Tyler Mitchell

We show that error distributions of a compilation of 28 recent independent measurements of the distance from the Sun to the Galactic center, R0, are wider than a standard Gaussian and best fit by an n = 4 Student's t probability density function. Given this non-Gaussianity, the results of our median statistics analysis, summarized as (2σ error), probably provides the most reliable estimate of R0.

With the help of the Internet and accompanying tools, creating and publishing online maps has become easier and rich with options. A city guide web site can use maps to show the location of restaurants, museums, and art venues. A business can post a map for reaching its offices. The state government can present a map showing average income by area. Developers who want to publish maps on the web often discover that commercial tools cost too much and hunting down the free tools scattered across Internet can use up too much of your time and resources. Web Mapping Illustrated shows you how to create maps, even interactive maps, with free tools, including MapServer, OpenEV, GDAL/OGR, and PostGIS. It also explains how to find, collect, understand, use, and share mapping data, both over the traditional Web and using OGC-standard services like WFS and WMS. Mapping is a growing field that goes beyond collecting and analyzing GIS data. Web Mapping Illustrated shows how to combine free geographic data, GPS, and data management tools into one resource for your mapping information needs so you don't have to lose your way while searching for it. Remember the fun you had exploring the world with maps? Experience the fun again with Web Mapping Illustrated. This book will take you on a direct route to creating valuable maps.

Origami-based folding arrays have been used to provide two degrees of freedom (DOF) deployment of tension-based structures. Many of these folding patterns result in a high number of unique non-rectangular panels, which can be difficult to manufacture for certain applications. A folding pattern was developed which uses identical rectangular panels and can be tailored to specific panel geometry. The pattern allows for 2D deployment and is advantageous for large aperture arrays with small aspect ratios. An overview of design parameters and different design configurations are discussed. Physical prototypes were developed to demonstrate various membrane, linkage, and panel configurations under different topologies.

Contextualizing historic hydroclimate variability in the southeastern USA has relied significantly on proxy indicators such as tree-ring data, and while previous studies have reconstructed total precipitation, less is known about the historic variability of intense rainfall events, which are climatologically and ecologically important and distinct from non-intense rainfall events. Here, a combined longleaf pine and shortleaf pine adjusted latewood chronology spanning 1770–2020 was used to reconstruct July–September total precipitation and intense rainfall event precipitation in central North Carolina, USA. The adjusted latewood chronology explains 46% of the variance in July–September total precipitation and 37% of the variance in July–September intense rainfall event precipitation during the 1940–2020 instrumental period with intense rainfall event precipitation amounts comprising 52% of total precipitation amounts. The models provide context about historic hydroclimate variability at this location and suggest overall stability in both total and intense rainfall event precipitation amounts during the instrumental and reconstruction periods with three identical significant regime shifts during 1770–2020: 1770–1935, 1936–1959 (above-average moisture), 1960–2020 (below-average moisture). To compare model strength, the models were split into early (1940–1980) and late (1981–2020) analysis periods with the intense rainfall event precipitation model exhibiting greater skill during the early analysis period. The early analysis period has a greater frequency and magnitude of intense rainfall events, and these results suggest the influence of intense rainfall event precipitation on latewood growth and the potential susceptibility of reconstruction models to decreased skill and/or error with differing frequencies of extreme events, a finding of particular importance to future dendroclimatic research.

Foreword Preface 1. Introduction to Digital Mapping The Power of Digital Maps The Difficulties of Making Maps Different Kinds of Web Mapping 2. Digital Mapping Tasks and Tools Common Mapping Tasks Common Pitfalls, Deadends, and Irritations Identifying the Types of Tasks for a Project 3. Converting and Viewing Maps Raster and Vector OpenEV MapServer Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL) OGR Simple Features Library PostGIS Summary of Applications 4. Installing MapServer How MapServer Applications Operate Walkthrough of the Main Components Installing MapServer Getting Help 5. Acquiring Map Data Appraising Your Data Needs Acquiring the Data You Need 6. Analyzing Map Data Downloading the Demonstration Data Installing Data Management Tools: GDAL and FWTools Examining Data Content Summarizing Information Using Other Tools 7. Converting Map Data Converting Map Data Converting Vector Data Converting Raster Data to Other Formats 8. Visualizing Mapping Data in a Desktop Program Visualization and Mapping Programs Using OpenEV OpenEV Basics 9. Create and Edit Personal Map Data Planning Your Map Preprocessing Data Examples 10. Creating Static Maps MapServer Utilities Sample Uses of the Command-Line Utilities Setting Output Image Formats 11. Publishing Interactive Maps on the Web Preparing and Testing MapServer Create a Custom Application for a Particular Area Continuing Education 12. Accessing Maps Through Web Services Web Services for Mapping What Do Web Services for Mapping Do? Using MapServer with Web Services Reference Map Files 13. Managing a Spatial Database Introducing PostGIS What Is a Spatial Database? Downloading PostGIS Install Packages and Binaries Compiling from Source Code Steps for Setting Up PostGIS Creating a Spatial Database Load Data into the Database Spatial Data Queries Accessing Spatial Data from PostGIS in Other Applications 14. Custom Programming with MapServer's MapScript Introducing MapScript Getting MapScript MapScript Objects MapScript Examples Other Resources Parallel MapScript Translations A. A Brief Introduction to Map Projections B. MapServer Reference Guide for Vector Data Access Index

CR Climate Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials CR 78:249-259 (2019) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01573 Tropical cyclone frequency inferred from intra-annual density fluctuations in longleaf pine in Florida, USA Tyler J. Mitchell1,*, Paul A. Knapp1, Jason T. Ortegren2 1Carolina Tree-Ring Science Laboratory, Department of Geography, Environment, and Sustainability, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA 2Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA *Corresponding author: tjmitche@uncg.edu ABSTRACT: We present a new method for identifying historic tropical cyclone activity utilizing frequencies of intra-annual density fluctuations in longleaf pine in western Florida. In addition, in this work we provide information about the causal factors that determine the formation of intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) in longleaf pine latewood. Specifically, we test the viability of using late latewood (L+) IADFs in longleaf pine as a proxy for historic tropical cyclone frequency and precipitation for the period 1950-2017. The stabilized frequency of L+ IADF occurrence is significantly (p < 0.01) associated with the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) for the months June through October, indicating that high amounts of late growing-season moisture promote the formation of IADFs in latewood. We find the strongest relationships between PDSI and IADF occurrence during September and October, indicating the influence of tropical cyclone (TC)-sourced precipitation on IADF formation. High IADF stabilized frequencies (i.e. >0.50) nearly always (88%) coincide with a TC tracking into the study area, and we find a significant (p < 0.01) relationship between TC-sourced precipitation and the stabilized frequency of L+ IADFs. Via this relationship, reconstruction of historic tropical cyclone frequency and precipitation is probable, which would allow for increased understanding of historic tropical cyclone activity prior to the historic climate record. KEY WORDS: Tropical cyclone · Intra-annual density fluctuation · Dendroclimatology · Florida · Longleaf pine Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Mitchell TJ, Knapp PA, Ortegren JT (2019) Tropical cyclone frequency inferred from intra-annual density fluctuations in longleaf pine in Florida, USA. Clim Res 78:249-259. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01573 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in CR Vol. 78, No. 3. Online publication date: October 17, 2019 Print ISSN: 0936-577X; Online ISSN: 1616-1572 Copyright © 2019 Inter-Research.

Tree-ring based precipitation reconstructions are beneficial in placing interannual variability in an historical context. However, absent specificity on what is being modeled (e.g., event type or rainfall intensity), similar rainfall totals inferred from reconstructions between different years imply similar conditions. Consequently, variability in specific precipitation event types or intensity can affect radial growth widths despite no changes in overall precipitation amount. Here, we use a longleaf pine latewood chronology to demonstrate how infrequent, intense (i.e., > 2.0 SD above mean) rainfall events (IREs), representing ~ 50% of total summer (July–September) precipitation amounts and 14.1% of rainfall events, principally determine interannual variability (R2 = 40.7%) in latewood while total summer rainfall amounts excluding IREs provide minimal explanatory power (R2 = 10.4%). These results suggest that slight decreases in IRE frequency can promote significant reductions in latewood growth indicating strong sensitivity to minor changes in climate.

