T. Kress

This chapter of the report of the “Flavor in the era of the LHC” Workshop discusses the theoretical, phenomenological and experimental issues related to flavor phenomena in the charged lepton sector and in flavor conserving CP-violating processes. We review the current experimental limits and the main theoretical models for the flavor structure of fundamental particles. We analyze the phenomenological consequences of the available data, setting constraints on explicit models beyond the standard model, presenting benchmarks for the discovery potential of forthcoming measurements both at the LHC and at low energy, and exploring options for possible future experiments.

A convenient, general, and regioselective synthesis of 2,6-dichloroaromatic compounds from m-dichlorobenzene is described. The stability of 2,6-dichlorophenyllithium is examined.

The CMS experiment expects to manage several Pbytes of data each year during the LHC programme, distributing them over many computing sites around the world and enabling data access at those centers for analysis. CMS has identified the distributed sites as the primary location for physics analysis to support a wide community with thousands potential users. This represents an unprecedented experimental challenge in terms of the scale of distributed computing resources and number of user. An overview of the computing architecture, the software tools and the distributed infrastructure is reported. Summaries of the experience in establishing efficient and scalable operations to get prepared for CMS distributed analysis are presented, followed by the user experience in their current analysis activities.

Zusammenfassung Die Internationale Klassifikation der Funktionsfähigkeit, Behinderung und Gesundheit (ICF) der Akutmedizin steht der Internationale Klassifikation von Krankheiten (ICD) im Bereich der medizinischen Rehabilitation gleichberechtigt gegenüber. Während die ICD vor allen Dingen als Abrechnungsinstrument verstanden wird, handelt es sich bei der ICF um eine theoretische Konstruktion der WHO, wodurch auf der Basis von Krankheiten und ihren Behandlungen die dann folgenden Störungen der Teilhabe in der Gesellschaft unterteilt und definiert werden. Krankheiten und ihren Therapien folgen Strukturdefekte mit entsprechenden Funktionsbeeinträchtigungen. Daraus resultieren Partizipationsstörungen. Die theoretischen Konstruktionsmerkmale in die Praxis umzusetzen erfordert ein individuelles Vorgehen entsprechend der spezifischen Bedürfnisse des Patienten. Anhand von Patienten mit bösartigen Neubildungen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich und entsprechenden Sprech- und Schluckproblemen wird die ICF praxisnah erläutert und in Bezug auf die praktische Umsetzung dargestellt. So kann es gelingen, durch ein optimal abgestimmtes Reha-Programm die Folgestörungen einer onkologischen Therapie mit der Lebenswirklichkeit von Patienten abzugleichen, um eine individuelle und bestmögliche Lebensplanung unter Einbeziehung besonderer beruflicher Problemlagen zu ermöglichen, mithin den Ansprüchen einer gelingenden Rehabilitation zu genügen.

Establishing efficient and scalable operations of the CMS distributed computing system critically relies on the proper integration, commissioning and scale testing of the data and workload management tools, the various computing workflows and the underlying computing infrastructure, located at more than 50 computing centres worldwide and interconnected by the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. Computing challenges periodically undertaken by CMS in the past years with increasing scale and complexity have revealed the need for a sustained effort on computing integration and commissioning activities. The Processing and Data Access (PADA) Task Force was established at the beginning of 2008 within the CMS Computing Program with the mandate of validating the infrastructure for organized processing and user analysis including the sites and the workload and data management tools, validating the distributed production system by performing functionality, reliability and scale tests, helping sites to commission, configure and optimize the networking and storage through scale testing data transfers and data processing, and improving the efficiency of accessing data across the CMS computing system from global transfers to local access. This contribution reports on the tools and procedures developed by CMS for computing commissioning and scale testing as well as the improvements accomplished towards efficient, reliable and scalable computing operations. The activities include the development and operation of load generators for job submission and data transfers with the aim of stressing the experiment and Grid data management and workload management systems, site commissioning procedures and tools to monitor and improve site availability and reliability, as well as activities targeted to the commissioning of the distributed production, user analysis and monitoring systems.

