T. Rodrigo

A novel material based on lithium nickel mixed oxides modified by lanthanum impregnation was investigated as an alternative cathode for molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). The electrochemical behaviour of the new cathode material was evaluated in an eutectic mixture of lithium and potassium (Li:K, 62:38) at 650 °C by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a function of lanthanum content, immersion time and gas composition. The impedance spectra inform on electrode structural changes during the first 100 h. The loss of lithium and the low dissolution of nickel and lanthanum are responsible of these changes. Later on, the structure reaches a stable state. The lanthanum-impregnated cathodes show higher catalytic activity for oxygen reduction and lower dissolution of nickel oxide than the lanthanum-free sample. The cathode material having 0.3 wt.% of La2O3 shows the best behaviour. The loss of lithium was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductive coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).

A Time-of-Flight (TOF) detector, based on plastic scintillators and fine-mesh photomultipliers, has been added to the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF)-II experiment at the Tevatron pp̄ collider. The primary physics motivation is to provide charged kaon identification to improve neutral B meson flavor determination. Besides that, the TOF detector found application in the CDF trigger system in implementation of highly ionizing particle, high multiplicity and cosmic rays triggers.

Charm D-meson production in 360 GeV π−p interactions has been studied using the high-resolution hydrogen bubble chamber LEBC and the European Hybrid Spectrometer. The data show evidence for leading quark effects both in the number of D-meson types and in the Feynman x distributions. The production cross section is of the form d2δdxdpT2∞(1-x)nexp(-apT2) with n = 2.8±0.8 and a = 1.1±0.3 (GeV/c)−2. The x distribution is, however, compatible with the presence of both central (n = 6) and leading (n = 1) D/Dproduction. The fraction of D-messons in the leading component is estimated to be ≈30%. The rapidity gap between members of reconstructed charm pairs is small compared to the available rapidity range. The inclusive cross section for single D-messons in the forward direction is: δ(D/D)=(408+15)μb (forx>0).

Using data obtained with EHS equipped with the Rapid Cycling Bubble Chamber (RCBC) exposed to a proton beam of 360 GeV/c, we calculate topological cross sections. We present in great detail the procedure and the techniques used to correct raw data. Finally, we give multiplicity moments and multiplicity correlations and we compare the values obtained in our experiment, together with data at other energies, with different models.

Results on cross sections, longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions forK /0 , Λ and $$\bar \Lambda $$ production in 360GeV/cpp interactions are presented as obtained from EHS equipped with the Rapid Cycling Bubble Chamber (RCBC). The Λ and $$\bar \Lambda $$ polarizations are measured. The cross section for the diffractive components is given using the recoil spectrum. The data are discussed with respect to charm production.

The molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) is expected to be an efficient device for the conversion of chemical energy in the near future. However, one of the major limits to the lifetime is the dissolution of the nickel oxide cathode in the electrolyte. This problem can be overcome by the addition of new compounds to the nickel oxide. In this way, the performance and the endurance of a new Ni–Ce cathode for MCFC has been tested and the results compared to a commercial nickel cathode. The polarisation curves were measured in order to check the degradation of the cell performance with time. The results showed a better performance with the novel cathode material (136 mW/cm2 at 200 mA/cm2 during 2100 h) than the commercial one (the voltage decreased from 120 to 108 mW/cm2 at 150 mA/cm2 in 1000 h). The better performance of Ni–Ce cathode with respect to the Ni one can be attributed to the good effect of cerium in the cathode. The change in the nickel crystalline structure reduces the dissolution of nickel in the electrolyte and implies a greater endurance of the cell. The current–voltage curves were measured and showed the same trend for both cells. Postmortem analyses were done in order to characterise the cells. As a conclusion, the addition of cerium can be beneficial to overcome the dissolution of the nickel cathode in the electrolyte, which is considered one of the major limits to the lifetime of a MCFC.

