Tamás Novák

Proton-proton elastic scattering has been measured by the TOTEM experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at in dedicated runs with the Roman Pot detectors placed as close as seven times the transverse beam size (σbeam) from the outgoing beams. After careful study of the accelerator optics and the detector alignment, |t|, the square of four-momentum transferred in the elastic scattering process, has been determined with an uncertainty of . In this letter, first results of the differential cross-section are presented covering a |t|-range from 0.36 to 2.5 GeV2. The differential cross-section in the range 0.36 < |t| < 0.47 GeV2 is described by an exponential with a slope parameter B = (23.6 ± 0.5stat ± 0.4syst) GeV−2, followed by a significant diffractive minimum at |t| = (0.53 ± 0.01stat ± 0.01syst) GeV2. For |t|-values larger than ∼1.5 GeV2, the cross-section exhibits a power law behaviour with an exponent of −7.8 ± 0.3stat ± 0.1syst. When compared to predictions based on the different available models, the data show a strong discriminative power despite the small t-range covered.

The TOTEM collaboration has measured the proton–proton total cross section at $$\sqrt{s}=13~\hbox {TeV}$$ with a luminosity-independent method. Using dedicated $$\beta ^{*}=90~\hbox {m}$$ beam optics, the Roman Pots were inserted very close to the beam. The inelastic scattering rate has been measured by the T1 and T2 telescopes during the same LHC fill. After applying the optical theorem the total proton–proton cross section is $$\sigma _\mathrm{tot}=(110.6~\pm ~3.4$$ ) mb, well in agreement with the extrapolation from lower energies. This method also allows one to derive the luminosity-independent elastic and inelastic cross sections: $$\sigma _\mathrm{el}=(31.0~\pm ~1.7)~\hbox {mb}$$ and $$\sigma _\mathrm{inel}=(79.5~\pm ~1.8)~\hbox {mb}$$ .

Abstract The TOTEM experiment at the LHC has performed the first measurement at $$\sqrt{s} = 13\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>13</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mi>TeV</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> of the $$\rho $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> parameter, the real to imaginary ratio of the nuclear elastic scattering amplitude at $$t=0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> , obtaining the following results: $$\rho = 0.09 \pm 0.01$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.09</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> and $$\rho = 0.10 \pm 0.01$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.10</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> , depending on different physics assumptions and mathematical modelling. The unprecedented precision of the $$\rho $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> measurement, combined with the TOTEM total cross-section measurements in an energy range larger than $$10\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mi>TeV</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> (from 2.76 to $$13\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>13</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mi>TeV</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> ), has implied the exclusion of all the models classified and published by COMPETE. The $$\rho $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> results obtained by TOTEM are compatible with the predictions, from other theoretical models both in the Regge-like framework and in the QCD framework, of a crossing-odd colourless 3-gluon compound state exchange in the t -channel of the proton–proton elastic scattering. On the contrary, if shown that the crossing-odd 3-gluon compound state t -channel exchange is not of importance for the description of elastic scattering, the $$\rho $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> value determined by TOTEM would represent a first evidence of a slowing down of the total cross-section growth at higher energies. The very low-| t | reach allowed also to determine the absolute normalisation using the Coulomb amplitude for the first time at the LHC and obtain a new total proton–proton cross-section measurement $$\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}} = (110.3 \pm 3.5)\,\mathrm{mb}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mi>tot</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>110.3</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>3.5</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mspace /><mml:mi>mb</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> , completely independent from the previous TOTEM determination. Combining the two TOTEM results yields $$\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}} = (110.5 \pm 2.4)\,\mathrm{mb}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mi>tot</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>110.5</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>2.4</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mspace /><mml:mi>mb</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> .

Abstract The TOTEM collaboration has measured the elastic proton-proton differential cross section $$\mathrm{d}\sigma /\mathrm{d}t$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> at $$\sqrt{s}=13$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>13</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> TeV LHC energy using dedicated $$\beta ^{*}=90$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow /><mml:mo>∗</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>90</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> m beam optics. The Roman Pot detectors were inserted to 10 $$\sigma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:math> distance from the LHC beam, which allowed the measurement of the range [0.04 GeV $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math> ; 4 GeV $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math> $$]$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:math> in four-momentum transfer squared | t |. The efficient data acquisition allowed to collect about 10 $$^{9}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>9</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math> elastic events to precisely measure the differential cross-section including the diffractive minimum (dip), the subsequent maximum (bump) and the large-| t | tail. The average nuclear slope has been found to be $$B=(20.40 \pm 0.002^{\mathrm{stat}} \pm 0.01^{\mathrm{syst}})~$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>20.40</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>002</mml:mn><mml:mi>stat</mml:mi></mml:msup><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>01</mml:mn><mml:mi>syst</mml:mi></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mspace /></mml:mrow></mml:math> GeV $$^{-2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math> in the | t |-range 0.04–0.2 GeV $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math> . The dip position is $$|t_{\mathrm{dip}}|=(0.47 \pm 0.004^{\mathrm{stat}} \pm 0.01^{\mathrm{syst}})~$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>dip</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.47</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>004</mml:mn><mml:mi>stat</mml:mi></mml:msup><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>01</mml:mn><mml:mi>syst</mml:mi></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mspace /></mml:mrow></mml:math> GeV $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math> . The differential cross section ratio at the bump vs. at the dip $$R=1.77\pm 0.01^{\mathrm{stat}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.77</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>01</mml:mn><mml:mi>stat</mml:mi></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> has been measured with high precision. The series of TOTEM elastic pp measurements show that the dip is a permanent feature of the pp differential cross-section at the TeV scale.