This document summarises the status of the existing grid infrastructure and functionality for the high-energy physics experiment CMS and the expertise in operation attained during the so-called ”Computing, Software and Analysis Challenge” performed in 2006 (CSA06). This report is especially focused on the role of the participating computing centres in Germany located at Karlsruhe, Hamburg and Aachen. In preparation for the enormous amounts of data expected from the future large hadron collider (LHC) presently under construction at the European laboratory for particle physics, CERN, a grid infrastructure is being set up by the physics communities in the participating countries. The world-wide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) is based on tier-structured layers of one Tier0 at CERN and several Tier1, Tier2 and Tier3 centres distributed all around the globe. The German part of the CMS grid infrastructure relies heavily on the two Helmholtz centres Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe as Tier1 and DESY Hamburg as well as on installations at the universities Karlsruhe and Aachen. The emphasis of this report lies on so-called service challenges performed in 2006 where the full functionality of the whole chain from data processing at the Tier0, data distribution to the Tier1 and Tier2 centres up to organised data re-processing and more chaotic physics analyses by single users was exercised.

The human visual system is very sensitive to the detection of animate motion patterns. We can efficiently detect another living being in a visual scene, recognize human action patterns and attribute many features of psychological, biological and social relevance to other persons. An experimental approach for studying information from biological motion (BM) with reduced interference from non dynamic cues is to represent the main joints of a person's body by bright dots against a dark background.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Access to the Grid Tier-0 Grid Layer Tier-1 Grid Layer Tier-2 Grid Layer Tier Centres' Hardware Components Tier-3 Grid layer User Analysis on the Grid National Analysis Facility Last Steps of a Typical HEP Analysis Cloud Computing – the Future? Data Preservation References

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) requires that each application for a standard design certification be referred to the Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards (ACRS) for a review and report on those portions of the application which concern safety. This paper begins with perspectives on the role of the ACRS in the design certification review process. It then summarizes the ACRS observations and recommendations made in the Committee’s reports during the AP1000 design certification reviews to date.

Significant funds are expended in order to make CMS data analysis possible across Tier-2 and Tier-3 resources worldwide. Here we review how CMS monitors operational success in using those resources, identifies and understands problems, monitors trends, provides feedback to site operators and software developers, and generally accumulates quantitative data on the operational aspects of CMS data analysis. This includes data transfers, data distribution, use of data and software releases for analysis, failure analysis and more.

Using the large acceptance apparatus FOPI, we study central and semi-central collisions in the reactions (energies in A GeV are given in parentheses): 40Ca+40Ca (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 1.93), 58Ni+58Ni (0.15, 0.25, 0.4), 96Ru+96Ru (0.4, 1.0, 1.5), 96Zr+96Zr (0.4, 1.0, 1.5), 129Xe+CsI (0.15, 0.25, 0.4), 197Au+197Au (0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.25, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5). The observables include directed and elliptic flow. The data are compared to earlier data where possible and to transport model simulations. A stiff nuclear equation of state is found to be incompatible with the data. Evidence for extra-repulsion of neutrons in compressed asymmetric matter is found.

Project Summary: The following digital product represents the Acid Deposition Sensitivity of the Southern Appalachian Assessment Area. Areas having various susceptibilities to acid deposition from air pollution are designated on a three tier ranking in the region of the Southern Appalachian Assessment (SAA). The assessment is being conducted by Federal agencies that are members of the Southern Appalachian Man and Biosphere (SAMAB) Cooperative. Sensitivities to acid deposition, ranked high, medium, and low are assigned on the basis of bedrock compositions and their associated soils, and their capacities to neutralize acid precipitation.

The human visual system is very sensitive to animate motion patterns. Humans can detect efficiently another living being in a visual scene and retrieve many features of psychological, biological and social relevance. By representing the main joints of a person's body by bright dots against a dark background, observers can easily recognize a human walker and determine his/her gender, recognize various action patterns and identify individual persons. The importance of the perception of biologically relevant motion patterns is reflected by the identification of a specific neural circuitry as shown by brain imaging studies. Whereas basic principles of the neural basis of perception of biological motion are understood, many issues concerning the temporal characteristics of the processing of such kind of information are as yet unclear. In the present study we investigated how inversion of biological motion stimuli affects components of event related potentials (ERP). ERPs were recorded in response to point-light displays of an upright walking person, point-light displays of an inverted walking person and displays of scrambled motion, in which the moving dots had the same motion vectors as in biological motion displays with their initial starting positions being randomized. Analysis yielded a N170 component at parieto-occipital electrodes, which was more pronounced for upright walkers than for inverted walkers and scrambled motion. A later component in the time window between 300 and 400 ms after stimulus onset had a larger amplitude for upright walkers and inverted walkers as compared to scrambled walkers. We hypothesize that the N 170 component reflects the holistic recognition of prototypical configurations of a human body, whereas the later component is associated with the integration of the dots' interrelations to a coherent percept.

