T. Camporesi

We present results on a high statistics study of the proton structure functions F2(x, Q2) and R=σL/σT measured in deep inelastic scattering of muons on a hydrogen target. The analysis is based on 1.8 × 106 events after all cuts, recorded at beam energies of 100, 120, 200 and 280 GeV and covering a kinematic range 0.06 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.80 and 7 GeV2 ⩽Q2 ⩽260 GeV2. At small x, we find R to be different from zero in agreement with predictions of perturbative QCD.

Weak isosinglet Neutral Heavy Leptons (v m) have been searched for using data collected by the DELPHI detector corresponding to 3.3 × 106 hadronic Z0 decays at LEP1. Four separate searches have been performed, for short-lived v m production giving monojet or acollinear jet topologies, and for long-lived v m giving detectable secondary vertices or calorimeter clusters. No indication of the existence of these particles has been found, leading to an upper limit for the branching ratio BR(Z0 → v m?) of about 1.3 × 10−6 at 95% confidence level for v m masses between 3.5 and 50 GeV/c2. Outside this range the limit weakens rapidly with the v m mass. The results are also interpreted in terms of limits for the single production of excited neutrinos.

First measurements of the mass and width of the Z0 performed at the newly commissioned LEP Collider by the DELPHI Collaboration are presented. The measuements are derived from the study of multihadronic final states produced in e+e− annihilations at several energies around the Z0 mass. The values found for the mass and width are M(Z0)=91.06±0.09 (stat) ±0.045 (syst.) GeV and Γ(Z0)=2.42±0.21 (stat.) GeV respectively, froma three-parameter fit to the line shape. A two-parameter fit in the framework of the standard model yields for the number of light neutrino species Nν=2.4±0.4 (stat.) ±0.5 (syst.).

New data is presented on the ratios of structure functions F2(x, Q2) measured in deep inelastic muon scattering with deuterium, nitrogen, and iron targets. The existence of nuclear effects at large Q2 is confirmed with improved systematic accuracy. The ratio F2Fe(x)F2D2(x) covers the range 0.20 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.70 and is in agreement with earlier measurements. The ratio F2N2(x)/F2D2(x) is measured over the range 0.08 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.70 and is compatible with unity below x = 0.3.

The production of single- and multi-photon events has been studied in the reaction e+e- -> gamma (gamma) + invisible particles. The data collected with the DELPHI detector during the years 1999 and 2000 at centre-of-mass energies between 191 GeV and 209 GeV was combined with earlier data to search for phenomena beyond the Standard Model. The measured number of light neutrino families was consistent with three and the absence of an excess of events beyond that predicted by the Standard Model processes was used to set limits on new physics. Both model-independent searches and searches for new processes predicted by supersymmetric and extra-dimensional models have been made. Limits on new non-standard model interactions between neutrinos and electrons were also determined.

We report the direct observation of muon neutrino interactions with the SND@LHC detector at the Large Hadron Collider. A dataset of proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13.6 TeV collected by SND@LHC in 2022 is used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.8 fb^{-1}. The search is based on information from the active electronic components of the SND@LHC detector, which covers the pseudorapidity region of 7.2<η<8.4, inaccessible to the other experiments at the collider. Muon neutrino candidates are identified through their charged-current interaction topology, with a track propagating through the entire length of the muon detector. After selection cuts, 8 ν_{μ} interaction candidate events remain with an estimated background of 0.086 events, yielding a significance of about 7 standard deviations for the observed ν_{μ} signal.

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Hadronic decays of Z0 bosons are studied in the Delphi detector. Global event variables and singel particles inclusive distributions are compared with QCD-based predictions. The mean charged multiplicity is found to be 20.6±1.0 (stat+syst). The mean values of the sphericity, aplanarity, thrust, minor value, pinT and poutT are compared with values found at lower energy e+e− colliders.

This paper presents an analysis of the multiplicity distributions of charged particles produced inZ 0 hadronic decays in the DELPHI detector. It is based on a sample of 25364 events. The average multiplicity is <n ch>=20.71±0.04(stat)±0.77(syst) and the dispersionD=6.28±0.03(stat)±0.43(syst). The data are compared with the results at lower energies and with the predictions of phenomenological models. The Lund parton shower model describes the data reasonably well. The multiplicity distributions show approximate KNO-scaling. They also show positive forward-backward correlations that are strongest in the central region of rapidity and for particles of opposite charge.

At the CERN SPS we have measured a deep inelastic μ± cross section asymmetry at momentum transfers Q2 ranging from 15 to 180GeV2. The result is in quantitative agreement with the WS/GIM standard electroweak model and allows to determine the muon neutral current couplings.

We report on the test beam results and calibration methods using high energy electrons, pions and muons with the CMS forward calorimeter (HF). The HF calorimeter covers a large pseudorapidity region ( $3\leq|\eta|\leq5$ ), and is essential for a large number of physics channels with missing transverse energy. It is also expected to play a prominent role in the measurement of forward tagging jets in weak boson fusion channels in Higgs production. The HF calorimeter is based on steel absorber with embedded fused-silica-core optical fibers where Cherenkov radiation forms the basis of signal generation. Thus, the detector is essentially sensitive only to the electromagnetic shower core and is highly non-compensating (e/h≈5). This feature is also manifest in narrow and relatively short showers compared to similar calorimeters based on ionization. The choice of fused-silica optical fibers as active material is dictated by its exceptional radiation hardness. The electromagnetic energy resolution is dominated by photoelectron statistics and can be expressed in the customary form as $\frac{a}{\sqrt{E}}\oplus{b}$ . The stochastic term a is 198% and the constant term b is 9%. The hadronic energy resolution is largely determined by the fluctuations in the neutral pion production in showers, and when it is expressed as in the electromagnetic case, a = 280% and b = 11%.

