T. James

Two high-accuracy goniometers equipped with two bent silicon crystals were installed in the betatron cleaning insertion of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) during its long shutdown. First beam tests were recently performed at the LHC with 450 GeV/c and 6500 GeV/c stored proton beams to investigate the feasibility of beam halo collimation assisted by bent crystals. For the first time channeling of 6500 GeV/c protons was observed in a particle accelerator. A strong reduction of beam losses due to nuclear inelastic interactions in the aligned crystal in comparison with its amorphous orientation was detected. The loss reduction value was about 24. Thus, the results show that deflection of particles by a bent crystal due to channeling is effective for this record particle energy.

To study the physics of fundamental particles and their interactions, the Large Hadron Collider was constructed at CERN, where protons collide to create new particles measured by detectors. Collisions occur at a frequency of 40 MHz, and with an event size of roughly 1 MB it is impossible to read out and store the generated amount of data from the detector and therefore a multi-tiered, real-time filtering system is required. In this paper, we show how to adapt and deploy deep-learning-based autoencoders for the unsupervised detection of new physics signatures in the challenging environment of a real-time event selection system at the Large Hadron Collider. The first-stage filter, implemented on custom electronics, decides within a few microseconds whether an event should be kept or discarded. At this stage, the rate is reduced from 40 MHz to about 100 kHz. We demonstrate the deployment of an unsupervised selection algorithm on this custom electronics, running in as little as 80 ns and enhancing the signal-over-background ratio by three orders of magnitude. This work enables the practical deployment of these networks during the next data-taking campaign of the Large Hadron Collider. The Large Hadron Collider produces 40 million collision events per second, most of which need to be discarded by a real-time filtering system. Unsupervised deep learning algorithms are developed and deployed on custom electronics to search for rare events indicating new physics, rather than for specific events led by theory.

A new tracking detector is under development for use by the CMS experiment at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). A crucial requirement of this upgrade is to provide the ability to reconstruct all charged particle tracks with transverse momentum above 2–3 GeV within 4 μs so they can be used in the Level-1 trigger decision. A concept for an FPGA-based track finder using a fully time-multiplexed architecture is presented, where track candidates are reconstructed using a projective binning algorithm based on the Hough Transform, followed by a combinatorial Kalman Filter. A hardware demonstrator using MP7 processing boards has been assembled to prove the entire system functionality, from the output of the tracker readout boards to the reconstruction of tracks with fitted helix parameters. It successfully operates on one eighth of the tracker solid angle acceptance at a time, processing events taken at 40 MHz, each with up to an average of 200 superimposed proton-proton interactions, whilst satisfying the latency requirement. The demonstrated track-reconstruction system, the chosen architecture, the achievements to date and future options for such a system will be discussed.

Bent silicon crystals mounted on high-accuracy angular actuators were installed in the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) and extensively tested to assess the feasibility of crystal-assisted collimation in circular hadron colliders. The adopted layout was exploited and regularly upgraded for about a decade by the UA9 Collaboration. The investigations provided the compelling evidence of a strong reduction of beam losses induced by nuclear inelastic interactions in the aligned crystals in comparison with amorphous orientation. A conceptually similar device, installed in the betatron cleaning insertion of CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), was operated through the complete acceleration and storage cycle and demonstrated a large reduction of the background leaking from the collimation region and radiated into the cold sections of the accelerator and the experimental detectors. The implemented layout and the relevant results of the beam tests performed in the SPS and in the LHC with stored proton and ion beams are extensively discussed.

A deflection efficiency of about 61% was observed for 400 GeV/c protons due to channeling, most strongly along the 〈110〉 axis of a bent silicon crystal. It is comparable with the deflection efficiency in planar channeling and considerably larger than in the case of the 〈111〉 axis. The measured probability of inelastic nuclear interactions of protons in channeling along the 〈110〉 axis is only about 10% of its amorphous level whereas in channeling along the (110) planes it is about 25%. High efficiency deflection and small beam losses make this axial orientation of a silicon crystal a useful tool for the beam steering of high energy charged particles.

This paper is devoted to an experimental study of focusing and defocusing positively charged particle beams with the help of specially bent single crystals.Four crystals have been fabricated for this purpose.The studies have been performed at the CERN SPS in 400 GeV=c proton and 180 GeV=c pion beams.The results of measurements of beam envelopes are presented.The rms size of the horizontal profile at the focus was 5-8 times smaller than at the exit of the crystals.The measured focal lengths were 4-21 m.The results of measurements are in good agreement with calculations.Possible applications of focusing crystals in present and future high energy accelerators are discussed.

This paper presents research informing the Welsh Government’s (WG) Health and Wellbeing chapter of the new Innovation Strategy for Wales (ISW). WG recognises the need for a cross portfolio Innovation Strategy to bring greater coherence and alignment to our existing Welsh health and social care innovation ecosystem, particularly in a post EU environment. This approach aims to support greater collaboration between healthcare, industry, academia and the third sector to deliver greater impact and value by developing, sharing and adopting innovative practice, leadership and skills development and supporting new technology development. As part of the development process, key stakeholders were identified as part of an innovation ‘push’ and innovation ‘pull’ nexus approach. Organisations were categorised into domains of health and social care providers, innovation infrastructure, technology platforms, innovation centres, and partnerships across Wales’s health and life sciences ecosystem. A qualitative, action research led approach was used to derive the key themes supporting development of the ISW health chapter. Multi-sector consultations were conducted with experts from various fields, including health, social, care, research, and technology. Our analysis of qualitative data collected through an extensive consultation process led to the emergence of areas of prioritisation for the ISW. Three areas of prioritisation were identified in the analysis: a) Creating coherency across the innovation ecosystem, where every partner understands their role; b) Focusing innovation activity on NHS Wales organisational needs/priorities, generating ‘Innovation Pull’; c) Creating an ‘adoption ready’ pipeline of innovation externally into health and social care at scale, creating an ‘Innovation Push’ offer. The ISW aims to create the optimal conditions for an innovation ecosystem underpinned by clear infrastructure and a robust policy framework, which has the full support from health and social care leadership, to create a culture of innovation at all levels of the health and social care system. The ISW was launched on 27th February 2023, with full political support from the Welsh Government Cabinet; a majority Labour party government supported by the Plaid Cymru party, as part of the Welsh Government’s 2021 election cooperation agreement.

