T. Hebbeker

A search for axion-like particles was performed at the 400 GeV proton beam-dump experiment at CERN. Exploring an empty decay region of 35 m length and 9 m2 cross section, we searched for decays of neutral and penetrating scalar particles into a pair of photons, electrons or muons. No evidence for the existence for such particles was found in this experiment. Limits are quoted as a function of the mass and of the model independent decay constant of axions.

A search for decays of heavy neutrinos was conducted by the CHARM Collaboration in a prompt neutrino beam produced by dumping 400 GeV protons in a Cu target, and in the CERN wide-band neutrino beam produced by 400 GeV primary protons. No candidate event was found. In the beam-dump experiment heavy neutrinos have been assumed to be produced by mixing in charmed D meson decays. Neutrinos decaying into e+e−ve, μ+e−vμ, and μ+μ−vμ were searched for. Limits of |Uei|2, |Uμi|2 < 10−7 were obtained for neutrino masses around 1.5 GeV. In the wide-band experiment heavy neutrinos were assumed to be produced by neutral-current neutrino interactions in the CHARM calorimeter. Here a search was made for neutrinos decaying into a μ and hadrons. This experiment is sensitive to decays of neutrinos with mass in the range 0.5–2.8 GeV with limits of |Uμi|2 < 3 × 10−4 for masses around 2.5 GeV. These measurements extend our previous results in the mass range 10–400 MeV.

The cross section ratio of neutral-current and charged-current semi-leptonic interactions of muon-neutrinos on isoscalar nuclei has been measured with the result: Rv=0.3093±0.0031 for hadronic energy larger than 4 GeV. From this ratio, the electroweak mixing angle is determined to be sin2θw=0.236+0.012(mc−1.5)±0.005 (exp.)±0.003 (theor.), where mc is the charm-quark mass in GeV/c2.

The cross-section ratio of neutral-current and charged-current semileptonic interactions of muon-neutrinos on isoscalar nuclei has been measured with the result:R v =0.3093±0.0031 for hadronic energy larger than 4 GeV. From this ratio we determined the electroweak mixing angle sin2 θ W , wherem c is the charm-quark mass in GeV/c2. Comparison with direct measurements ofm w andm z determines the radiative shift of the intermediate boson mass Δr=0.077±0.025(exp.)±0.038(syst.), in agreement with the prediction. Assuming the validity of the electroweak standard theory we determined ϱ=0.990−0.013(m c −1.5)±0.009(exp.)±0.003(theor.).

We collect and combine all published data on the vertical atmospheric muon flux and the muon charge ratio for muon momenta above 10 GeV. At sea level the world average of the momentum spectra agrees with the flux calculated by E.V. Bugaev et al. within 15%. The observed shape of the differential flux versus momentum is slightly flatter than predicted in this calculation. The experimental accuracy varies from 7% at 10 GeV to 17% at 1 TeV. The ratio of fluxes of positive to negative muons is found to be constant, at a value of 1.268, with relative uncertainties increasing from approximately 1% at low momenta to about 6% at 300 GeV.

The ratio of the coupling strengths of electron- and muon-neutrinos to the neutral weak current, derived from measurements of total semileptonic neutrino cross sections on an isoscalar target, is reported on. Using an enriched electron-neutrino beam with equal fluxes of νe and νe produced by dumping the 400 GeV on beam of the CERN-SPS into thick copper targets (beam-dump), σ(NC((−)νe))/σ(CC((−)νe)) = 0.406−0.135+0.145 is measured. Combining this value with the re we obtained in an exposure to a narrow band neutrino beam, the ratio of the coupling constants gνeνe/gνμv̄μ = =1.05−0.18+0.15 is derived, in good agreement with universal coupling strength of the electron- and muon-neutrino to the neutral weak current.

The results of a high-statistics study of inclusive muon spectra at PETRA are reported.Improved mass limits have been obtained for heavy quarks, heavy leptons, and charged Higgs particles.It is shown that the fragmentation properties of b quarks and c quarks

We present a measurement of the muon charge asymmetry from the decay of the $W$ boson via $W\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}$ using $7.3\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of integrated luminosity collected with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider at $\sqrt{s}=1.96\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$. The muon charge asymmetry is presented in two kinematic regions in muon transverse momentum and event missing transverse energy: (${p}_{T}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}&gt;25\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, ${\mathrm{E\ensuremath{\llap{\not\;}}}}_{T}&gt;25\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$) and (${p}_{T}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}&gt;35\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, ${\mathrm{E\ensuremath{\llap{\not\;}}}}_{T}&gt;35\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$). The measured asymmetries are compared with theory predictions made using three parton distribution function sets. The data at ${p}_{T}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}&gt;35\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, ${\mathrm{E\ensuremath{\llap{\not\;}}}}_{T}&gt;35\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, and larger values of $|{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}|$ favor an increased $d(x)/u(x)$ ratio at higher values of $x$ than is predicted.

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are semiconductor-based light-sensors offering a high gain, a mechanically and optically robust design and high photon detection efficiency. Due to these characteristics, they started to replace conventional photomultiplier tubes in many applications in recent years. This paper presents an optical module based on SiPMs designed for the application in scintillators as well as lab measurements. The module hosts the SiPM bias voltage supply and three pre-amplifiers with different gain levels to exploit the full dynamic range of the SiPMs. Two SiPMs, read-out in parallel, are equipped with light guides to increase the sensitive area. The light guides are optimized for the read-out of wavelength shifting fibers as used in many plastic scintillator detectors. The optical and electrical performance of the module is characterized in detail in laboratory measurements. Prototypes have been installed and tested in a modified version of the Scintillator Surface Detector developed for AugerPrime, the upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory. The SiPM module is operated in the Argentinian Pampas and first data proves its usability in such harsh environments.

Hadronic decays of the Z0 produced in e+e− annihilation are ideal for precise tests of Quantum Chromodynamics. A large number of measurements has been performed, based on the large data sets of more than 400 000 hadronic events observed by the each of the experiments ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL at LEP. The most important results are: (a) the strong coupling constant is αs (mZ) = 0.119 ± 0.007. The energy dependence of the 3-jet fraction measured in e+e− annihilation between 14 and 91 GeV shows that αs is running as predicted by QCD. The strong interaction is flavor-independent. (b) Second order QCD matrix element calculations reproduce all measured distributions for jets in 3-jet and 4-jet events. There is direct experimental evidence for the gluon self interaction. (c) All measured distributions for hadrons can be reproduced by QCD Monte Carlo programs or analytical calculations.

A low-energy muon neutrino beam was used to illuminate two similar fine-grained neutrino detectors placed at 123 m and 903 m from the beginning of the neutrino source. The fiducial masses of the “close” and the “far” detector were about 36 tons and 120 tons respectively. The average energy of the selected neutrino events was 1.5 GeV. Data were recorded for an integrated flux of about 1019 protons. Quasielastic charged current events initiated by νe's have been searched for and an upper limit of 2.7%, at 90% confidence level, is obtained for the fraction of νμ's transformed into νe's. For complete mixing this correspnds to a limit Δm2 ⩽ 0.20 eV2 for the transition νμ → νe and to a minimum value of the mixing parameter sin22θ = 0.04. In the same data sample we compared the rates in the two detectors of νμ-initiated charged current events, mainly of quasielastic type: we conclude that oscillations of νμ's to ντ's, and possibly heavier neutrinos, do not appear. For complete mixing the limit in this case is Δm2 ⩽ 0.29 eV2.