Abstract: A new field of “public geographies” is taking shape (Fuller 2008) in geography's mainstream journals. While much is “traditional”, with intellectuals disseminating academic research via non- academic outlets (Castree 2006; Mitchell 2008; Oslender 2007), less visible is the “organic” work and its “more involved intellectualizing, pursued through working with area-based or single-interest groups, in which the process itself may be the outcome” (Ward 2006:499; see Fuller and Askins 2010). A number of well-known projects exist where research has been “done not merely for the people we write about but with them” (Gregory 2005:188; see also Cahill 2004; Johnston and Pratt 2010). However, collaborative writing of academic publications which gives research participants authorial credit is unusual (mrs kinpainsby 2008; although see Sangtin Writers and Nagar 2006). This paper is about an organic public geographies project called “Making the connection”. It is written by a diverse collection of (non-)academic participants who contributed to the project before it had started, as it was undertaken, and/or after it had finished. This is a “messy”, process-oriented text (Cook et al. 2007) working through the threads (partially) connecting the activities of its main collaborators, including a referee who helped get the paper to publication.

Abstract We examined short- and long-term changes in precipitation event types using instrumental (1940–2018) and tree-ring (1790–2018) data from North Carolina, USA. We documented the amount and frequency of summer (July–September) precipitation events using daily weather station data. Stationary front precipitation (SFP) represented 71% of total summer rainfall and SFP and convective uplift combined (i.e., quasi-stationary precipitation, QSP) represented 87%. SFP ( r = 0.52, p &lt; 0.01) and QSP ( r = 0.61, p &lt; 0.01) precipitation reconstructions from a montane longleaf pine latewood chronology both recorded significant declines during 1940–2018, matching the instrumental record. Conversely, no significant change in either SFP or QSP occured during the full reconstruction indicating the instrumental decline was unmatched throughout 1790–1939. Our method demonstrates that variations in latewood growth can be attributed to specific precipitation event types and that the relative contribution of each event type can be quantified over a multi-century period.

Abstract Over the last decade, there has been a tremendous growth and exploitation of open source geospatial software and technologies. A combination of factors is driving this momentum, including the contributions made by hundreds of developers and the leading role played by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo), aiming primarily to support and promote the collaborative development of open source geospatial technologies and data. This article seeks to map out the social history of collaborative activities within the OSGeo ecosystem. We used the archival logs of developers' contributions, specifically looking for boundary spanning activities where contributions crossed multiple projects. The analysis and visualization of these activities allow us to have a better understanding of the role of boundary spanning in the resourcing of each project, the incubation mechanism advocated by OSGeo, and the significance of the social interrelatedness among projects. The data consisted of the subversion (SVN) commit history made by individual developers in the programming code repository. We applied several network analytical and visualization techniques to explore the data. Our findings indicate that more than one in seven developers spanned multiple projects which potentially had the effects of shaping the projects' directions, and increased knowledge flow and innovation. In addition, the OSGeo's incubation mechanism provided an important encouragement for boundary spanning and increased knowledge sharing. By studying the social history of contributions, further tools can be developed in future to assist tracking of the social history, and make developers mindful of the significance of the interdependence among projects and hence continuously contribute to the health of the OSGeo ecosystem.

Abstract Latewood ring widths of longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris Mill.) are effective recorders of annual variability of tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation (TCP), accounting for approximately half of the explained variance. Based on a regional chronology comprised of data from five sites in coastal North Carolina, we reconstructed TCP during 1750–2015 to examine temporal variability of multidecadal dry and wet TCP regimes, the synoptic controls that contributed to an exceptionally dry phase in 1843–1876, and the effectiveness of using latewood to identify droughts independent of TCP. We found six phases of alternating dry/wet phases occurred during the 250+ years in the reconstruction (duration range = 17–62 years) and the 1843–1876 period of exceptionally narrow latewood widths and low TCP values (i.e., the Great Suppression) was unique during the past quarter millennium. The Great Suppression coincided with a period of anomalously low pressure (relative mean hPa deviation = −60 DAM) over the eastern USA at 500 hPa heights, which strongly affects the steering of TCs. We found that while each dry phase was characterized by a persistence of these steering lows, including the most recent (2006–2016) period absent of major landfalling TCs in the United States, the Great Suppression was unmatched in intensity. Finally, we determined that variability in longleaf pine latewood widths do not reflect overall soil‐moisture conditions, as neither narrow nor wide latewood widths are coincident with variations in non‐TC‐related precipitation. Rather, latewood growth flushes are associated with ephemeral periods of elevated water tables following high‐intensity TC‐related rainfall events.

The complexity of integrated circuits has led to millions of contacts and vias on every chip. To allow accurate yield evaluation, it is required to determine fail rates of <10 faults per billion, which requires test structures with huge chains of 1 million or more contacts and vias. At the same time, contacts and vias are getting smaller, and thus their resistance is increasing for every new technology node. Consequently, the resistance of such chains becomes impossible to measure. To overcome this limit without increasing the number of measurement pads, we are proposing a passive multiplexer array of via chains, which breaks up a huge contact-via chain into many individually measurable subchains. Accuracy of fail rates is increased since the fail rate can be determined based on many subchains rather than on only one huge chain. Furthermore, this test structure better supports failure analysis since it is faster to locate a faulty contact or via. No additional devices or process steps are required which allows implementation as short flows for fast process problem debugging.

The radiation resistance of the common mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis affinis, from two natural populations was compared by establishing ${\rm LD}_{50(30)}$ for each populatio...

Previous dendroclimatic studies have examined the relationship between total precipitation amounts and tree radial growth in the southeastern USA, yet recent studies indicate that specific precipitation event types and rainfall intensities influence longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) radial growth unequally. It remains unknown if other pine species respond similarly regarding specific precipitation types and intensities as most dendroclimatic studies have focused on precipitation amounts on monthly-to-annual scales without examining either the event type or intensity nor focusing on daily data. Here, we examine summertime climate–radial growth relationships in the southeastern USA for four native pine species (longleaf, shortleaf, Virginia, pitch) during 1940–2020. We examine and compare each species’ response to precipitation event types and intense rainfall events (IREs) and address if the temporal sensitivity to these events is species specific. Distinct temporal sensitivities exist among species, and there is a consistent association between convective, stationary front, and quasi-stationary precipitation and radial growth. All species except Virginia pine have significant (p &lt; 0.001) associations between IREs and radial growth, even though IREs account for ~49% of summertime rainfall. These results suggest precipitation-type sensitivity to radial growth may have dendroclimatic implications.

We analyzed summertime (June–August) cold-front activity via frequency and duration in the southeastern USA during 1973–2020 to summarize and identify the temporal trends of the annual and total number of hours associated with cold fronts, cold-front days, and multi-day cold-front events. Using data from 34 ASOS Network stations, we defined summertime cold fronts as events that lowered the dew point temperature below 15.56 °C (&lt; 60 °F). Additionally, we examined 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies associated with years with cold front frequency/duration deviations of +/− 1.0 SD. The extent of the cold-front activity exhibited a north–south latitudinal gradient with a more southerly latitudinal expression on the east side of the Appalachian Mountains and was negligible south of the 30°N latitude. The cold-front activity was most prominent during the first half of June. Our results suggest that all three metrics of summertime cold-front activity were stable at a regional scale during the 48-year study period with a few (three–five) stations experiencing significant decreases. A regional-scale stability was coincident with significant increases in minimum, maximum, and average summertime temperatures in the southeastern USA. Years with either above-average or below-average cold-front activity were concurrent with synoptic conditions that supported either troughing or ridging in the southeastern USA. We conclude that the observed weakening in the southeastern USA warming hole is the result of external and/or internal forcings unrelated to reductions in anomalously cool summer weather.