The CMS data acquisition (DAQ) is implemented as a service-oriented architecture where DAQ applications, as well as general applications such as monitoring and error reporting, are run as self-contained services. The task of deployment and operation of services is achieved by using several heterogeneous facilities, custom configuration data and scripts in several languages. In this work, we restructure the existing system into a homogeneous, scalable cloud architecture adopting a uniform paradigm, where all applications are orchestrated in a uniform environment with standardized facilities. In this new paradigm DAQ applications are organized as groups of containers and the required software is packaged into container images. Automation of all aspects of coordinating and managing containers is provided by the Kubernetes environment, where a set of physical and virtual machines is unified in a single pool of compute resources. We demonstrate that a container-based cloud architecture provides an acrossthe-board solution that can be applied for DAQ in CMS. We show strengths and advantages of running DAQ applications in a container infrastructure as compared to a traditional application model.

The Online Monitoring System (OMS) at the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment (CMS) at CERN aggregates and integrates different sources of information into a central place and allows users to view, compare and correlate information. It displays real-time and historical information. The tool is heavily used by run coordinators, trigger experts and shift crews, to ensure the quality and efficiency of data taking. It provides aggregated information for many use cases including data certification. OMS is the successor of Web Based Monitoring (WBM), which was in use during Run 1 and Run 2 of the LHC. WBM started as a small tool and grew substantially over the years so that maintenance became challenging. OMS was developed from scratch following several design ideas: to strictly separate the presentation layer from the data aggregation layer, to use a well-defined standard for the communication between presentation layer and aggregation layer, and to employ widely used frameworks from outside the HEP community. A report on the experience from the operation of OMS for the first year of data taking of Run 3 in 2022 is presented.

The data acquisition (DAQ) of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN, collects data for events accepted by the Level-1 Trigger from the different detector systems and assembles them in an event builder prior to making them available for further selection in the High Level Trigger, and finally storing the selected events for offline analysis. In addition to the central DAQ providing global acquisition functionality, several separate, so-called “MiniDAQ” setups allow operating independent data acquisition runs using an arbitrary subset of the CMS subdetectors. During Run 2 of the LHC, MiniDAQ setups were running their event builder and High Level Trigger applications on dedicated resources, separate from those used for the central DAQ. This cleanly separated MiniDAQ setups from the central DAQ system, but also meant limited throughput and a fixed number of possible MiniDAQ setups. In Run 3, MiniDAQ-3 setups share production resources with the new central DAQ system, allowing each setup to operate at the maximum Level-1 rate thanks to the reuse of the resources and network bandwidth. Configuration management tools had to be significantly extended to support the synchronization of the DAQ configurations needed for the various setups. We report on the new configuration management features and on the first year of operational experience with the new MiniDAQ-3 system.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN incorporates one of the highest throughput data acquisition systems in the world and is expected to increase its throughput by more than a factor of ten for High-Luminosity phase of Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). To achieve this goal, the system will be upgraded in most of its components. Among them, the event builder software, in charge of assembling all the data read out from the different sub-detectors, is planned to be modified from a single event builder to an orbit builder that assembles multiple events at the same time. The throughput of the event builder will be increased from the current 1.6 Tb/s to 51 Tb/s for the HL-LHC orbit builder. This paper presents preliminary network transfer studies in preparation for the upgrade. The key conceptual characteristics are discussed, concerning differences between the CMS event builder in Run 3 and the CMS Orbit Builder for the HL-LHC. For the feasibility studies, a pipestream benchmark, mimicking event-builder-like traffic has been developed. Preliminary performance tests and results are discussed.

A charged particle telescope has been deployed for data taking at high rates in a CERN beam line using protons and other particles. The apparatus has a baseline of approximately 10 m in each arm, and achieves an angular resolution of 5.4 μrad using 400 GeV/c protons. The electronic readout and data acquisition system is based on that developed for the CMS Tracker, and provides almost deadtime-free operation at trigger rates of up to about 10 kHz. The telescope was developed to characterize crystals used in channeling experiments with a primary objective to validate them for use in a future LHC beam collimation system. The telescope has also been used for other studies of fundamental phenomena associated with the channeling process. The telescope is described, and its measured performance, referring to results from channeling studies, including recent measurements in heavy ion beams.

Multiple scattering effects of 12 and 20 GeV electrons on 8 and 20 mm thickness carbon targets have been studied with high-resolution silicon microstrip detectors of the UA9 apparatus at the H8 line at CERN . Comparison of the scattering angle between data and GEANT4 simulation shows excellent agreement in the core of the distributions leaving some residual disagreement in the tails.

Abstract This paper describes recent progress on the design of the DAQ and Timing Hub, or DTH, an ATCA (Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture) hub board intended for the phase-2 upgrade of the CMS experiment. Prototyping was originally divided into multiple feature lines, spanning all different aspects of the DTH functionality. The second DTH prototype merges all R&D and prototyping lines into a single board, which is intended to be the production candidate. Emphasis is on the process and experience in going from the first to the second DTH prototype, which included a change of the chosen FPGA as well as the integration of a commercial networking solution.

Inelastic nuclear interaction probability of 400 GeV/c protons interacting with bent silicon crystals was investigated, in particular for both types of crystals installed at the CERN Large Hadron Collider for beam collimation purposes. In comparison to amorphous scattering interaction, in planar channeling this probability is $$\sim 36\%$$ for the quasi-mosaic type (planes (111)), and $$\sim 27\%$$ for the strip type (planes (110)). Moreover, the absolute inelastic nuclear interaction probability in the axial channeling orientation, along the $$\langle 110\rangle $$ axis, was estimated for the first time, finding a value of $$0.6\%$$ for a crystal 2 mm long along the beam direction, with a bending angle of 55 $$\upmu $$ rad. This value is more than two times lower with respect to the planar channeling orientation of the same crystal, and increases with the vertical angular misalignment. Finally, the correlation between the inelastic nuclear interaction probability in the planar channeling and the silicon crystal curvature is reported.

We present the experimental observation of the reduction of multiple scattering of high-energy positively charged particles during channeling in single crystals. According to our measurements the rms angle of multiple scattering in the plane orthogonal to the plane of the channeling is less than half that for non-channeled particles moving in the same crystal. In the experiment we use focusing bent single crystals. Such crystals have a variable thickness in the direction of beam propagation. This allows us to measure rms angles of scattering as a function of thickness for channeled and non-channeled particles. The behaviour with thickness of non-channeled particles is in agreement with expectations whereas the behaviour of channeled particles has unexpected features. We give a semi-quantitative explanation of the observed effect.