Experimental evidence for the existence of orbitally excited B meson states is presented in an analysis of the Bπ and B∗π distribution of Q= m(B∗∗) − m(B(∗)) − m(π) using Z0 decay data taken with the DELPHI detector at LEP. The mean Q-value of the decays B∗∗→ B(∗)π is measured to be 284 ± 5 (stat.) ± 15 (syst.) MeV/c2, and the Gaussian width of the signal is 79 ± 5 (stat.) ± 8 (syst.) MeV/c2. This signal can be described as a single resonance of mass m = 5732 ± 5 (stat.) ± 20 (syst.) MeV/c2 and full width Γ = 145 ± 28 MeV/c2. The observed shape is also consistent with the production of several broad and narrow states as predicted by the quark model and partly observed in the D-meson sector. The production rate of B∗∗ per b-jet is found to be 0.27 ± 0.02 (stat.) ± 0.06 (syst.).

The correlations in rapidity in hadron production from e+e− annihilation near the Z0 resonance were studied by means of the method of factorial moments, using data taken with the DELPHI detector at LEP. The parton shower hadronization model was found to be in quantitative agreement with the data, in contrast with previous results at lower energies.

Bose-Einstein correlation between pairs of like-sign charged particles produced in e+e− annihilations near the Z0 peak have been studied using data taken with the DELPHI detector at LEP. An enhancement is found in the production of pairs of identical pions of similar moments, with respect to a reference sample. Under the hypothesis that the pions are emitted by a spherically symmetrical source with gaussian density, the data indicate a radius of the source of r = 0.62±0.04(stat.)±0.20(syst.) fm. The large systematic uncertainty reflects the sensitivity of r to the choice of the reference sample.

We present results from a high statistics study of the nucleon structure function F2(x,Q2) measured in deep inelastic scattering of muons on carbon in the kinematic range 0.25⩽x⩽0.80 and Q2⩾25 GeV2. The analysis is based on 1.5×106 reconstructed events recorded at beam energies of 120, 200 and 280 GeV. R=σL/σT is found to be independent of x in the range 0.25⩽x⩽0.07 and 40 GeV2⩽Q2⩽200 GeV2 with a mean value R=0.015±0.013 (stat) ±0.026 (syst.).

From measurements of the cross sections for e+e−→ hadrons and the cross sections and forward-backward charge-asymmetries for ee−→e+e−, μ+μ− and π+π− at several centre-of-mass energies around the Z0 pole with the DELPHI apparatus, using approximately 150 000 hadronic and leptonic events from 1989 and 1990, one determines the following Z0 parameters: the mass and total width MZ = 91.177 ± 0.022 GeV, ΓZ = 2.465 ± 0.020 GeV, the hadronic and leptonic partial widths Γh = 1.726 ± 0.019 GeV, Γl = 83.4 ± 0.8 MeV, the invisible width Γinv = 488 ± 17 MeV, the ratio of hadronic over leptonic partial widths RZ = 20.70 ± 0.29 and the Born level hadronic peak cross section σ0 = 41.84±0.45 nb. A flavour-independent measurement of the leptonic cross section gives very consistent results to those presented above (Γl = 83.7 ± 0.8rmMeV). From these results the number of light neutrino species is determined to be Nv = 2.94 ±0.10. The individual leptonic widths obtained are: Γe = 82.4±_1.2 MeV, Γu = 86.9±2.1 MeV and Γτ = 82.7 ± 2.4 MeV. Assuming universality, the squared vector and axial-vector couplings of the Z0 to charged leptons are: V̄l2 = 0.0003±0.0010 andĀl2 = 0.2508±0.0027. These values correspond to the electroweak parameters: ϱeff = 1.003 ± 0.011 and sin2θWeff = 0.241 ± 0.009. Within the Minimal Standard Model (MSM), the results can be expressed in terms of a single parameter: sin2θWM̄S = 0.2338 ± 0.0027. All these values are in good agreement with the predictions of the MSM. Fits yield 43<mtop < 215 GeV at the 95% level. Finally, the measured values of ΓZ and Γinv are used to derived lower mass bounds for possible new particles.

The production rates for 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-jet hadronic final states have been measured with the DELPHI detector at the e+e− storage ring LEP at centre of mass energies around 91.5 GeV. Fully corrected data are compared to O(α2s) QCD matrix element calculations and the QCD scale parameter ΛMS is determined for different parametrizations of the renormalization scale ω2. Including all uncertainties our result is αs(M2Z)=0.114±0.003[stat.]±0.004[syst.]±0.012[theor.].

Using a data sample corresponding to 10 000 hadronic Z0 decays, we have searched for the production of sleptons and gauginos in the two-prong decays of Z0. No candidate remains after straightforward selections. For neutralinos, we use selection methods developed in our previous search for neutral Higgs particles. The negative results are translated into improved mass limits and parameter constraints on the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model.

Searches for the Standard Model Higgs boson have been performed in the data collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP in the year 2000 at centre-of-mass energies between 200 and 209 GeV corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 224 pb−1. No evidence for a Higgs signal is observed in the kinematically accessible mass range, and a 95% CL lower mass limit of 114.3 GeV/c2 is set, to be compared with an expected median limit of 113.5 GeV/c2 for these data.

A search for pair-produced doubly charged Higgs bosons has been performed using the data collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP at centre-of-mass energies between 189 and 209 GeV. No excess is observed in the data with respect to the Standard Model background. A lower limit for the mass of 97.3 GeV/c2 at the 95% confidence level has been set for doubly charged Higgs bosons in left–right symmetric models for any value of the Yukawa coupling between the Higgs bosons and the τ leptons.

During the 1992 running period of the LEP e+e− collider, the DELPHI experiment accumulated approximately 24 pb− of data at the Z0 peak. The decays into hadrons and charged leptons have been analysed to give values for the cross sections and leptonic forward-backward asymmetries which are significantly improved with respect to those previously published by the DELPHI collaboration. Incorporating these new data, more precise values for the Z0 resonance parameters are obtained from model-independent fits. The results are interpreted within the framework of the Standard Model, yielding for the top quark mass mt = 157−48+36(expt.)−20+19(Higgs) GeV, and for the effective mixing angle sin2 θefflept = 0.2328 ± 0.0013 (expt.)−0.0003+0.0001(Higgs), where (Higgs) represents the variation due to Higgs boson mass in the range 60 to 1000 GeV, with central value 300 GeV.