The need for accurate simulation of a microgravity environment via gravity offloading is a long standing problem. Ideally, a deployable space structure is tested in a microgravity environment, but dedicated on-orbit testing is generally prohibitively expensive. Passive and human assisted off-loader solutions have been used for decades, but introduce undesired forces and inertia onto the structure during testing. As deployable space structures increase in size, weight, and complexity, challenges in being able to simulate a microgravity environment during testing from the stowed to the deployed configuration, continue to grow. This paper defines and achieves accurate microgravity simulation for a deployment by implementing an active Gravity Off-Load Follower (GOLF) system. The GOLF system is then tested and compared with a traditional passive off-loading system using relevant deployable structure simulators.

Introduction from the Editorial Team Selima Sultana, Paul Knapp, Ridwaana Allen, and Tyler Mitchell Issue 63.1 of Southeastern Geographer begins our fourth and final year as an editorial team and contains the second special issue during our term. Directed by guest editors Drs. John Kupfer (University of South Carolina) and Joe Weber (University of Alabama), this special issue contains five articles that focus on protected areas of the Southeast and an accompanying introductory editorial, a cover art essay, and two book reviews. The special issue is a fascinating collection of articles that focuses on the importance of protected areas from a spectrum of geographical viewpoints and is an outstanding source of information that is discussed in detail by the guest editors. Hunter Lewis' cover art and essay focus on the ecological wonders found within the Uwharrie Mountains and Uwharrie National Forest of central North Carolina. As Lewis notes, the steep slopes of the Uwharries provide microhabitats uncommon elsewhere within the Piedmont, allowing for the presence of disjunct plant populations such as a relict stand of eastern white pine, and pockets of old-growth montane longleaf pine. One cannot help but be interested in visiting this area after reading the essay. Finally, the two book reviews, one about the inequity of pedestrian deaths in the US (reviewed by Cade Gouin and Yujie Hu), and the other about reconsidering naturalist John Muir's travels through the South from Kentucky to Cedar Key, Florida in 1867 (reviewed by Joann Mossa) cover divergent topics yet are linked by strong geographical aspects that define our discipline. We also wish to share the great news that Southeastern Geographer will be receiving an impact factor beginning in the fall of 2023. As we noted in our announcement to SEDAAG members last summer: "Since its inception in 1961, the flagship journal of the Southeastern Division of the American Association of Geographers (SEDAAG) has published research on a wide variety of topics relating to the American South. Contributing authors have represented researchers from all career stages ranging from emerging to senior scholars. We are hopeful that with the inclusion of an impact factor, more scholars will consider Southeastern Geographer as a potential publication outlet. This milestone for Southeastern Geographer reflects a collective effort including the contributions of the past and present editorial teams, long-term support from SEDAAG, scholarly contributions from authors, and thoughtful feedback from reviewers. Finally, the University of North Carolina Press has been an advocate of Southeastern Geographer and was an influential actor in the decision to receive an impact factor. We look forward to receiving your [End Page 4] scholarly work in the upcoming year as the journal continues to publish interesting and timely articles about the geography of the American South." In conclusion, we reiterate that the success of Southeastern Geographer represents a collective effort, and we encourage you to submit your research to the journal to help continue the proud tradition of SEDAAG's flagship journal. [End Page 5] Selima Sultana University of North Carolina Greensboro Paul Knapp University of North Carolina Greensboro Ridwaana Allen University of North Carolina Greensboro Tyler Mitchell University of North Carolina Greensboro Copyright © 2023 Southeastern Division of the American Association of Geographers

Introduction from the Editorial Team Selima Sultana, Paul Knapp, Ridwaana Allen, and Tyler Mitchell One of the many strengths of the Southeastern Division of the Association of American Geographers (SEDAAG) has been the broad and long-standing support of its members and their strong service commitment to ensure the vitality of the division. These contributions are best expressed during the annual meeting each November held in a variety of cities from small (e.g., Florence, Alabama) to large (e.g., Atlanta, Georgia) located within the SEDAAG region. Regardless of location, the meetings offer an opportunity for many of the attendees to travel, which is part of the enjoyment of the meeting, especially when exploration is integrated into the trip. As geographers, we know that visiting places with interesting geographical qualities can be highly educational and initiate new ideas. This travel can help satiate the wanderlust that is inherent to geographers, and when done as a group, initiate long-lasting friendships and promote great conversions. That said, the reason for the travel — to attend the meeting — is made possible by a suite of individuals who organize the event. For the 2022 meeting, we recognize the efforts of SEDAAG President Bill Graves, SEDAAG Vice President Jennifer Rahn, and local organizer Eric Spears who spent numerous hours working to create an event that was widely enjoyed. We also recognize the contributions of the State Representatives and committee members, and for the latter particularly, Phillip Schmutz, who served as Chair of the Honors Committee. The awards banquet keynote address by AAG President Marilyn Raphael made the conference even more special. Finally, the success of the meeting does not occur without participation on panels, in sessions, and in the honors competition. The exceptional contributions for 2022 are listed below: faculty • Lifetime Achievement Award: John Kupfer, University of South Carolina • Outstanding Service Award: Dawn Drake, Missouri Western State University • Undergraduate Mentoring Award: Saeideh Gharehchahi, Jacksonville State University • Research Honors Award: Joann Mossa, University of Florida; Joe Weber, University of Alabama. graduate students • Best Poster: Cooper Corey, University of Alabama • Best Master’s Paper: Mashoukur Rahaman, University of Florida [End Page 132] • John Fraser Hart Award for Best Ph.D. Student Paper: Sarah Jackson, University of South Carolina other • Best Southeastern Geographer Paper: Mary Biggs, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill • Southeastern Geographer Cover Photo: Joann Mossa, University of Florida In addition to the awards, the incoming Southeastern Geographer editors were announced at the SEDAAG meeting. Shrinidhi Ambinakudige and Brian Williams, professors at Mississippi State University, were appointed to begin their four-year term on July 1, 2023. We look forward to helping them with the transition as they assume the editorial duties during the summer. Issue 63.2 of Southeastern Geographer contains a cover essay by Joann Mossa, three articles and one geographical note that are summarized below, and one book review. As always, we encourage you to consider the journal as a publication outlet and note that beginning later this year Southeastern Geographer will have an impact factor. Finally, we thank the reviewers for their invaluable contributions that greatly improved the quality of the articles. Sugg and Weir investigate whether politics should remain a viable indicator of the public’s opinion on climate change by examining margin of victory data from the last four US presidential elections and climate change opinions. The regression models revealed that counties that voted for the Democratic candidate by wider margins were tied to higher percentages of adults who believe that climate change is mostly caused by human activity, while counties that voted for the Republican candidate by wider margins were tied to lower percentages accepting anthropogenic climate change. Moreover, climate change beliefs became increasingly polarized over time and model fit tended to improve over time, although there were some exceptions. Studies indicate that the vast majority of adults believe that climate change is occurring and most also believe that humans are the cause. Sugg and Weir suggest bypassing the contentious debate over anthropogenic climate change in favor of policy solutions with broad appeal. Friis and Habron investigate how various actors within Furman University’s socio-ecological system interact as part of the University’s placemaking efforts. Their study integrates...

We mapped antioxidant values of 118 common food crops at a global scale based on geographical origins using median oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and total phenolics (TP) for twenty-three regions to evaluate broad-scale patterns. Using the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Composition Database we used k-means clustering to differentiate regions based on ORAC and TP values. Latitude is positively associated with ORAC (rs = 0.51, p < 0.02) and TP (rs = 0.48, p < 0.02) with the highest values found in northeastern Europe, North America, and temperate South America. The lowest ORAC values are associated with equatorial and subtropical regions. Latitudinal differences in antioxidant properties of crops are positively associated with cold stress in the promotion of higher ORAC and TP values in colder regions. Latitudinal pattern exceptions occur in southwestern Europe where maritime conditions moderate cold stress and in the Andes where high-elevation conditions promote cold stress. Global evaluation of crop antioxidants reveals distinct geographical patterns that incorporate the long- and short-term effects of anthropogenic activity. Our findings suggest that results from smaller scale studies are operative at broader (regional-level) scales despite the influence of crop domestication and dispersal of crops across floristic boundaries.