Abstract The proton–proton elastic differential cross section $${\mathrm{d}}\sigma /{\mathrm{d}}t$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> has been measured by the TOTEM experiment at $$\sqrt{s}=2.76\hbox { TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>2.76</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mtext>TeV</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math> energy with $$\beta ^{*}=11\hbox { m}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow /><mml:mo>∗</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>11</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mtext>m</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math> beam optics. The Roman Pots were inserted to 13 times the transverse beam size from the beam, which allowed to measure the differential cross-section of elastic scattering in a range of the squared four-momentum transfer (| t |) from 0.36 to $$0.74\hbox { GeV}^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.74</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:msup><mml:mtext>GeV</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> . The differential cross-section can be described with an exponential in the | t |-range between 0.36 and $$0.54\hbox { GeV}^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.54</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:msup><mml:mtext>GeV</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> , followed by a diffractive minimum (dip) at $$|t_{\mathrm{dip}}|=(0.61\pm 0.03)\hbox { GeV}^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>dip</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.61</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.03</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mspace /></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mtext>GeV</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> and a subsequent maximum (bump). The ratio of the $${\mathrm{d}}\sigma /{\mathrm{d}}t$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> at the bump and at the dip is $$1.7\pm 0.2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1.7</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> . When compared to the proton–antiproton measurement of the D0 experiment at $$\sqrt{s} = 1.96\hbox { TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.96</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mtext>TeV</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math> , a significant difference can be observed. Under the condition that the effects due to the energy difference between TOTEM and D0 can be neglected, the result provides evidence for the exchange of a colourless C-odd three-gluon compound state in the t -channel of the proton–proton and proton–antiproton elastic scattering.

Abstract We study the scaling properties of the differential cross section of elastic proton–proton ( pp ) and proton–antiproton ( $$p\bar{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) collisions at high energies. We introduce a new scaling function, that scales – within the experimental errors – all the ISR data on elastic pp scattering from $$\sqrt{s} = 23.5$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>23.5</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> –62.5 GeV to the same universal curve. We explore the scaling properties of the differential cross-sections of the elastic pp and $$p\bar{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> collisions in a limited TeV energy range. Rescaling the TOTEM pp data from $$\sqrt{s} = 7$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>7</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> TeV to 2.76 and 1.96 TeV, and comparing it to D0 $$p\bar{p}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> data at 1.96 TeV, our results provide an evidence for a t -channel Odderon exchange at TeV energies, with a significance of at least 6.26 $$\sigma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:math> . We complete this work with a model-dependent evaluation of the domain of validity of the new scaling and its violations. We find that the H ( x ) scaling is valid, model dependently, within $$200~\hbox {GeV}\le \sqrt{s} \le 8$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>200</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mtext>GeV</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>≤</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> TeV, with a $$-t$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> range gradually narrowing with decreasing colliding energies.

Proton-proton elastic scattering has been measured by the TOTEM experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at √s = 7 TeV in special runs with the Roman Pot detectors placed as close to the outgoing beam as seven times the transverse beam size. The differential cross-section measurements are reported in the |t|-range of 0.36 to 2.5 GeV2. Extending the range of data to low t values from 0.02 to 0.33 GeV2, and utilizing the luminosity measurements of CMS, the total proton-proton cross section at √s = 7 TeV is measured to be (98.3 ±0.2stat ±2.8syst) mb.

This paper describes the design and the performance of the timing detector developed by the TOTEM Collaboration for the Roman Pots (RPs) to measure the Time-Of-Flight (TOF) of the protons produced in central diffractive interactions at the LHC . The measurement of the TOF of the protons allows the determination of the longitudinal position of the proton interaction vertex and its association with one of the vertices reconstructed by the CMS detectors. The TOF detector is based on single crystal Chemical Vapor Deposition (scCVD) diamond plates and is designed to measure the protons TOF with about 50 ps time precision. This upgrade to the TOTEM apparatus will be used in the LHC run 2 and will tag the central diffractive events up to an interaction pileup of about 1. A dedicated fast and low noise electronics for the signal amplification has been developed. The digitization of the diamond signal is performed by sampling the waveform. After introducing the physics studies that will most profit from the addition of these new detectors, we discuss in detail the optimization and the performance of the first TOF detector installed in the LHC in November 2015.