A measurement of the cross section for e+e- → hadrons using 11 000 hadronic decays of the Z boson at ten different center-of-mass energies is presented. A three-parameter fit gives the following values for the Z mass Mz, the total width Γz, the product of the electronic and hadronic partial widths ΓeΓh, and the unfolded pole cross section σ0: MZ=91.171±0.030(stat)±0.030 (beam) GeV, ΓZ=2.511±0.065 GeV, ΓeΓh=0.148±0.006 (stat.)±0.004 (syst.) GeV2, σ0=41.6±0.7(stat.)±1.1 (syst.) nb, Good agreement with the predictions of the standard model is observed. From a two-parameter fit the number of massless neutrino generations is found to be Nν = 2.97±0.26. Thus the hypothesis of a fourth neutrino with mass less than 40 GeV is excluded with 95% confidence level. Combining the cross section measurements with the ratio ΓℓΓh reported in another DELPHI paper [Phys. Lett. B 241 (1990) 425], the hadronic, leptonic and invisible widths are found to be Γh=1741±61 MeV, Γℓ=85.1±2.9 MeV, ΓhΓℓ=20.45±0.98, Γinv=515±54 MeV, in good agreement with the standard model.

The multiplicity distributions of charged particles in restricted rapidity intervals inZ 0 hadronic decays measured by the DELPHI detector are presented. The data reveal a shoulder structure, best visible for intervals of intermediate size, i.e. for rapidity limits around ±1.5. The whole set of distributions including the shoulder structure is reproduced by the Lund Parton Shower model. The structure is found to be due to important contributions from 3-and 4-jet events with a hard gluon jet. A different model, based on the concept of independently produced groups of particles, "clans", fluctuating both in number per event and particle content per clan, has also been used to analyse the present data. The results show that for each interval of rapidity the average number of clans per event is approximately the same as at lower energies.

The DELPHI detector at LEP has been used to measure multi-muon bundles originating from cosmic ray interactions with air. The cosmic events were recorded in “parasitic mode” between individual e+e− interactions and the total live time of this data taking is equivalent to 1.6 × 106 s. The DELPHI apparatus is located about 100 m underground and the 84 metres rock overburden imposes a cutoff of about 52 GeV/c on muon momenta. The data from the large volume Hadron Calorimeter allowed the muon multiplicity of 54,201 events to be reconstructed. The resulting muon multiplicity distribution is compared with the prediction of the Monte Carlo simulation based on CORSIKA/QGSJET01. The model fails to describe the abundance of high multiplicity events. The impact of QGSJET internal parameters on the results is also studied.

Single photons detected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP2 in the years 1997–2000 are reanalysed to investigate the existence of a single extra dimension in a modified ADD scenario with slightly warped large extra dimensions. The data collected at centre-of-mass energies between 180 and 209 GeV for an integrated luminosity of ∼650 pb−1 agree with the predictions of the Standard Model and allow a limit to be set on graviton emission in one large extra dimension. The limit obtained on the fundamental mass scale M D is 1.69 TeV/c 2 at 95% CL, with an expected limit of 1.71 TeV/c 2.

Extensive measurements have been made with pions, electrons and muons on four production wedges of the compact muon solenoid (CMS) hadron barrel (HB) calorimeter in the H2 beam line at CERN with particle momenta varying from 20 to 300 GeV/c. The time structure of the events was measured with the full chain of preproduction front-end electronics running at 34 MHz. Moving-wire radioactive source data were also collected for all scintillator layers in the HB. The energy dependent time slewing effect was measured and tuned for optimal performance.

A measurement of the W boson mass and width has been performed by the DELPHI collaboration using the data collected during the full LEP2 programme (1996–2000). The data sample has an integrated luminosity of 660 pb-1 and was collected over a range of centre-of-mass energies from 161 to 209 GeV. Results are obtained by applying the method of direct reconstruction of the mass of the W from its decay products in both the W+W-→ℓν̄ℓqq̄’ and W+W-→qq̄’q̄q’ channels. The W mass result for the combined data set is $M_W = 80.336 \pm0.055 ({\text{Stat.}}) \pm0.028 ({\text{Syst.}}) \pm0.025 ({\text{FSI}}) \pm0.009 ({\text{LEP}}) \text{GeV}/c^2, $ where FSI represents the uncertainty due to final state interaction effects in the qq̄’q̄q’ channel, and LEP represents that arising from the knowledge of the collision energy of the accelerator. The combined value for the W width is ${\Gamma_{W}} = 2.404 \pm0.140 ({\text{Stat.}}) \pm0.077 ({\text{Syst.}}) \pm0.065 ({\text{FSI}}) \text{GeV}/c^2. $ These results supersede all values previously published by the DELPHI collaboration.

The nature of b-quark jet hadronisation has been investigated using data taken at the Z peak by the DELPHI detector at LEP. Two complementary methods are used to reconstruct the energy of weakly decaying b-hadrons, $E_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{weak}}$ . The average value of $x^{\mathrm{weak}}_{\mathrm{B}} = E_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{weak}}/E_{\mathrm{beam}}$ is measured to be 0.699±0.011. The resulting $x^{\mathrm{weak}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ distribution is then analysed in the framework of two choices for the perturbative contribution (parton shower and Next to Leading Log QCD calculation) in order to extract measurements of the non-perturbative contribution to be used in studies of b-hadron production in other experimental environments than LEP. In the parton shower framework, data favour the Lund model ansatz and corresponding values of its parameters have been determined within PYTHIA 6.156 from DELPHI data: $$a= 1.84^{+0.23}_{-0.21}\quad\mbox{and}\quad b=0.642^{+0.073}_{-0.063}~\mathrm{GeV}^{-2},$$ with a correlation factor ρ=92.2%. Combining the data on the b-quark fragmentation distributions with those obtained at the Z peak by ALEPH, OPAL and SLD, the average value of $x^{\mathrm{weak}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ is found to be 0.7092±0.0025 and the non-perturbative fragmentation component is extracted. Using the combined distribution, a better determination of the Lund parameters is also obtained: $$a= 1.48^{+0.11}_{-0.10}\quad\mbox{and}\quad b=0.509^{+0.024}_{-0.023}~\mathrm{GeV}^{-2},$$ with a correlation factor ρ=92.6%.

