Tejinder Virdee

We discuss the physics potential and the experimental challenges of an upgraded LHC running at an instantaneous luminosity of 1035 cm-2s-1. The detector R&D needed to operate ATLAS and CMS in a very high radiation environment and the expected detector performance are discussed. A few examples of the increased physics potential are given, ranging from precise measurements within the Standard Model (in particular in the Higgs sector) to the discovery reach for several New Physics processes.

A calorimeter, consisting of uranium plates and thin liquid ionization chambers filled with tetramethylpentane (TMP) at room temperature, has been tested using electrons between 10 and 70 GeV. The essential characteristics of the liquid are discussed, including measurements of the free electron lifetime. Results on uniformity, linearity and energy resolution are described and some information on the response to hadrons has been obtained. A single TMP box containing four electrodes and a TMP position detector for electromagnetic showers have also been tested.

The search for the standard model Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) started more than two decades ago. Much innovation was required and diverse challenges had to be overcome during the conception and construction of the LHC and its experiments. The ATLAS and CMS Collaboration experiments at the LHC have discovered a heavy boson that could complete the standard model of particle physics.

The High Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider will deliver 10 times more integrated luminosity than the existing collider, posing significant challenges for radiation tolerance and event pileup on detectors, especially for forward calorimetry. As part of its upgrade program, the Compact Muon Solenoid collaboration is designing a high-granularity calorimeter (HGCAL) to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. It will feature unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout and triggering segmentation for both electromagnetic and hadronic sections. The electromagnetic section and a large fraction of the hadronic section will be based on hexagonal silicon sensors of 0.5–1 cm2 cell size, with the remainder of the hadronic section being based on highly-segmented scintillators with silicon photomultiplier readout. The intrinsic high-precision timing capabilities of the silicon sensors will add an extra dimension to event reconstruction, especially in terms of pileup rejection. First hexagonal silicon modules, using the existing Skiroc2 front-end ASIC developed for CALICE, have been tested in beams at Fermilab and CERN in 2016. We present results from these tests, in terms of system stability, calibration with minimum-ionizing particles and resolution (energy, position and timing) for electrons, and the comparisons of these quantities with GEANT4-based simulation.

Inelastic and elasticJ/ψ (3097) photoproduction on Li6 are measured at a mean γ energy of 90 GeV in an open spectrometer. TheJ/ψ are identified by their decays intoμ + μ − ore + e −. A signal of ψ′(3685) intoμ + μ − andJ/ψπ + π − is also seen. The inelastic cross-section withZ=E ψ/Eγ<0.9 is compared in shape and magnitude with the colour singlet model of photon-gluon fusion.

We present the first results on inclusive photo-production of prompt photons at high transverse momenta. The data were taken in an open spectrometer at CERN using a high intensity photon beam energy between 50 and 150 GeV. After subtracting the yield of photons from indirect sources, a clear excess is observed for transverse momenta above 2.5 GeVc Deep inelastic Compton scattering with appropriate QCD corrections account for this excess. The data disfavour the gauge integer charge quark models so far proposed.

The first results on inclusive photoproduction of π0 at transverse momenta up to 4 GeV/c, using incident γ energies between 50 and 150 GeV are presented. A comparison is made with inclusive π0 production obtained, in the same experiment, with incident π−. Using the π− data to parametrize the hadronic behaviour of the photon, significant differences are observed in quantitative agreement with QCD Compton scattering and corrections thereof.

With use of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center hybrid facility 1-m bubble chamber fitted with tantalum plates, a measurement was made of direct unexplained ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pair production in 18-GeV/c ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ interactions. Limits are set in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ processes. In ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ a signal is observed which cannot be caused by $\ensuremath{\eta}$, $\ensuremath{\omega}$, or $\ensuremath{\rho}$ decay, and for masses $&gt;{m}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}}$, $\frac{{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}}=(0.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. Some properties of the events are discussed.

The UV scintillation light in liquid xenon has been observed using silicon drift photodiodes. Measurements were carried out in a rectangular light cell of dimentions 7.4 × 7.4 × 60 cm3 using 5 GeV electrons. The photodiodes and the preamplifiers were immersed in the liquid. A high quantum efficiency for 175 nm UV light has been measured. The scintillation light yield is found to be (1.5 ± 0.6) × 104 photons per MeV of energy deposited in liquid xenon. A light attenuation lenght of ≈ 40 cm has been measured.