Abstract The TOTEM collaboration at the CERN LHC has measured the differential cross-section of elastic proton–proton scattering at $$\sqrt{s} = 8\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mi>TeV</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in the squared four-momentum transfer range $$0.2\,\mathrm{GeV^{2}}&lt; |t| &lt; 1.9\,\mathrm{GeV^{2}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.2</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.9</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . This interval includes the structure with a diffractive minimum (“dip”) and a secondary maximum (“bump”) that has also been observed at all other LHC energies, where measurements were made. A detailed characterisation of this structure for $$\sqrt{s} = 8\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mi>TeV</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> yields the positions, $$|t|_{\mathrm{dip}} = (0.521 \pm 0.007)\,\mathrm{GeV^2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>dip</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.521</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.007</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$|t|_{\mathrm{bump}} = (0.695 \pm 0.026)\,\mathrm{GeV^2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>bump</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.695</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.026</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , as well as the cross-section values, $$\left. {\mathrm{d}\sigma /\mathrm{d}t}\right| _{\mathrm{dip}} = (15.1 \pm 2.5)\,\mathrm{{\mu b/GeV^2}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mi>dip</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>15.1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2.5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$\left. {\mathrm{d}\sigma /\mathrm{d}t}\right| _{\mathrm{bump}} = (29.7 \pm 1.8)\,\mathrm{{\mu b/GeV^2}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mi>bump</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>29.7</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.8</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , for the dip and the bump, respectively.

Abstract The TOTEM experiment, small in size compared to the others at the LHC, is dedicated to the measurement of the total proton–proton cross-sections with a luminosity-independent method and to the study of elastic and diffractive scattering at the LHC. To achieve optimum forward coverage for charged particles emitted by the pp collisions in the IP5 interaction point, two tracking telescopes, T1 and T2, will be installed on each side in the pseudo-rapidity region between 3.1 and 6.5, and Roman Pot stations will be placed at distances of 147 and 220 m from IP5. The telescope closest to the interaction point (T1, centred at z=9 m) consists of Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC), while the second one (T2, centred at 13.5 m), makes use of Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM). The proton detectors in the Roman Pots are silicon devices designed by TOTEM with the specific objective of reducing down to a few tens of microns the insensitive area at the edge. High efficiency as close as possible to the physical detector boundary is an essential feature. It maximizes the experimental acceptance for protons scattered elastically or interactively at polar angles down to a few micro-radians at IP5. To measure protons at the lowest possible emission angles, special beam optics have been conceived to optimize proton detection in terms of acceptance and resolution. The read-out of all TOTEM subsystems is based on the custom-developed digital VFAT chip with trigger capability.

A parametrization of the Bose–Einstein correlation function of pairs of identical pions produced in hadronic e+e− annihilation is proposed within the framework of a model (the τ-model) in which space–time and momentum space are very strongly correlated. Using information from the Bose–Einstein correlations as well as from single-pion spectra, it is then possible to reconstruct the space–time evolution of pion production.

A model-independent method for the analysis of the two-particle short-range correlations is presented, that can be utilized to describe e.g. Bose-Einstein (HBT), dynamical (ridge) or other correlation functions, that have a nearly L\'evy or streched exponential shape. For the special case of L\'evy exponent alpha = 1, the earlier Laguerre expansions are recovered, for the alpha = 2 special case, a new expansion method is obtained for nearly Gaussian correlation functions. Multi-dimensional L\'evy expansions are also introduced and their potential application to analyze rigde correlation data is discussed.

Aims. Several experiments have reported observations on possible correlations between the flux of high energy muons and intense solar flares. If confirmed, these observations would have significant implications for acceleration processes in the heliosphere able to accelerate protons and other ions to energies of at least tens of GeV. Methods. The solar flare of the 14 of July 2000 offered a unique opportunity for the L3+C experiment to search for a correlated enhancement in the flux of muons using the L3 precision muon spectrometer. Its capabilities for observing a directional excess in the flux of muons above 15 GeV (corresponding to primary proton energies above 40 GeV) are presented along with observations made on the 14th of July 2000. Results. We report an excess which appeared at a time coincident with the peak increase of solar protons observed at lower energies. The probability that the excess is a background fluctuation is estimated to be 1 %. No similar excess of the muon flux was observed up to 1.5 h after the solar flare time. © ESO 2006.

Bose-Einstein (or HBT) correlation functions are evaluated for the fractal structure of QCD jets. These correlation functions have a stretched exponential (or Levy-stable) form. The anomalous dimension of QCD determines the Levy index of stability, thus the running coupling constant of QCD becomes measurable with the help of two-particle Bose-Einstein correlation functions. These considerations are tested on NA22 and UA1 two-pion correlation data.

In this paper we propose a linear algorithm for calculating the weighted domination number of a vertex-weighted cactus.The algorithm is based on the well known depth first search (DFS) structure.Our algorithm needs less than 12n + 5b additions and 9n + 2b min-operations where n is the number of vertices and b is the number of blocks in the cactus.