Porous nickel cathode was protected by potentiostatically deposited cobalt at different experimental conditions: oxidation potential and electrolysis duration. The deposition growth increased with the oxidation potential yielding a more developed granular structure with smaller grains. Thin layers of Co3O4 were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. CoOOH was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) before annealing treatment and Co3O4 after heating the sample at 500 °C during 4 h in air. After this treatment, some morphological changes were observed on the coated samples due to grain compaction and oxidation of the nickel substrate. The porosity of the coated samples was relatively close to that of the sole porous nickel. These coatings exhibited an appropriate dual-pore structure with macro and micro pores, a basic MCFC requirement.

360 GeV/c proton interactions with aluminium (Al) and gold (Au) targets are studied using the European Hybrid Spectrometer (EHS) equipped with the Rapid Cycling Bubble Chamber (RCBC). Multiplicities, rapidity distributions and correlations between leading and other produced particles are presented and compared with Monte Carlo calculations based on the multi-chain and Lund models.

The intermediate and forward gamma detectors of EHS are used to reconstructπ°'s produced by 360 GeV/cpp interactions in the Rapid Cycling Bubble Chamber (RCBC). Using thepp forwardbackward symmetry, the inclusiveπ° production cross section is obtainedσ π°=(132±11) mb. The averageπ° multiplicity is determined as a function of the charged particle multiplicity. The (1−x) dependence is given for differentp T regions.

Primary health care in Brazil has a well-organised approach which is the result of sustained commitment to providing high quality primary health care for the whole population.The Family Health Strategy, launched in 1994, has been a key pillar of the efforts to reorganise and strengthen primary health care in Brazil.Since its implementation, a growing share of the Brazilian population can benefit from free access to a community-based approach to preventive and primary health care services.An extensive body of academic research has provided evidence of the key contributions of the Family Health Strategy to the reduction of almost 18 deaths per 1 000 birth in infant mortality rate observed between 1990 and 2019 in Brazil.The programme has also been associated with reduction in mortality and hospitalisations for chronic disease.Recent estimations also show that the implementation of the Family Health Strategy was associated with a reduction of 45% of the standardised hospitalisation rates per 10 000 inhabitants between 2001 and 2016, mostly for primary care conditions such as asthma, gastroenteritis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.However, as some challenges are overcome, new ones approach, as Brazilian population ages, population risk factors such as obesity are on the rise, and emerging pandemic threats require resilience and adaptability. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE IN BRAZIL © OECD 2021This review was prepared by the OECD Secretariat to draw on evidence and best practices from across OECD health care systems to support Brazil in strengthening its primary health care sector, and guarantee it is responsive to people's changing needs, capable of offering preventive, continuous and co-ordinated care equally across the country.

A Time-of-Flight (TOF) detector, based on plastic scintillator and fine-mesh photomultiplier tubes, has been added to the CDF-II experiment. Since August 2001, the TOF system has been fully instrumented and integrated into the CDF-II data acquisition system. The TOF system will provide particle identification of low momentum charged pions, kaons and protons in pp̄ collisions. With a design resolution goal of about 100ps, separation between charged kaons and pions is expected at the 2 sigma level for momenta below 1.6GeV/c, which enhances CDF's b-flavor tagging capabilities. We describe the design of the TOF detector and discuss its on-line and off-line calibration. Some performance benchmarks using proton–antiproton collision data are presented.

From the measurements of the inclusive production ratios between π-, K- and p̄ at Feynman x = 0 in 360 GeV/c pp interactions and using the predictions of the Lund fragmentation model, we determine the strangeness and diquark suppression factors and find γs,l = 0.28 ± 0.03 and γD,l = 0.063 ± 0.011.

Correlations among identically charged pions were measured for pions produced inp p collisions at 360 GeV/c using the EHS spectrometer. The effective radius for pion production was determined to be 1.02±0.20 fm with a chaoticity factor 0.32±0.08. We attempted to obtain the radii in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the beam axis and found no difference between them. No multiplicity dependence of the radius was observed at this energy. A peak near zero in the four momentum transfer distribution showed significant deviation from a single Gaussian. The results of an analysis of the three like pion enhancement were consistent with those for two pions.

Feynmanx distributions for the inclusive reactionsP+P→hadron+anything at 360 GeV/c are analyzed in terms of a quark-diquark fragmentation model. The proton is assumed to be composed either of a quark and a diquark or of three independent quarks. The model tested includes a hadronization part for which we use the Field-Feynman and LUND fragmentation functions. The model with diquarks gives a better description of our experimental data; in particular forP+P→Λ 0+anything, the model without diquarks fails to reproduce the data.