We have studied hypercharge exchange in two pairs of line-reversed reactions at 7 GeV/c incident beam momentum in a triggered bubble chamber experiment at the SLAC Hybrid Facility. The experiment was carried out with the particular object of testing the predictions of exchange degeneracy using the same apparatus. We present differential and total cross sections for the reactions π+p→K+Σ+, K−p→π−Σ+ and π+p→K+Y∗+ (1385), K−p→π−Y∗+ (1385) from a π+ exposure of sensitivity 150 events/μb and a K− exposure of 100 events/μb. In each case we have measured the polarization of the final-state hyperon for |t|<1.0 (GeV/c)2 by direct observation of its decay in the bubble chamber. We present results from an amplitude analysis of the Y∗ (1385) reactions and find agreement with the predictions of the additive quark model. The Σ+ polarization data are consistent with weak exchange degeneracy but the predicted equality of the differential cross section is not observed.

We report on measurements of correlated $$b\bar b$$ production in $$p\bar p$$ collisions at $$\sqrt s = 630GeV$$ , using dimuon data to tag both theb and $$\bar b$$ quarks. Starting from an inclusive dimuon sample we obtain improved cross-sections for single inclusive beauty production and confirm our earlier results on $$B^0 - \bar B^0$$ mixing. From a study of $$b\bar b$$ correlations we derive explicit cross-sections for semi-differential $$b\bar b$$ production. We compare the measured cross-sections and correlations to $$\mathcal{O}\left( {\alpha _s^3 } \right)$$ QCD predictions and find good quantitative agreement. From the measured angular distributions we establish a size-able contribution from higher order QCD processes with a significance of about seven standard deviations. A large nonperturbative contribution to these higher order corrections is excluded.

Following a major shortage of 99Mo in the 2009–2010 period, concern grew that the aging reactor production facilities needed to be replaced. Most producers were using highly enriched 235U (HEU) as the target material. The Organisation for Economic Co-...Read More

The 50th anniversary of the creation of CERN falls during the construction of its most ambitious project. The construction of the LHC, machine and experiments, is advancing well and proton–proton collisions are expected to take place in the summer of 2007. This paper outlines the challenges posed by the operation at a high-luminosity hadron collider, the design of the experiments, the R&D and prototyping that was required to select the detector technologies to face the challenges, the anticipated performance of the experiments, and the state of their construction.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is a general-purpose detector designed to run at the highest luminosity at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Its distinctive features include a 4 T superconducting solenoid with 6 m diameter by 12.5 m long free bore, enclosed inside a 10000-ton return yoke made of construction steel. Accurate characterization of the magnetic field everywhere in the CMS detector is required. During two major tests of the CMS magnet the magnetic flux density was measured inside the coil in a cylinder of 3.448 m diameter and 7 m length with a specially designed field-mapping pneumatic machine as well as in 140 discrete regions of the CMS yoke with NMR probes, 3-D Hall sensors and flux-loops. A TOSCA 3-D model of the CMS magnet has been developed to describe the magnetic field everywhere outside the tracking volume measured with the field-mapping machine. A volume based representation of the magnetic field is used to provide the CMS simulation and reconstruction software with the magnetic field values. The value of the field at a given point of a volume is obtained by interpolation from a regular grid of values resulting from a TOSCA calculation or, when available, from a parameterization. The results of the measurements and calculations are presented, compared and discussed.

Further tests of lead tungstate crystal matrices made in high-energy electron beams in 1996, using new crystals, new APDs and an improved test setup confirm that an energy resolution of better than 0.6% at 100 GeV can be obtained when the longitudinal uniformity of the struck crystal is adequate. Light loss measurements under low dose irradiation are reported. It is shown that there is no loss of energy resolution after irradiation and it is demonstrated that the calibration change due to light loss can be tracked with a precision monitoring system. Successful tests with a preshower device, equipped with a silicon strip detector readout, are also described.

We have developed a method for reading out scintillator plates in a compact calorimeter using embedded wavelength-shifting fibres coupled to photomultipliers. A test calorimeter using this technique, with uranium plates as the passive medium, was placed in test beams of 1 to 80 GeV. Results on resolution, uniformity, and electron-pion discrimination are presented, as well as a discussion of compensation (the near-equality of electron and hadron responses).