An analysis of the data collected in 1997 and 1998 with the DELPHI detector at e+e− collision energies close to 183 and 189 GeV was performed in order to extract the hadronic and leptonic fermion-pair cross-sections, as well as the leptonic forward–backward asymmetries and angular distributions. The data are used to put limit on contact interactions between fermions, the exchange of R-parity violating SUSY sneutrinos, Z′ bosons and the existence of gravity in extra dimensions.

The pair production of the lightest scalar Higgs boson, h, and a pseudoscalar Higgs boson, A, was searched for in a data sample containing 10 000 hadronic Z0 decays. The search involved both leptonic and purely hadronic decay channels of each Higgs boson. No signal was found, and limits on the Higgs boson masses, in the framework of the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model, ar reported up to 35 GeV/c2 at 95% CL, for both tan β1 and tan β<1, where tan β is the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two Higgs doublets.

A search for the neutral Higgs boson in Z0-decays has been performed using the DELPHI detector at the large Electron Positron collider (LEP) at CERN. We looked for the decay of Z0 into a neutral Higgs particle and a pair of fermions. No events fulfilled the criteria for H0-production. Our results, which are based on an integrated luminosity of 530 nb−1, exclude a minimal Standard Model Higgs boson with a mass in the range 210 MeV/c2 to 14 GeV/c2 at 95% confidence level.

The amplitude of the signal collected from the PbWO4 crystals of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter is reconstructed by a digital filtering technique. The amplitude reconstruction has been studied with test beam data recorded from a fully equipped barrel supermodule. Issues specific to data taken in the test beam are investigated, and the implementation of the method for CMS data taking is discussed.

A search in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation for final states which contain only a single energetic photon has been performed at $\sqrt{s}=29$ GeV with the MAC detector at PEP. The upper limit on an anomalous signal has been interpreted in terms of mass limits for supersymmetric particles under the assumption of radiative pair production of either supersymmetric photons or neutrinos. For the supersymmetric electron ($\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{e}$) this limit is ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{e}}&gt;37$ GeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$ at the 90% confidence level if ${m}_{{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{e}}_{L}}={m}_{{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{e}}_{R}}$ and the supersymmetric photon ($\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$) has ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}=0$.

Precise results are reported for the $\ensuremath{\tau}$-lepton lifetime and several $\ensuremath{\tau}$ branching ratios obtained with the MAC detector operating at PEP at $\sqrt{s}=29$ GeV. We find ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=(3.15\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ sec. Results for the topological branching ratios ${B}_{1}$, ${B}_{3}$, ${B}_{5}$ ($\ensuremath{\tau}$ decaying into 1, 3, 5 charged particles) are ${B}_{3}\ensuremath{\equiv}1\ensuremath{-}{B}_{1}=0.133\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006$ and ${B}_{5}&lt;0.0017$ at the 95% confidence level. The fraction of all three-prong decays unaccompanied by ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}'\mathrm{s}$ is found to be 0.61\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05.

Soft photons inside hadronic jets converted in front of the DELPHI main tracker (TPC) in events of qq̄ disintegrations of the Z0 were studied in the kinematic range 0.2<Eγ<1 GeV and transverse momentum with respect to the closest jet direction pT<80 MeV/c. A clear excess of photons in the experimental data as compared to the Monte Carlo predictions is observed. This excess (uncorrected for the photon detection efficiency) is (1.17±0.06±0.27)×10-3 γ/jet in the specified kinematic region, while the expected level of the inner hadronic bremsstrahlung (which is not included in the Monte Carlo) is (0.340±0.001±0.038)×10-3 γ/jet. The ratio of the excess to the predicted bremsstrahlung rate is then (3.4±0.2±0.8), which is similar in strength to the anomalous soft photon signal observed in fixed target experiments with hadronic beams.

A determination of the single W spin density matrix (SDM) elements in the reaction e+e-→W+W-→lνqq̄(l=e/μ) is reported at centre-of-mass energies between 189 and 209 GeV. The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 520 pb-1 taken by DELPHI between 1998 and 2000. The single W SDM elements, ρττ' W± (τ,τ'=± 1 or 0), are determined as a function of the W- production angle with respect to the e- beam direction and are obtained from measurements of the W decay products by the application of suitable projection operators, Λττ', which assume the V-A coupling of the W-boson to fermions. The measured SDM elements are used to obtain the fraction of longitudinally polarised Ws, with the result: $\frac{\sigma_{\text{L}}}{\sigma_{{\text{tot}}}} = 24.9 \pm4.5({\text{stat}}) \pm2.2({\text{syst}})\%$ at a mean energy of 198 GeV. The SDM elements are also used to determine the triple gauge couplings Δg1 Z,Δκγ,λγ and g4 Z, $\tilde{\kappa}_{Z}$ and $\tilde{\lambda}_{Z}$ . For the CP-violating couplings the results of single parameter fits are: $g_4^{{Z}} = -0.39^{+0.19}_{-0.20}$ $\tilde{\kappa}_{{Z}} = -0.09^{+0.08}_{-0.05}$ $\tilde{\lambda}_{{Z}} = -0.08\pm0.07 .$ The errors are a combination of statistical and systematic errors. All results are consistent with the Standard Model.

An analysis of the direct soft photon production rate as a function of the parent jet characteristics is presented, based on hadronic events collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP1. The dependences of the photon rates on the jet kinematic characteristics (momentum, mass, etc.) and on the jet charged, neutral and total hadron multiplicities are reported. Up to a scale factor of about four, which characterizes the overall value of the soft photon excess, a similarity of the observed soft photon behaviour to that of the inner hadronic bremsstrahlung predictions is found for the momentum, mass, and jet charged multiplicity dependences. However for the dependence of the soft photon rate on the jet neutral and total hadron multiplicities a prominent difference is found for the observed soft photon signal as compared to the expected bremsstrahlung from final state hadrons. The observed linear increase of the soft photon production rate with the jet total hadron multiplicity and its strong dependence on the jet neutral multiplicity suggest that the rate is proportional to the number of quark pairs produced in the fragmentation process, with the neutral pairs being more effectively radiating than the charged ones.