Multiplicity distributions in various rapidity intervals for charged particles produced in collisions of 360 GeV/c protons with aluminium (Al) and gold (Au) targets are presented. The data were analysed separately for the forward and backward hemispheres. Each distribution is well described by a negative binomial distribution. The experimental distributions are compared with the predictions of the multichain model calculated by the Monte Carlo program MCMHA in which the intranuclear cascade process is included, and also with the Lund Monte Carlo FRITIOF. The results of MCMHA reproduce quite well the multiplicity distributions for various rapidity intervals.

Impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the stability and the catalytic activity of the lithium–nickel mixed oxides with high lithium content (LixNi1−xO, x=0.30–0.40) in a eutectic melt (Li:K) at 650 °C under a corrosive atmosphere (CO2:O2 4:1). The results were compared with a NiO reference cathode material. A modified transmission line model allowed to give a physical-meaning to the impedance spectra. All Li–Ni oxides showed similar catalytic activity and their impedance values were one order of magnitude lower than NiO. During the first 100 h of immersion, the samples showed structural changes due to the loss of lithium. Later on, the structure kept stable. The loss of lithium was confirmed by chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). All Li–Ni oxide samples reduced the nickel dissolution in the eutectic in one order of magnitude in relation to NiO. In general, similar morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the fresh samples. After their immersion, the Li–Ni oxides did not show morphological change except for the sample with x=0.30, for which a reduction of the particle size was observed. NiO presented an important morphological change due to its lithiation in situ.

Using a quark-diquark fragmentation model, in which either the Field-Feynman or the Lund model is coupled with a quark-diquark distribution function, we study transverse momentum distributions,p T, for the inclusive reactionspp→hadron +anything at 360 GeV/c. We find that a primordial mean transverse momentum 〈k T〉≃0.4 GeV/c can well reproduce thep T 2 distributions of charged hadrons, π0,K s 0 , Λ0,K * and Σ* and the Feynmanx−p T correlations. We confirm that a diquark in a proton plays an important rôle in reproducing thex−p T correlation of Λ0.

Abstract The CDF II detector contains a time-of-flight detector consisting of 216 scintillator bars of 279 cm length and 4×4 cm2 cross-section located at a radius of 138 cm from the beam axis. The bars are installed on the inner surface of the CDF solenoid, which produces an axial field of 1.4 T. Nineteen-stage fine-mesh photomultiplier tubes are attached at both ends of the scintillator bars. Photostatistics limit the time-of-flight resolution, which is expected to be 100 ps. The primary physics motivation is K± identification for improved neutral B meson flavor determination.

The purpose of this work is to improve the electrocatalytic activity of Li–Ni mixed oxides by the addition of rare earth oxides (cerium or lanthanum). The influence of cerium and lanthanum on the electrocatalytic activity of these compounds was investigated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The stability of these compounds was studied in a mixture of 62% lithium carbonate and 38% potassium carbonate at high temperature under an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide to accelerate their dissolution. The morphology and the crystalline structure of the samples were not affected by the incorporation of cerium or lanthanum. The samples impregnated with CeO2 or La2O3 showed lower resistance to charger-transfer processes than the sample without earth rare oxides. Both cerium and lanthanum improved the charger-transfer processes for oxygen reduction in an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide. The reason may be due to cerium oxide acting as oxygen donor, and lanthanum oxide capturing CO2, and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide on the surface of electrode.

A uranium tetramethylpentane hadronic calorimeter has been tested using electrons and pions of 7 GeV/c momentum with electric fields varying from 0.8 to 16.0 kV/cm; the e/π charge collection ratio has been measured as a function of the electric field within this range. It is observed that the e/π ratio can be tuned acting on the electric field without spoiling the energy resolution for electrons. At the same time the energy resolution for pions is improved. The effect was cross-checked using a second module and 40 GeV/c electron and pion beams.