With use of the MARK-J detector at $\sqrt{s}=34.7$ GeV 21 000 ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadron}$ events have been collected. By measurement of the asymmetry in angular energy correlations the strong coupling constant ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}=0.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 (\mathrm{statistical})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 (\mathrm{systematic})$ is determined, in complete second order, and independent of the fragmentation models and QCD cutoff values used.

A new experimental determination of the electro-weak mixing angle θW is reported based on a second exposure of the CHARM calorimeter to the CERN-SPS wide-band beam. The ratio R of muon-neutrino- and muon-antineutrino-electron scattering cross section has been determined from a sample of 37 ± 10 and 35 ± 10 events. The experimental result is R = 1.26−0.45+0.72, corresponding to a value of sin2θW = 0.216 ± 0.055. The total sample of events collected in the CHARM calorimeter during the two exposures is (83 ± 16)νμe events and (112 ± 21)νμe events, leadint to the final result sin2θW = 0.215 ± 0.032. The systematic error is estimated to be ± 0.012.

With a PETRA energy scan in \ensuremath{\le}30-MeV steps, the continuum production of open top quark up to 38.54 GeV is excluded. Over regions of energy scan from 29.90 to 38.63 GeV limits are set on the product of hadronic branching ratio and electronic width ${B}_{h}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{ee}}$ for toponium to be less than 2.0 keV at the 95% confidence level. By a search for flavor-changing neutral currents in $b$ decay, models without a top quark are excluded.

The measurement of the nonelectromagnetic forward-backward charge asymmetry in the reaction e+eiz'tz at ~s-34.6 GeV and in the angular region 0& IcosOI&0.8 is re- ported.With a systematic error less than 1%, we observe an asymmetry of (-8.1+2.1)/p.This is in agreement with the standard electroweak theory prediction of (-7.6+ 0.6)%.The weak-current coupling constants are also reported.

The L3 detector at the CERN electron–positron collider, LEP, has been employed for the study of cosmic ray muons. The muon spectrometer of L3 consists of a set of high-precision drift chambers installed inside a magnet with a volume of about 1000m3 and a field of 0.5T. Muon momenta are measured with a resolution of a few percent at 50GeV. The detector is located under 30m of overburden. A scintillator air shower array of 54m by 30m is installed on the roof of the surface hall above L3 in order to estimate the energy and the core position of the shower associated with a sample of detected muons. Thanks to the unique properties of the L3+C detector, muon research topics relevant to various current problems in cosmic ray and particle astrophysics can be studied.

Measurements of coherent π0 production by muon-neutrinos and antineutrinos on nuclei in marble have been carried out using the CHARM neutrino detector in the CERN-SPS neutrino wide-band beam. We determined the cross sections σν = (96±42)×10−40cm2 and σν = (79±26)×10−40 cm2 per average marble nucleus. Comparing these experimental results to theoretical predictions we evaluated the isovector axial vector neutral-current coupling constant ∣β∣ = 1.08±0.24, averaged over the neutrino and the antineutrino results, and found agreement with the prediction of the standard model, β = 1.0. From the ratio of coherent π0 production by neutral-current interactions observed in this experiment and of coherent π− production by charged-current interactions of antineutrinos measured in BEBC a value of ∣β∣ = 1.10±0.23 is derived.

The ratio R of muon neutrino-electron and antineutrino-electron cross sections has been determined based on a sample of 46 ± 12 neutrino events and 77 ± 19 antineutrino events obtained in the CHARM fine-grain calorimeter using the CERN Super Proton Synchroton horn-focused wide-band beams. The experimental result is R=1.37−0.44+0.65, corresponding to a value of sin2θW=0.215±0.040. The systematic error of sin2θW is estimated to be ±0.015.

We present a parametrization of the parton densities as derived from the data collected by the CHARM Collaboration in the wide band beam neutrino and antineutrino weak charged-current interactions. They are rescaled to the proton and calculated at a reference Q2 value of 10 GeV2 including the next-to-leading order corrections and imposing the Gross-Llewellyn Smith and the momentum sum rules.

The results are reported of a search for excited muons (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{*}$) and electrons (${e}^{*}$) and for a stable charged heavy lepton by measurements of the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ final states. Excluded are large regions of the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ (coupling constant), $M$ (mass) planes for spin-\textonehalf{} ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{*}$ and ${e}^{*}$, and a new stable charged heavy lepton with mass 14 GeV.

We have used our measurements of final states from e+e− containing an isolated muon and a hadronic or electron shower to search for new spin 0 charged particles. We exclude (95% CL) a supersymmetric partner of the τ with a mass less than 14 GeV/c2. We obtain upper limits on the branching ratio to τvτ for charged Higgs particles or technipions with masses up to 14 GeV/c2. This disagrees with some technicolor model predictions.

We have searched for resonances in the reaction ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons}, \ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}, \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}, \mathrm{and} \mathrm{ee}$, in the energy range $39.79&lt;\sqrt{s}&lt;45.52$ GeV, using the Mark J detector at PETRA. We obtain stringent upper limits on the production of toponium and particles postulated to explain ${Z}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{lepton}\mathrm{pair}+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ events observed at the CERN $\stackrel{-}{p}p$ collider. We also set limits on the mass and coupling constant of excited electrons.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment prepares its Phase-2 upgrade for the high-luminosity era of the LHC operation (HL-LHC). Due to the increase of occupancy, trigger latency and rates, the full electronics of the CMS Drift Tube (DT) chambers will need to be replaced. In the new design, the time bin for the digitization of the chamber signals will be of around 1 ns, and the totality of the signals will be forwarded asynchronously to the service cavern at full resolution. The new backend system will be in charge of building the trigger primitives of each chamber. These trigger primitives contain the information at chamber level about the muon candidates position, direction, and collision time, and are used as input in the L1 CMS trigger. The added functionalities will improve the robustness of the system against ageing. An algorithm based on analytical solutions for reconstructing the DT trigger primitives, called Analytical Method, has been implemented both as a software C++ emulator and in firmware. Its performance has been estimated using the software emulator with simulated and real data samples, and through hardware implementation tests. Measured efficiencies are 96 to 98% for all qualities and time and spatial resolutions are close to the ultimate performance of the DT chambers. A prototype chain of the HL-LHC electronics using the Analytical Method for trigger primitive generation has been installed during Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC and operated in CMS cosmic data taking campaigns in 2020 and 2021. Results from this validation step, the so-called Slice Test, are presented.