Introduction From The Editorial Team Selima Sultana, Paul Knapp, Ridwaana Allen, and Tyler Mitchell Over a quarter of a century ago, the 1997 SEDAAG meeting held in downtown Birmingham, Alabama, coincided with the second strongest El Niño conditions recorded between 1950 and 2022. Near the conference hotel was a local hardware store that had an impressive display of sleds beneath a sign noting that extreme El Niño conditions suggested cooler (and, by implication, snowier) conditions awaited in the upcoming winter. Great advertising for sure, and an aesthetically pleasing display, but is the presence of El Niño conditions statistically meaningful in the American South? We ask this question since there is a greater than 80 percent chance of El Niño conditions during the fall of 2023 (https://twitter.com/NWS/status/1646510489399336965), and as geographers, we are fascinated with how these events are expressed spatially. So what are temperature conditions like during falls when El Niño conditions prevail in terms of deviations from averages in the American South? The answer is it depends on location. We used the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) (https://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ONI_v5.php), which measures the three-month running mean of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Nino 3.4 region (5°N–5°S, 120°–170°W). We examined all the years where fall (September through November) conditions met the criteria of El Niño conditions (n = 21) and compared these observations to years when La Niña conditions prevailed (n = 21), which included the falls of 2020–22. We selected Birmingham, Alabama; Greensboro, North Carolina; Norfolk, Virginia (the location of the 2023 SEDAAG meeting); and the Southeast Climate Region, which encompasses much of the SEDAAG Region. Differences between mean annual temperature departures for El Niño and La Niña were small for the selected sites with El Niño years averaging about 1 °F cooler than La Niña years. These differences were significant (p < 0.05) for Greensboro and Norfolk, but not for Birmingham or the Southeastern Region. Additionally, El Niño years are typically associated with below-average temperatures (15 of the 21 years) while La Niña years are more often defined by above-average temperatures (11 of 21 years). In sum, there is an effect, but it is unlikely sled worthy for most of the American South. Our limited analysis helps illustrate the value of viewing these data from a geographical perspective, recognizing that broad-scale assessment based on regions may not capture the intersite variability that exists. Additionally, it is helpful to recognize that even though significant temperature differences exist between phases for some sites, the magnitude of these differences varies substantially between years. Now we will [End Page 226] return to Birmingham and the predicted snowy conditions of 1997–98. Fall conditions were cooler, being -2.1 °F below average, yet winter (December, January, February) conditions were 0.1 °F above average and there were no exceptional snowfall events as that fall/winter do not rank in the top ten of all years (https://www.weather.gov/bmx/climo_snowfacts). It is wonderful to hope for a snowy winter, but the conditions that promote snow events in the American South are regulated by multiple factors that exhibit spatiotemporal variability beyond the effects of El Niño years. Issue 63.3 is comprised of a cover essay about Norfolk and the Tidewater region, four research articles, and two book reviews. The first article of this issue is co-authored by UNC Charlotte geography professor Harrison Campbell, who unexpectedly passed away in October of 2022 during the preparation phase of this manuscript. Since joining UNC Charlotte in 1996, Dr. Campbell made significant contributions to economic geography focusing on the American South. In particular, his research helped us to understand the factors that affect the dynamics of growth, development policy, and the economic well-being of communities and regions. Dr. Campbell was also a longtime and frequent contributor to Southeastern Geographer, either as an author or a reviewer, and was a vocal advocate for SEDAAG. He will be missed dearly by the entire SEDAAG community. As always, this issue was...

Introduction from the Editorial Team Selima Sultana, Paul Knapp, Ridwaana Allen, and Tyler Mitchell At the end of each year, as the winter holiday season emerges, we are often drawn to stories from literature and film that address the value of human connection and community. From the reading of classic novellas to the viewing of numerous 1960s animated TV films rich in faded retro color, a common theme is about transformative events that promote wellbeing. The overarching message is clear in that it is possible to overestimate the perceived importance or value of material goods and underestimate the worth of community. Joyfulness is a shared experience. A supportive environment is invaluable. Based on our four years as an editorial team, we see parallels to these stories in what Southeastern Geographer means to authors far exceeds the journal's metrics as a limited-volume, regional publication that only recently received an impact factor — a criterion so important for promotion and tenure at some institutions that some potential authors cannot risk publishing in journals without it. Yet, Southeastern Geographer consistently receives exceptional contributions from scholars at all career stages ranging from graduate students to well-established scholars studying topics relevant to the American South. In this issue alone, there are excellent contributions from an AAG Past-President, a SEDAAG Past-President, the current SEDAAG President, and from graduate students to established full professors. There must be more to the journal than just an impact factor that draws such exceptional scholarship to Southeastern Geographer. The journal's success stems from substantial organizational support, a legacy of positive experiences, and an old-school publishing approach that creates a synergistic effect to elevate the attractiveness of Southeastern Geographer as a publication outlet. The journal is financially supported by and intrinsically linked to SEDAAG, one of the largest and most active regional divisions of the AAG. SEDAAG hosts its annual meeting on the Sunday and Monday before Thanksgiving at rotating locations in the Southeast. The timing of the meeting in late fall coincides with enjoyable weather (cool nights, mild days), remnant fall color, the onset of the holiday season, and the end of the semester. It is the beginning of a festive and restorative period. Seasonal cheer and a general sense of wellbeing carry throughout the meeting where there are many events (e.g., GeoBowl, Student Honors sessions, SEG Reception and Cover Photo Competition, Awards Banquet Dinner) designed to increase participation and connect the SEDAAG community. In short, the meeting fosters goodwill and serves as an opportunity to promote the journal as a respected outlet and to recruit potential authors. Contributors [End Page 317] have fond memories of publishing in the journal, often noting that either their initial or early career experience of the publishing process began with Southeastern Geographer. The general editorial approach towards articles, particularly with authors early in their career is nurturing, with a commitment to make their manuscripts publishable if possible. Over the past four years, we have repeatedly been told by contributing authors that publishing in the journal had a strong positive effect on their career. One senior scholar mentioned that their first publication in the journal in the 1980s helped secure a faculty position at an R1 university. The journal remains somewhat iconoclastic in style and production. The contents include a cover photo and accompanying essay written for a broad audience including one issue with a cover photo/essay on the forthcoming annual meeting host city. Beyond that is an introduction by the editors/editorial team, articles, geographical notes, and book reviews, and all this material is copyedited "inhouse." Further, Southeastern Geographer celebrates great work by recognizing a "Best Paper Award" at the Annual SEDDAG meeting Awards Banquet Dinner. So, it is not the quantifiable qualities that lend to the success of the journal, but rather a series of supportive measures that increases the interest to publish and a broad-scale recognition that articles appearing in Southeastern Geographer are valuable. Issue 63.4 marks the end of our term as an editorial team. We are grateful for the support of SEDAAG Past-President Joann Mossa who recruited us to serve as an editorial team, and Lynn Resler and Bill Graves...

We mapped antioxidant values of 118 common food crops at a global scale based on geographical origins using median oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and total phenolics (TP) for twenty-three regions to evaluate broad-scale patterns. Using the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Composition Database we used <i>k</i>-means clustering to differentiate regions based on ORAC and TP values. Latitude is positively associated with ORAC (<i>r</i>_s = 0.51, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.02) and TP (<i>r</i>_s = 0.48, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.02) with the highest values found in northeastern Europe, North America, and temperate South America. The lowest ORAC values are associated with equatorial and subtropical regions. Latitudinal differences in antioxidant properties of crops are positively associated with cold stress in the promotion of higher ORAC and TP values in colder regions. Latitudinal pattern exceptions occur in southwestern Europe where maritime conditions moderate cold stress and in the Andes where high-elevation conditions promote cold stress. Global evaluation of crop antioxidants reveals distinct geographical patterns that incorporate the long- and short-term effects of anthropogenic activity. Our findings suggest that results from smaller scale studies are operative at broader (regional-level) scales despite the influence of crop domestication and dispersal of crops across floristic boundaries.