The LHC project comprising the accelerator and the experiments is described. The project was conceived to address fundamental questions in particle physics. Some of the challenges faced in the design and construction of the accelerator and experiments are outlined. The experiments are ready for LHC beam foreseen at the end of 2009.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and its experiments were conceived to tackle open questions in particle physics. The mechanism of the generation of mass of fundamental particles has been elucidated with the discovery of the Higgs boson. It is clear that the standard model is not the final theory. The open questions still awaiting clues or answers, from the LHC and other experiments, include: What is the composition of dark matter and of dark energy? Why is there more matter than anti-matter? Are there more space dimensions than the familiar three? What is the path to the unification of all the fundamental forces? This talk will discuss the status of, and prospects for, the search for new particles, symmetries and forces in order to address the open questions.This article is part of the themed issue 'Unifying physics and technology in light of Maxwell's equations'.

A search for multifractal structures, in analogy with multifractal theories, is performed on UA1 minimum bias events. A downward concave multifractal spectral function,f(α) (where α is the Lipschitz-Hölder exponent), indicates that there are self-similar cascading processes, governing the evolution from the quark to the hadron level, in the final states of hadronic interactions.f(α) is an accurate measure of the bin to bin fluctuations of any observable. It is shown that the most sensitive comparison between data and the Monte Carlo models, GENCL and PYTHIA 4.8 can be made usingf(α). It is found that these models do not fully reproduce the behaviour of the data.

The polarization of the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ has been measured for the line-reversed reactions ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ and ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ at 7 and 11.6 GeV/c using the SLAC Hybrid Facility. Since the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ decay is observed in the bubble chamber, the trigger of the flash lamps on a fast ${K}^{+}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ did not bias the polarization measurements. We find that the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$ polarizations from the two reactions have opposite signs but similar magnitudes and are in much better agreement with the predictions of weak exchange degeneracy than previous lower-energy comparisons.

The performance of lead tungstate crystals using photomultipliers and Si avalanche photodiodes to detect the scintillation light has been studied using high energy electron, pion and muon beams at CERN. Results from tests carried out in 1993 and 1994 are presented. Good energy resolution has been obtained using photomultipliers. Some further development is required of crystals and avalanche photodiodes in order to achieve a performance, with avalanche photodiode readout, similar to that obtained using photomultipliers.

Using matrices of lead tungstate crystals, energy resolutions better than 0.6% at 100 GeV have been achieved in the test beam in 1995. It has been demonstrated that a lead tungstate electromagnetic calorimeter read out by avalanche photodiodes can consistently achieve the excellent energy resolutions necessary to justify its construction in the CMS detector. The performance achieved has been understood in terms of the properties of the crystals and photodetectors.

The UA1 Collaboration has recently improved its measurement of the beauty production cross-section by including explicit measurements of bb correlations. Using these data we have determined the strong coupling constant αs. The comparison of the measured cross-section for 2-body final states with O(αs3) QCD predictions yields a measurement of αs(20 GeV) = 0.145−0.010 exp −0.016 th+0.012 +0.013, corresponding to αs(Mz) = 0.113−0.006 exp −0.009 th+0.007 +0.008. This is the first theoretically well-defined measurement of αs from a purely hadronic production process. Evaluating αs from cross-sections at different Q2-values we find that the running of αs is needed for internal consistency of the UA1 data.

A uranium tetramethylpentane hadronic calorimeter has been tested using electrons and pions of 7 GeV/c momentum with electric fields varying from 0.8 to 16.0 kV/cm; the e/π charge collection ratio has been measured as a function of the electric field within this range. It is observed that the e/π ratio can be tuned acting on the electric field without spoiling the energy resolution for electrons. At the same time the energy resolution for pions is improved. The effect was cross-checked using a second module and 40 GeV/c electron and pion beams.

The NA14 photoproduction experiment, carried out at the CERN SPS, has measured the inclusive cross section of events with a prompt photon at high pT in the final state. Here we present a study of the topology of the final state of these events. The topology differs from that observed for events with an identified π0 in the same kinematical domain. Using these differences we have extracted the contribution from the Born term to the inclusive prompt photon cross section. The result is in good agreement with theoretical predictions and supports the assignment of a fractional electric charge to the quarks.