We present the measured performance of a new generation of semitransparent amorphous silicon position detectors. They have a large sensitive area (30×30 mm2) and show good properties such as a high response (about 20 mA/W), an intrinsic position resolution better than 3 μm, a spatial-point reconstruction precision better than 10 μm, deflection angles smaller than 10 μrad and a transmission power in the visible and NIR higher than 70%.

This document describes results obtained from the Link alignment system data recorded during the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Magnet Test. A brief description of the system is followed by a discussion of the detected relative displacements (from micrometres to centimetres) between detector elements and rotations of detector structures (from microradians to milliradians). Observed displacements are studied as functions of the magnetic field intensity. In addition, the reconstructed positions of active element sensors are compared to their positions as measured by photogrammetry and the reconstructed motions due to the magnetic field strength are described.

We describe the construction process of large-area high-performance transparent amorphous silicon position detecting sensors. Details about the characteristics of the associated local electronic board (LEB), specially designed for these sensors, are given. In addition we report on the performance of a multipoint alignment monitoring application of 12 sensors in a 13 m long light path.

Semitransparent amorphous silicon sensors have been proposed as the 2D positioning sensors for the link system of the CMS alignment. An in-depth study of the actual performance of these sensors is here reported.

We have studied the inclusive production of strange meson and baryon resonances in 360 GeV/cpp interactions. Cross sections forK *+(892) andK *−(892) are estimated to be 4.42±0.62 mb and 2.54±0.47 mb respectively and those for∑ +(1385) and∑ −(1385) are 0.67±0.11 mb and 0.26±0.07 mb respectively. Longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions forK *(892) and Σ(1385) are presented, as well as for their decay productsK 0 and Λ. An estimation is given on theK *(1430) and∑ *(1915) productions.

We present the measured performance of a new generation of large sensitive area (28×28 mm2) semitransparent amorphous silicon position detector sensors. More than 100 units have been characterized. They show a very high performance. To illustrate a multipoint application, we present results from the monitoring of five sensors placed in a 5.5-m-long light path.

Vegetative propagation were studied in order to implement Khaya senegalensis A. Juss.wood production, conservation and genetic improvement programs.The objective of this research work was to establish the requirement as well the appropriated concentration of indolbutiric acid (IBA) in the K. senegalensis leafy stem cuttings to produce new plants.The basal end of the leafy stem cuttings were immersed, at first subjected to the so called slow method, in a 5% ethanol solution with 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg L -1 of IBA for 12 h and, as another procedure, the so called quick method, to a 50% ethanol solution with 0, 3000, 6000, 9000 and 12000 mg L -1 of IBA for 5.The leafy stem cuttings were transferred to plastic trays filled with 9.5 L of medium texture expanded vermiculite in which the cuttings had their basal end immersed to a depth of 3 cm in an 8.0 x 8.0 cm spacing.The experimental units were distributed according to a completely random design with five replications.Each experimental unit consisted of twelve cuttings.The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse under a 50% of shade condition during the period from January to June of 2012.The quick method, in comparison with the slow one, gave the best results in terms of percentage of rooted stem cuttings and height of the sprouted plantlets.In the quick method, no differences between IBA concentrations were observed.The slow and the quick methods did not differ as to stem cuttings survival, total root length per leafy stem cutting, number of roots per stem cutting, plantlets survival and percentage of sprouted plantlets.It was concluded that K. senegalensis may be propagated by leafy stem cuttings taken from plantlets of seminal origin without the use of IBA.

We present results from the barrel depleted uranium/TMP calorimeter modules constructed by the UA1 Collaboration. Electromagnetic and hadronic energy resolutions have been measured using electron and pion beams with momenta in the range 7 to 70 GeV/c. Results on the energy linearity and the spatial uniformity of response are reported. The electromagnetic shower position resolution has been measured as a function of energy using a fine grained position detector placed at a depth of − 3.5χ0. The noise arising both from the electronics chain and from the uranium radioactivity is compared with 70 GeV/c muon signals. The ratio of the electron to pion response has been measured both as a function of the energy and of the electric field. The high lateral and longitudinal granularity of the calorimeter and the presence of a position detector have been used to determine the electron pion separation as a function of energy.