A short review of Bose–Einstein correlations in hadronic e + e − annihilation is presented. Bose-Einstein correlations of pairs of identical charged pions in hadronic Z-boson decays are analyzed in terms of various parametrizations. A good description is achieved using a Lévy stable distribution in conjunction with a hadronization model having highly correlated configuration and momentum space, the τ-model. Using these results, the source function is reconstructed.

Bose-Einstein correlations of pairs of identical charged pions produced in hadronic Z decays are analyzed in terms of various parametrizations.A good description is achieved using a Lévy stable distribution in conjunction with a model where a particle's momentum is highly correlated with its space-time point of production, the τ -model.However, a small but significant elongation of the particle emission region is observed in the Longitudinal Center of Mass frame, which is not accommodated in the τ -model.This is investigated using an ad hoc modification of the τ -model.

We present most recent PHENIX preliminary data on centrality dependence of two-pion Bose-Einstein correlation functions measured in \sqrt{sNN}=200 GeV Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The data are well described by assuming the source to be a L\'evy-stable distribution. The L\'evy parameters, R, alpha, lambda are measured in 18 bins of transverse mass (mT) for 4 centrality intervals. The L\'evy scale parameter R(mT) decreases with mT and exhibits a clear centrality ordering which supports its geometrical interpretation. The L\'evy exponent {\alpha}(mT) is independent of mT in every centrality bin but shows some centrality dependence. At all centralities {\alpha} is significantly different from that of a Gaussian ({\alpha} = 2) or Cauchy ({\alpha} = 1) source distribution. The L\'evy strength parameter {\lambda} was also investigated. We observed that {\lambda}(mT) decreases at low mT and saturates around mT = 0.6 GeV/c2. In the already published 0-30% centrality class, Monte Carlo simulations are found to be inconsistent with the measurements, unless a significant reduction of the in-medium mass of the etaprime meson is included.

We present most recent PHENIX preliminary data on centrality dependence of two-pion Bose-Einstein correlation functions measured in √ S NN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The data are well described by assuming the source to be a Lévy-stable distribution. The Lévy parameters, R , α, λ are measured in 18 bins of transverse mass ( m T) for 4 centrality intervals. The Lévy scale parameter R ( m T) decreases with m T and exhibits a clear centrality ordering which supports its geometrical interpretation. The Lévy exponent α( m T) is independent of m T in every centrality bin but shows some centrality dependence. At all centralities α is significantly different from that of a Gaussian (α = 2) or Cauchy (α = 1) source distribution. The Lévy strength parameter λ was also investigated. We observed that λ( m T) decreases at low m T and saturates around m T = 0.6 GeV/ c 2 . In the already published 0-30% centrality class, Monte Carlo simulations are found to be inconsistent with the measurements, unless a significant reduction of the in-medium mass of the η′ meson is included.

Bose-Einstein correlations (BECs) of identical hadrons reveal information about hadron creation from the strongly interacting matter formed in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. The measurement of three-particle correlations may in particular shed light on hadron creation mechanisms beyond thermal/chaotic emission. In this paper, we show the status of PHENIX measurements of three-pion correlations as a function of momentum differences within the triplets. We analyze the shape of the correlation functions through the assumption of Lévy sources and a proper treatment of the Coulomb interaction within the triplets. We measure the three-particle correlation strength ( λ 3 ), which, together with the two-particle correlation strength λ 2 , encodes information about hadron creation mechanisms. From a consistent analysis of two- and three-particle correlation strengths, we establish a new experimental measure of thermalization and coherence in the source.

Gribov Memorial Volume, pp. 260-269 (2006) No AccessBOSE-EINSTEIN OR HBT CORRELATION SIGNATURE OF A SECOND ORDER QCD PHASE TRANSITIONT. CSÖRGŐ, S. HEGYI, T. NOVÁK, and W. A. ZAJCT. CSÖRGŐMTA KFKI RMKI, P.O. Box 49, Budapest 114, 1525, Hungary, S. HEGYIMTA KFKI RMKI, P.O. Box 49, Budapest 114, 1525, Hungary, T. NOVÁKRadboud University, 1 Toernooiveld, Nijmegen, 6525 ED, The Netherlands, and W. A. ZAJCDept. Physics, Columbia University, 538 W 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USAhttps://doi.org/10.1142/9789812773784_0024Cited by:0 PreviousNext AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsRecommend to Library ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract: For particles emerging from a second order QCD phase transition, we show that a recently introduced shape parameter of the Bose-Einstein correlation function, the Lévy index of stability equals to the correlation exponent - one of the critical exponents that characterize the behavior of the matter in the vicinity of the second order phase transition point. Hence the shape of the Bose-Einstein/HBT correlation functions, when measured as a function of bombarding energy and centrality in various heavy ion reactions, can be utilized to locate experimentally the second order phase transition and the critical end point of the first order phase transition line in QCD. FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Gribov Memorial VolumeMetrics History PDF download

Proton-proton elastic scattering has been measured by the TOTEM experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at $\sqrt{s} = 7 $ TeV in special runs with the Roman Pot detectors placed as close to the outgoing beam as seven times the transverse beam size. The differential cross-section measurements are reported in the |t|-range of 0.36 to 2.5 GeV^2. Extending the range of data to low t values from 0.02 to 0.33 GeV^2,and utilizing the luminosity measurements of CMS, the total proton-proton cross section at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV is measured to be (98.3 +- 0.2(stat) +- 2.8(syst)) mb.