Infrared and collinear safe event shape distributions and their mean values are determined using the data taken at five different centre of mass energies above MZ with the DELPHI detector at LEP. From the event shapes, the strong coupling αs is extracted in O(αs2), NLLA and a combined scheme using hadronisation corrections evaluated with fragmentation model generators as well as using an analytical power ansatz. Comparing these measurements to those obtained at MZ, the energy dependence (running) of αs is accessible. The logarithmic energy slope of the inverse strong coupling is measured to bedα−1sdlog(Ecm)=1.39±0.34(stat)±0.17(syst),in good agreement with the QCD expectation of 1.27.

An update of the searches for charginos and neutralinos in DELPHI is presented, based mainly on recent data collected at centre-of-mass energies of 161 GeV and 172 GeV. No signal is found. For a sneutrino with mass above 300 GeV/c 2 and a mass difference between the chargino and the lightest neutralino above 10 GeV/c 2, the lower limit at 95% confidence level on the chargino mass ranges from 84.3 GeV/c 2 to the kinematical limit (86.0 GeV/c 2), depending on the mixing parameters. The limit decreases for lower chargino-neutralino mass differences. The limit in the case of a light sneutrino is 67.6 GeV/c 2, provided that that there is no light sneutrino with a mass within 10 GeV/c 2 below the chargino mass. Upper limits on neutralino pair production cross-sections of about a picobarn are derived. The (μ,M 2) domain excluded in the MSSM-GUT scenario is determined by combining the neutralino and chargino searches. These results imply a limit on the mass of the lightest neutralino which, for a heavy sneutrino, is constrained to be above 24.9 GeV/c 2 for tanß >- 1. The search has also been extended to the case where the lightest neutralino is unstable and decays into a photon and a gravitino. imply a limit on the mass of the lightest neutralino which, for a heavy sneutrino, is constrained to be above 24.9 GeV/c 2 for tanß >- 1. The search has also been extended to the case where the lightest neutralino is unstable and decays into a photon and a gravitino.

The value of the b quark mass at the MZ scale defined in the MS renormalization scheme, mb(MZ), was determined using 2.8 million hadronic Z decays collected during 1992-1994 by the DELPHI detector to bemb(MZ)=2.67±0.25(stat.)±0.34(frag.)±0.27(theo.)GeV/c2.The analysis considers NLO corrections to the three-jet production rate including mass effects, and the result obtained agrees with the QCD prediction of having a running b quark mass at an energy scale equal to MZ. This is the first time that such a measurement is performed far above the bb production threshold. The study also verifies the flavour independence of the strong coupling constant for b and light quarks within 1% accuracy.

An analysis of the production of the Λ baryon in the hadronic decays of the Z0 is presented, based on about 993K multihadronic events collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP during 1991 and 1992. The differencial cross section of the Λ and the correlations between Λ and Λ produced in the same event are compared to current models, based both on string fragmentation and on cluster decay. The predictions of the string fragmentation model are found to give satisfactory agreements with the data, clearly better than those of the cluster model.

An analysis of inclusive production of K0 and the meson resonances K*±(892), ρ0(770),f 0(975) andf 2(1270) in hadronic decays of the Z0 is presented, based on about 973,000 multihadronic events collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP during 1991 and 1992. Overall multiplicities have been determined as 1.962±0.060 K0 mesons, 0.712±0.067 K*±(892) and 1.21±0.15ρ0(770) per hadronic Z0 decay. The average multiplicities off 0(975) for scaled momentum,x p , in the range 0.05≤x p ≤0.6 and off 2(1270) for 0.05≤x p ≤1.0 are 0.098±0.016 and 0.170±0.043 respectively. Thef 0(975) and ρ0(770)x p -spectra have similar shapes. Thef 2(1270)/ρ0(770) ratio increases withx p . The average multiplicities and the differential cross sections are compared with the JETSET Parton Shower model. The model with default parameters fails to reproduce the experimental K0 momentum spectrum at low momentum, describes the K*±(892) and ρ0(770)x p -spectrum shapes, but significantly overestimates their production rates.

This analysis, based on a sample of 170000 hadronic Z0 decays, provides a measurement of the K± and p/p differential cross sections which is compared to string- and cluster fragmentation models. The total multiplicities for K± and p/p per hadronic event were found to be: NK = 2.26 ± 0.18 and Np = 1.07 ± 0.14. The positions ξ* of the maxima of the differential cross sections as a function of ξ = ln(1/xp) for K± and p/p were determined to be 2.63 ± 0.07 and 2.96 ± 0.16 respectively. A comparison of the ξ* values for various identified particles measured at LEP with the prediction of the Modified Leading Logarithm Approximation with Local Parton Hadron Duality model has been performed. The measured ξ* position as a function of the hadron mass, after corrections due to particle decays, is in agreement with the model calculation.

In 1996 LEP ran at a centre-of-mass energy of 161 GeV, just above the threshold of W-pair production. DELPHI accumulated data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9.93 pb−1, and observed 29 events that are considered as candidates for W-pair production. From these, a cross-section for the doubly resonant e+e− → WW process of 3.67−0.85+0.97 ± 0.19 pb has been measured. Within the Standard Model, this cross-section corresponds to a mass of the W-boson of 80.40 ± 0.44 (stat.) ± 0.09 (syst.) ± 0.03 (LEP) GeV/c2. Alternatively, if mW is held fixed at its current value determined by other experiments, the observed cross-section is used to obtain limits on trilinear WWV (V ≡ γ, Z) couplings.

Using D∗+ mesons exclusively reconstructed in the DELPHI detector at LEP, an excess of 66±14(stat.) events is observed in the D∗+π+π− final state with a mass of 2637±2(stat.)±6(syst.) MeV/c2 and a full width smaller than 15 MeV/c2 (95% C.L.). This signal is compatible with the expected decay of a radially excited D∗′ (JP=1−) meson.