A new tracking system is under development for operation in the CMS experiment at the High Luminosity LHC. It includes an outer tracker which will construct stubs, built by correlating clusters in two closely spaced sensor layers for the rejection of hits from low transverse momentum tracks, and transmit them off-detector at 40 MHz. If tracker data is to contribute to keeping the Level-1 trigger rate at around 750 kHz under increased luminosity, a crucial component of the upgrade will be the ability to identify tracks with transverse momentum above 3 GeV/c by building tracks out of stubs. A concept for an FPGA-based track finder using a fully time-multiplexed architecture is presented, where track candidates are identified using a projective binning algorithm based on the Hough Transform. A hardware system based on the MP7 MicroTCA processing card has been assembled, demonstrating a realistic slice of the track finder in order to help gauge the performance and requirements for a full system. This paper outlines the system architecture and algorithms employed, highlighting some of the first results from the hardware demonstrator and discusses the prospects and performance of the completed track finder.

At large accelerators, bent crystals are employed to deflect weakly divergent proton beams at the stages of extraction and collimation. We demonstrate that a divergent particle beam may be efficiently deflected using a crystal with a focusing entry face. A 180 GeV/c pion beam with divergence near 0.060 mrad, which exceeds the Lindhard angle by a factor of 4, has been experimentally deflected by 0.25 mrad with efficiency near 22%. The proposed focusing crystal may serve as an element of a novel particle optics for secondary-particle beams in the TeV energy region.

We present the results of an experimental study of multiple scattering of positively charged high energy particles in bent samples of monocrystalline silicon. This work confirms the recently discovered effect of a strong reduction in the rms multiple scattering angle of particles channeled in the silicon (111) plane. The effect is observed in the plane orthogonal to the bending plane. We show in detail the influence of angular constraints on the magnitude of the effect. Comparison of the multiple scattering process at different energies indicates a violation of the law of inverse proportionality of the rms angle of channeled particles with energy. By increasing the statistics, we have improved the results of multiple scattering measurements for particles moving, but not channeled, in silicon crystals.

The CMS Phase-2 upgrade for the HL-LHC aims at preserving and expanding the current physics capability of the experiment under extreme pileup conditions. A new tracking system incorporates a track finder processor, providing tracks to the Level-1 (L1) trigger. A new high-granularity calorimeter provides fine-grained energy deposition information in the endcap region. New front-end and back-end electronics feed the L1 trigger with high-resolution information from the barrel calorimeter and the muon systems. The upgraded L1 will be based primarily on the Xilinx Ultrascale Plus series of FPGAs, capable of sophisticated feature searches with resolution often similar to the offline reconstruction. The L1 Data Scouting system (L1DS) will capture L1 intermediate data produced by the trigger processors at the beam-crossing rate of 40 MHz, and carry out online analyses based on these limited-resolution data. The L1DS will provide fast and virtually unlimited statistics for detector diagnostics, alternative luminosity measurements, and, in some cases, calibrations. It also has the potential to enable the study of otherwise inaccessible signatures, either too common to fit in the L1 trigger accept budget or with requirements that are orthogonal to “mainstream” physics. The requirements and architecture of the L1DS system are presented, as well as some of the potential physics opportunities under study. The first results from the assembly and commissioning of a demonstrator currently being installed for LHC Run-3 are also presented. The demonstrator collects data from the Global Muon Trigger, the Layer-2 Calorimeter Trigger, the Barrel Muon Track Finder, and the Global Trigger systems of the current CMS L1. This demonstrator, as a data acquisition (DAQ) system operating at the LHC bunch-crossing rate, faces many of the challenges of the Phase-2 system, albeit with scaled-down connectivity, reduced data throughput and physics capabilities, providing a testing ground for new techniques of online data reduction and processing.

Abstract Previous research has shown that ≤60 min hypoxic exposure improves subsequent glycaemic control, but the optimal level of hypoxia is unknown and data are lacking from individuals with overweight. We undertook a cross‐over pilot feasibility study investigating the effect of 60‐min prior resting exposure to different inspired oxygen fractions (CON F I O 2 = 0.209; HIGH F I O 2 = 0.155; VHIGH F I O 2 = 0.125) on glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, and oxidative stress during a subsequent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in males with overweight (mean (SD) BMI = 27.6 (1.3) kg/m 2 ; n = 12). Feasibility was defined by exceeding predefined withdrawal criteria for peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ), partial pressure of end‐tidal oxygen or carbon dioxide and acute mountain sickness (AMS), and dyspnoea symptomology. Hypoxia reduced SpO 2 in a stepwise manner (CON = 97(1)%; HIGH = 91(1)%; VHIGH = 81(3)%, p < 0.001), but did not affect peak plasma glucose concentration (CON = 7.5(1.8) mmol∙L −1 ; HIGH = 7.7(1.1) mmol∙L −1 ; VHIGH = 7.7(1.1) mmol∙L −1 ; p = 0.777; η 2 = 0.013), plasma glucose area under the curve, insulin sensitivity, or metabolic clearance rate of glucose ( p > 0.05). We observed no between‐conditions differences in oxidative stress ( p > 0.05), but dyspnoea and AMS symptoms increased in VHIGH ( p < 0.05), with one participant meeting the withdrawal criteria. Acute HIGH or VHIGH exposure prior to an OGTT does not influence glucose homeostasis in males with overweight, but VHIGH is associated with adverse symptomology and reduced feasibility.

During World War II, 110,000 Japanese Americans--30,000 of them children--were torn from their homes and incarcerated in camps surrounded by barbed wire and military guards in what the ACLU has called "the greatest deprivation of civil rights by government in this country since slavery." The experience of these children left a tangle of social meanings that had not been inspected with the care it deserves until this book was written. Because they were schoolchildren, theirs was an educational history; and Thomas James tells it here, fully mindful of the irony of children studying democracy and its ideals while suffering as victims of the most undemocratic of all processes--imprisonment in a relocation camp solely on the basis of their race. James uses the rich documentary evidence in the records of the War Relocation Authority and other archives to survey the camps as educational institutions. Photographs of life in the camps show uncomprehending, innocent faces tinged with sadness. What sort of education took place? What did educators think they were doing there? How did the children react and adjust? James interprets the improbable hope of educational planners that they could make good on America's promise to provide educational opportunity for its citizens even under adverse conditions. What began as a story of war hysteria and racial exclusion in 1942 soon became a more complicated history of public institutions that embodied conflicting motives and numerous layers of authority and expertise. Incongruous elements of coercion and idealism led to conflict in the camps, and differences of opinion deepened when the government required declarations of loyalty while denying civil liberty. For the children, education continued despite inadequate resources, a high teacher turnover rate, and frequent confusion about ends and means. The role of the older generation in preserving cultural expression and in insisting on continuity of education was a crucial thread in the social history of the camps. Exile Within makes a strong contribution to the history of minority groups and of education in the United States; to the literature on children in crisis; and to our understanding of the contradictory uses of public authority under a democratic form of government.