Five distinct records of US tornado outbreak history are created by applying separate criteria from published definitions of "outbreak" to the complete US tornado dataset covering 1975–2014. To identify statistical patterns in the resulting outbreak records, time trends were calculated using bivariate correlation against time (year), ANOVA was used to evaluate similarities and differences between the different records, and kernel density analysis was used to identify and map spatial patterns in outbreak variables in each record. The tornado record, and specifically the tornado outbreak record, shows a general increasing trend during the period of study for all five definitions, albeit only in the non-summer seasons. Results from ANOVA indicate statistically significant differences in outbreak records between definitions. According to our analyses, regardless of the definition, the total number of tornado outbreaks (TO), the total number of tornadoes that were part of an outbreak (Outbreak Tornadoes; OT), and outbreak tornadoes as a proportion of all tornadoes (OTP) exhibit their highest annual mean values in a tripole pattern including central Arkansas, central Mississippi, and northern Alabama. This is one of the few consistencies across outbreak records between the different definitions, and we propose that this region represents "Tornado Outbreak Alley," in contrast to the traditional "Tornado Alley" of the southern Great Plains.

We present a method for recording cool-season (mid-October–May) weather events near Nags Head, North Carolina. Standardized traumatic resin duct frequency (TRDsf) formations in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were determined from earlywood radial growth samples using the number of traumatic resin ducts that occur in response to stressful weather events. Based on a sample of 39 cores collected at Nags Head Woods Ecological Preserve during summer 2020, we tested if the occurrence of traumatic resin ducts in the earlywood was caused by late-season tropical cyclones, mid-latitude windstorms, and snow/ice storms and served as a proxy for extreme weather frequency during 1950–2019. TRDsf was significantly related to years that had at least one documented cool-season weather event. The average TRDsf in a non-storm year was 1.95 while the average for a storm year was 2.99. Further, TRDsf was correlated with the number of cool-season weather events and there was no tree age-related bias to storm-event detection. These results support using TRD frequency to reconstruct cool-season storm history beyond current climate records at locations where older (150+ years) stands of loblolly pine forests exist along coastal North Carolina.

The Leybold-Heraeus gravitational torsion balance is commonly used in undergraduate laboratories to measure the gravitational attraction between known masses to find the gravitational constant G. Because the difficult task of data acquisition reduces its usefulness, we have implemented a simple design that minimizes this task and achieves more accurate results. This design features a small car that tracks the oscillating laser with the use of a stepper motor and some simple control circuitry. Step counting yields the location of the reflected laser in time.

The Bush and Obama administrations have pursued a military campaign during the War on Terror in which “the world is a battlefield.” The globalized nature of contemporary warfare has tested the limits of constitutional protections for individuals under the control of the United States government. My distinction thesis focuses on the extension of constitutional rights and, in turn, the maintenance of the separation of powers during the War on Terror. I provide a comparative analysis of the role of the judiciary to reconcile constitutional First Amendment free speech & association and habeus corpus rights with federal executive & legislative counterterrorism policies. I compare the Supreme Court’s perspectives of balancing proper enforcement of international counterterrorism objectives with the preservation of constitutional rights in Boumediene v. Bush and Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project. I also utilize cases from the federal circuit courts to examine how Boumediene and Holder have been applied in subsequent issues. My thesis aims to differentiate the political, diplomatic, and legal considerations by the judiciary between cases that involve actors associated with Foreign Terrorist Organizations and detainees in Bagram, Afghanistan compared to non-foreign terrorist organizations and detainees in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. I argue that the particular characteristics of American counterterrorism operations during the War on Terror have emphasized the legal distinction of domestic versus foreign individuals and organizations, territories, and jurisdiction. This distinction also intervenes upon the extent to which the courts seek to protect the separation of powers by constraining the actions of the executive, in addition to invoking certain rights and protections of the Constitution. I conclude that the federal courts have demonstrated greater deference to the federal government in foreign material support and detention cases since the Supreme Court rulings in Boumediene v. Bush and Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project.

We developed a web-based cloud-hosted system that allow users to archive, listen, visualize, and annotate recordings.The system also provides tools to convert these annotations into datasets that can be used to train a computer to detect the presence or absence of a species.The algorithm used by the system was selected after comparing the accuracy and efficiency of three variants of a template-based detection.The algorithm computes a similarity vector by comparing a template of a species call with time increments across the spectrogram.Statistical features are extracted from this vector and used as input for a Random Forest classifier that predicts presence or absence of the species in the recording.The fastest algorithm variant had the highest average accuracy and specificity; therefore, it was implemented in the ARBIMON web-based system.

We developed a web-based cloud-hosted system that allow users to archive, listen, visualize, and annotate recordings.The system also provides tools to convert these annotations into datasets that can be used to train a computer to detect the presence or absence of a species.The algorithm used by the system was selected after comparing the accuracy and efficiency of three variants of a template-based detection.The algorithm computes a similarity vector by comparing a template of a species call with time increments across the spectrogram.Statistical features are extracted from this vector and used as input for a Random Forest classifier that predicts presence or absence of the species in the recording.The fastest algorithm variant had the highest average accuracy and specificity; therefore, it was implemented in the ARBIMON web-based system.

We developed a web-based cloud-hosted system that allow users to archive, listen, visualize, and annotate recordings.The system also provides tools to convert these annotations into datasets that can be used to train a computer to detect the presence or absence of a species.The algorithm used by the system was selected after comparing the accuracy and efficiency of three variants of a template-based detection.The algorithm computes a similarity vector by comparing a template of a species call with time increments across the spectrogram.Statistical features are extracted from this vector and used as input for a Random Forest classifier that predicts presence or absence of the species in the recording.The fastest algorithm variant had the highest average accuracy and specificity; therefore, it was implemented in the ARBIMON web-based system.

Tyler Mitchell talks about the activities of the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo) whith the aim of sharing some questions with the public

Introduction from the Editorial Team Selima Sultana, Paul Knapp, Ridwaana Allen, and Tyler Mitchell Our third year of editorial team work begins with issue 62.1 and a new editorial board that will serve until July 2023. We have given substantial effort to form a board that broadly represents the composition of SEDAAG in terms of demography, institutions, and locations. We welcome the following new members: Shrinidhi Ambinakudige at Mississippi State University, David Jansson at Uppsala University, Sweden, Rebecca Loraamm at the University of Oklahoma, Rasul Mowatt at Indiana University, Esra Ozdenerol at the University of Memphis, and John Strait at Sam Houston State University. Our special thanks go to the outgoing board members for their outstanding contributions to the journal over the last two years: Anzhelika Antipova at the University of Memphis, David Cochran at University of Southern Mississippi, Sean Crotty at Texas Christian University, Sandy Marshall at Elon University, Russell Smith at Winston-Salem State University, and Kathy Sherman-Morris at Mississippi State University. As this issue (Spring 2022) goes to press in early November 2021, we reflect upon what we wrote about the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic one year ago for issue 61.1. At that time, approximately 240,000 deaths in the US were attributed to COVID-19, whereas that number has increased by over 520,000 to approximately 760,000 deaths (1Point3Acres 2021). Despite these sobering numbers that have created much sorrow and innumerable hardships, the past year also marks a period of significant adjustment as we learned how to hope to cope with an ongoing pandemic. In academia, what we are learning is that coupled with all the costs of pandemic disruptions (e.g., loss of connectivity with students and colleagues, remote-learning fatigue, and loss of revenue that has affected budgets), there have also been opportunities to reevaluate how we address parts of academia. Furman and Moldwin (2021) address this and note that the pandemic also served as a catalyst to address ongoing mental health concerns affecting students and faculty and that the amplification of these issues increased the amount of affective labor to help those struggling. The authors cite studies that show the percentage of faculty that are considering leaving the profession at 40 percent, with nearly half that number being faculty in their early-career stages. In contrast, they note that the pandemic "humanizes" both faculty and students and from our perspective, it also caused many to reevaluate the work-life balance by trimming work commitments. One likely effect of changes in work/life balances that we have seen while serving as an editorial team is while submission rates decreased in the year following the pandemic onset, they have recovered, yet the willingness of scholars to serve as reviewers remains [End Page 5] the rate that occurred at the onset of the pandemic. We posit that this reduction of service reflects an adjustment of daily work commitments with reviewing being of lower priority, while publishing remains a necessity, particularly for promotion and tenure. Thus, while we attempt to process papers in a timely fashion (mean time to initial decision is 6.5 weeks), authors who submit their work to Southeastern Geographer almost always have a quicker review process if they include names of several potential reviewers at the time of submission. This winter issue includes four articles and two book reviews with summaries of the articles below. As always, we thank the authors who selected Southeastern Geographer, and we are grateful for the help of the external reviewers whose constructive insights led to significant improvements in the manuscripts. We thank Joseph Weber at the University of Alabama for serving as the Book Review Editor and for providing the journal with excellent book reviews. Finally, we thank both the Department of Geography, Environment, and Sustainability and College of Arts and Sciences at our home institution, the University of North Carolina Greensboro, for providing partial support to the journal. Acknowledging the long history of colonialism and whiteness within the museum field, Griem and Allen examine the relationship between museums and race. They explore how Black culture, stories, and individuals are represented at several institutions in Kansas City, Missouri. They visited museums...