Abstract To achieve the expected level of sensitivity of third-generation gravitational-wave (GW) observatories, more accurate and sensitive instruments than those of the second generation must be used to reduce all sources of noises. Amongst them, one of the most relevant is seismic noise, which will require the development of a better isolation system, especially at low frequencies (below 10 Hz), the operation of large cryogenic silicon mirrors, and the improvement of optical wavelength readouts. In this framework, this article presents the activities of the E-TEST (Einstein Telescope Euregio Meuse-Rhine Site &amp; Technology) to develop and test new key technologies for the next generation of GW observatories. A compact isolator system for a large silicon mirror (100 kg) at low frequency ( <?CDATA ${\lt}$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> 10 Hz) is proposed. The design of the isolator allows the overall height of the isolation system to be significantly compact and also suppresses seismic noise at low frequencies. To minimize the effect of thermal noise, the isolation system is provided with a 100 kg silicon mirror which is suspended in a vacuum chamber at cryogenic temperature (25–40 K). To achieve this temperature without inducing vibrations to the mirror, a radiation-based cooling strategy is employed. In addition, cryogenic sensors and electronics are being developed as part of the E-TEST to detect vibrational motion in the penultimate cryogenic stage. Since the commonly used silicon material is not transparent below the wavelengths typically used in the 1 µ m range for GW detectors, new optical components and lasers must be developed in the range above 1500 nm to reduce absorption and scattering losses. Therefore, solid-state and fiber lasers with a wavelength of 2090 nm, matching high-efficiency photodiodes, and low-noise crystalline coatings are being developed. Accordingly, the key technologies provided by E-TEST serve crucially to reduce the limitations of the current generation of GW observatories and to determine the technical design for the next generation.

Abstract High-speed multichannel ADCs are costly and require complex FPGA or MCU firmware to communicate with them. The Multi-Voltage Thresholding (MVT) approach can replace to some extent an external ADC by harnessing the internal FPGA resources, thus reducing costs and complexity. The MVT approach needs only a few low-cost external components. The focus of the contribution is presenting an open-source IP-Core that implements the MVT approach and simplifies its implementation on a standard FPGA. The contribution also provides an overview of characterization measurements and specific calibration method. Our example application demonstrates the viability of the developed IP-Core for signal acquisition from multiple SiPMs.

The 40 MHz bunched muon beam set up at CERN was used in May 2003 to make a full test of the drift tubes local muon trigger. The main goal of the test was to prove that the integration of the various devices located on a muon chamber was adequately done both on the hardware and software side of the system. Furthermore the test provided complete information about the general performance of the trigger algorithms in terms of efficiency and noise. Data were collected with the default configuration of the trigger devices and with several alternative configurations at various angles of incidence of the beam. Tests on noise suppression and di-muon trigger capability were performed.

The discovery potential of doubly charged Higgs bosons pair-produced in Drell–Yan events at the CMS detector is presented in this note. The decay branching ratio into muon pairs is assumed to be 100%. The pure muonic decay channel yields a clear signal which is almost background free. Doubly charged Higgs bosons with masses in the range 100–800 GeV are studied, for a low luminosity scenario of cm−2 s−1. The full detector simulation is used. Doubly charged Higgs bosons in this production and decay channel with masses GeV are expected to be observable at CMS with a significance exceeding 5σ at 10 fb−1 of integrated luminosity. If no signal will be detected for this integrated luminosity, the existence of a doubly charged Higgs boson with GeV can be excluded at 95% confidence level. This exceeds the current exclusion limit GeV, set by CDF at Tevatron Run II, by 624 GeV.

Ultra-high energy cosmic rays generate extensive air showers in Earth's atmosphere. A standard approach to reconstruct the energy of an ultra-high energy cosmic rays is to sample the lateral profile of the particle density on the ground of the air shower with an array of surface detectors. For cosmic rays with large inclinations, this reconstruction is based on a model of the lateral profile of the muon density observed on the ground, which is fitted to the observed muon densities in individual surface detectors. The best models for this task are derived from detailed Monte-Carlo simulations of the air shower development. We present a phenomenological parametrization scheme which allows to derive a model of the average lateral profile of the muon density directly from a fit to a set of individual Monte-Carlo simulated air showers. The model reproduces the detailed simulations with a high precision. As an example, we generate a muon density model which is valid in the energy range 1e18 eV < E < 1e20 eV and the zenith angle range 60 deg < theta < 90 deg. We will further demonstrate a way to speed up the simulation of such muon profiles by three orders of magnitude, if only the muons in the shower are of interest.

We review the relation between the ratio of hadronic and electronic Z widths, R = Γ(Z → qq)/Γ(Z → e+e−) and the strong coupling constant at the Z mass, αs. The theoretical uncertainty of αs derived from R is estimated to be Δαs = ±0.002 (electroweak) ± 0.002 (QCD)−0.003+0.004 (mtop, mHiggs).

Interstrip and backplane capacitances on silicon microstrip detectors with p+ strip on n substrate of 320μm thickness were measured for pitches between 60 and 240μm and width over pitch ratios between 0.13 and 0.5. Parametrisations of capacitance w.r.t. pitch and width were compared with data. The detectors were measured before and after being irradiated to a fluence of 4×1014protons/cm2 of 24GeV/c momentum. The effect of the crystal orientation of the silicon has been found to have a relevant influence on the surface radiation damage, favouring the choice of a 〈100〉 substrate. Working at high bias (up to 500 V in CMS) might be critical for the stability of detector, for a small width over pitch ratio. The influence of having a metal strip larger than the p+ implant has been studied and found to enhance the stability.

A Higgs particle produced in association with a Z boson and decaying into two photons is searched for in the data collected by the L3 experiment at LEP. All possible decay modes of the Z boson are investigated. No signal is observed in 447.5 pb^-1 of data recorded at centre-of-mass energies up to 209 GeV. Limits on the branching fraction of the Higgs boson decay into two photons as a function of the Higgs mass are derived. A lower limit on the mass of a fermiophobic Higgs boson is set at 105.4 GeV at 95% confidence level.

The L3 first-level energy trigger is based on energy measurements in electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters and in luminosity monitors. The information from these detectors is evaluated and a decision is taken in about 20 μs (the time between two bunch crossings in LEP is 22 μs). This trigger makes use of 300 CAMAC modules: an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a BUS multiplexer (BS), a memory lookup table (MLU), a data stack (DS) and a fast encoding and readout ADC (FERA), each of them performing dedicated functions. The data are transmitted via front-panel ECL buses. The CAMAC data-way is used only for initialization and checking purposes. The system operates synchronously with a period of 60 ns.

New measurements of the total crosssections of charged-current interactions of muonneutrinos and antineutrinos on isoscalar nuclei have been performed. Data were recorded in an exposure of the CHARM detector in an 160 GeV narrow-band beam. The antineutrino flux was determined from the measurements of the pion and kaon flux, and independently from the muon flux measured in the shield; the two methods are found to agree. The neutrino flux was determined from the muon flux ratio forv μ and $$\bar v_\mu $$ runs which was normalized to the antineutrino flux. The cross-section slopes thus determined are $$\begin{gathered} \sigma _T^{\bar v} /E = (0.335 \pm 0.004(stat) \hfill \\ \pm 0.010(syst)).10^{ - 38} cm^2 /(GeV \cdot nucleon) \hfill \\ \sigma _T^v /E = (0.686 \pm 0.002(stat) \hfill \\ \pm 0.020(syst)).10^{ - 38} cm^2 /(GeV \cdot nucleon) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The momentum sum of the quarks in the nucleon and the ratio of sea quark to total quark momentum are derived from the measurements.