The ordered positions of atoms in crystals give a reason to study multiple Coulomb scattering of high energy charged particles within them. In addition, the accurate representation of multiple scattering of high energy protons in a bent crystal is important for studies of crystal assisted collimation at the SPS and the LHC. Multiple scattering of 400 GeV/c protons in bent silicon crystals was measured for orientations far from the directions of main crystallographic planes and axes in conditions excluding channeling of protons. The observed RMS widths of the angular distributions are a little larger than those obtained from the Moliere theory. Simulation of multiple scattering in a model of binary collisions with the crystal atoms shows about 3.5% decrease of the RMS deflection with respect to the model of a sequence of random collisions. We consider this as a possible indication of a reduction of multiple scattering of protons in a crystal in comparison with its amorphous state.

Experimental results on deflection of a 180 GeV/c π+-meson beam by a 23 mm long bent silicon crystal are analyzed to study the dechanneling process of particles due to multiple scattering. A new approach for the determination of contributions from atomic nuclei and electrons to the multiple scattering using the experimental data for random crystal orientations is suggested. The results of simulations performed using this approach, in which the contribution from atomic electrons is considered according to the prescription of Bethe, are in a good agreement with the experiment.

Strong reduction of multiple scattering for channeled particles has been observed in an experiment on the deflection of a 180 GeV/c π+-meson beam by bent silicon crystals. The RMS deflections due to multiple scattering for the channeled particles were about six times smaller than for non-channeled ones. It was shown that the approach suggested recently for the description of multiple scattering for channeled particles using the experimental data for random crystal orientations gives fair agreement with the experiment.

The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) will start operating in 2027 after the third Long Shutdown (LS3), and is designed to provide an ultimate instantaneous luminosity of 7:5 × 10 34 cm −2 s −1 , at the price of extreme pileup of up to 200 interactions per crossing. The number of overlapping interactions in HL-LHC collisions, their density, and the resulting intense radiation environment, warrant an almost complete upgrade of the CMS detector. The upgraded CMS detector will be read out by approximately fifty thousand highspeed front-end optical links at an unprecedented data rate of up to 80 Tb/s, for an average expected total event size of approximately 8 − 10 MB. Following the present established design, the CMS trigger and data acquisition system will continue to feature two trigger levels, with only one synchronous hardware-based Level-1 Trigger (L1), consisting of custom electronic boards and operating on dedicated data streams, and a second level, the High Level Trigger (HLT), using software algorithms running asynchronously on standard processors and making use of the full detector data to select events for offline storage and analysis. The upgraded CMS data acquisition system will collect data fragments for Level-1 accepted events from the detector back-end modules at a rate up to 750 kHz, aggregate fragments corresponding to individual Level- 1 accepts into events, and distribute them to the HLT processors where they will be filtered further. Events accepted by the HLT will be stored permanently at a rate of up to 7.5 kHz. This paper describes the baseline design of the DAQ and HLT systems for the Phase-2 of CMS.

Abstract The rate of inelastic nuclear interactions in a short bent silicon crystal was precisely measured for the first time using a 180 GeV/c positive hadron beam produced in the North Experimental Area of the CERN SPS. An angular asymmetry dependence on the crystal orientation in the vicinity of the planar channeling minimum has been observed. For the inspected crystal, this probability is about $$\sim 20\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>∼</mml:mo><mml:mn>20</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> larger than in the amorphous case because of the atomic density increase along the particle trajectories in the angular range of volume reflection, whose dimension is determined by the crystal bending angle. Instead, for the opposite angular orientation with respect to the planar channeling, there is a smaller probability excess of $$\sim 4\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>∼</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> .

The UA9 setup, installed in the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN, was exploited for a proof of principle of the double-crystal scenario, proposed to measure the electric and the magnetic moments of short-lived baryons in a high-energy hadron collider, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Linear and angular actuators were used to position the crystals and establish the required beam configuration. Timepix detectors and high-sensitivity Beam Loss Monitors were exploited to observe the deflected beams. Linear and angular scans allowed exploring the particle interactions with the two crystals and recording their efficiency. The measured values of the beam trajectories, profiles and of the channeling efficiency agree with the results of a Monte-Carlo simulation.

Abstract Beam steering performance of bent silicon crystals irradiated with high-intensity and high-energy protons has been studied. In particular, crystals of the type used for collimation and extraction purposes in the Large Hadron Collider and the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN have been irradiated at the HiRadMat CERN facility with $$2.5 \times 10^{13}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2.5</mml:mn><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mn>13</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> 440 GeV/c protons, with a pulse length of 7.2 $$\upmu $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>μ</mml:mi></mml:math> s. The purpose is to study possible changes in bending angle and channeling efficiency due to thermo-mechanical stresses in case of accidental irradiation during accelerator operations. A comparison between measurements performed before and after the irradiation does not show any appreciable performance reduction in either crystal.

In view of possible future fixed target experiments requiring precisely steered charged particle beams, the UA9 Collaboration has undertaken experimental studies of the use of bent silicon crystals for this purpose. The channeling efficiency of positively charged particles inside the crystalline lattice has been investigated in detail for a setup with a tungsten target installed in front of the crystal. Due to multiple Coulomb scattering inside the target, the channeling efficiency was observed to be reduced by a factor of about 6.1 for a 180 GeV/c quasi-parallel hadron beam. The yield of nuclear interaction secondaries as an estimation of the additional machine background is also discussed.

Experiments to measure the electric and the magnetic moments of short-lived baryons using an internal target and two bent crystals in the vicinity of one of the existing LHC detectors were recently proposed, in the frame of the Physics Beyond Colliders Working Group at CERN. Investigating fixed-target physics in the LHC with in-vacuum solid targets is an unprecedented challenge. As a preparatory step, the layout of the UA9 experiment, installed in the CERN SPS to explore beam manipulations assisted by bent crystals, has been modified to study the feasibility of the double-crystal scenario in a circular accelerator. Ideally, the first crystal should capture halo protons in channeling states directing them onto the internal target to produce rare baryons, whilst the second crystal, located just downstream of the target, should channel the baryons, rotate their polarization vector and deflect them towards the detector area. The upgraded UA9 layout is presented. Preliminary measurements providing an insight of the beam behavior are reported.