Introduction from the Editorial Team Selima Sultana, Paul Knapp, Ridwaana Allen, and Tyler Mitchell Our Editorial Team is grateful for the opportunity to contribute to Southeastern Geographer, the flagship journal of the Southeastern Division of the American Association Geographers (SEDAAG). We are pleased to report that the 2021 Annual SEDAAG Meeting in Florence, Alabama during November 20–22 was well attended following the virtual-format platform arrangement for the 2020 conference. The success of the SEDAAG Conference is made possible by the extensive work of numerous division members. We recognize the outstanding contributions of Lynn Resler and Jennifer Rahn for their roles as SEDAAG President and SEDAAG Vice-President, respectively, and Local Arrangement Chair, Michael Pretes during this unprecedented and challenging time. We were pleased that AAG President Emily Ye attended the meeting and presented the Keynote Address at the Awards Banquet. SEDAAG meetings offer a suite of professional development benefits and have excelled in distinguishing exceptional contributions in scholarship, instruction, and service. The recognition of awards is judged by the members of the Honors Committee, who must decide on recipients of nominated awards prior to the meeting and then spend much of the meeting evaluating student presentations. We applaud the efforts of the Committee, especially committee chair Douglas Allen, for their dedication. We note that while we list some of the 2021 awardees below, there were no nominations for the prestigious Research Honors Award. 2021 Awardees • Southeastern Geographer Award for Best Paper: Thomas Saladyga and Stockton Maxwell (A Multi-Century Fire History from the Potomac Highlands of West Virginia) and Gabe Schwartzman (POWER and the Future of Appalachia: Discursive Framings of an Economic Transition) • Southeastern Geographer Cover Art: Yin-Hsuen Chen, Old Dominion University • Lifetime Achievement Award: Bobby Wilson (posthumous) • Outstanding Service Award: Heidi J.L. Lannon, Santa Fe College • Excellence in Teaching: Ingrid Luffman, East Tennessee State University • John Fraser Hart Award, Best Ph.D. Student Paper: Savannah Collins-Key, University of Tennessee • Best Master's Paper: Avery Catherwood, University of North Carolina Greensboro [End Page 89] The conclusion of the annual meeting marks the transition of SEDAAG Officers. We thank Lynn Resler for her excellent work as President during 2019–2021 while navigating the numerous issues associated with the onset and continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, and Treasurer, Amy Potter of Georgia Southern University. We congratulate newly elected President William (Bill) Graves of the University of North Carolina Charlotte, and Treasurer Paul McDaniel of Kennesaw State University for their two-year appointments as SEDAAG Officers. SEDAAG also welcomed newly elected State Representatives Jordan Cissell (Samford University), Johanna Engström (University of Florida), Michele Abee (Bellarmine University), Dean Hardy (University of South Carolina), and Thomas Saladyga (Concord University). We extend our warm thanks to the outgoing state representatives Caroline McClure (University of Alabama), Cynthia Simmons (University of Florida), Peggy Gripshover (Western Kentucky University), Conor Harrison (University of South Carolina), and Jamison Conley (West Virginia University) for their commitment and contributions to SEDAAG during the past two years. Please consider Southeastern Geographer as a publication outlet for work that relates to the American South. As an Editorial Team, we try to process manuscripts in a timely fashion with an average initial decision time of approximately six weeks. Manuscript submissions during the past four years have been from authors located from many locations outside of the SEDAAG region and SEDAAG membership is not a requirement to submit work to the journal. We are thankful for the contributions of authors and external reviewers that make Southeastern Geographer an outstanding journal. We are also grateful for the contributions of Joseph Weber of the University of Alabama for his role as Book Editor. Issue 62.2 (Summer) contains four papers, which we summarize below, and two book reviews. Biggs builds on cultural geography and the geographies of memory to explore how the managers at three historic sites in Durham, North Carolina attempt to manage the interests of historic preservation with present-day use and enjoyment of these sites. Rather than viewing the landscapes surrounding these sites as racially neutral backdrops, Biggs maintains that they are racialized spaces with their own histories. Specifically, the trees and grass at these sites are not...

Introduction from the Editorial Team Selima Sultana, Paul Knapp, Ridwaana Allen, and Tyler Mitchell The publication of issue 62.3 (Fall) marks nearly the three-fourths point of our term as an editorial team. An advertisement for the position of the next editor(s) of Southeastern Geographer has already been disseminated with the anticipation that the new editorial team will start their responsibilities in the summer of 2023. The journal, which had its first issue published in 1961, has served as an outlet for scholarly research from early- through late-career scientists focusing on geographical studies of the American South. The journal’s principal foci have been twofold: 1) to help develop potentially interesting research to make it publishable, timely, and relevant to a broad audience; and 2) to serve as a medium that promotes and documents the activities of SEDAAG (https://sedaag.org/) members. Included in this issue is a compilation of ten essays from former colleagues and friends that recognize the scholarly work, mentoring, and kindness of the late Dr. Bobby Wilson. In reading through the essays, a great appreciation of Dr. Wilson’s contributions emerges, and it is wonderful that the journal can serve as a forum to publish these essays. This issue also includes a cover image of Atlanta and an accompanying essay about the city by Eric Spears and Jordan Brasher of Columbus State University as background information for the upcoming SEDAAG meeting that will be held in Atlanta on November 19–22, 2022. Finally, each year the Fall issue of Southeastern Geographer includes recognition of SEDAAG members for outstanding service and scholarship contributions in a summary of the previous Annual Meeting activities. We hope that the incoming editorial team will continue the traditions of Southeastern Geographer. In addition to the Forum honoring the late Dr. Bobby Wilson, issue 62.3 includes three articles, summarized below, and two book reviews. We are grateful for the contributions made by these authors and the constructively critical comments offered by the reviewers that improved these high-quality papers. As always, please consider submitting your work to Southeastern Geographer as we are committed to facilitating a thorough review process conducted in a timely manner. Based on Mississippi being one of the hardest-hit states with respect to COVID-19, Ali et al. utilized the CDC’s social vulnerability index (CDC SVI), geographic information systems (GIS), and linear regression to examine the spatial pattern of COVID-19 and its association with social determinants of health. Unlike many other studies that use the CDC SVI, Ali et al. focus on the local scale rather than the national scale, specifically by investigating COVID-19 incidence and mortality at Mississippi’s county scale. The CDC SVI offers a relative vulnerability ranking based on four subthemes. The researchers did [End Page 174] observe a spatial association between the CDC SVI and COVID-19-related health outcomes. In particular, there was a statistically significant association between the SVI and cumulative mortality, while the SVI subtheme household composition and disability predicted higher incidence. Their overall findings help illustrate the dynamic nature of pandemics and how vulnerability may change over spatiotemporal scales. Higgins and Engle examine the Appalachian Just Transition and analyze two community food initiatives within the context of the Just Transition: a community-based gardening program and a produce prescription program (PPP). They investigate whether these programs maintain existing unjust systems or strive for a more equitable, sustainable future. They employ compassionate scholarship, propose the use of an evaluative approach, and make recommendations based on their findings. Overall, the programs did strive to address the lack of access to fresh and healthy food in their communities but were limited by systemic constraints which hindered their ability to make lasting changes. Smith and Blizard quantitatively examine the relationship between municipal incorporation and Black-White segregation in the southern United States between 1990 and 2010. They utilize the U.S. Census Bureau’s definition of the South and employ two modeling techniques: difference regression and spatial lag first difference regression. They found high levels of municipal incorporation in counties within Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Alabama and increasing levels of Black-White segregation in several states...