A Time-of-Flight detector (TOF) has been incorporated into the CDF-II experiment in order to provide charged kaon identification to improve neutral B meson flavor determination. With an expected time-of-flight resolution of 100 ps, the system will be able to provide 2 standard deviation separation between K± and π± for momenta p < 1.6 GeV/c, complementing the specific ionization energy loss dE/dx measured with the new drift chamber.

An analysis of event-shape structure in momentum space is presented in non-diffractive proton-proton interactions at s=26 GeV. The data have been compared with those obtained in other low-pT hadronic collisions and also with those from e+e− annihilations. The jet-like behaviour becomes more pronounced at higher CM energies in the low-pT hadron data. There is, however, no evidence of three-jet-like events in the present data as observed in e+e− annihilations.

In a study of proton-proton interactions at $$\sqrt s = 26GeV$$ , inclusive distributions of single pions and systems of pions of various charge combinations are presented, as well as the production ratio obtained in association with various trigger particles. The results are compared to current phenomenological models in an attempt to understand multiparticle productions in hadron collisions.

A measurement of the optical absorption, induced by photon irradiation up to a dose of 0.9 MGy, in Nufern silica core single-mode optical fibres is presented. In addition, the fibres were irradiated with neutrons, up to a total fluence of 2×1014 cm−2 and the induced optical absorption was evaluated for four different wavelengths: 630, 670, 681 and 785 nm.

This document presents an application of the new generation of amorphous silicon position detecting (ASPD) sensors to multipoint alignment. Twelve units are monitored along a 20 m long laser beam, where the light path is deflected by 90° using a pentaprism.

Magnet Cycles and Stability Periods of the CMS Experiment are studied with the Alignment Link System data recorded along the 2008–2013 years of operation. The motions of the mechanical structures due to the magnetic field forces are studied and the mechanical stability of the detector during the physics data taking periods is verified.

Semitransparent amorphous-silicon sensors are basic elements for laser 2D position reconstruction in the CMS multipoint alignment link system. Some of the sensors have to work in a very hard radiation environment. Two different sensor types have been irradiated with 60Co photons (up to 100 kGy) and fast neutrons (up to 1015cm−2), and the subsequent change in their performance has been measured.

The photo-response behaviour of Amorphous Silicon Position Detectors (ASPDs) under prolonged illumination with a 681 nm diode–laser and a 633 nm He–Ne laser is presented. Both direct and inverse Staebler–Wronski effects are observed.

A study of the time required for the CMS detector to reach structural equilibrium once the magnetic field is ramped to its operational value of 3.8 T is presented. In addition, the results from a stability monitoring at 3.8 T over an eight-month period are given.

A study of the photo-response behaviour of carbon-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon photo-detectors over 2800 h of continuous illumination with white light is presented. Both direct and inverse Staebler–Wronski effects are observed in the data.

Two particle correlations of hadrons produced in 360 GeV/cpp interactions are investigated in the transverse plane and in rapidity. The data were obtained at the European hybrid spectrometer equipped with a rapid cycling bubble chamber. The observed transverse and rapidity correlations are compared with the one string LUND-and a two string dual parton-model. These models predict in general stronger correlations in the transverse plane and much weaker correlations in rapidity than found in the data. The LUND-FRITIOF-and multichain dual parton models provide a better reproduction of the data, although the agreement is not yet satisfactory. Only the UA5 cluster model GENCL shows agreement with the data.

The major improvement in the upgraded UA1 calorimetry at the SppS is the general use of ionization chambers filled with tetramethylpentane (TMP) as a detection medium interspersed with uranium plates as absorber. To achieve overall uniformity of detection down to very small angles, an identical solution is proposed for the forward calorimetry. Forward calorimetry is essential for good total and missing energy measurement at high luminosity in view of the increasing rate of multiple collisions. Both designs for forward and very forward calorimeters are presented along with expected resolutions.

A Time-of-Flight detector (TOF), with a technique based on plastic scintillators and finemesh photomultipliers, has been added to the CDF-II experiment. The main physics motivation is to improve neutral B meson flavor determination by K ± identification. The expected time resolution is 100 ps, which provides at least two standard deviations separation between K ± and π ± for momenta p &lt; 1.6 Gev/cand better than 1.2 standard deviations separation over all momenta when combining TOF identification with dE/dx identification using the new drift chamber.