Bose-Einstein correlations of pairs of identical charged pions produced in hadronic Z decays are analyzed in terms of various parametrizations. A good description is achieved using a Lévy stable distribution in conjunction with a hadronization model having highly correlated configuration and momentum space, the tau-model. Using these results, the source function is reconstructed.

We investigate the scaling properties of elastic scattering data at ISR and LHC energies and find that the significance of an Odderon observation is larger than the discovery threshold of 5$\sigma$. As an unexpected by-product of these investigations, for certain experimentally relevant cases, we also conjecture the possibility of proton holography with the help of elastic proton-proton scattering.

We provide a statistically significant observation of the elusive Odderon exchange, based on novel and model-independent analysis of the scaling properties of the differential cross sections of elastic pp and pp scattering in the TeV energy range.We report the statistical significance of the observed Odderon signal at the level of 6.26 σ.

Bose‐Einstein correlations of identical charged‐pion pairs produced in hadronic Z decays are analyzed in terms of various parametrizations. A good description is achieved using Lévy stable distributions. The source function is reconstructed with the help of the τ‐model.

Bose-Einstein (or HBT) correlation functions are evaluated for the fractal structure of QCD jets. These correlation functions have a stretched exponential (or Levy-stable) form. The anomalous dimension of QCD determines the Levy index of stability, thus the running coupling constant of QCD becomes measurable with the help of two-particle Bose-Einstein correlation functions. These considerations are tested on NA22 and UA1 two-pion correlation data.

Quark Wars is an all-new, adventure style game. We recommended playing it outdoors. Quark Wars is modeled upon the outdoor game called Hungarian Number War, with notable influence from Star Wars, the American epic space saga. The players form two opposing teams. Both teams elect their own leader. The team members and their leaders wear particle war bonnets on their foreheads. These headdresses consist of three or four cards indicating combinations of elementary particles. The two teams compete by identifying (reading out loudly) the elementary particle cards on the foreheads of their adversaries. Players are allowed to use the terrain to cover their particle identity on their foreheads and may try to hide, run or band together in a group to win. Quark Wars was tested at a Summer Camp of Berze Science Club in Hungary. Students loved playing Quark Wars, as this game resulted in lots of hilarity and action. In addition, Quark Wars also solidified particle terminology and made the concept of particle identification and discovery more tangible to secondary/middle school students.

Introduction: This paper is a first draft of a larger project which attempts to systematically analyze the most important economic aspects behind relations between the CEE and the LAC countries from a multidisciplinary perspective. The attempt will explore economic history comparisons, development model concepts, external trade developments, investment relations and the possible future impacts of mega-trade agreements under negotiations from CEE-LAC perspectives. The study is organized as follows: economic historical introduction; framework of trade relations between CEE and LAC; the trade pattern and the future prospects for and drivers of intraregional economic relations after the economic crisis. Additional aspects of the relations between the two regions will be analyzed at a later stage of the research. Suggestions and recommendations for further directions of the research are highly appreciated.

2010 februarjaban a PHENIX kiserlet egyuttműkodesben publikaltuk a RHIC Au+Au utkozeseiben a direkt fotonok spektrumat. A RHIC Au+Au utkozeseiben mar 2005-2007-ben feltart tokeletes kvarkfolyadek 2010-es eredmenyunk szerint nem allhat hadronokbol. Tehat kiserletileg igazoltuk a kvark-gluon plazma felfedezeset a RHIC 200 GeV-es Au+Au utkozeseiben. A kvarkanyag a varakozasokkal ellentetben erősen csatoltnak bizonyult, szinte tokeletesen folyik, leirasara a szokasos perturbativ eljarasok nem alkalmazhatoak sikeresen. Kiemelkedő eredmenyunk volt az eta' mezon jelentős tomegmodosulasanak felfedezese a RHIC gyorsito 200 GeV-es Au+Au utkozeseiben - ez a vilagon a leggyorsabban, 10**(-22) sec alatt bekovetkező, kiserletileg felfedezett tomegcsokkenes. Feltartuk a relativisztikus hidrodinamika uj, egzakt es explicit megoldasi osztalyait, melyek segitsegevel megerősitettuk es pontositottuk a RHIC Au+Au utkozeseiben keletkező uj anyag kezdeti hőmersekletenek es energiasűrűsegenek erteket es pontos erteket adtunk a kozegbeli hangsebessegre is. Uj modszerunk alkalmazasaval 2011-ben kozoltuk a CERN LEP L3 kiserletenek adataibol keszult filmfelvetelunket, mely a vilag legrovidebb ismert filmfelvetele lett, mivel a kepsorozat 10**(-24) sec alatt veget er. Lezartuk a TOTEM kiserlet epitesi szakaszat, es sikeresen publikaltuk a diffraktiv p+p szoras differencialis hataskeresztmetszetet az LHC sqrt(s) = 7 TeV-es energiajan. | In the PHENIX collaboration, the direct photon spectrum was measured in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC. This 2010 paper proved, that the perfect fluid of quarks, found in the 2005-2007 period, cannot be explained in terms of hadrons because the initial temperature is larger than the Hagedorn limit. This result completes the proof of discovery of a quark-gluon plasma in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions. Surprizingly, this quark-matter is found to flow nearly perfectly and it cannot be successfully described using perturbative calculations. We reported a significant modification of the mass of the eta' meson in 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC. This is the fastest mass drop ever seen experimentally: it appears in less than 10**(-22) sec. We discovered new, explicit classes of exact solutions of relativistic hydrodynamics. We applied them to a precise determination of the initial temperature, the energy density and the speed of sound of the strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma in Au+Au collisions at RHIC. With our new method, we published a femtoscopic analysis of CERN LEP experiment L3 data. This study resulted in the fastest movie ever made by man: the sequence of pictures about this elementary particle reaction ends in less than 10**(-24) sec. We have completed the construction phase of the CERN LHC experiment TOTEM and we successfully published the differential cross-section in diffractive p+p collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV energies.