Introduction from the Editorial Team Selima Sultana, Paul Knapp, Ridwaana Allen, and Tyler Mitchell Volume 62.4 represents the twelfth issue that we have worked on as an editorial team. As this Winter 2022 issue goes to press, we are beginning our last year of editorial duties as a new team will assume responsibilities in the summer of 2023. Following the kindness of the previous editorial team of Hilda Kurtz and Deepak Mishra in facilitating the transition, we plan to help the new editor(s) as well so that the flagship journal of the Southeastern Division of the American Association of Geographers will continue to publish interesting, timely, and high-quality articles about the geography of the American South. Most of our term as an editorial team, which began in the summer of 2019, has coincided with the onset and continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic that took one million lives in the US (https://coronavirus.1point3acres.com/) as of July 2022. As we stated in issue 60.3 during the early stages of the pandemic, patterns of COVID-19 prevalence and severity reflected the interaction of underlying poor health conditions, socioeconomic conditions, and long-term racial inequities. We also noted that the spatial disparities of COVID-19 would be a focus of forthcoming studies to seek a better understanding of the factors leading to these patterns. The American South has the highest rate of COVID-19 mortality relating to “unhealthy lifestyle behaviors” that persist in this region, especially among the areas where historically marginalized populations are concentrated (e.g., https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/physical-activity-and-COVID-19.html, https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/data/inactivity-prevalence-maps/index.html). Recently, Arena et al. (2022) concluded that the combination of an underlying poor health condition with a highly infectious disease has created a syndemic that has likely been a major contributor to the high number of COVID-19 deaths in the United States. Additional geographical studies on this subject, particularly at a finer scale of analysis focusing on specific regions of the American South, would likely provide deeper insights into the syndemic. As of now, however, Arena et al. (2022) recommend promoting healthier lifestyles in every community to address any future pandemics. Three articles, discussed below, and three book reviews comprise this issue. As always, we thank the authors for choosing Southeastern Geographer to publish their fine work and the reviewers, whose critical insights improve the quality of manuscripts. Additionally, we are pleased to announce that Issue 63.1 (Spring 2023) of Southeastern Geographer will be a Special Issue on Protected Areas of the American Southeast. Guest edited by Joe Weber and John Kupfer, this issue will examine the critical significance of [End Page 296] protected areas during a period of rapidly increasing human population pressures and a changing climate. Please consider Southeastern Geographer for your future work. Schmitz and McCreary evaluate the influence of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint (ACF) river basin regarding the Florida v. Georgia Supreme Court case. The authors found that federally owned dams substantially altered the ACF river system despite the Corps not being directly involved in the case. Their principal findings were that both historically and currently, the Corps’ projects affecting the ACF modulate interstate conflicts and that the focus on state boundaries may lead to an obscured view of the river basin ecology. They conclude that a “more complex analysis” provided by the incorporation of critical geographic scholarship is necessary to promote social justice and ecological sustainability regarding conflicts in the ACF river basin. Further, the authors note that the Florida v. Georgia case provides insight for others, particularly geographers, studying the ACF river basin or other transboundary river basins from either analytical or political perspectives. Kalafsky and Graves assess the evolution of exports within the southern manufacturing sector over the past two decades and investigate the ways in which these exports have been impacted by recent disruptions to the global economic system. They focus on eleven states in the South over the period of 2000 – 2021 and utilize the evolutionary economic geography (EEG) framework, which pertains to the interconnectedness of the past, present...

Abstract Background Longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystems were historically widespread in the North American Coastal Plain and in some southeastern piedmont and montane settings. The naval stores industry, deforestation, and other human activities resulted in an extensive loss (c. 97% loss) of the original woodlands and savannas. Longleaf pine ecosystems are maintained by frequent surface fire which promotes successful regeneration and maintains open canopy conditions and a largely herbaceous understory. Fire regimes (including the frequency and seasonality of fire) likely varied across the entire range of longleaf pine and through time; further research is needed to elucidate this variability. Results We used fire scars in stumps and snags to reconstruct fire history in a piedmont longleaf pine ecosystem in North Carolina. For each tree sampled, we examined multiple cross sections to avoid omission of fire events recorded by smaller fire scars. Our samples revealed evidence of frequent fire (c. 3–4-year fire interval) beginning in the early eighteenth century and extending to the mid-nineteenth century. Fires occurred in the dormant and early earlywood positions of annual rings and were likely human ignited. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first tree-ring-based fire history in longleaf pine of the piedmont. As such, it offers a rare glimpse into historical fire activity in a now scarce but important ecological setting. More research is needed to develop additional fire chronologies in the piedmont region, including for longer periods of time and for larger spatial areas.

Welcome to Volume 1 of our brand new journal! This new publication celebrates the many successes in the general open source and geospatial communities as well as those particular to the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo)1. The goal of the journal is to update, inform and educate all kinds of readers. It will cover project related news updates, case studies, tutorials and more. In particular, it will help capture OSGeo project updates and their plans for the future. This volume was planned to replace and expand the retired GRASS-News2 publication - which provided strong technical tutorials and community interaction. This new journal will continue to include GRASS related information along with many other projects - regardless of whether they are inside or outside of OSGeo's umbrella.

I present a new method for identifying historic tropical cyclone activity utilizing frequencies of intra-annual density fluctuations in longleaf pine in western Florida. In addition, in this work I provide information about the causal factors that determine the formation of intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) in longleaf pine latewood. Specifically, I test the viability of using L+ IADFs in longleaf pine latewood as a proxy for historic tropical cyclone frequency and precipitation for the period 1950–2017. The stabilized frequency of L+ IADF occurrence is significantly (p 0.50) nearly always (88%) coincide with a TC tracking into the study area, and I find a significant (p < 0.01) relationship between TC-sourced precipitation and the stabilized frequency of L+ IADFs. Via this relationship, reconstruction of historic tropical cyclone frequency and precipitation is probable, which would allow for increased understanding of historic tropical cyclone activity prior to the historic climate record.