Using the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Hybrid Facility 1-m bubble chamber with tantalum plates, a search was made for single electrons or positrons produced directly in 18-GeV/c ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ interactions. At 90% confidence level (C.L.), $R=\frac{{e}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}}{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}}&lt;2.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$. In addition, a limit can be set on charmed particle pair or associated production channels in terms of their semielectronic decay branching ratios, namely, $\ensuremath{\sigma}[{R}_{1}+{R}_{2}]&lt;2.4$ \ensuremath{\mu}b at 90% C.L.

In July 2012, the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at CERN's Large Hadron Collider announced the discovery of a Higgs-like boson, a new heavy particle at a mass more than 130 times the mass of a proton. Since then, further data have revealed its properties to be strikingly similar to those of the Standard Model Higgs boson, a particle expected from the mechanism introduced almost 50 years ago by six theoreticians including British physicists Peter Higgs from Edinburgh University and Tom Kibble from Imperial College London. The discovery is the culmination of a truly remarkable scientific journey and undoubtedly the most significant scientific discovery of the twenty-first century so far. Its experimental confirmation turned out to be a monumental task requiring the creation of an accelerator and experiments of unprecedented capability and complexity, designed to discern the signatures that correspond to the Higgs boson. Thousands of scientists and engineers, in each of the ATLAS and CMS teams, came together from all four corners of the world to make this massive discovery possible.

My Journey from the jungle-covered foothills of Mount Kenya to an international particle-physics laboratory in the foothills of the Alps has been a long and exciting one. This encompasses a 15 year voyage of discovery involving the compact muon solenoid (CMS) detector at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Scheduled to come online in 2007, this multi-TeV proton–proton collider and its vast detectors will arguably constitute the most complicated piece of apparatus that science has ever seen.

We present results from the barrel depleted uranium/TMP calorimeter modules constructed by the UA1 Collaboration. Electromagnetic and hadronic energy resolutions have been measured using electron and pion beams with momenta in the range 7 to 70 GeV/c. Results on the energy linearity and the spatial uniformity of response are reported. The electromagnetic shower position resolution has been measured as a function of energy using a fine grained position detector placed at a depth of − 3.5χ0. The noise arising both from the electronics chain and from the uranium radioactivity is compared with 70 GeV/c muon signals. The ratio of the electron to pion response has been measured both as a function of the energy and of the electric field. The high lateral and longitudinal granularity of the calorimeter and the presence of a position detector have been used to determine the electron pion separation as a function of energy.

The ATLAS and CMS experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider are discovery experiments. Thus, the aim was to make them sensitive to the widest possible range of new physics. New physics is likely to reveal itself in addressing questions such as: how do particles acquire mass; what is the particle responsible for dark matter; what is the path towards unification; do we live in a world with more space-time dimensions than the familiar four? The detection of the Higgs boson, conjectured to give mass to particles, was chosen as a benchmark to test the performance of the proposed experiment designs. Higgs production is one of the most demanding hypothesized processes in terms of required detector resolution and background discrimination. ATLAS and CMS feature full coverage, 4π-detectors to measure precisely the energies, directions and identity of all the particles produced in proton-proton collisions. Realizing this goal has required the collaborative efforts of enormous teams of people from around the world.

A quantitative test of QCD from high energy photoproduction of large transverse momentum charged hadrons, using incident γ energies between 50 and 150 GeV, is presented. The inclusive hadron P1 and Pt distributions show a clear excess over the VDM contribution. This excess is found to be in good agreement with second-order QCD calculations. This agreement does not depend critically on the choice of the gluon fragmentation function, and is observed over the large kinematical domain covered by this experiment.

New projective prototypes of a scintillator/lead sandwich type sampling calorimeter Shashlik with a silicon preshower detector have been constructed and tested with an electron beam at CERN-SPS. The energy resolution is measured to be 8.7%E(GeV) in stochastic term, 0.330/E(GeV) in noise term and 0.5% in constant term. The angular resolution is better than 70 mradE(GeV).

The article describes the early years of the two large general-purpose experiments, ATLAS and CMS, at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It covers the early conception of the detector designs to achieve the physics goals, the subsequent building of the worldwide collaborations, the evolution of the designs incorporating advances in technology and other considerations, and the painstaking global construction efforts. A detailed technical description of the detectors is beyond the scope of this review. This article also describes the development and deployment of the software and computing systems, by both the collaborations and the LHC Worldwide Computing Grid, in order to extract the physics results.