The signal of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) depends not only on the number of incoming photons but also on thermal and correlated noise of which the latter is difficult to handle. Additionally, the properties of SiPMs vary with the supplied bias voltage and the ambient temperature. The purpose of the G4SiPM simulation package is the integration of a detailed SiPM simulation into Geant4 which is widely used in particle physics. The prediction of the G4SiPM simulation code is validated with a laboratory measurement of the dynamic range of a 3×3 mm2 SiPM with 3600 cells manufactured by Hamamatsu.

Photosensors have played and will continue to play an important role in high-energy and Astroparticle cutting-edge experiments. As of today, the most common photon detection device in use is the photomultiplier tube (PMT). However, we are witnessing rapid progress in the field and new devices now show very competitive features when compared to PMTs. Among those state-of-the-art photo detectors, silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are a relatively new kind of semiconductor whose potential is presently studied by many laboratories. Their characteristics make them a very attractive candidate for future Astroparticle physics experiments recording fluorescence and Cherenkov light, both in the atmosphere and on the ground. Such applications may require the measurement of the light flux on the sensor for the purpose of energy reconstruction. This is a complex task due to the limited dynamic range of SiPMs and the presence of thermal and correlated noise. In this work we study the response of three SiPM types in terms of delivered charge when exposed to light pulses in a broad range of intensities: from single photon to saturation. The influence of the pulse time duration and the SiPM over-voltage on the response are also quantified. Based on the observed behaviour, a method is presented to reconstruct the real number of photons impinging on the SiPM surface directly from the measured SiPM charge. A special emphasis is placed on the description of the methodology and experimental design used to perform the measurements.

Within the framework of the constrained Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model we show that recent LEP I limits on the invisible Z width exclude the possibility that the lightest sparticle is the sneutrino.

From the nucleon structure functions measured by the CHARM Collaboration in inclusive neutrino and antineutrino CC interactions we determined the QCD parameters ΛMS = 310 ± 140 (stat.) ± 70(syst.) MeV using the Furmanski- Petronzio method. With the same method we extrapolated the behaviour of the quark (q + q) and the gluon x-distributions up to Q2 = 10 000 GeV2 using perturbative QCD. The extrapolated structure functions are compared with recent results coming from the two-jet differential cross section in proton-antiproton interactions at √s = 540 GeV and Q2 = 2000 GeV2.

A general purpose instrument for imaging of Cherenkov light or fluorescence light emitted by extensive air showers is presented. Its refractive optics allows for a compact and light-weight design with a wide field-of-view of 12{\deg}. The optical system features a 0.5 m diameter Fresnel lens and a camera with 61 pixels composed of Winston cones and large-sized 6x6 mm photo sensors. As photo sensors, semi conductor light sensors (SiPMs) are utilized. The camera provides a high photon detection efficiency together with robust operation. The enclosed optics permit operation in regions of harsh environmental conditions. The low price of the telescope allows the production of a large number of telescopes and the application of the instrument in various projects, such as FAMOUS for the Pierre Auger Observatory, HAWC's Eye for HAWC or IceAct for IceCube. In this paper the novel design of this telescope and first measurements are presented.

This paper describes the design and the performance of the first level energy trigger, as used in the L3 experiment at LEP. The trigger is based on energy measurements in the electromagnetic and the hadronic calorimeters and the luminosity monitors. The bunch crossing time at LEP is 22.2 μs; the information from these detectors is digitized and analyzed in 20 μs. The trigger is a fast processor, which makes use of about 350 CAMAC modules. Each of them performs a dedicated function and is connected with the other modules via front-panel buses. The CAMAC dataway is used only for initialization and checking purposes. The whole processor operates synchronously with a clock period of 60 ns. The trigger decision is mainly based on the total and electromagnetic energy in the event, on the cluster finding algorithm, which searches localized energy deposits in the calorimeters, and on the presence of a single photon, where the most of the electromagnetic energy is confined to a few crystals in the electromagnetic calorimeter. The system also includes the luminosity trigger, to detect small angle Bhabha events for the measurements of the luminosity.

Scintillator- and fibre-based particle detectors with SiPM readout are an indispensable tool in high-energy particle physics, medical physics and other fields of application. For designing and understanding these detectors, very detailed simulations are necessary, which require an accurate modelling of the optical physics (optics, scintillation, wavelength-shifting effects, ... ), of the optical material properties, and of the geometry. To allow for a reliable usage also by less experienced users, the necessary complexity and flexibility of a suitable simulation framework must not lead to an increasing danger of user mistakes. Additionally, the required effort for creating or modifying a detailed simulation has to be minimised in order to allow for the fast creation of flexible simulation setups. These challenges have been addressed by developing GODDeSS (Geant4 Objects for Detailed Detectors with Scintillators and SiPMs). It is an extension of the particle-physics simulation tool Geant4 and allows for the easy simulation of optical detector components, especially combinations of scintillators, optical fibres, and photodetectors. GODDeSS enables the user to create extensive setups for Geant4 simulations with a few lines of source code. At the same time, GODDeSS helps to avoid typical user mistakes. This paper introduces the basic concepts of the GODDeSS framework, its object classes, and its functionality. Furthermore, test measurements with prototype modules will be presented, which were performed to validate simulation results of the GODDeSS framework.

Calorimeters have been used extensively for the study of neutrino interactions in the last decade. This paper describes the need for calibration of such calorimeters and how this was realized for the case of the CHARM fine-grained calorimeter. The energy and spatial response of the calorimeter to both hadronic and electromagnetic showers was measured in π and electron beams from 5 to 140 GeV. The results and resolutions are presented.

A direct test is presented of higher-order QED (${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{4}$) at large momentum transfers (up to \ensuremath{\sim}100 Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$). These tests were carried out with the MARK-J detector at PETRA by comparing the measured cross section for the process ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ with the prediction of QED for $12 \mathrm{GeV}&lt;~\sqrt{s}&lt;~36.7 \mathrm{GeV}$. The cross sections and the various kinematic distributions agree with QED.

In October 2001 the first produced CMS Barrel Drift Tube (DT) Muon Chamber was tested at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) using a muon beam. A Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) was attached to the top of the DT chamber, and, for the first time, both detectors were operated coupled together. The performance of the DT chamber was studied for several operating conditions, and for gamma rates similar to the ones expected at LHC. In this paper we present the data analysis; the results are considered fully satisfactory.

