ( n = 96) and 6 ( n = 87) months, we measured fecal levels of human neutrophil peptide ( HNP ) 1–3 and of β‐defensin 2 ( HBD 2) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays and concentrations of lactic acid bacteria on MRS agar. We used multifactorial regression in data analysis. Results Fecal levels of HNP 1–3 and HBD 2 decreased from the age of 3–6 months ( P &lt; 0.0001). HBD 2 levels decreased less in the synbiotics group compared with placebo ( P &lt; 0.02). High fecal HBD 2 levels at 6 months were associated with an increased risk for sensitization by the age of 5 years ( OR 2.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1–5.8, P &lt; 0.03). High fecal HNP 1–3 levels at 6 months were associated with a decreased risk for atopic dermatitis ( OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1–1.0, P &lt; 0.05). Samples with very low or high HBD 2 levels at 6 months had low concentrations of lactic acid bacteria ( P &lt; 0.02). Conclusions and clinical relevance Early innate immunity responses in the gut are associated with the emergence of sensitization and atopic dermatitis later in childhood.

Gastrointestinal hypersensitivity to cow milk (CM) may be more common among school-aged children and young adults than previously thought.The objective was to study various gastrointestinal complaints and the immunologic mechanisms associated with food-related, especially CM-related, gastrointestinal disorders in young adults.Of 827 subjects aged 16-21 y who completed a questionnaire on food-related gastrointestinal symptoms, 49 symptomatic subjects agreed to a clinical examination, including an interview, blood tests, a lactose-maldigestion test, a blinded CM challenge and, in severely symptomatic subjects (n = 12), an endoscopic examination. Twenty-nine subjects served as controls.Approximately 10% of the subjects reported having major gastrointestinal symptoms, mainly food-related (n = 70 of 86), during the preceding year. Specific organic disease was found in 2 symptomatic subjects: 1 case of celiac disease and 1 of colitis. The result of the lactose-maldigestion test was positive in 16 of the remaining 47 symptomatic subjects, but only 4 carried the C/C(-13910) genotype for adult-type hypolactasia. The symptomatic subjects had restricted their consumption of certain foods, particularly CM. However, in a blinded challenge, CM-induced symptoms were rare. The symptomatic subjects had higher plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (P = 0.007) and lower granzyme A (P = 0.001) concentrations than did the control subjects. Duodenal biopsy samples tended to have higher intraepithelial CD3(+) cell counts (P = 0.065) and a higher expression of transforming growth factor beta (P = 0.073) and interleukin 12p35 messenger RNA (P = 0.075) than did the control subjects.In an unselected cohort of young adults, 8% reported food-related gastrointestinal symptoms. The finding of immunologic activity implied the existence of a food-related gastrointestinal syndrome but not one induced by CM.

The glycaemic response to foods is dependent on the quality and content of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates in the form of dietary fibre have favourable effects on insulin and glucose metabolism and may help to control energy intake. Dairy products have a relatively low carbohydrate content, and most of the carbohydrate is in the form of lactose which causes gastrointestinal symptoms in part of the population. In order to avoid these symptoms, dairy products can be replaced with lactose-free dairy products which are on the market in many parts of the world. However, the effects of lactose-free products on insulin and glucose metabolism have not been studied.In the present study, we investigated the effects of 1) a lactose-free milk drink, 2) a novel fibre-enriched, fat- and lactose-free milk drink and 3) normal fat-free milk on serum glucose and insulin levels and satiety using a randomized block design. Following an overnight fast, 26 healthy volunteers ingested 200 ml of one of these drinks on three non-consecutive days. Insulin and glucose levels and subjective satiety ratings were measured before the ingestion of the milk product and 20, 40, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after ingestion. The responses were calculated as the area under the curve subtracted by the baseline value (AUC minus baseline).The insulin response was significantly lower for the fibre-enriched milk drink than it was for the other milk products (AUC, P = 0.007). There were no differences in the response for glucose or in the AUC for the subjective satiety ratings between the studied milk products.The present results suggest that this novel milk drink could have positive effects on insulin response.