In this paper we evaluate the potential of the CMS detector for the measurement of CP violation in the B system at the initial low luminosity of LHC (~10 33 cm −2 s −1 ). The sensitivity to the unitarity triangle angle β obtained from the [Formula: see text] channel is given by δ ( sin 2β) = 0.046, whilst the sensitivity to a from the [Formula: see text] channel is given by δ ( sin 2α) = 0.082. We also discuss the possibilities of observing semi-inclusive B → μ + D (s) final states, to measure [Formula: see text] oscillations and to observe some B baryon modes.

In July 2012 the ATLAS and CMS experiments announced the discovery of a Higgs boson, confirming the conjecture put forward in the 1960’s. This article briefly traces the history of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism, its impact on the elucidation of the standard model, the design and construction of the ATLAS and CMS experiments, and finally the discovery of the Higgs boson. The article outlines some of the challenges faced during the construction of the Large Hadron Collider and its experiments, and their operation and performance. In particular, recent results relating to the properties and couplings of the Higgs boson will be discussed as well future prospects at the LHC.

A section of the UA1 uranium/tetramethylpentane forward calorimeter has been tested with muon and electron beams from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. The module has a semi-octagonal shape, so that it will closely surround the beam pipe in the end-cap calorimeter region. The mechanical and electrical requirements of this design, needed to provide a full hermeticity for a large detector, have been successfully solved to achieve an excellent overall response of the calorimeter.

The first beam-test results for two- and three-bundle shashlik tower prototypes are described. We found that the spatial resolution, the uniformity of energy response, the calorimeter reliability and hermeticity and also two showers separation are improved in multi-bundle design approach.

Abstract In July 2012 the ATLAS and CMS experiments announced the discovery of a Higgs boson, confirming the conjecture put forward in the 1960’s. This article briefly traces the history of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism, its impact on the elucidation of the standard model, the design and construction of the ATLAS and CMS experiments, and finally the discovery of the Higgs boson. The article outlines some of the challenges faced during the construction of the Large Hadron Collider and its experiments, and their operation and performance. In particular, recent results relating to the properties and couplings of the Higgs boson will be discussed as well future prospects at the LHC.

A test cell has been constructed containing liquid xenon as a scintillator, read out by silicon drift photodiodes. Results are presented from experiments with this cell in a test beam, with particular emphasis on the cells optical performance and the optical characteristics of liquid xenon at the scintillation wavelength (175 nm). Comparison of test beam results with Monte Carlo studies of the cell show the light attenuation length of liquid xenon to be ∼40 cm, and the photon yield to be 1.5 ± 0.5 × 104 photons/MeV. Calculations of the optical characteristics of the photodiodes using a three layer model for the xenon-oxide-silicon interface are compared with measurements, and the quantum efficiency is shown to be high. Ways of improving the overall optical performance of the cell are shown, based upon calculations using the stratified layer model for both detectors and cell walls.

In July 2012 the ATLAS and CMS experiments announced the discovery of a Higgs boson, confirming the conjecture put forward by Tom Kibble and others in the 1960s. This article will attempt to outline some of the challenges faced during the construction of the Large Hadron Collider and its experiments, their operation and performance, and selected physics results. In particular, results relating to the new heavy boson will be discussed as well as its properties and the future prospects for the LHC programme.

The journey in search for the Higgs boson started in earnest with the discovery of the W and Z bosons. The LHC accelerator, the ATLAS and CMS experiments were conceived in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and it took two decades to turn the concepts to reality. Novel and innovative technologies needed to be developed and turned into superbly functioning engines for providing proton‐proton collisions in the case of the LHC and physics results in the case of the experiments. The most significant discovery so far to emerge from the LHC project is that of a heavy scalar boson, announced on 4 th July 2012. The data collected so far point strongly to its properties as those expected for the Higgs boson associated with the Brout‐Englert‐Higgs mechanism.

The construction of the LHC detectors presented formidable challenges and, together with physics exploitation, has required the resources and talents of many thousands of scientists and engineers. La construction des détecteurs auprès du LHC représentait un formidable défi et, en même temps que l'exploitation de la physique, elle a requis les compétences de plusieurs milliers de scientifiques et ingénieurs talentueux.