Abstract A measurement of the ratio of electron-neutrino and muon-neutrino charged-current cross sections is reported. Using data collected in an exposure of the CHARM detector to a 160 GeV narrow-band neutrino beam at CERN we obtained σ νe ( CC ) σ νμ ( CC ) = 1.20 ± 0.11 . A ratio of the coupling constants g eνe g μνμ = 1.10 ± 0.05 at 〈Q 2 〉 ∽ 16 GeV 2 was derived in agreement with the universal coupling strength of the electron and muon families to the charged weak current.

Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are versatile and sensitive photon detectors that experience a fast growing variety of use in particle physics and related fields of application. These photo detectors have a very promising photon detection efficiency and are therefore interesting for very low light flux applications such as scintillation and fluorescence light detection. As a semiconductor device the SiPM׳s gain and time response strongly depend on the operating temperature and voltage. Thus they have to be understood for a proper use of the SiPM. Therefore, accurate electrical simulations of the SiPM׳s behavior involving electrical readout and front-end electronics help to improve the design of experimental setups, since several different designs can be tested and simulated with a manageable amount of effort. To perform these simulations, a detailed equivalent circuit of the SiPM has to be used containing a set of well-defined parameters. For this purpose, SPICE simulations of SiPMs and readout electronics have been performed. These simulations utilize an improved SiPM model consisting of resistors, capacitances and inductances. The SiPM parameters for these simulations have been determined by measuring the impedance over a wide frequency range while applying a DC voltage in forward direction and various DC voltages from zero up to the SiPM breakdown voltage in order to determine the behavior under operating conditions. The impedance measurements, the electrical model and the resulting simulations are presented. The impact of different setups and the electrical properties of the SiPM is discussed.

We have measured the probability, n(g->cc~), of a gluon splitting into a charm-quark pair using 1.7 million hadronic Z decays collected by the L3 detector. Two independent methods have been applied to events with a three-jet topology. One method relies on tagging charmed hadrons by identifying a lepton in the lowest energy jet. The other method uses a neural network based on global event shape parameters. Combining both methods, we measure n(g->cc~)= [2.45 +/- 0.29 +/- 0.53]%.

Two drift tubes (DTs) chambers of the CMS muon barrel system were exposed to a 40 MHz bunched muon beam at the CERN SPS, and for the first time the whole CMS Level-1 DTs-based trigger system chain was tested. Data at different energies and inclination angles of the incident muon beam were collected, as well as data with and without an iron absorber placed between the two chambers, to simulate the electromagnetic shower development in CMS. Special data-taking runs were dedicated to test for the first time the Track Finder system, which reconstructs track trigger candidates by performing a proper matching of the muon segments delivered by the two chambers. The present paper describes the results of these measurements.

Using the CHARM detector 36 000 deep inelastic neutral-current reactions of neutrinos (and 2000 of antineutrinos) from the 160 GeV narrow-band beam were recorded. The differential cross section dσdx in the Bjorken scaling variable x was computed by unfolding the effects of limited acceptance and of resolution of the detector as well as the ambiguity of the energy of the incoming neutrinos (produced by π- or K-decay). Combining the results from the neutrino and antineutrino data, the structure functions F2 and xF3 and the antiquark momentum distribution measured via the NC coupling were determined. The distributions are in agreement with the corresponding CC distibutions. Comparisons with deep inelastic muon scattering confirm the universality of nuclear structure functions as probed by the weak and the electromagnetic currents.

We present here the final results of experiments searching for neutrino oscillations, carried out by the CHARM Collaboration. The data — taking took place in 1983. The first experiment was performed by exposing two detectors simultaneously to the CERN PS low energyv µ beam. In the second experiment the full CHARM detector was exposed to the wide-band horn-focusedv µ beam of the CERN SPS. Complete details of the experiments and data reduction are presented. No statistically significant signals for neutrino oscillations were observed. Our 90% CL limits in the appearance experiment (v µ→v e ) exclude Δm 2≧0.19 eV2 for complete mixing (sin22θ=1), and sin22θ≧0.008 for the region Δm 2≧30 eV2. These results, and the limits observed for (v µ→v x ) (disappearance of (v µ), are in agreement with those of most other experiments but exclude part of the region previously reported as a possible indication ofv µ→v e oscillations.

A new beam-dump experiment has been performed at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron using the CHARM neutrino detector. The instrumentation and the statistics have been significantly improved with respect to earlier experiments. For a neutrino energy above 20 GeV the asymmetry of the prompt muon-neutrino and electron-neutrino fluxes $$[(v_\mu + \bar v_\mu ) - (v_e + \bar v_e )]/[(v_\mu + \bar v_\mu ) + (v_e + \bar v_e )]$$ is found to be 0.20±0.10 (stat.)±0.05 (syst.), and the asymmetry of prompt antineutrino and neutrino fluxes for muonneutrinos $$(v_\mu - \bar v_\mu )/(v_\mu + \bar v_\mu )$$ is 0.02±0.16 (stat.)±0.02 (syst.) in agreement with our previous results. For the cross-section times branching ratio for charm production and semileptonic decay we obtain a value of $$\sigma \times BR\left[ {D(\bar D) \to v_e (\bar v_e ) X} \right] = 1.9 \pm 0.2 \pm 0.2\mu b$$ per nucleon. We find no evidence forv τ orv x interactions. The $$(v_\tau + \bar v_\tau )$$ flux is less than 21% of the total prompt neutrino flux. We derive an improved limit on the branching ratio $$\pi ^0 \to v\bar v$$ of 6.5×10−6, and as a verification of the universality of the neutral weak coupling we find $$g_{v_e \bar v_e } /g_{v_\mu \bar v_\mu } = 1.05_{ - 0.18}^{ + 0.15} $$ .

The cosmic muon generator CMSCGEN is based on a parametrization of the differential muon flux at ground level, as obtained from the air shower simulation program CORSIKA. We present the underlying ansatz for this parameterization and provide an approximation of the momentum and angular distributions in terms of simple polynomials, in the momentum range 3 to 3000 GeV.

The workshop on "Hadron-Hadron and Cosmic-Ray Interactions at multi-TeV Energies" held at the ECT* centre (Trento) in Nov.-Dec. 2010 gathered together both theorists and experimentalists to discuss issues of the physics of high-energy hadronic interactions of common interest for the particle, nuclear and cosmic-ray communities. QCD results from collider experiments -- mostly from the LHC but also from the Tevatron, RHIC and HERA -- were discussed and compared to various hadronic Monte Carlo generators, aiming at an improvement of our theoretical understanding of soft, semi-hard and hard parton dynamics. The latest cosmic-ray results from various ground-based observatories were also presented with an emphasis on the phenomenological modeling of the first hadronic interactions of the extended air-showers generated in the Earth atmosphere. These mini-proceedings consist of an introduction and short summaries of the talks presented at the meeting.

The drift tubes based CMS barrel muon trigger, which uses self-triggering arrays of drift tubes, is able to perform the identification of the muon parent bunch crossing using a rather sophisticated algorithm. The identification is unique only if the trigger chain is correctly synchronized. Some beam test time was devoted to take data useful to investigate the synchronization of the trigger electronics with the machine clock. Possible alternatives were verified and the dependence on muon track properties was studied.