The CMS experiment will be upgraded for operation at the HighLuminosity LHC to maintain and extend its physics performance under extreme pileup conditions. Upgrades will include an entirely new tracking system, supplemented by a track finder processor providing tracks at Level-1, as well as a high-granularity calorimeter in the endcap region. New front-end and back-end electronics will also provide the Level-1 trigger with high-resolution information from the barrel calorimeter and the muon systems. The upgraded Level-1 processors, based on powerful FPGAs, will be able to carry out sophisticated feature searches with resolutions often similar to the offline ones, while keeping pileup effects under control. In this paper, we discuss the feasibility of a system capturing Level-1 intermediate data at the beam-crossing rate of 40 MHz and carrying out online analyzes based on these limited-resolution data. This 40 MHz scouting system would provide fast and virtually unlimited statistics for detector diagnostics, alternative luminosity measurements and, in some cases, calibrations. It has the potential to enable the study of otherwise inaccessible signatures, either too common to fit in the Level-1 accept budget, or with requirements which are orthogonal to “mainstream” physics, such as long-lived particles. We discuss the requirements and possible architecture of a 40 MHz scouting system, as well as some of the physics potential, and results from a demonstrator operated at the end of Run-2 using the Global Muon Trigger data from CMS. Plans for further demonstrators envisaged for Run-3 are also discussed.

A new tracking system is under development for the CMS experiment at the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), located at CERN. It includes a silicon tracker that will correlate clusters in two closely spaced sensor layers, for the rejection of hits from low transverse momentum tracks. This will allow tracker data to be read out to the Level-1 trigger at 40 MHz. The Level-1 track-finder must be able to identify tracks with transverse momentum above 2–3 $$\mathrm {GeV}/c$$ within latency constraints. A concept for an FPGA-based track finder using a fully time-multiplexed architecture is presented, where track candidates are identified using a Hough Transform, and then refined with a Kalman Filter. Both steps are fully implemented in FPGA firmware. A hardware system built from MP7 MicroTCA processing cards has been assembled, which demonstrates a realistic slice of the track finder in order to help gauge the performance and requirements for a final system.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at CERN is scheduled for a major upgrade in the next decade in order to meet the demands of the new High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider.Amongst others, a new tracking system is under development including an outer tracker capable of rejecting low transverse momentum particles by looking at the coincidences of hits (stubs) in two closely spaced sensor layers in the same tracker module.Accepted stubs are transmitted off-detector for further processing at 40 MHz.In order to maintain under the increased luminosity the Level-1 trigger rate at 750 kHz, tracker data need to be included in the decision making process.For this purpose, a system architecture has to be developed that will be able to identify particles with transverse momentum above 3 GeV/c by building tracks out of stubs, while achieving an overall processing latency of maximum 4us.Targeting these requirements the current paper presents an FPGA-based track finding architecture that identifies track candidates in real-time and bases its functionality on a fully time-multiplexed approach.As a proof of concept, a hardware system has been assembled targeting the MP7 MicroTCA processing card that features a Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA, demonstrating a realistic slice of the track finder.The paper discusses the algorithms' implementation and the efficient utilisation of the available FPGA resources, it outlines the system architecture, and presents some of the hardware demonstrator results.

Recent discussions about accelerators in high energy physics identified several challenges for the future, where it is necessary to focus particle beams over a distance of a few cm. In this paper, we investigate the focusing of particles by a new crystal device having such a capability. The trajectories of 180 GeV/c pions passing through a 500 µm thick focusing crystal were reconstructed using silicon microstrip detectors. It is shown that a parallel beam of particles can be focused in one plane at a distance of 15.5 cm from the crystal, in a narrow line with an rms width of 8 µm.

At the HL-LHC, proton bunches will cross each other every 25 ns, producing an average of 140 pp-collisions per bunch crossing. To operate in such an environment, the CMS experiment will need a L1 hardware trigger able to identify interesting events within a latency of 12.5 μs. The future L1 trigger will make use also of data coming from the silicon tracker to control the trigger rate. The architecture that will be used in future to process tracker data is still under discussion. One interesting proposal makes use of the Time Multiplexed Trigger concept, already implemented in the CMS calorimeter trigger for the Phase I trigger upgrade. The proposed track finding algorithm is based on the Hough Transform method. The algorithm has been tested using simulated pp-collision data. Results show a very good tracking efficiency. The algorithm will be demonstrated in hardware in the coming months using the MP7, which is a μTCA board with a powerful FPGA capable of handling data rates approaching 1 Tb/s.

582 candidates applied for admission to the May examination for this certificate. Of this number 472 were successful, 51 failed to satisfy the examiners, 21 withdrew, and the result of the examination of 38 candidates has not yet come to hand.

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically impacted the traditional approaches to work. Within the healthcare sector, new and changed ways have created disruptions and challenges; however, opportunities to innovate and disrupt the status quo have also arisen. Our experiences of conducting the independent pan-Wales Welsh Government/NHS Wales COVID-19 Innovation and Transformation Study offer the opportunity to reflect on and evaluate the coronavirus-related challenges within the NHS Wales (NHS-W) and nationally, and how these have been tackled through the multifaceted response and innovation opportunities generated by the health and social care staff of the National Health Service in Wales. Our work has encompassed a multistage design for data collection and analysis, with extensive access to the entirety of the National Health Service in Wales. We also discuss and reflect on the digital transformation of health services and health infrastructure, as well as the many product and process innovation solutions that were devised in the NHS in response to the pandemic.

A charged particle telescope based on silicon microstrip sensors has been used for several years for data taking at high rates in the CERN H8 beam line using a range of different incident particles. The electronic readout and data acquisition system is based on that developed for the CMS Tracker, and provides almost deadtime-free operation at trigger rates of up to about 10 kHz. The telescope was designed to characterise crystals in channeling studies by the UA9 experiment with the primary objective to validate them for use in a future LHC beam collimation system, hence is optimised for measurement of a single particle in the outgoing arm. The telescope has also been used for other studies of fundamental phenomena associated with the channeling process and further LHC applications. Some of these require a different layout of the telescope, for example to achieve a larger angular acceptance to study longer channeling crystals, or modifications to sensor operating conditions because of the very large electric charge and consequent ionisation energy loss associated with heavy ions. The telescope and its performance are described. Possible improvements are discussed.

Abstract The possibility to deflect hadron beams precisely through angles of multi-mrad is important for several future applications, and magnets are not suitable for this purpose. Crystal channeling provides a means to do this, but is not well studied for such deflections. Measurements of the interactions of charged particles with several cm long crystals with large bending have been obtained by the UA9 collaboration. These crystals have a bending 100 times larger and a length along the beam direction up to 40 times longer than the ones presently used by UA9 in the CERN accelerators. To assess their properties and quality, the crystals have been investigated in the CERN North Area with a Super Proton Synchrotron beam of mixed hadrons at 180 GeV. The UA9 tracking telescope has been adapted to collect data with these particular crystals. A new track reconstruction method is described which was required to obtain the results reported, and has been used in the present study to validate the methodology, so that detailed assessments of future systems can be made.