Since 2010 there has been a rich harvest of results on standard model physics by the ATLAS and CMS experiments operating on the Large Hadron Collider. In the summer of 2012, a spectacular discovery was made by these experiments of a new, heavy particle. All the subsequently analysed data point strongly to the properties of this particle as those expected for the Higgs boson associated with the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism postulated to explain the spontaneous symmetry breaking in the electroweak sector, thereby explaining how elementary particles acquire mass. This article focuses on the CMS experiment, the technological challenges encountered in its construction, describing some of the physics results obtained so far, including the discovery of the Higgs boson, and searches for the widely anticipated new physics beyond the standard model, and peer into the future involving the high-luminosity phase of the LHC. This article is complementary to the one by Peter Jenni 4 that focuses on the ATLAS experiment.

Since 2010 there has been a rich harvest of results on standard model physics by the ATLAS and CMS experiments operating on the Large Hadron Collider. In the summer of 2012, a spectacular discovery was made by these experiments of a new, heavy particle. All the subsequently analysed data point strongly to the properties of this particle as those expected for the Higgs boson associated with the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism postulated to explain the spontaneous symmetry breaking in the electroweak sector, thereby explaining how elementary particles acquire mass. This article focuses on the CMS experiment, the technological challenges encountered in its construction, describing some of the physics results obtained so far, including the discovery of the Higgs boson, and searches for the widely anticipated new physics beyond the standard model, and peer into the future involving the high-luminosity phase of the LHC. This article is complementary to the one by Peter Jenni4 that focuses on the ATLAS experiment.

After a description of CMS the progress in its construction, installation and commissioning is outlined. Good progress is being made and CMS should be ready for recording data from collisions in the late summer of 2007.

Shashlik calorimeter prototypes equipped with preshower detector have been tested in 3 T magnetic field with electron beam at CERN-SPS. The signal from electrons increases as much as 11% at 3 T magnetic field. No significant deterioration on the energy resolution as well as the preshower detector performance have been observed.

From the many recent developments in particle detectors we select some of the major and challenging ones.The selected developments are primarily those necessitated by the harsh environment of the LHC.The presentations made in the parallel sessions of this conference are mostly placed in the context of these developments.This includes those connected with two new experiments concepts which were presented namely: TESLA and BTeV.From the inner tracking we look at pixel detectors, silicon microstrip detectors and microstrip gas detectors; from calorimetry we consider PbWO 4 scintillating crystals and the 'accordion' liquid argon calorimeter; from the muon systems we consider monitored drift tubes (MDTs), thin-gap chambers (TGCs) and resistive plate chambers (RPCs).Another subject covered, and much reported in the parallel sessions, is that of photodetectors including avalanche photodiodes (APDs), vacuum phototriodes (VPTs), hybrid photodiodes (HPDs) and visible light photon detectors (VLPCs).Finally the important subject of electronics is discussed.

Results are presented on vector meson production in the hypercharge exchange reactions: π+p→K∗+(890)Y+ and K−p→ρ−Y+ where Y+ is either Σ+ or Y∗+(1385). These reactions have been studied at 7 GeV/c and 11.5 GeV/c using the SLAC Hybrid Facility. Total and differential cross sections, hyperon polarization, and vector meson decay angular distributions are presented. We find that reactions with Σ+ production are dominated by natural parity exchange. The Y∗(1385) reactions are consistent with substantial natural parity exchange contributions but also show significant unnatural parity exchange. The differential cross sections and polarization measurements for the vector meson production are compared to the pseudoscalar production reactions.

The design of the CMS detector is described. Features particular to this detector are considered in some detail. The performance of the detector is measured by the study of physics processes that are testing for such collider experiments.

We present results from three types of Uranium/TMP calorimeter modules constructed by the UA1 Collaboration. Electromagnetic and hadronic energy resolutions have been measured using electron and pion beams in the momentum range 7 GeV/c to 70 GeV/c. Results on energy linearity and spatial uniformity of response are also reported. The electromagnetic shower position resolution in the fine sampling modules has been measured using a position detector placed at a depth of 3.4 X0. The ratio of the electron to pion response has been measured both as a function of the energy and of the electric field. The high lateral and longitudinal granularity of one of the modules which includes a position detector has been used to determine the electron-pion separation as a function of energy.