A sophisticated technique to measure extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays is by means of fluorescence telescopes. Secondary particles of the air shower excite nitrogen molecules of the atmosphere, which emit fluorescence light when they de-excite. Due to their high photon detection efficiency (PDE) silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) promise to increase the sensitivity of todays fluorescence telescopes which use photomultiplier tubes - for example the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory. On the other hand drawbacks like a small sensitive area, a strong temperature dependency and a high noise rate have to be managed. We present plans for a prototype fluorescence telescope using SiPMs and a special light collecting optical system of Winston cones to increase the sensitive area. In this context we made measurements of the relative PDE of SiPMs depending on the incident angle of light. The results agree with calculations based on the Fresnel equations. Furthermore, measurements of the brightness of the night sky are presented since this photon flux is the main background to the fluorescence signals of the extensive air showers. To compensate the temperature dependency of the SiPM, frontend electronics make use of temperature sensors and microcontrollers to directly adjust the bias-voltage according to the thermal conditions. To reduce the noise rate we study the coincidence of several SiPMs signals triggered by cosmic ray events. By summing up these signals the SiPMs will constitute a single pixel of the fluorescence telescope.

Due to their high photon detection efficiency, silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) promise to increase the sensitivity of today's fluorescence telescopes which use photomultiplier tubes to detect light originating from extensive air showers. On the other hand, drawbacks like a small sensitive area, a strong temperature dependence, a high noise rate and a reduced dynamic range have to be managed.

We perform a search for the rare decay Bs->mumu using data collected by the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. This result is based on the full D0 Run II dataset corresponding to 10.4 fb^(-1) of ppbar collisions at sqrt(s) = 1.96 TeV. We use a multivariate analysis to increase the sensitivity of the search. In the absence of an observed number of events above the expected background, we set an upper limit on the decay branching fraction of BR(Bs->mumu)

A search for fractionally chargedQ=1/3 (2/3) particles of different properties of interaction produced in (anti)neutrino-nucleus and in protonnucleus collisions was performed using the scintillator system of the CHARM neutrino detector at the CERN SPS. No events of the cases considered were found. In (anti)neutrino beams production was found to be less than a few times 10−5 per interaction of a beam particle. In a proton beam an upper limit on the production cross section of ∼10−40 cm2 was obtained.

We present results obtained with full-size wedge silicon microstrip detectors bonded to APV6 (Raymond et al., Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Electronics for LHC Experiments, CERN/LHCC/97-60) readout chips. We used two identical modules, each consisting of two crystals bonded together. One module was irradiated with 1.7×1014neutrons/cm2. The detectors have been characterized both in the laboratory and by exposing them to a beam of minimum ionizing particles. The results obtained are a good starting point for the evaluation of the performance of the “ensemble” detector plus readout chip in a version very similar to the final production one. We detected the signal from minimum ionizing particles with a signal-to-noise ratio ranging from 9.3 for the irradiated detector up to 20.5 for the non-irradiated detector, provided the parameters of the readout chips are carefully tuned.

The CMS drift tubes (DT) muon detector, built for withstanding the LHC expected integrated and instantaneous luminosities, will be used also in the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) at a 5 times larger instantaneous luminosity and, consequently, much higher levels of radiation, reaching about 10 times the LHC integrated luminosity. Initial irradiation tests of a spare DT chamber at the CERN gamma irradiation facility (GIF++), at large (∼ O(100)) acceleration factor, showed ageing effects resulting in a degradation of the DT cell performance. However, full CMS simulations have shown almost no impact in the muon reconstruction efficiency over the full barrel acceptance and for the full integrated luminosity. A second spare DT chamber was moved inside the GIF++ bunker in October 2017. The chamber was being irradiated at lower acceleration factors, and only 2 out of the 12 layers of the chamber were switched at working voltage when the radioactive source was active, being the other layers in standby. In this way the other non-aged layers are used as reference and as a precise and unbiased telescope of muon tracks for the efficiency computation of the aged layers of the chamber, when set at working voltage for measurements. An integrated dose equivalent to two times the expected integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC run has been absorbed by this second spare DT chamber and the final impact on the muon reconstruction efficiency is under study. Direct inspection of some extracted aged anode wires presented a melted resistive deposition of materials. Investigation on the outgassing of cell materials and of the gas components used at the GIF++ are underway. Strategies to mitigate the ageing effects are also being developed. From the long irradiation measurements of the second spare DT chamber, the effects of radiation in the performance of the DTs expected during the HL-LHC run will be presented.

Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) are semiconductor-based photon detectors. Their most important properties, gain and photon detection efficiency, are dependent on or influenced by voltage and temperature and need to be characterised for optimal usage of the SiPMs. The test setup has been built for optical and electrical characterisation of SiPMs. The setup provides a temperature-stabilised SiPM mount, an LED-based multi-purpose light source offers continuous and pulsed operation mode for wavelengths from 300 nm to 650 nm. The result is a complete characterisation of the SiPM within a desired range of operation voltage and ambient temperature.

Abstract Differential cross sections dσ/dy have been measured in semileptonic neutral- and charged-current reactions induced by neutrinos and antineutrinos. The comparison of the neutral- and the charged-current differential cross sections allows the direct determination of the chiral coupling of the neutral ( v v ) current to left- and right-handed quarks. The result, with a value of gR2 = 0.042±0.010, is the first direct determination, with a significance of more than four standard deviations, of a non-zero value of gR.

Abstract This paper describes the software and performances of the calorimetric trigger of the L3 experiment at LEP. Many software programs are necessary to operate the trigger system. The most important are the pedestal program, the initialization program and the monitor and check programs. The trigger algorithms depend on parameters, like the energy thresholds, which are selected via software, according to physics requests or beam conditions. The figure of merit of the trigger is expressed by the rate of accepted events, which represents its rejection power, in comparison with its efficiency in accepting genuine e + e − interactions.

This paper describes the main achievements in the development of radiation resistant silicon detectors to be used in the CMS tracker. After a general description of the basic requirements for the operation of large semiconductor systems in the LHC environment, the issue of radiation resistance is discussed in detail. Advantages and disadvantages of the different technological options are presented for comparison. Laboratory measurements and test beam data are used to check the performance of several series of prototypes fabricated by different companies. The expected performance of the final detector modules are presented together with preliminary test beam results on system prototypes.

The data collected by the L3+C muon spectrometer at the CERN Large Electron-Positron collider, LEP, have been used to search for short duration signals emitted by cosmic point sources.A sky survey performed from July to November 1999 and from April to November 2000 has revealed one single flux enhancement ðchance probability ¼ 2:6 Â 10 À3 Þ between the 17th and 20th of August 2000 from a direction with a galactic longitude of (265.02 ± 0.42)°and latitude of (55.58 ± 0.24)°.The energy of the detected muons was above 15 GeV.