In this note we present first tests done with the tiltmeters proposed as the key elements of the Laser Level systems to be used in the CMS alignment system. The response of the sensors under moderated longitudinal and transverse tilts is studied and intrinsic performance is extracted.

We report on the study made on commercial CMOS image sensors in order to determine their feasibility for light beam position reconstruction. Measurements of the intrinsic position resolution, sensor photoresponse and uniformity were done. The effect of eventual background illumination was evaluated. The precision on the spatial point reconstruction was determined from linearity measurements. First results on gamma-ray radiation tolerance are presented.

Optical absorption induced by photon radiation was evaluated for several commercial pure silica core, single mode, optical fibres. The study was performed for three different wavelengths: 630, 670 and 785 nm. We have identified a fibre whose induced transmission loss stays below 1 dB/m after 300 kGy gamma-ray irradiation.

A section of the UA1 uranium/tetramethylpentane forward calorimeter has been tested with muon and electron beams from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. The module has a semi-octagonal shape, so that it will closely surround the beam pipe in the end-cap calorimeter region. The mechanical and electrical requirements of this design, needed to provide a full hermeticity for a large detector, have been successfully solved to achieve an excellent overall response of the calorimeter.

LHC, working at the expected nominal luminosity, will induce an extremely high irradiation in the CMS experiment. The CMS alignment system uses optical elements to build the laser beams paths. Optical properties of basic components such as glasses and glues may result affected and their transmission power may degrade significantly. We have proceeded to a first test of various glasses and glues and identified some of them that can stand up to 150kGy of gamma-rays plus 5×1014neutrons/cm2.

The central feature of the CMS Link alignment system is a network of Amorphous Silicon Position Detectors distributed throughout the muon spectrometer that are connected by multiple laser lines. The data collected during the years from 2008 to 2015 is presented confirming an outstanding performance of the photo sensors during more than seven years of operation. Details of the photo sensor readout of the laser signals are presented. The mechanical motions of the CMS detector are monitored using these photosensors and good agreement with distance sensors is obtained.

Semitransparent amorphous silicon sensors have been proposed as the 2D positioning sensors for the link system of the CMS alignment. We have developed a general method to characterise these sensors, from the signal reconstruction to the beam distortion. First test results with a few sensors are here reported.

Production properties and correlations forK 0 K 0 ,K 0 Λ,K 0 ¯Λ and Λ¯Λ systems in 360 GeV/cpp interactions are presented. All rapidity gap distributions are observed to peak at Δy=0 and the azimuthal angular distributions between the two particles are consistent with being flat. Experimental results are compared with the quark fusion and Lund models of particle production.

Results on the longitudinal-momentum distributions of π±, K±, protons and antiprotons produced in 360 GeV/c π− interactions are presented. They are compared with other available data and discussed in terms of π− fragmentation.

Rasniks elements are foreseen to be used in the CMS alignment system. The large displacements and deformations expected for the different subdetectors demands large linearity response range of the alignment components. By the use of an integrating sphere coupled to the light source, we have optimized the homogenity of the beam, leading to improvement, by factor three, in the linearity range of the Rasnik system with respect to conventional configurations, preserving the measurement position resolution. The range obtained coincides with the maximum reachable with the geometry of the used components.

Properties of proton diffractive dissociation have been investigated for four-prong final states in proton-proton reactions at 360 GeV/c, in particular forpp→ppπ +π− mπ 0(m=0,1,2). Mass distributions and decay angular distributions are given. The decay of the diffractive system is seen to be very anisotropic, and largep T is suppressed at higher masses. It is found that the “pomeron” couples with a single valence quark of the incident proton, but indications for a diquark-pomeron coupling are also found. Similarities with fragmentation in lepton-hadron deep inelastic scattering are underlined.

A novel, accurate and inexpensive device for measuring short distances is presented. Data taken with a very simple prototype are presented and its performance is extracted.

We report on irradiation studies done to a sample of high-precision electrolytic tiltmeters with gamma-rays, up to a maximum dose of 150 kGy, and neutrons, up to a maximum fluence of 1.5×1014 cm−2. The effect of the irradiation on their performance is discussed.