The Central and Eastern European countries outside the Euro area were hit particularly hard by the global credit crunch; their previously fast growth was replaced by a recession, putting their catch-up as part of the integration process into a completely different context. The crisis has made it clear for some of the Central and Eastern European newcomers that growth cannot be maintained based on generous inflows of capital. The abundant international liquidity that marked the years before the crisis vanished, FDI in the region plunged dramatically, and the drying-up of the government bond market imposed extremely tough limits on the external funding of budgetary overspending. The crisis hit Hungary especially hard as this country was already at a low growth path after the 2006 stabilisation package.

Bose-Einstein correlations of pairs of identical charged pions produced in hadronic Z decays are analyzed in terms of various parametrizations. A good description is achieved using a L\'evy stable distribution in conjunction with a model where a particle's momentum is highly correlated with its space-time point of production, the tau model. However, a small but significant elongation of the particle emission region is observed in the Longitudinal Center of Mass frame, which is not accommodated in the tau model. This is investigated using an ad hoc modification of the tau model.

The cooperation between the Institute for World Economy, Romanian Academy and the Institute of World Economics of the Centre for Economic and Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (IWE CERS-HAS) dates back to several years. The cooperation between these institutes has broadened during the past years by an extensive exchange of researchers, joint research projects and the regular organisation of bilateral workshops on economic issues attracting wide pub-lic interest. It is our aim to share and disseminate the information and the experi-ences of academic and policy-oriented research to the wider public. The key field of cooperation is Romania’s and Hungary’s EU integration proc-ess. The emphasis has been laid on the main factors of long term economic and so-cial development. Recently the main areas of the common research have been the short and long term effects of the current economic crisis on the European integra-tion, focusing especially on the potential structural reforms. Additionally development in the Central and Eastern European region has been investigated with special attention to the fragility of the economic structure. The similar development route of both countries, based on external resources and export-oriented growth strategy facilitate joint research projects, pointing out similarities and differences of development trajectories. The 9th Hungarian – Romanian bilateral workshop “Eurozone crisis, member states interests, economic dilemmas” took place on 30 November 2012. The workshop was organised by IWE CERS-HAS in Budapest after a very successful meeting in Bucharest the previous year. This volume contains the revised version of contributions that were originally presented at the workshop. This edition includes studies dealing with the most important and current issues of the European integration, among others the current financial and economic crisis within the European Union, the reform of the economic governance or the interests of different players in the next multiannual financial framework debate. Some es-says concentrate on more specific issues of agriculture or energy policy. Hungarian – Romanian bilateral workshop “Eurozone crisis, member states interests, economic dilemmas” took place on 30 November 2012. The work-shop was organised by IWE CERS-HAS in Budapest after a very successful meet-ing in Bucharest the previous year. This volume contains the revised version of contributions that were originally presented at the workshop. This edition includes studies dealing with the most important and current issues of the European integration, among others the current financial and economic crisis within the European Union, the reform of the economic governance or the interests of different players in the next multiannual financial framework debate. Some essays concentrate on more specific issues of agriculture or energy policy.