After huge advancements in SiPM technology made in the last years, they are perfect sensors for light detection in astroparticle physics experiments.They are very robust devices and have an equal or higher photon detection efficiency than conventional photomultiplier tubes (PMTs).In addition, SiPMs can be precisely calibrated exploiting their single photon resolution.We study their performance in various applications.FAMOUS (First Auger Multi-pixel photon counter camera for the Observation of Ultra-highenergy air Showers) is a fluorescence telescope with a 61-pixel camera made of SiPMs.It is a small sized telescope using a Fresnel lens as the focusing element.The Aachen Muon Detector (AMD) is a scintillator detector designed to improve current experiments through a precise determination of the muon content in air-showers.The light produced in scintillating tiles is collected by wavelength-shifting fibers.Through clear fibers the light is guided on one SiPM per tile.

We present a study of the inclusive production in $p \overline p $ collisions of the pentaquark states $P_c(4440)$ and $P_c(4457)$ with the decay to the $J/\psi p$ final state previously observed by the LHCb experiment. Using a sample of candidates originating from decays of $b$-flavored hadrons, we find an enhancement in the $J/\psi p$ invariant mass distribution consistent with a sum of $P_c(4440)$ and $P_c(4457)$. The significance, with the input parameters set to the LHCb values, is $3.0\sigma$. This is the first confirmatory evidence for these pentaquark states. We measure the ratio $N_{\rm prompt}/N_{\rm nonprompt}=0.05 \pm 0.39$ and set an upper limit of 0.8 at the 95\% credibility level. The ratio of the yield of the $P_c(4312)$ to the sum of $P_c(4440)$ and $P_c(4457)$ is less than 0.6 at the 95\% credibility level. The study is based on $10.4~\rm{fb^{-1}}$ of data collected by the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider.

We report a measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above $2.5{\times} 10^{18}$ eV based on $215,030$ events. New results are presented: at about $1.3{\times} 10^{19}$ eV, the spectral index changes from $2.51 \pm 0.03 \textrm{ (stat.)} \pm 0.05 \textrm{ (sys.)}$ to $3.05 \pm 0.05 \textrm{ (stat.)}\pm 0.10\textrm{ (sys.)}$, evolving to $5.1\pm0.3\textrm{ (stat.)} \pm 0.1\textrm{ (sys.)}$ beyond $5{\times} 10^{19}$ eV, while no significant dependence of spectral features on the declination is seen in the accessible range. These features of the spectrum can be reproduced in models with energy-dependent mass composition. The energy density in cosmic rays above $5{\times} 10^{18}$ eV is $(5.66 \pm 0.03 \textrm{ (stat.)} \pm 1.40 \textrm{ (sys.)} ) {\times} 10^{53}~$erg Mpc$^{-3}$.

This publication focuses on the study of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) in view of a reconstruction of the incident photon flux in the regime of highly non-linear response. SiPMs are semiconductor based light detectors compiled of avalanche photodiodes operated in Geiger mode. They are both mechanically and optically very robust and have a high gain and photon detection efficiency. These features make them ideal photonsensors in a wide range of applications and they are nowadays replacing conventional photomultiplier tubes in many experiments. The cellular structure of SiPMs where each cell can only detect one photon at a time results in a non-linear dynamic range limiting the possible applications. We studied a commonly used SiPM model based on an equivalent electronic circuit that allows the simulation of the SiPM response in many situations. Dedicated measurements with two consecutive light pulses prove its applicability. By adapting the model to the measurements, intrinsic parameters of the SiPM such as quenching resistance or diode capacitance can be determined. With the obtained intrinsic parameters, the model correctly describes the recharge behavior of the SiPM cells. Based on the model, an algorithm was developed to correct the non-linearity of the dynamic range of SiPMs. As the model contains full information on the recharge of the SiPM cells, the effects leading to the non-linearity can be corrected for. The algorithm exploits the time information in the measured voltage signal and reconstructs the number of incident photons. It has shown an excellent performance and allows to increase the dynamic range with only 10% deviation from linearity by at least two orders of magnitude.

Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) have replaced traditional photomultiplier tubes bit by bit in high-energy physics experiments in the last years.This includes the scientific fields where the demand for highly efficient and stable photo sensors outweigh the need for large active areas.Silicon photomultipliers offer a high photon detection efficiency, low supply voltage and stable operation even under harsh environments, for example bright moon-light conditions.The temperature dependence, however, presents a challenge to the power supply system which has to compensate for this effect along with biasing the SiPMs with a stable voltage with mV precision at up to 100 V (10 -5 accuracy).Here, we present an intelligent power supply system for silicon photomultipliers.Up to 64 SiPM channels can be driven with one module, where more than 1 mA of power can be drained per channel.The operating-voltage can be changed in 1 mV steps to allow for temperature variations of the power supply system itself, which is well below 1 mV K -1 .A built-in micro-controller applies the voltage correction for temperature changes on the SiPM automatically using up to 64 analogue temperature sensors.The data, like the mean current per channel, temperature and applied voltage is communicated via Ethernet, while the user is able to set the bias-voltage to his needs.Measurements concerning the performance of the power supply system are being shown.

The FAMOUS telescope is a prove-of-concept study for the usage of silicon based photo sensors (SiPMs) in fluorescence telescopes.Such telescopes detect the fluorescence light emitted by ultra high energy cosmic-ray particles impinging on the atmosphere of the Earth.Available instruments, like the fluorescence telescopes of the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina, are using photomultiplier tubes for photon detection.The FAMOUS camera aims to make use of the advantages of recent developments in photo detection by SiPM sensors, like increasing the duty cycle due to the ability to operate SiPMs during bright moon light.Built in a 50 cm-diameter aluminum tube with a refractive optics driven by a Fresnel-lens, a seven pixel prototype camera has been developed and installed.First results look very promising.The next stage of the prototype will be equipped with a 61 pixel camera, a more light weight tube, more efficient light concentrators, and a custom made and more stable power supply.The results of the test measurements and the status of the next stage prototype will be presented.

The CMS experiment at the LHC will comprise a large silicon strip tracker. This article highlights some of the results obtained in the R&D studies for the optimization of its silicon sensors. Measurements of the capacitances and of the high voltage stability of the devices are presented before and after irradiation to the dose expected after the full lifetime of the tracker.

A sophisticated method for the observation of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is the fluorescence detection technique of extensive air showers (EAS). FAMOUS will be a small fluorescence telescope, instrumented with silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) as highly-sensitive light detectors. In comparison to photomultiplier tubes, SiPMs promise to have a higher photon-detection-efficiency. An increase in sensitivity allows to detect more distant and lower energy showers which will contribute to an enrichment of the current understanding of the development of EAS and the chemical composition of UHECRs.

A determination of sin2 θ w based on measurements of elastic scattering of muon-neutrinos and muon-anti-neutrinos on atomic electrons is described. These purely leptonic processes were studied using the CHARM calorimeter exposed to neutrino and antineutrino wide-band beams at the CERN super proton synchrotron. A total of 83±16 neutrino-electron and 112±21 antineutrino-electron events have been detected. From the measurement of the ratio of muon-neutrino and muon-antineutrino cross-sections a value of sin2 θ w =0.211±0.037 was obtained.