Abstract The channeling process in bent silicon crystals are used since '70s to manipulate beams of high energy particles. During the last decade, several studies and experiments carried out by the UA9 Collaboration at CERN demonstrated the possibility to use bent crystals for beam collimation, extraction, focusing and splitting in particle accelerators. These crystals are subject to deterioration due to the interaction of the particles with the crystal lattice, degrading the beam steering performance. For this reason, robustness tests are crucial to estimate their reliability and operational lifetime. A ∼8% of reduction in channeling efficiency on crystals irradiated with 2.5·10 21 /cm 2 thermal neutrons was measured and reported in this manuscript. Extrapolations to possible operational scenarios in high energy accelerators are also discussed.

The CMS collaboration is preparing a major upgrade of its detector, so it can operate during the high luminosity run of the LHC from 2026. The upgraded tracker electronics will reconstruct the trajectories of charged particles within a latency of a few microseconds, so that they can be used by the level-1 trigger. An emulation framework, CIDAF, has been developed to provide a reference for a proposed FPGA-based implementation of this track finder, which employs a Time-Multiplexed (TM) technique for data processing.

Abstract A 37-year-old female with no underlying comorbidities was referred for the evaluation of biliary stricture. Her magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed a focal lesion in the left hepatic duct close to primary confluence causing a stricture and bilateral intrahepatic biliary radicle dilatation. Spyglass cholangioscopy was done and SpyBite biopsy was taken from the stricture. Repeated attempts at attaining deep cannulation of the right duct were unsuccessful. Patient developed right-sided abdominal pain the next day. Computed tomographic scan of the abdomen showed intra-abdominal fluid in the perihepatic region. Fluid was drained under ultrasound guidance. Though patient improved transiently, she had recurrence of pain after drain removal. A repeat endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was done and a leak was noted at the junction of right anterior and posterior hepatic ducts. Stenting was done to right anterior, right posterior, and left hepatic ducts. Over the next few days, she improved symptomatically. Though complications are inherent during ERCP, bile duct injury leading to bile leak is rare. Special caution has to be taken in high-risk cases to prevent bile duct injury. Though post-ERCP bile leak is a rare complication, early recognition with a high index of clinical suspicion and prompt management are the key factors in minimizing morbidity and mortality.

The Data Acquisition (DAQ) system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the LHC is a complex system responsible for the data readout, event building and recording of accepted events. Its proper functioning plays a critical role in the data-taking efficiency of the CMS experiment. In order to ensure high availability and recover promptly in the event of hardware or software failure of the subsystems, an expert system, the DAQ Expert, has been developed. It aims at improving the data taking efficiency, reducing the human error in the operations and minimising the on-call expert demand. Introduced in the beginning of 2017, it assists the shift crew and the system experts in recovering from operational faults, streamlining the post mortem analysis and, at the end of Run 2, triggering fully automatic recovery without human intervention. DAQ Expert analyses the real-time monitoring data originating from the DAQ components and the high-level trigger updated every few seconds. It pinpoints data flow problems, and recovers them automatically or after given operator approval. We analyse the CMS downtime in the 2018 run focusing on what was improved with the introduction of automated recovery; present challenges and design of encoding the expert knowledge into automated recovery jobs. Furthermore, we demonstrate the web-based, ReactJS interfaces that ensure an effective cooperation between the human operators in the control room and the automated recovery system. We report on the operational experience with automated recovery.

This book studies a real implementation of a track finder system that provides reconstructed high transverse momentum tracks to the first-level trigger of High-Luminosity LHC upgrade of the CMS experiment and proves real-time track finder is built using present-generation FPGA-based technology

This thesis describes the development of novel methodology for the synthesis of diverse heterocycles with physicochemical properties desirable in early stage drug development. The methodology developed in this thesis aims to allow the systematic variation of molecular scaffold from readily available building blocks by using strategies utilising the chemoselective pairing of ambiphilic/ bifunctional building blocks. Chapter 1 evaluates the requirement for lead-like compounds in early stages of drug development as well as summarising methods for the generation of diverse libraries of compounds. Chapter 2 describes the approaches taken towards the development of a modular approach to ketopiperazines, piperazines and related ring systems through the pairing of either amino acid or cyclic sulfamidate building blocks with amino alcohol derived building blocks. Key to this methodology was a ‘hydroxy-activation’ approach to induce cyclisation to generate heterocyclic scaffolds. Chapter 3 describes the synthesis of tetrahydropyrazine and related heterocycles through the pairing of cyclic sulfamidate and propargyl amine derived building blocks. Key to this approach was the transition metal‒mediated cyclisation of unsaturated acyclic substrates to give unsaturated heterocycles. Furthermore, unsaturated heterocycles were used as substrates for further complexity‒generating reactions to give saturated heterocycles. The potential ability of the methods described in both Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 to deliver lead-like heterocycles was illustrated by the in silico generation of virtual libraries of compounds from readily available materials and assessed according to calculated physicochemical properties.

In the U.K., central government’s vision is to deploy all local government services electronically by 2005. Yet recent government and commercial statistics have indicated a widening gap between those who are e-literate and those who are not. This study examines the possibility of social exclusion from e-government implementation. Anchored on two questions: (1) What are the factors influencing the adoption of e-government initiatives? and (2) Is the implementation of e-government likely to result in the social exclusion of certain groups in the community? The study sampled members of the public from two local authorities in the U.K. to investigate their dispositions towards the new offering of online government services. The results found that unlike previous research, basic demographic characteristics do not appear to be related to Internet (or e-government) use. This could be a consequence of new and improved technologies reducing access barriers. However, there were clear indications that language, ethnicity, cognitive computer skills and a positive personal attitude towards online transactions are the key drivers for e-government adoption. Of concern is the existence of a hard core of non-users, which will require a proactive policy to provide the relevant facilitating conditions to promote use and experience. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors required for effective online public services delivery and the ways to direct resources into increasing Internet literacy and use.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.