V. Avati , M. Berretti, M. Besta, E. Brucken, P. Dadel, F. Ferro, F. Garcia, S. Giani, L. Grzanka, J. Hallila, P. Janhunen , J. Kaspar, G. Latino, R. Leszko, D. Mierzejewski, H. Niewiadomski, T. Novak, T. Nuotio, E. Oliveri, K. Osterberg, F. Oljemark, S. Sadilov, M. Tuhkanen , T. Vihanta, M. Zalewski, Z. Zhang, J. Welti Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Physics, Cleveland, OH, USA CERN, Geneve, Switzerland Helsinki Institute of Physics and Dept. of Physics, University of Helsinki,Finland Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic MTA KFKI RMKI, Budapest, Hungary INFN Sezione di Genova, Italy Universita di Siena and INFN Sezione di Pisa, Italy On leave from AGH Univ. of Sci. and Technology, Krakow, Poland On leave from University of Applied Sciences, Rovaniemi, Finland ∗Corresponding Author E-mail: valentina.avati@cern.ch

In particle and nuclear physics intensity interferometry provides a direct experimental method for the determination of sizes, shapes and lifetimes of particle-emitting sources (for recent reviews see [1–3]). In particular, boson interferometry provides a powerful tool for the investigation of the spacetime structure of particle production processes, since Bose–Einstein correlations (BEC) of two identical bosons reflect both geometrical and dynamical properties of the particle radiating source. For our analysis we use a sample of about 500 thousand two-jet events, selected by the Durham algorithm [6] with ycut = 0.006, from e +e−annihilation data collected by L3 at a center-of-mass energy of 91.2 GeV.

Bose-Einstein correlations of identical charged-pion pairs produced in hadronic Z decays are analyzed in terms of various parametrizations. The tau-model with a one-sided Lévy proper-time distribution provides a good description, enabling the source function to be reconstructed.

In particle and nuclear physics intensity interferometry provides a direct experimental method for the determination of sizes, shapes and lifetimes of particle-emitting sources (for recent reviews see [1–3]). In particular, boson interferometry provides a powerful tool for the investigation of the spacetime structure of particle production processes, since Bose–Einstein correlations (BEC) of two identical bosons reflect both geometrical and dynamical properties of the particle radiating source. For our analysis we use a sample of about 500 thousand two-jet events, selected by the Durham algorithm [6] with ycut = 0.006, from e +e−annihilation data collected by L3 at a center-of-mass energy of 91.2 GeV.

A kutatas soran azt vizsgaltuk meg, hogyan alakultak az Europai Unio (EU) es kozvetlen szomszedsaganak kapcsolatai az elmult (2002-2006) időszakban. Kiemelten foglalkoztunk az EU es Kozep- es Kelet-Europa kapcsolataival, mivel ez utobbi terseg orszagai a vizsgalt időszakban a korabbinal joval kozelebb kerultek az integraciohoz (tagga valtak, csatlakozasi targyalasokat kezdtek, tagjeloltte valtak, tarsulasi egyezmenyeket kotottek, illetve ezek targyalasaba kezdtek). Emellett kulon figyelmet forditottunk a mediterran terseg orszagai kozul Torokorszag EU-perspektivajanak alakulasara. Tapasztalataink alapjan megallapithato, hogy mikozben az EU jelentős előrehaladast konyvelhet el szamos, a szomszedsagahoz tartozo orszaggal fenntartott kapcsolataban, jelenlegi allapotaban a szomszedsagpolitika megujitasa ellenere sem kepes minden felmerulő kerdes megnyugtato megvalaszolasara. Ez kulonosen Torokorszag EU-perspektivaja szempontjabol lehet hosszu tavon is relevans kerdes, de az EU-n beluli konszenzus hianya a szukseges valtoztatasokkal kapcsolatban mar a balkani orszagok integracioja kapcsan is komoly akadalyt jelenthet. A kutatasunkat lezaro kotet orszagtanulmanyaiban tobbek mellett ezen veszelyre is felhivtuk a figyelmet. | During the research we examined the relations of the European Union (EU) with its direct neighbours in the period of the research (2002-2006). We have paid special attention to the relations of the EU with Central and Eastern Europe, because the countries of this latter region have become much closer to the integration in the period observed (some of them became members, began accession talks, became candidates for membership, concluded association agreements or began the negotiations on such agreements). Beyond this, we also have paid special attention to the European integration prospects of Turkey. According to our results we can say that while the EU can see a considerable development in its relations with many of the countries belonging to its membership, it is not able in its present state (despite the reform of the neighbourhood policy) to give answers to all the questions arising in this respect. The question is especially relevant in the case of the EU prospects of Turkey, but the lack of consensus within the EU (concerning the necessary changes) can constitute a serious barrier already for the integration of the Balkan countries. Among others, we have drawn the attention to this danger in the country studies of the volume concluding our research project.

Bose-Einstein correlations of pairs of identical charged pions produced in hadronic Z decays are analyzed in terms of various parametrizations.A good description is achieved using a Lévy stable distribution in conjunction with a hadronization model having highly correlated configuration and momentum space, the τ-model.Using these results, the source function is reconstructed.