In four-jet events from e+e− →Z0 →multihadrons one can separate the three principal contributions from the triple-gluon vertex, double gluon-bremsstrahlung and the secondary quark-antiquark production, using the shape of the two-dimensional angular distributions in the generalized Nachtmann-Reiter angle θNR∗ and the opening angle of the secondary jets. Thus one can identify directly the contribution from the triple-gluon vertex without comparison with a specific non-QCD model. Applying this new method to events taken with the DELPHI-detector we get for the ratio of the colour factor Nc to the fermionic Casimir operator CF: NcCF= 2.55 ± 0.55 (stat.) ± 0.4 (fragm. + models) ± 0.2 (error in bias) in agreement with the value 2.25 expected in QCD from Nc=3 and CF=43.

An analysis of the production of strange particles from the decays of the Z0 boson into multihadronic final states is presented. The analysis is based on about 90 000 selected hadronic Z0 decays collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP in 1990. Ks0, K∗±, Λ(Λ) and Ξ− (Ξ+) have been identified by their characteristic decays. The measured production cross sections are compared with predictions of the Lund Monte Carlo tuned to data at PEP/PETRA energies.

A search for single top production (e+e−→tc̄) via flavour changing neutral currents (FCNC) was performed using the data taken by the DELPHI detector at LEP2. The data analyzed have been accumulated at center-of-mass energies ranging from 189 to 208 GeV. Limits at 95% confidence level were obtained on the anomalous coupling parameters κγ and κZ.

This paper presents DELPHI measurements and interpretations of cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries, and angular distributions, for the e+e- -&gt; ffbar process for centre-of-mass energies above the Z resonance, from sqrt(s) ~ 130 - 207 GeV at the LEP collider. The measurements are consistent with the predictions of the Standard Model and are used to study a variety of models including the S-Matrix ansatz for e+e- -&gt; ffbar scattering and several models which include physics beyond the Standard Model: the exchange of Z' bosons, contact interactions between fermions, the exchange of gravitons in large extra dimensions and the exchange of sneutrino in R-parity violating supersymmetry.

We have studied the energy-energy angular correlations in hadronic final states from Z0 decay using the DELPHI detector at LEP. From a comparison with Monte Carlo calculations based on the exact second order QCD matrix element and string fragmentation we find that Λ(5)MS=104+25-20(stat.)+25-20(syst.)+3000)theor.). MeV, which corresponds to αs(91 GeV)=0.106±0.003(stat.)±0.003(syst.)+0.003-0.000(theor). The theoretical error stems from different choices for the renormalization scale of αs. In the Monte Carlo simulation the scale of αs as well as the fragmentation parameters have been optimized to described reasonably well all aspects of multihadron production.

Using a sample of Z0's corresponding to about 12 000 events, we have searched for the production of charged scalars, primarily charged Higgs particles, decaying into cscs, τν + jets, and τντν. The average detection efficiency is 20%. No candidate was found in the leptonic modes. Masses in the range up to 30–36 GeV/c2 are excluded, extending the mass domain covered by previous e+e− machines.

A high-statistics measurement has been made of the process e+e−→μ+μ− at √s=29 GeV with the MAC detector at the SLAC storage ring PEP. The electroweak forward-backward charge asymmetry for a sample of approximately 16 000 events was measured to be Aμμ=−0.063±0.008±0.002. The ratio of the cross section to the lowest-order QED cross section was measured to be Rμμ=1.01±0.01±0.03. From these results the weak neutral axial-vector and vector couplings are determined to be geAgμA=0.25±0.03±0.01 and geVgμV=−0.02±0.03±0.09.Received 25 July 1985DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.1831©1985 American Physical Society

We have measured the mean lifetime of the hadrons containing b quarks that are produced in ${e}^{+}$${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ annihilation at \ensuremath{\surd}s =29 GeV. We use the full sample of data collected by the MAC detector at the SLAC storage ring, PEP, including those recently acquired with a precision vertex detector. The result is ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{b}$=[1.29\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20(stat) \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07(syst) ps]\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}(1.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15), where the last factor is the systematic uncertainty in the scale.

The response of the CMS barrel calorimeter (electromagnetic plus hadronic) to hadrons, electrons and muons over a wide momentum range from 2 to 350 GeV/c has been measured. To our knowledge, this is the widest range of momenta in which any calorimeter system has been studied. These tests, carried out at the H2 beam-line at CERN, provide a wealth of information, especially at low energies. The analysis of the differences in calorimeter response to charged pions, kaons, protons and antiprotons and a detailed discussion of the underlying phenomena are presented. We also show techniques that apply corrections to the signals from the considerably different electromagnetic (EB) and hadronic (HB) barrel calorimeters in reconstructing the energies of hadrons. Above 5 GeV/c, these corrections improve the energy resolution of the combined system where the stochastic term equals 84.7±1.6% and the constant term is 7.4±0.8%. The corrected mean response remains constant within 1.3% rms.

A sample of 2.2 million hadronic Z decays, selected from the data recorded by the Delphi detector at Lep during 1994–1995 was used for an improved measurement of inclusive distributions of $\pi^+, K^+$ and p and their antiparticles in gluon and quark jets. The production spectra of the individual identified particles were found to be softer in gluon jets compared to quark jets, with a higher multiplicity in gluon jets as observed for inclusive charged particles. A significant proton enhancement in gluon jets is observed indicating that baryon production proceeds directly from colour objects. The maxima, $\xi^*$ , of the $\xi$ -distributions for kaons in gluon and quark jets are observed to be different.

A classifier based on a feed-forward neural network has been used for separating a sample of about 123 500 selected hadronic decays of the Z0, collected by DELPHI during 1991, into three classes according to the flavour of the original quark pair: uu+dd+ss (unresolved), cc and bb. The classification has been used to compute the partial widths of the Z0 into b and c quark pairs. This gave Γcc/Γh= 0.151 ± 0.008 (stat.) ± 0.041 (syst.), Γbb/Γh= 0.232±0.005 (stat.)±0.017 (syst.).