In the U.K., central government’s vision is to deploy all local government services electronically by 2005. Yet recent government and commercial statistics have indicated a widening gap between those who are e-literate and those who are not. This study examines the possibility of social exclusion from e-government implementation. Anchored on two questions: (1) What are the factors influencing the adoption of e-government initiatives? and (2) Is the implementation of e-government likely to result in the social exclusion of certain groups in the community? The study sampled members of the public from two local authorities in the U.K. to investigate their dispositions towards the new offering of online government services. The results found that unlike previous research, basic demographic characteristics do not appear to be related to Internet (or e-government) use. This could be a consequence of new and improved technologies reducing access barriers. However, there were clear indications that language, ethnicity, cognitive computer skills and a positive personal attitude towards online transactions are the key drivers for e-government adoption. Of concern is the existence of a hard core of non-users, which will require a proactive policy to provide the relevant facilitating conditions to promote use and experience. This study contributes to a better understanding of the factors required for effective online public services delivery and the ways to direct resources into increasing Internet literacy and use.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Drs Kurtzman and Gutierrez (234:758, 1975) made several cogent arguments in advancing a new hypothesis for a single pathophysiologic basis of Bartter syndrome. They speculate that there is a defect in active chloride transport in the loop of Henle, resulting in a loss of sodium and potassium. They suggest that this would lead to hypovolemia and consequent elevation of renin and aldosterone. This may be important for some cases of Bartter syndrome. However, in five of six patients studied with Bartter syndrome, plasma volumes were normal or greater than predicted.¹In the sixth patient, the measured hypovolemia was corrected by propanolol.²These observations would invalidate the hypothesis of Drs Kurtzman and Gutierrez for these particular patients. Other hypotheses to explain hypervolemia in the five cases would need to be set forth. It is possible that there is a reset baroreceptor response in some patients. A high

Similar to how attention can enhance or suppress a visual target in a specific location in space, attention can also tune the perception of a visual event at a specific moment in time. One way to observe this temporal tuning is to present an auditory stimulus aligned with a visual target event. In general, past research reported that a co-occurring auditory stimulus decreases the amplitude of the N1 component of the visual event-related potential (ERP), possibly suppressing bottom-up attention evoked by a visual target. However, an independent line of research found that an expected auditory stimulus, such as one embedded in a rhythmic pattern, increases N1 amplitude to a coincident visual target event. Here, we present a novel preregistered demonstration of this dissociation using the flash-lag paradigm. Specifically, we observe opposite effects of rhythmic (expected) and non-rhythmic (unexpected) sounds on the visual ERP to a coincident flash. Results suggest that expectation for an upcoming sound reverses the sound’s typical suppression of bottom-up visual attention. We discuss these findings in the context of the multisensory tuning of attention.

This paper presents the case of the All-Wales Intensive Learning Academy (ILA) for Innovation in Health and Social Care (IHSC), established in the context of the broader Regional Innovation System (RIS) (Braczyk et al., 1998, Pino and Ortega, 2018). Developing capacity and capability for innovation in the Health and Social Care sectors in south west Wales has been a longstanding endeavour alongside efforts to revitalise the region’s economy. Welsh Government’s recent initiative to establish Intensive Learning Academies to support development of senior leaders and managers within the Health and Social Care is a further endeavour within the RIS. The IHSC ILA in particular has relevant to this agenda, operating across Health &amp; Social Care, with further engagement of private and third sectors. &#x0D; Delivered by a partnership of Swansea University, Cardiff &amp; Vale University Health Board and the Bevan Commission, the initial phase of the IHSC has involved three of its core offerings being launched, engaging just over 200 learners. While the initiative is still in its early stages, this case study provides an initial examination of its activity exploring its potential to support the RIS through consideration of Region, Innovation, Network, Learning, and Interaction. As this work continues, it offers potential learning for future phases of IHSC, and to other post-industrial regions grappling concurrent challenges relating to population health and economic development.

Introduction Boxing is a weight categorised sport in which athletes are expected to be weighed prior to competition so that the athletes are matched with similar size, strength and power attributes. By obtaining and maintaining a certain weight may result in boxers typically engaging in extreme weight loss practices to ‘make weight’, irrespective of their overall health and well-being. Therefore, this research aimed to establish the experiences and perceptions of weight management of female boxers how they engage with ‘making weight’ practices and the impact on their overall well-being. Methods In-depth semi-structured one-to-one interview’s were conducted with five elite level female amateur boxers over a digital, online platform. A six-stage thematic analysis was used and data collated into themes and sub-themes. Results Data identified 5 key themes and consisted of: emotions surrounding weight gain; long-term behavioural impacts; guidance and justifications; comparison to other boxers; and weight management methods. These accounts highlighted the long-term impact engaging in such weight loss methods had on female boxers both physically and psychologically. Conclusion Typically, boxers engaged in strict and extreme weight-loss behaviours due to negative emotions surrounding weight gain. Significantly these behaviours and emotions have a long-term impact and continue after retirement from boxing.

A new tracking detector is under development for use by the CMS experiment at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC).A crucial component of this upgrade will be the ability to reconstruct within a few microseconds all charged particle tracks with transverse momentum above 3 GeV, so they can be used in the Level-1 trigger decision.A concept for an FPGA-based track finder using a fully time-multiplexed architecture is presented, where track candidates are reconstructed using a projective binning algorithm based on the Hough Transform followed by a track fitting based on the linear regression technique.A hardware demonstrator using MP7 processing boards has been assembled to prove the entire system, from the output of the tracker readout boards to the reconstruction of tracks with fitted helix parameters.It successfully operates on one eighth of the tracker solid angle at a time, processing events taken at 40 MHz, each with up to 200 superimposed proton-proton interactions, whilst satisfying latency constraints.The demonstrated track-reconstruction system, the chosen architecture, the achievements to date and future options for such a system will be discussed.

The CMS experiment at the LHC is designed to study a wide range of high energy physics phenomena. It employs a large all-silicon tracker within a 3.8 T magnetic solenoid, which in particular allows precise measurements of transverse momentum ($p_\mathrm{T}$) and vertex position. This tracking detector will be upgraded to coincide with the installation of the High-Luminosity LHC, which will provide a luminosity up to about $7.5 \times 10^{34}\,\mathrm{cm^{-2}\,s^{-1}}$ to CMS, or 200 collisions per 25 ns bunch crossing. This new tracker must maintain the nominal physics performance in this more challenging environment. Novel tracking modules that utilize closely spaced silicon sensors to discriminate on track $p_\mathrm{T}$ have been developed that will allow the readout of only hits compatible with $p_\mathrm{T}$$>$2-3 GeV tracks to off-detector trigger electronics. This will allow the use of tracking information at the Level-1 trigger of the experiment, a requirement to keep the Level-1 triggering rate below the 750 kHz target, while maintaining physics sensitivity. This article presents a concept for an all FPGA based track finder using a time-multiplexed architecture. Hardware demonstrators have been assembled to prove the feasibility and capability of such a system. The performance for a variety of physics scenarios is discussed, as well as the proposed scaling of the demonstrators to the final system and new technologies.