The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of intestinal immune activation (ie, a chemokine receptor and cytokine expression profile) in delayed-type cow's milk allergy (CMA) appearing in the form of gastrointestinal symptoms.In all biopsy samples taken from the duodenum and/or the terminal ileum, 30 were studied for the expression of interferon-gamma, transforming growth factor-beta, chemokine receptor (CCR)-4, CCR-5, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p35, IL-12p40 and IL-18 specific mRNA by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in 26 children ages 3 to 15 years: 10 with untreated delayed-type CMA, 6 with celiac disease (CD) and 10 controls.The children with delayed-type CMA showed lower IL-2 and IL-18 mRNA expression in the duodenum (both P = 0.055) and higher CCR-4 and IL-6 mRNA expression in the terminal ileum (P = 0.055, P = 0.016) compared with the controls. The children with CD exhibited slightly higher expression of interferon-gamma and CCR-4 mRNA (P = 0.054, P = 0.053) and lower expression of IL-18 mRNA (P = 0.004) in the duodenal samples compared with the controls. The mRNA expression levels of regulatory cytokines, transforming growth factor-beta and IL-10 remained similar in all 3 groups.The children with delayed-type gastrointestinal CMA showed a unique pattern of local intestinal hypersensitivity with Th2 response-related characteristics, a profile differing clearly from the children with CD.

It has been hypothesized that certain consumers tolerate untreated cow's milk, but react to processed (i.e. homogenized and pasteurized) cow's milk although they do not suffer from IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy or lactose intolerance. The aim of the study was to compare the tolerance of unhomogenized and homogenized cow's milk in lactose tolerant adults who had repeatedly experienced better tolerance of unhomogenized than homogenized milk. Forty-four subjects were challenged with homogenized and unhomogenized cow's milk for five days in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. No differences in the symptoms during the challenges were found. Roughly half the subjects tolerated the homogenized milk better and the other half tolerated the unhomogenized milk better. The results of this study show no difference in the tolerance of homogenized and unhomogenized milk in adults with self-reported symptoms suggestive of hypersensitivity to homogenized milk.

Objectives: The etiology of infantile colic has remained unknown. The present study aimed to identify possible differences in the fecal microbial composition and metabolic end products between colicky and non-colicky infants and to examine whether an orally administered probiotic supplementation has any effect on the microbiota and relief in colicky symptoms. Subjects and methods: The study population consisted of nine colicky and nine non-colicky infants. Five colicky infants received probiotic supplementation ( Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705, Bifidobacterium breve Bbi99, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS) and four colicky infants received placebo for 2 weeks. Fecal microbiota of all infants was studied by culture, cellular fatty acid (CFA) analysis, and gas and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production in 48 h fermentation. Microbial parameters and crying profiles were compared between the cases and controls at baseline and between the probiotic and placebo supplementation after 2 weeks. Results: Although SCFA and gas production and bacterial total counts were similar, the prevalence of indole-producing coliforms was significantly higher in colicky infants compared with controls (89% vs 33%), while many aerobic genera present in controls were not detected in colicky infants. CFA composition reflected the differences, since >2% of the CFAs were present exclusively in the colicky group. After probiotic supplementation, the total counts of anaerobic bacteria, especially lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, increased significantly. Fermentation parameters were not extensively affected; however, acetic and lactic acid production tended to increase and hydrogen production tended to decrease. No significant difference was observed in crying patterns between the probiotic and placebo group. Conclusion : The composition of the intestinal microbiota differs between colicky and noncolicky infants. Although no apparent relief in colicky symptoms was achieved, the probiotic supplementation seems to increase the bacterial diversity and strengthen the succession towards a balanced commensal gut microbiota. Key words: infantile colic, fecal bacteria, probiotics, colonization, SCFA