Glueballs, hybrids and multiquark states are predicted as bound states in models guided by quantum chromo dynamics (QCD), by QCD sum rules or QCD on a lattice. Estimates for the (scalar) glueball ground state are in the mass range from 1000 to 1800 MeV, followed by a tensor and a pseudoscalar glueball at higher mass. Experiments have reported evidence for an abundance of meson resonances with 0-+,0++ and 2++ quantum numbers. In particular, the sector of scalar mesons is full of surprises starting from the elusive σ and κ mesons. The a0(980) and f0(980), discussed extensively in the literature, are reviewed with emphasis on their Janus-like appearance as KK¯ molecules, tetraquark states or qq¯ mesons. Most exciting is the possibility that the three mesons f0(1370), f0(1500), and f0(1710) might reflect the appearance of a scalar glueball in the world of quarkonia. However, the existence of f0(1370) is not beyond doubt and there is evidence that both f0(1500) and f0(1710) are flavour octet states, possibly in a tetraquark composition. We suggest a scheme in which the scalar glueball is dissolved into the wide background into which all scalar flavour-singlet mesons collapse.There is an abundance of meson resonances with the quantum numbers of the η. Three states are reported below 1.5GeV/c2 whereas quark models expect only one, perhaps two. One of these states, ι(1440), was the prime glueball candidate for a long time. We show that ι(1440) is the first radial excitation of the η meson.Hybrids may have exotic quantum numbers which are not accessible by qq¯ mesons. There are several claims for JPC=1-+ exotics, some of them with properties as predicted from the flux tube model interpreting the quark–antiquark binding by a gluon string. The evidence for these states depends partly on the assumption that meson–meson interactions are dominated by s-channel resonances. Hybrids with non-exotic quantum numbers should appear as additional states. Light-quark mesons exhibit a spectrum of (squared) masses which are proportional to the sum of orbital angular momentum and radial quantum numbers. Two states do not fall under this classification. They are discussed as hybrid candidates.The concept of multiquark states has received revived interest due to new resonances in the spectrum of states with open and hidden charm. The new states are surprisingly narrow and their masses and their decay modes often do not agree with simple quark-model expectations.Lattice gauge theories have made strong claims that glueballs and hybrids should appear in the meson spectrum. However, the existence of a scalar glueball, at least with a reasonable width, is highly questionable. It is possible that hybrids will turn up in complex multibody final states even though so far, no convincing case has been made for them by experimental data. Lattice gauge theories fail to identify the nonet of scalar mesons. Thus, at the present status of approximations, lattice gauge theories seem not to provide a trustworthy guide into unknown territory in meson spectroscopy.

Inclusive J/psi production in photon-photon collisions has been observed at LEP II beam energies. A clear signal from the reaction gamma gamma -&gt; J/psi+X is seen. The number of observed N(J/psi -&gt; mu+mu-) events is 36 +/- 7 for an integrated luminosity of 617 pb^{-1}, yielding a cross-section of sigma(J/psi+X) = 45 +/- 9 (stat) +/- 17 (syst) pb. Based on a study of the event shapes of different types of gamma gamma processes in the PYTHIA program, we conclude that (74 +/- 22)% of the observed J/psi events are due to `resolved' photons, the dominant contribution of which is most probably due to the gluon content of the photon.

The search in DELPHI data for neutral Higgs bosons is described. No candidate for the Standard Model Higgs is seen in Z0 decays to H0νν, H0μ+μ− or H0τ+τ− after selections that proved efficient for finding simulated H0. One remaining candidate for Z0 → H0e+e− is consistent with background. Together with our earlier studies, these results restrict the H0 mass to be above 38 GeV/c2 at the 95% confidence level. No signal is found for decays of Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model neutral Higgs bosons to τ+τ−. Limits are obtained for their decays to produce four jets.

Distributions of event shape variables obtained from 120600 hadronicZ decays measured with the DELPHI detector are compared to the predictions of QCD based event generators. Values of the strong coupling constant αs are derived as a function of the renormalization scale from a quantitative analysis of eight hadronic distributions. The final result, αs(M Z), is based on second order perturbation theory and uses two hadronization corrections, one computed with a parton shower model and the other with a QCD matrix element model.

A charge asymmetry has been observed in final-state jets from e+e− annihilation into hadrons at √s =29 GeV. The measured asymmetry is consistent with the prediction of electroweak theory. The product of axial-vector weak coupling constants, averaged over all quark flavors, is determined to be 〈gAegAq〉=-0.34±0.06±0.05.Received 21 August 1986DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.1080©1987 American Physical Society

A high-statistics measurement is presented of the cross section for the process e+e−→τ+τ− at s=29 GeV from the MAC detector at PEP. A fit to the angular distribution of our sample of 10 153 events with |cosθ|<0.9 gives an asymmetry Aττ=−0.055±0.012±0.005 from which we find the product of electron and tau axial-vector weak neutral couplings gAegAτ=0.22±0.05.Received 26 December 1984DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.1620©1985 American Physical Society

We report a high-precision measurement of the ratio R of the total cross section for e+e−→hadrons to that for e+e−→μ+μ−, at a center-of-mass energy of 29.0 GeV using the MAC detector. The result is R=3.96±0.09. This value of R is used to determine a value of the strong coupling constant αs of 0.23±0.06, nearly independent of fragmentation models. Two different analysis methods having quite different event-selection criteria have been used and the results are in agreement. Particular attention has been given to the study of systematic errors. New higher-order QED calculations are used for the luminosity determination and the acceptance for hadrons.Received 7 November 1984DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.31.1537©1985 American Physical Society

Performance tests of some aspects of the CMS ECAL were carried out on modules of the "barrel" sub-system in 2002 and 2003. A brief test with high energy electron beams was made in late 2003 to validate prototypes of the new Very Front End electronics. The final versions of the monitoring and cooling systems, and of the high and low voltage regulation were used in these tests. The results are consistent with the performance targets including those for noise and overall energy resolution, required to fulfil the physics programme of CMS at the LHC.

Calibration of the relative response of the individual channels of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS detector was accomplished, before installation, with cosmic ray muons and test beams. One fourth of the calorimeter was exposed to a beam of high energy electrons and the relative calibration of the channels, the intercalibration, was found to be reproducible to a precision of about 0.3%. Additionally, data were collected with cosmic rays for the entire ECAL barrel during the commissioning phase. By comparing the intercalibration constants obtained with the electron beam data with those from the cosmic ray data, it is demonstrated that the latter provide an intercalibration precision of 1.5% over most of the barrel ECAL. The best intercalibration precision is expected to come from the analysis of events collected in situ during the LHC operation. Using data collected with both electrons and pion beams, several aspects of the intercalibration procedures based on electrons or neutral pions were investigated.