A study of Λ production has been made in the target fragmentation region frompp interactions at 360 GeV/c. The triple Regge analysis of the double differential distributiond 2 N/d(M 2/s)dt led to an estimate of the kaon trajectory intercept as ≈-−0.6. Comparison of the double and single inclusive distributions supports the idea of Pomeron factorization. The charged multiplicities and moments from virtual ‘K +’p interactions have been studied as a function ofM, the c.m. energy of the virtual ‘K +’p system. The results agree reasonably well with the on shellK + p data.

A Time-of-Flight detector (TOF) has been added to the CDF-II experiment to provide charged kaon identification primarily for neutral B meson flavor determination. With its expected 100 ps time-of-flight resolution, the TOF system will be able to provide at least two standard deviation separation between K/sup /spl plusmn// and /spl pi//sup /spl plusmn// for momenta p < 1.6 GeV/c, complementing the specific ionization energy loss, dE/dx, measured in the new drift chamber. This paper describes the TOF detector and reports on the initial performance based on the data collected by the CDF-II so far.

Semitransparent amorphous silicon sensors are the key elements for laser light 2D position reconstruction in the CMS alignment system. Some of them have to work in very extreme radiation environment. We have irradiated with gammas, up to 10 MRad, two different sensors and measured their change in performance.

A first global test of the CMS Alignment System was performed at the I4 hall of the CERN ISR tunnel. Positions of the network, reproducing a set of points in the CMS detector monitored by the Link System, were reconstructed and compared to survey measurements. Spatial and angular reconstruction precisions reached in the present experimental set-up are already close to the CMS requirements.

A method for a real time remote accurate coplanarity measurement of a network of points is presented. A light surface, generated by a laser and a rotating pentaprism, is used as a reference plane to which the relative positions of a set of CCD sensors, located on the nodes of the network, are determined. Based on this method, a prototype for the alignment of the CMS detector has been built and tested. Position reconstruction algorithms and experimental test results are presented. The obtained position measurement precision was 10 μm up to distances of 6 m.

We present observations of the electrolytic clinometers behaviour inside magnetic field environments introducing phenomenological expressions to account for the measured output voltage variations as functions of field gradients and field strengths.

This document presents an overview of the induced photocurrents in the Amorphous Silicon Position Detectors used in the network of diode lasers and photo sensors of the CMS Link alignment system recorded during its eleven years of operation. After a description of the sensors characteristics, the layout of the sensors network is discussed. The sensors are distributed throughout the muon spectrometer and connected by laser lines. The data used correspond to readout information obtained during some of the physics runs from 2008 to 2018.

We report on irradiation studies done to a sample of high-precision electrolytic tiltmeters with gamma-rays, up to a maximum dose of 150 kGy, and neutrons, up to a maximum fluence of 1.5×1014 cm−2. The effect of the irradiation on their performance is discussed.

The standard model predictions for W and Z production are tested using an integrated luminosity of 200 pb of pp collision data collected at the Collider Detector at Fermilab. The cross sections are measured by selecting leptonic decays of the W and Z bosons, and photons with transverse energy E > 7 GeV that are well separated from leptons. The production cross sections and kinematic distributions for the W and Z data are compared to SM predictions. © 2005 The American Physical Society.

A new Time of Flight (TOF) detector based on scintillator bars with fine-mesh photomultipliers at both ends has been in operation since 2001 in the CDF experiment. With a design resolution of 100 ps, the TOF can provide separation between K/sup /spl plusmn// and /spl pi//sup /spl plusmn// in pp~ collisions at the 2/spl sigma/ level for low momentum, which enhances b flavor tagging capabilities. Because of its very fast response, the TOF is an excellent triggering device, and it is used to trigger on highly ionizing particles, multiple minimum ionizing particles and cosmic rays. Particle identification is achieved by comparing the time-of-flight of the particle measured by the TOF to the time expected for a given mass hypothesis. In order to obtain the resolution necessary for particle ID, optimal calibrations are critical. This paper describes the TOF detector, its calibration procedure, the achieved resolution, the long term operation performances and some of the first results from data analysis using this detector.