Abstract. We present a system for facilitated sample vitrification, melting, and transfer in dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DDNP) experiments. For DDNP, a sample is typically hyperpolarized at cryogenic temperatures before dissolution with hot solvent and transfer to a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer for detection in the liquid state. The resulting signal enhancements can exceed four orders of magnitude. However, the sudden temperature jump from cryogenic temperatures close to 1 K to ambient conditions imposes a particular challenge. It is necessary to rapidly melt the sample to avoid a prohibitively fast decay of hyperpolarization. Here, we demonstrate a sample dissolution method that facilitates the temperature jump by eliminating the need to open the cryostat used to cool the sample. This is achieved by inserting the sample through an airlock in combination with a dedicated dissolution system that is inserted through the same airlock shortly before the melting event. The advantages are threefold: 1. The cryostat can be operated continuously at low temperatures. 2. The melting process is rapid as no pressurization steps of the cryostat are required. 3. Blockages of the dissolution system due to freezing of solvents during melting and transfer are minimized.

Learning in higher species is unlikely to reside in a single brain area and unlikely to be based on a single unitary mechanism. Even simple forms of experience-related changes in the brain are associated with parallel changes in multiple structures. To elucidate this principle, we will focus on a simple and well researched example of learning, namely eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC). Since the days of Pavlov, scientists have been interested in a — superficially — simple form of learning, and it might seem surprising that only recently the complexity of EBCC in humans and other higher species has been unraveled. An emerging concept is that even the association of only two stimuli demands a range of different brain areas. Eyeblink classical conditioning is often referred to as a “model system” of the neurobiology of learning, and it is especially suitable for the illustration of the diversity of brain structures concerned with learning. The empirical evidence reported here focuses on studies in humans, but the rich data base that stems from animal work is also considered.

The large statistics of millions of hadronic Z0 decays, accumulated by the four LEP experiments between 1989 and 1995, allowed for detailed investigations of the fragmentation process. Inclusive Lambda_b baryons and Lambda hyperons at intermediate and high momentum have been found to show longitudinal polarization. This may be related to the primary quark and antiquark polarization and the hadronization mechanism which produces the leading baryons. Helicity density-matrix elements have been measured for a variety of vector mesons produced inclusively in hadronic Z0 decays. The diagonal elements of some of the light mesons and the D*+- show a preference for a helicity-zero state if the meson carries a large fraction of the available energy. The mechanism which produces such spin alignment in the non-perturbative hadronization of the primary partons to the vector mesons is so far unexplained. For the B* the results are consistent with no spin alignment, which is expected in a picture based on HQET. For some meson species non-diagonal elements have been measured indicating coherence phenomena due to final-state interaction between the primary quark and antiquark.

Important information about the dynamics of hadron production can be obtained by the study of particle correlations. More than 16 million hadronic Z0 decays and several thousand W+W- events have been recorded from the four LEP collaborations between 1989 and 2000. Recently, in Z0 decays, new results of Bose-Einstein correlations in pairs of pions and Fermi-Dirac correlations for antiproton pairs were reported. In fully-hadronic W+W- decays particle correlations were used to study whether the two W bosons decay independently.

Particle correlations are extensively studied to obtain information about the dynamics of hadron production. From 1989 to 2000 the four LEP collaborations recorded more than 16 million hadronic Z0 decays and several thousand W+W- events. In Z0 decays, two-particle correlations were analysed in detail to study Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac correlations for various particle species. In fully-hadronic W+W- decays, particle correlations were used to study whether the two W bosons decay independently. A review of selected results is presented.

Helicity density-matrix elements have been measured for K*0, φ(1020), D* and B* mesons produced inclusively in hadronic Z0 decays in the OPAL experiment at LEP. Apart from the B*, all show a preference for the helicity-zero state when the meson carries a large fraction of the available energy. The mechanisms which produce such spin alignment in the non-perturbative hadronization of the primary partons to the vector mesons is so far unexplained. Inclusive Λ baryons show significant longitudinal polarization at intermediate and high momentum. This may be related to the primary quark and antiquark polarization and the hadronization mechanism which produces the leading baryons.

Abstract Metalation of 1,3‐dichlorobenzene (I) with butyllithium (II) gives selectively the 2,6‐dichlorophenyllithium (III) which reacts with the electrophiles (IV) to form the 2,6‐dichloro substituted benzenes (V).