Introduction from the Editorial Team Selima Sultana, Paul Knapp, Ridwaana Allen, and Tyler Mitchell Issue 61.2 marks our sixth issue as an editorial team and is slated for production at the time when we are celebrating Black History Month, February 2021. The editorial team recognizes Black Americans’ range of identities, and their significant role in US history, and acknowledges the systemic inequality and everyday challenges Black Americans continue to experience. We acknowledge their struggles and celebrate their resilience this month and every month. The significance of this month is interwoven throughout this issue, which includes a cover-art essay, four articles, and a book review. The cover art and its associated essay are contributed by Caleb Smith, one recipient of Southeastern Geographer 2020 Cover Art Award. The cover art, which shows an empty Mississippi state flagpole next to an American flag at the Jones County Courthouse in Ellisville, Mississippi, represents a historical moment of the removal of the Confederate Battle Flag canton. Since 1861, this flag persisted as an enduring symbol of racism against Black Americans in the guise of Southern heritage in Mississippi and beyond. Historically, plantation museums have been used to romanticize planter culture and the antebellum South, often by omitting slavery from the narrative altogether. Doron and Jansson’s article argues that effectively transitioning from erasing slavery from the narrative to incorporating it meaningfully requires reflection and reflexive epistemic positionality. Without that critical reflection and self-awareness, there is a risk that the narrative will be changed, but the same tropes will be propagated in the new narrative. “Epistemic positionality” here is understood to mean how knowledge is shaped by a subject’s position in relation to systems of power. The authors focus on the Oak Alley plantation in Vacherie, Louisiana as their case study of a museum currently undergoing the transition and juxtapose that briefly with Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello plantation in Charlottesville, Virginia, which has successfully undergone this transition. Oak Alley has evolved from the “annihilation” of slavery from its narrative, to a segregated knowledge regime, to attempting to be more inclusive and integrate slavery in the narrative – a “balancing act” that appreciates the beauty of the place while acknowledging its ugly past. However, these efforts may ultimately be limited by the fact that visitors’ comfort is still prioritized over meaningful engagement with history and how that continues to manifest in the present – including through harmful narratives illustrated by plantation museums. While Monticello experienced the same transition, part of their success has come from acknowledging positionality and embracing the discomfort rather than trying to avoid it. [End Page 107] Lovelace uses Black Feminist Hauntology to investigate why Nat Turner’s freedom trail has been denied memorialization. Black Feminist Hauntology has been posited as “a theory that the memory of violence and trauma can haunt.” Lovelace underpins Black Feminist Hauntology with rememory and re-membering. “Rememory” can be thought of as “a place where images of the past can be stored,” while “re-membering” refers to “the act of using memory to reassemble that which has been broken apart.” Nat Turner’s Rebellion took place in 1831, and despite it being the largest slave rebellion to take place in the US, no official sites exist to commemorate it. Those sites that have been restored or maintained present a specific and white-centric narrative. Particularly disturbing are the normalizing and centralizing of whiteness and intentional exclusion and othering of Black people in the memory of this rebellion, which in turn shape its geography. Historical markers, Blackhead Signpost Road, and the Rebecca Vaughan House support these findings. Lovelace’s journey through Southampton County, Virginia to various sites affiliated with the rebellion reveals a “freedom trail” buried by unequal memorializations and traditional memory. These work in tandem to erase Black people from the geographies they helped to create and present a narrative of white innocence despite the inherent cruelty and brutality of chattel slavery. To combat this false narrative, these places are instead resituated through rememory and re-membering. They center Blackness and emphasize how Black spatial acts have shaped the landscapes in and beyond Southampton County. Schuch et al. investigate the concept of Latino receptivity from the...

Introduction from the Editorial Team Selima Sultana, Paul Knapp, Ridwaana Allen, and Tyler Mitchell Issue 61.3 marks nearly the halfway point for our work as an editorial team for Southeastern Geographer. As this issue goes to press (early May 2021), we reflect on the effects of the ongoing, but gratefully, lessening COVID-19 pandemic. A year ago, as we were forced to start working remotely from our homes, deaths in the US attributed to the virus were approximately 70,000 in contrast to approximately 580,000 deaths today (Johns Hopkins University & Medicine 2021). At the time, we remarked on the geographic nature of the pandemic and posited that spatiotemporal patterns of its severity in the American South would emerge reflecting a combination of socioeconomic, racial, ethnic, and environmental factors. In fact, one such article in this issue details the effects of rurality in Tennessee relating to the spread of COVID-19. We encourage scholars to consider contributing to the journal regarding the geographical patterns of the disease in the southeastern US. The effect of the pandemic on our profession substantially altered daily interactions with colleagues and students and hastened the widespread use of alternative ways to communicate. For example, the annual Southeastern Division of the American Association of Geographers (SEDAAG) meeting, which was originally planned to be held in Florence, Alabama in November 2020 was converted to a virtual meeting with great success. This surprising success, coupled with similar responses to other online meetings, likely set the foundation for future hybrid-format (i.e., participating either online or in-person) meetings. We note that the SEDAAG meeting will be held in Florence this year (please see issue 60.3 to learn more about Florence), but that it also will be designed so that registrants can participate remotely. We look forward to learning about how this hybrid format will be carried out. This issue contains four articles, summarized below, and one book review. As always, the publication of these articles is made possible by the constructively critical comments of the reviewers that offer insights on how to improve the quality of the manuscripts. We are grateful for their help. Luffman et al. investigate how the spread of COVID-19 early in the pandemic was impacted by rurality in Tennessee. Of Tennessee's ninety-five counties, roughly 92 percent of them are designated rural or mixed rural. In the US, rural and semi-rural counties have higher uninsured populations, disabled populations, and fewer physician offices, making them more vulnerable than their urban counterparts. Tennessee exemplifies this pattern. In collaboration with the Washington County Emergency Management Agency, [End Page 200] the Geoinformatics and Disaster Science (GADS) Lab created a dashboard to display robust COVID-19 information by county. Counties were grouped into five data classes: rural, mostly rural, mixed, mostly urban, and urban. Multiple definitions of rurality were examined. Five metrics were created to evaluate their variation with rurality: days to the first case, days to the first hospitalization, days to the first fatality, days from county to state peak, and days to 7-day moving average incidence rate of 10 per 100,000. During the study period, there were more than 90,000 web map views and 235,142 map interactions. Three of the five metrics were related to rurality, while two were not. Delayed emergence was observed in more rural counties including lower incidence and fatality rates and slower community spread. However, once community spread was established, rurality no longer acted as a protective measure against COVID-19 transmission in Tennessee. Employing a highly innovative approach, Fik and Chen discuss an alternative method that accounts for spatial autocorrelation when estimating configurational entropy. The authors apply this method to census tracts in Birmingham, Alabama, and find that median household income is less uniform and unevenly dispersed compared to the traditional Shannon's relative entropy index. Their work demonstrates the value of exploring spatial patterns from different methodological perspectives that may provide insight unseen using traditional methods. Thus, this approach can better describe uncertainty within spatial data, particularly where spatial autocorrelation is present. Klein reviews the literatures for monuments and collective memory to propose a hypothesis for the Northern acceptance of Southern...

Introduction from the Editorial Team Selima Sultana, Paul Knapp, Ridwaana Allen, and Tyler Mitchell Issue 61.4 of Southeastern Geographer marks the second-year completion of our editorial team's work. This volume is a special issue that focuses on the future of the American South. With guest editors, Drs. William Graves and Derek H. Alderman, this special issue of Southeastern Geographer explores the various topics relating to the American South and identifies possible pathways to build a more sustainable and socially just future for the region. This issue includes a cover-art essay, guest editorial for the special issue, five research articles, and a book review. The cover art and its associated essay reflect on the past and present status of women geographers in the Southeastern Division, American Association of Geographers (SEDAAG) region and recognizes their contributions in the traditionally male-dominated discipline of geography. The cover art, which shows a historical photograph, represents a time when a handful of women geographers gathered with their supportive male colleagues at a restaurant for breakfast. The purpose of this breakfast was to support and mentor other women geographers in the discipline. Today this tradition is formally known as the "breakfast for women geographers" and is sponsored by the SEDAAG to promote mentorship and support among women geographers. We continue to welcome proposals for organizing a special issue and serving as guest editors for Southeastern Geographer. We also encourage you to consider the journal as a potential outlet for your work. Our goals are to be supportive of diverse voices and subjects and timely in the processing of submissions. During the past year, the median time for an initial decision was six weeks and we hope to lower that time in the upcoming years. We have found that authors who suggest reviewers at the time of submission have typically experienced more rapid initial decisions, so please consider the importance of this when you submit to the journal. We thank the guest editors, Drs. William Graves and Derek H. Alderman, for organizing this special issue; the authors for their efforts, energy, and enthusiasm in their manuscripts; and the anonymous reviewers whose constructive feedback helped improve the articles. We hope you enjoy this special issue on the future of the American South. Erratum: Equation 4 of the article by Fik and Chen "Configurational Entropy: An Application Involving Census Tract Data for the City of Birmingham, Alabama" (DOI:10.1353/sgo.2021.0017) in Issue 61.3 contained a production error. Specifically, an "i" subscript was omitted from the second "r" term in Equation 4 of the paper. The online version of the article has been corrected. [End Page 290] Selima Sultana University of North Carolina Greensboro Paul Knapp University of North Carolina Greensboro Ridwaana Allen University of North Carolina Greensboro Tyler Mitchell University of North Carolina Greensboro Copyright © 2021 Southeastern Division of the American Association of Geographers