In this note we present first tests done with the tiltmeters proposed as the key elements of the Laser Level systems to be used in the CMS alignment system. The reponse of the sensors under moderated longitudinal and transversal tilts is studied and intrinsic perform ance is extracted.

We present the first measurement of the jet pseudorapidity distribution in direct photon events from a sample of p{bar p} collisions at {radical} (s) =1.8TeV, recorded with the Collider Detector at Fermilab. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) predicts that these events are primarily from hard quark-gluon Compton scattering, qg{r_arrow}q{gamma}, with the final state quark producing the jet of hadrons. The jet pseudorapidity distribution in this model is sensitive to parton momentum fractions between 0.015 and 0.15. We find that the shape of the measured pseudorapidity distribution agrees well with next-to-leading order QCD calculations. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}

In summary a main effort of this working group was to study how one can learn something about electroweak symmetry breaking at machines like LHC. The main result is that a p-like object as expected in QCD-like or Technicolor scenarios can be seen in the W± Z channel via leptonic decays if it has a mass up to O(2 TeV). The luminosity will determine the highest reachable mass. With Ϛ,= 10³⁴ cm⁻²s⁻¹ LHC should be able to detect such a state below 2 TeV where good lepton detection capabilities are assumed. If this p-like object is however heavier then more luminosity will be essential. To surpass 2 TeV and maybe even reach 2.5 TeV the full luminosity of 4.0 10³⁴ cm⁻²s⁻¹ is required. Both simulation methods give comparable consistent results. The dominance of the contributions from qq' annihilation via mixing for masses mp < 2 TeV particularly at LHC parameters was nicely emphasized by the BESS group and also included in the DHT approach. The DHT approach allows to simulate more general dynamical cases such as Higgs-like dynamics for which the ZZ channel is most promising. The signal to background ratio is however not as good as in the QCD/Technicolor case. Correspondingly the limits on a Higgs like state will be weaker. For a Higgs particle a lower limit up to about 800 GeV will arise. Since consistency requirements limit the Standard Model Higgs to values below this limit it will be possible to cover the full window of allowed masses of the Standard Model. If no Higgs is found then the normal (simplest) Higgs scenario is ruled out and alternatives must be sought. In this context it is important that the search for p-like objects will be possible up to 2 or 2.5 TeV which is precisely the range where scaled QCD or Technicolor would predict it to be. Therefore the LHC can fully cover the two simplest scenarios of symmetry breaking. Note that the limits for a scalar or p-like object are a direct consequence of its mass and the underlying mass to width relations. Therefore any nonstandard width can make the corresponing signal more or less visible. If the widths are for whatever reason wider than normal then the limits get weaker. Comparing the LHC and SSC one finds roughly the same physics potential. With the chosen parameters both machines are good at finding a p-like state in the W± Z channel up to masses 0(2 TeV). The signal to background ratio is typically slightly better for the SSC but with a smaller number of events. The ability to reach the design parameters and to build such demanding detectors will therefore decide which machine is better. The LHC will be able to put very strong limits on the scale of compositeness. Typically these limits are ~20 TeV. Excited leptons and quarks can be limited to be heavier than 5-10 TeV. Consequences of baryon number violating processes have been described in section VI. Some of the ingredients involved are still disputed and are hopefully fully clarified within the next years. If this mechanism is relevant and if the threshold energy is below 11 TeV then this will be important at LHC any may be one out of many new things that could show up when we make such a big step forward towards higher energies.

Top quark observation heavy flavour physics perturbative QCD symmetry-breaking mechanisms recent results at LEP HERA and Fermilab potential physics of LEP200 and LHC relevant topics in theoretical HEP instrumentation.

An analysis of the W [yields] l[nu] events, l=e,[mu], yields a jet multiplicity distribution. Data selection and background are presented. The data are shown to be in good agreement with the VECBOS Monte Carlo which generates W [yields] l[nu] plus n jets by a leading order QCD calculation (n=0[divided by]4).

Algunos aspectos de las interacciones de protones de 360 GeV/c con A1 y Au han sido estudiadas usando el Espectometro Hibrido Europeo (EHS), equipado con una Camara de Burbujas de Ciclo Rapido (RCBC). Presentamos distribuciones de multiplicidad y rapidez.