In this paper, we discuss an experimental layout for the two-crystals scenario at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) accelerator. The research focuses on a fixed target setup at the circulating machine in a frame of the Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) project at CERN. The UA9 experiment at the SPS serves as a testbench for the proof of concept, which is planning to be projected onto the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) scale. The presented in the text configuration was used for the quantitative characterization of the deflected particle beam by a pair of bent silicon crystals. For the first time in the double-crystal configuration, a particle deflection efficiency by the second crystal of $0.188 \pm 3 \cdot 10^{-5}$ and $0.179 \pm 0.013$ was measured on the accelerator by means of the Timepix detector and Beam Loss Monitor (BLM) respectively. In this setup, a wide range angular scan allowed a possibility to \textit{in situ} investigate different crystal working regimes (channeling, volume reflection, etc.), and to measure a bent crystal torsion.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is designed to study a wide range of high energy physics phenomena. It employs a large all-silicon tracker within a 3.8 T magnetic solenoid, which allows precise measurements of transverse momentum ($p_\mathrm{T}$) and vertex position. This tracking detector will be upgraded to coincide with the operation of the High-Luminosity LHC, which will provide luminosities of up to $7.5\,\times\,10^{35}\,\mathrm{cm^{-2}s^{-1}}$ to CMS, or 200 collisions per 25 ns bunch crossing. This new tracker must maintain the nominal physics performance in this more challenging environment. Novel tracking modules that utilise closely spaced silicon sensors to discriminate on charged particle $p_\mathrm{T}$ have been developed and allow the selective readout of hits compatible with tracks of $p_\mathrm{T}\,>\,2-3$ GeV to off-detector trigger electronics. This would allow the use of tracking information at the Level-1 trigger of the experiment, a requirement to keep the Level-1 triggering rate below the 750 kHz target, while maintaining physics sensitivity. This paper presents a concept for an all-FPGA based track finder using a fully time-multiplexed architecture. Hardware demonstrators have been assembled to prove the feasibility and capability of such a system. The performance for a variety of physics scenarios will be presented, as well as the proposed scaling of the demonstrators to the final system.

In order to fully exploit the scientific potential of the LHC, it is planned to operate the machine at a higher average instantaneous luminosity from 2026 onwards, following a 30 month-long shutdown. During this shutdown, parts of the CMS detector will be replaced and upgraded. A new silicon tracker will be installed which must maintain performance under the increased luminosity conditions. This new tracker will read out information to the Level-1 trigger at the LHC bunch crossing rate of 40 MHz. In order to do this, novel tracking modules hosting a pair of closely spaced silicon sensors bonded to a single read-out ASIC are being produced. Pairs of clusters across the sensors can be correlated to identify high transverse momentum track candidates. Only these will be sent to the Level-1 trigger, allowing for 40 MHz readout.

The Hough Transform is widely used to detect parametrically described curves in an image that can contain noise or partial occlusion. It is shown how a two dimensional linear Hough Transform can be used to identify track candidates within the CMS tracker. Three implementations of this algorithm in FPGA firmware are presented: a systolic array, a pipelined array, and an optimised pipelined solution called the daisy-chained array. For each, the performance in terms of track finding efficiency and fake rate is presented, alongside the corresponding FPGA resource utilisation and latency. The method used to pre-process and distribute the tracker hits is also described. Potential algorithmic and technical improvements are discussed, in addition to the scaling of the implementation to a variety of FPGA devices.

The Kalman filter uses linear quadratic estimation to produce estimates of unknown variables from a series of uncertain measurements. It can therefore be used to fit and filter the track candidates produced by the Hough transform track finder. In addition, a simple duplicate removal algorithm is described. A mathematical derivation of the algorithm is provided, alongside a description of the FPGA firmware design. FPGA resource utilisation and latency are provided.

Requirements and constraints are presented for a 40 MHz track finder at CMS for the High Luminosity LHC. A track finding system is proposed that exploits high bandwidth FPGA-based processing boards and a time-multiplexed data delivery approach. The design of a demonstrator slice built from currently available hardware is outlined; a series of optically daisy-chained MP7 processing cards running algorithms based on the Hough Transform and Kalman Filter methods.

The scaling of the track finder demonstrator to the proposed final size system is discussed. It is shown how the Hough transform and Kalman filter FPGA implementations scale to the latest generation of FPGA devices that allow for 25 Gb/s transceivers and many more logic resources per chip.

Limitations and gaps in the Standard Model of particle physics motivate a continued search for new data to support, or discredit, new and more complete models of Nature. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), located at CERN, and its future High Luminosity upgrade, the High Luminosity LHC are designed for this purpose. The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the LHC is designed to enable searches for a wide variety of new physics. An overview and description of the LHC and the CMS detector are given in this chapter.

Hardware and emulation results of the track finder demonstrator are presented and compared. Simulated physics events with a pileup 200 proton-proton interactions per bunch crossing are used to measure the performance of the system. Relevant quantities such as tracking efficiency, purity, rate, and parameter resolution are discussed. The robustness of the track finding to detector defects and evolving requirements is discussed. The latency and the FPGA resource utilisation of the track finding chain are measured. These metrics are compared against alternative track finding solutions.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is designed to study a wide range of high energy physics phenomena. It employs a large all-silicon tracker within a 3.8 T magnetic solenoid, which allows precise measurements of transverse momentum ($p_\mathrm{T}$) and vertex position. This tracking detector will be upgraded to coincide with the operation of the High-Luminosity LHC, which will provide luminosities of up to $7.5\,\times\,10^{35}\,\mathrm{cm^{-2}s^{-1}}$ to CMS, or 200 collisions per 25 ns bunch crossing. This new tracker must maintain the nominal physics performance in this more challenging environment. Novel tracking modules that utilise closely spaced silicon sensors to discriminate on charged particle $p_\mathrm{T}$ have been developed and allow the selective readout of hits compatible with tracks of $p_\mathrm{T}\,>\,2-3$ GeV to off-detector trigger electronics. This would allow the use of tracking information at the Level-1 trigger of the experiment, a requirement to keep the Level-1 triggering rate below the 750 kHz target, while maintaining physics sensitivity. This paper presents a concept for an all-FPGA based track finder using a fully time-multiplexed architecture. Hardware demonstrators have been assembled to prove the feasibility and capability of such a system. The performance for a variety of physics scenarios will be presented, as well as the proposed scaling of the demonstrators to the final system.

Abstract Can we choose our management style? What options does the corporate and administrative literature offer?

Digital signal processors and field-programmable gate arrays have different characteristics that will suit them to various tasks in software radio systems. Cost models can help drive how the system is partitioned.

In this paper, we show how to adapt and deploy anomaly detection algorithms based on deep autoencoders, for the unsupervised detection of new physics signatures in the extremely challenging environment of a real-time event selection system at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We demonstrate that new physics signatures can be enhanced by three orders of magnitude, while staying within the strict latency and resource constraints of a typical LHC event filtering system. This would allow for collecting high-statistics, potentially new physics enhanced datasets for novel physics searches. Through per-layer, highly parallel implementations of network layers, support for autoencoder-specific losses on FPGAs and latent space based inference, we demonstrate that anomaly detection can be performed as fast as $80\,$ns using less than 3% of FPGA resources.