Bose-Einstein correlations of identical hadrons reveal information about hadron creation from the strongly interacting matter formed in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. The measurement of three-particle correlations may in particular shed light on hadron creation mechanisms beyond thermal/chaotic emission. In this paper we show the status of PHENIX measurements of three pion correlations as a function of momentum differences within the triplets. We analyze the shape of the correlation functions through the assumption of Levy sources and a proper treatment of the Coulomb interaction within the triplets. We measure the three-particle correlation strength ($\lambda_3$), which, together with the two-particle correlation strength $\lambda_2$, encodes information about hadron creation mechanisms. From a consistent analysis of two- and three-particle correlation strength we establish a new experimental measure of thermalization and coherence in the source.

The usual interpretation of Bose-Einstein correlations (BEC) of identical boson pairs relates the width of the peak in the correlation function at small relative four-momentum to the spatial extent of the source of the bosons. However, in the τ-model, which successfully describes BEC in hadronic Z decay, the width of the peak is related to the temporal extent of boson emission. Some new checks on the validity of both the τ-model and the usual descriptions are presented.

In this paper we show azimuthal particle correlations in three different small-system collisions with different intrinsic initial geometries. The simultaneous constraints of $v_2$ and $v_3$ in $p/d/^3$He$+$Au collisions definitively demonstrate that the $v_n$'s are correlated to the initial geometry. In addition, we find that hydrodynamical models which include QGP formation describe simultaneouly the elliptic and triangular flow data in a statistically acceptable manner in all three systems.

Bose-Einstein correlations of identical hadrons reveal information about hadron creation from the strongly interacting matter formed in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. The measurement of three-particle correlations may in particular shed light on hadron creation mechanisms beyond thermal/chaotic emission. In this paper we show the status of PHENIX measurements of three pion correlations as a function of momentum differences within the triplets. We analyze the shape of the correlation functions through the assumption of L\'evy sources and a proper treatment of the Coulomb interaction within the triplets. We measure the three-particle correlation strength ($\lambda_3$), which, together with the two-particle correlation strength $\lambda_2$, encodes information about hadron creation mechanisms. From a consistent analysis of two- and three-particle correlation strength we establish a new experimental measure of thermalization and coherence in the source.

Starting from an overview of the political background of the Kosovo issue, rooted in Serb and Albanian history, the paper then describes the main features of the current situation: ʹnothing more than autonomyʹ from one side, ʹnothing less than inde-pendenceʹ for the other.Against this background, the authors then examine the recently formulated vision of EU involvement in Kosovo after the status settlement, as set out in a series of joint reports by High Representative Solana and Commissioner Rehn over the last couple of years.This is followed by a concise description and critical evaluation of the EU record in Kosovo since 1999 and a brief discussion of the challenges that await the planned EU rule of law mission and other EU actions in Kosovo.Linkages with other EU instruments and policies are also considered in this context, as is the broader context of activities by other actors of the international community involved in the Kosovo issue.

The TOTEM experiment at the LHC has performed the first measurement at $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV of the $ρ$ parameter, the real to imaginary ratio of the nuclear elastic scattering amplitude at $t=0$, obtaining the following results: $ρ= 0.09 \pm 0.01$ and $ρ= 0.10 \pm 0.01$, depending on different physics assumptions and mathematical modelling. The unprecedented precision of the $ρ$ measurement, combined with the TOTEM total cross-section measurements in an energy range larger than 10 TeV (from 2.76 to 13 TeV), has implied the exclusion of all the models classified and published by COMPETE. The $ρ$ results obtained by TOTEM are compatible with the predictions, from alternative theoretical models both in the Regge-like framework and in the QCD framework, of a colourless 3-gluon bound state exchange in the $t$-channel of the proton-proton elastic scattering. On the contrary, if shown that the 3-gluon bound state $t$-channel exchange is not of importance for the description of elastic scattering, the $ρ$ value determined by TOTEM would represent a first evidence of a slowing down of the total cross-section growth at higher energies. The very low-$|t|$ reach allowed also to determine the absolute normalisation using the Coulomb amplitude for the first time at the LHC and obtain a new total proton-proton cross-section measurement $σ_{tot} = 110.3 \pm 3.5$ mb, completely independent from the previous TOTEM determination. Combining the two TOTEM results yields $σ_{tot} = 110.5 \pm 2.4$ mb.

Bose-Einstein correlations of identical charged-pion pairs produced in hadronic Z decays are analyzed in terms of various parametrizations. A good description is achieved using Levy stable distributions. The source function is reconstructed with the help of the tau-model.

Bose-Einstein correlations of identical charged-pion pairs produced in hadronic Z decays are analyzed in terms of various parametrizations. A good description is achieved using Levy stable distributions. The source function is reconstructed with the help of the tau-model.

The L3 data on Bose-Einstein correlations of equally charged pion pairs produced in hadronic Z decays are analyzed in terms of various parametrizations. Preliminary results are presented here.

Bose-Einstein correlations of pairs of identical charged pions produced in hadronic Z decays are analyzed in terms of various parametrizations. A good description is achieved using a Levy stable distribution in conjunction with a hadronization model having highly correlated configuration and momentum space, the tau-model. Using these results, the source function is reconstructed.