Pulses are healthy and sustainable but induce gut symptoms in people with a sensitive gut. Oats, on the contrary, have no fermentable oligo- di-, monosaccharides and polyols compounds and are known for the health effects of their fibres. This 4-day cross-over trial investigated the effects of oat and rice flour ingested with pulses on gut symptoms and exhaled gases (4th day only) in subjects with a sensitive gut or IBS (n 21) and controls (n 21). The sensitive group perceived more symptoms after both meals than controls (P = 0·001, P = 0·001). Frequency, intensity or quality of the symptoms did not differ between meals during the first 3 d in either group. More breath hydrogen was produced after an oat than rice containing meal in both groups (AUC, P = 0·001, P = 0·001). No between-group difference was seen in breath gases. During day 4, both sensitive and control groups perceived more symptoms after the oat flour meal (P = 0·001, P = 0·0104, respectively) as mainly mild flatulence. No difference in moderate or severe symptoms was detected. Increased hydrogen production correlated to a higher amount of perceived flatulence after the oat flour meal in both the sensitive and the control groups (P = 0·042, P = 0·003, respectively). In summary, ingestion of oat flour with pulses increases breath hydrogen levels compared with rice flour, but gastrointestinal symptoms of subjects sensitive to pulses were not explained by breath hydrogen levels. Additionally, consumer mindsets towards pulse consumption and pulse-related gut symptoms were assessed by an online survey, which implied that perceived gut symptoms hinder the use of pulses in sensitive subjects.

It has been claimed that some consumers tolerate unhomogenized cow's milk better than homogenized cow's milk. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of homogenized and unhomogenized milk o ...

Background: Some Finns report a diminution of milk-related gastrointestinal symptoms when they travel or live abroad.Change in the overall diet may explain the diminution of symptoms.Objective: The aim was to determine whether these symptomatic subjects are actually sensitive to indigestible carbohydrates found in a typical Finnish diet.Design: Nineteen symptomatic subjects whose milk-related symptoms decreased abroad were interviewed.Symptoms and hydrogen excretion were measured after ingestion of rye bread and xylitol in six symptomatic and nine control subjects.In addition, gastrointestinal symptoms during 3 day interventions with rye and wheat bread were studied in five symptomatic subjects.Results: The symptomatic subjects experienced more symptoms than the controls after rye bread and xylitol ingestion (p 0/0.0003, p 0/0.042).Breath hydrogen excretion was similar in both groups.The symptomatic subjects experienced more symptoms during the rye bread than the wheat bread intervention (p 0/0.036).Conclusion: Some individuals reporting milk-related gastrointestinal symptoms may actually react to indigestible carbohydrates in the diet.

We studied the impact of rye bread and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation on fecal/urinary mutagenicity and fecal enzyme activities in healthy subjects who consumed experimental meals containing fried meat with high mutagenic activity. Twenty-eight volunteers, mean age 39 y (range 28-58), were randomly divided into 3 intervention groups that received, in addition to a 3-d fried meat diet, either whole grain rye bread 200-240 g/d, Lactobacillus GG fermented whey drink 400 mL/ d, or no dietary supplementation. 24-h fecal and urine samples were collected, and Ames mutagenicities were subsequently determined, as were the activities of fecal β-glucuronidase, β- glucosidase and urease. A significantly lower β-glucuronidase activity (nmol⋅min -1 ⋅mg prot -1 ) was detected in the rye bread group (geometric mean (95% CI) 2.0 (1.3-3.2)) in comparison to the control group (4.0 (2.4-6.7), p = 0.044) and to the group receiving the Lactobacillus GG supplementation (3.9 (3.0-5.0), p = 0.047). Mutagenicity was not significantly affected. In conclusion, rye bread consumption appears to reduce fecal β-glucuronidase activity (an enzyme important in carcinogen activation) and might therefore reduce the carcinogenicity of feces.

Obesity is a growing health problem both in Western and developing countries. No single food product or even product family can provide a solution to today's obesity problem. Weight control is a coherent whole that takes in many factors ranging from genes and inherent exercising to learned habits and preferences. The food industry possesses a central role in the solution of the obesity problem. It is not solved entirely by the action of the food industry, but the whole society has to be involved. And still, the individuals themselves make the final choices. Tasty, ordinary foods of high quality that are easy to include in one's diet are probably the most feasible in terms of weight control. The fundamental elements are the very low energy and low fat everyday products which may be further developed in the future to include, for example, ingredients that enhance the feeling of satiety. Products that would decrease the risk of body weight gain or decrease body fat would be welcome but the development would need years of extensive scientific research to show the benefits. Successful weight control requires sensible daily choices of foods and drinks, which can be supported by the expertise of the food industry.