The drift velocity is a key parameter of drift chambers. Its value depends on several parameters: electric field, pressure, temperature, gas mixture, and contamination, for example, by ambient air. A dedicated Velocity Drift Chamber (VDC) with 1-L volume has been built at the III. Phys. Institute A, RWTH Aachen, in order to monitor the drift velocity of all CMS barrel muon Drift Tube chambers. A system of six VDCs was installed at CMS and has been running since January 2011. We present the VDC monitoring system, its principle of operation, and measurements performed.

During the High Luminosity LHC, the Drift Tube chambers installed in the CMS detector need to operate with an integrated dose ten times higher than expected at the LHC due to the increase in integrated luminosity from 300 fb-1 to 3000 fb-1. Irradiations have been performed to assess the performance of the detector under such conditions and to characterize the radiation aging of the detector. The presented analysis focuses on the behaviour of the high voltage currents and the dose measurements needed to extrapolate the results to High Luminosity conditions, using data from the photon irradiation campaign at GIF++ in 2016 as well as the efficiency analysis from the irradiation campaign started in 2017. Although the single-wire loss of high voltage gain observed of 70% is very high, the muon reconstruction efficiency is expected to decrease less than 20% during the full duration of High Luminosity LHC in the areas under highest irradiation.

Gas electron multipliers (GEMs) belong to the most modern and advanced technologies in the field of gaseous detectors. Detectors, based on the GEM technology, enjoy great popularity in various fields of physics. Especially in the field of high-energy physics, GEMs are well-appreciated thanks to their flexibility in geometry, resistance to aging and excellent performance in high-rate environments. The core of the detector consists of thin foils with an etched pattern of holes. The detection principle relies on electron multiplication inside the holes, where a high electric field is present. New etching techniques have been used for the production of large-size (0.3 m2 - 0.4 m2) GEM foils needed for high-energy physics experiments. The new techniques result in different hole geometries. To better understand the gas gain dependence on the hole geometry, several measurements have been performed with a triple-GEM detector, and have been complemented by GARFIELD++ simulations. The results are compared with other recent studies.

This book addresses the need for model independent searches for new discoveries in particle physics beyond the standard model with emphasis on the current status of such searches at the LHC and on future experimental improvements involving new tools such as machine learning techniques.

The CMS Silicon tracker consists of 70m2 of microstrip sensors which design will be finalized at the end of 1999 on the basis of systematic studies of device characteristics as function of the most important parameters. A fundamental constraint comes from the fact that the detector has to be operated in a very hostile radiation environment with full efficiency. We present an overview of the current results and prospects for converging on a final set of parameters for the silicon tracker sensors.

For the construction of the silicon microstrip detectors for the Tracker of the CMS experiment, two different substrate choices were investigated: A high-resistivity (6 k cm) substrate with (111) crystalorientation and a low-resistivity (2k cm) one with (100) crystalorientation. The interstrip and backplane capacitances were measured before and after the exposure to radiation in a range of strip pitches from 60 μm to 240 μm and for values of the width-over-pitch ratio between 0.1 and 0.5.

The breakdown performance of CMS barrelmodule prototype detectors and test devices with single and multi-guard structures were studied before and after neutron irradiation up to 2·1014 1 MeV equivalent neutrons. Before irradiation avalanche breakdown occurred at the guard ring implant edges. We measured 100–300 V higher breakdown voltage values for the devices with multi-guard than for devices with single-guard ring. After irradiation and type inversion the breakdown was smoother than before irradiation and the breakdown voltage value increased to 500–600 V for most of the devices.

An established technique for the measurement of ultra-high-energy-cosmic-rays is the detection of the fluorescence light induced in the atmosphere of the Earth, by means of telescopes equipped with photomultiplier tubes. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) promise an increase in the photon detection efficiency which outperforms conventional photomultiplier tubes. In combination with their compact package, a moderate bias voltage of several ten volt and single photon resolution, the use of SiPMs can improve the energy and spatial resolution of air fluorescence measurements, and lead to a gain in information on the primary particle. Though, drawbacks like a high dark-noise-rate and a strong temperature dependency have to be managed. FAMOUS is a refracting telescope prototype instrumented with 64 SiPMs of which the main optical element is a Fresnel lens of 549.7 mm diameter and 502.1 mm focal length. The sensitive area of the SiPMs is increased by a special light collection system consisting of Winston cones. The total field of view of the telescope is approximately 12 $^\circ$. The frontend electronics automatically compensates for the temperature dependency of the SiPMs and will provide trigger information for the readout. Already for this prototype, the Geant4 detector simulation indicates full detection efficiency of extensive air showers of $E=10^{18}\,\text{eV}$ up to a distance of 6 km. We present the first working version of FAMOUS with a focal plane prototype providing seven active pixels.

An established technique for the measurement of ultra-high-energy-cosmic-rays is the detection of the fluorescence light induced in the atmosphere of the Earth, by means of telescopes equipped with photomultiplier tubes. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) promise an increase in the photon detection efficiency which outperforms conventional photomultiplier tubes. In combination with their compact package, a moderate bias voltage of several ten volt and single photon resolution, the use of SiPMs can improve the energy and spatial resolution of air fluorescence measurements, and lead to a gain in information on the primary particle. Though, drawbacks like a high dark-noise-rate and a strong temperature dependency have to be managed. FAMOUS is a refracting telescope prototype instrumented with 64 SiPMs of which the main optical element is a Fresnel lens of 549:7 mm diameter and 502:1 mm focal length. The sensitive area of the SiPMs is increased by a special light collection system consisting of Winston cones. The total field of view of the telescope is approximately 12 . The frontend electronics automatically compensates for the temperature dependency of the SiPMs and will provide trigger information for the readout. Already for this prototype, the Geant4 detector simulation indicates full detection efficiency of extensive air showers of E = 10 18 eV up to a distance of 6 km. We present the first working version of FAMOUS with a focal plane prototype providing seven active pixels.

An established technique for the measurement of ultra-high-energy-cosmic-rays is the detection of the fluorescence light induced in the atmosphere of the Earth, by means of telescopes equipped with photomultiplier tubes. Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) promise an increase in the photon detection efficiency which outperforms conventional photomultiplier tubes. In combination with their compact package, a moderate bias voltage of several ten volt and single photon resolution, the use of SiPMs can improve the energy and spatial resolution of air fluorescence measurements, and lead to a gain in information on the primary particle. Though, drawbacks like a high dark-noise-rate and a strong temperature dependency have to be managed. FAMOUS is a refracting telescope prototype instrumented with 64 SiPMs of which the main optical element is a Fresnel lens of 549.7 mm diameter and 502.1 mm focal length. The sensitive area of the SiPMs is increased by a special light collection system consisting of Winston cones. The total field of view of the telescope is approximately 12 $^\circ$. The frontend electronics automatically compensates for the temperature dependency of the SiPMs and will provide trigger information for the readout. Already for this prototype, the Geant4 detector simulation indicates full detection efficiency of extensive air showers of $E=10^{18}\,\text{eV}$ up to a distance of 6 km. We present the first working version of FAMOUS with a focal plane prototype providing seven active pixels.