Abstract The Scattering and Neutrino Detector at the LHC (SND@LHC) started taking data at the beginning of Run 3 of the LHC. The experiment is designed to perform measurements with neutrinos produced in proton-proton collisions at the LHC in an energy range between 100 GeV and 1 TeV. It covers a previously unexplored pseudo-rapidity range of $$7.2&lt;\eta &lt;8.4$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>7.2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8.4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . The detector is located 480 m downstream of the ATLAS interaction point in the TI18 tunnel. It comprises a veto system, a target consisting of tungsten plates interleaved with nuclear emulsion and scintillating fiber (SciFi) trackers, followed by a muon detector (UpStream, US and DownStream, DS). In this article we report the measurement of the muon flux in three subdetectors: the emulsion, the SciFi trackers and the DownStream Muon detector. The muon flux per integrated luminosity through an 18 $$\times $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> </mml:math> 18 cm $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> area in the emulsion is: $$\begin{aligned} 1.5 \pm 0.1(\text {stat}) \times 10^4\,\text {fb/cm}^{2}. \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.1</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>stat</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>fb/cm</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> The muon flux per integrated luminosity through a 31 $$\times $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> </mml:math> 31 cm $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> area in the centre of the SciFi is: $$\begin{aligned} 2.06\pm 0.01(\text {stat})\pm 0.12(\text {sys}) \times 10^{4} \text {fb/cm}^{2} \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.06</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.01</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>stat</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.12</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>sys</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>fb/cm</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> The muon flux per integrated luminosity through a 52 $$\times $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> </mml:math> 52 cm $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> area in the centre of the downstream muon system is: $$\begin{aligned} 2.35\pm 0.01(\text {stat})\pm 0.10(\text {sys}) \times 10^{4}\,\text {fb/cm}^{2} \end{aligned}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtable> <mml:mtr> <mml:mtd> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.35</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.01</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>stat</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.10</mml:mn> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>sys</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mtext>fb/cm</mml:mtext> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mtd> </mml:mtr> </mml:mtable> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> The total relative uncertainty of the measurements by the electronic detectors is 6 $$\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:math> for the SciFi and 4 $$\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:math> for the DS measurement. The Monte Carlo simulation prediction of these fluxes is 20–25 $$\%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>%</mml:mo> </mml:math> lower than the measured values.

The spin density matrix elements for the ϱ0, K∗0(892) and F produced in hadronic Z0 decays are measured in the DELPHI detector. There is no evidence for spin alignment of the K∗0(892) and F in the region xp ≤ 0.3 (xp = ppbeam), where ϱ00 = 0.33 ± 0.05 and ϱ00 = 0.30 ± 0.04, respectively. In the fragmentation region, xp ≥ 0.4, there is some indication for spin alignment of the ϱ0 and K∗0(892), since ϱ00 = 0.43 ± 0.05 and ϱ00 = 0.46 ± 0.08, respectively. These values are compared with those found in meson-induced hadronic reactions. For the F, ϱ00 = 0.30 ± 0.04 for xp ≥ 0.4 and 0.55 ± 0.10 for xp ≥ 0.7. The off-diagonal spin density matrix element ϱ1-1 is consistent with zero in all cases.

A new precise measurement of |Vcb| and of the branching ratio BR(B̄0→D∗+ℓ−ν̄ℓ) has been performed using a sample of about 5000 semileptonic decays B̄0→D∗+ℓ−ν̄ℓ, selected by the DELPHI detector at LEP I by tagging the soft pion from D∗+→D0π+. The results are: Vcb=(39.0±1.5(stat.)+2.5−2.6(syst. exp.)±1.3(syst. th.))×10−3, BR(B̄0→D∗+ℓ−ν̄ℓ)=(4.70±0.13(stat.)+0.36−0.31(syst. exp.))%. The analytic dependencies of the differential cross-section and of the Isgur–Wise form factor as functions of the variable w=vB0·vD∗ have also been obtained by unfolding the experimental resolution.

A sample of events enriched in bb̄ quark pairs was selected in the data recorded by the DELPHI experiment at LEP during 1992 and 1993, by the presence of secondary decay vertices from short-lived particles. Using this sample, the average multiplicities of Ks0, K±, p(p̄), Λ(Λ) and of charged particles in bb̄ events have been measured, distinguishing the component from fragmentation and the component coming from the decay of b-hadrons. The measurement of the average charge multiplicity in bb̄ events was used to compute the mean fractional beam energy carried by the primary b-hadron, and the difference in charged particle multiplicity between bb̄ events and light quark (uū, dd̄, ss̄) events.

From the combined data of 1990 and 1991 of the DELPHI experiment at LEP, 13057 4-jet events are obtained and used for determining the contribution of the triple-gluon vertex. The relevant variables are the generalized Nachtmann Reiter angle θ * and the opening angle of the two least energetic jets. A fit to their two-dimensional distribution yields $$C_A /C_F = 2.12 \pm 0.35 and N_C /N_A = 0.46 \pm 0.19,$$ whereC A/C F is the ratio of the coupling strength of the triple-gluon vertex to that of gluon bremsstrahlung from quarks, andN C/N A, the ratio of the number of quark colours to the number of gluons. This constitutes a convincing model-independent proof of the existence of the triple-gluon vertex, since its contribution is directly proportional toC A/C F. The results are in agreement with the values expected from QCD:C A/C F=2.25, andN C/N A=3/8.

J/ψ mesons have been reconstructed from their decay to μ+μ− and e+e−, using the data collected by the DELPHI experiment during 1991 and 1992 at the LEP collider. From about 1 million hadronic Z decays 153 ± 17 J/ψ were found, 5.4 ± 2.3 ψ′ were obtained in the channel J/ψ (→μ+μ−)π+π− and 6.4 ± 2.7 χc in the channel J/ψ ( → μ+μ−)γ. As the dominant source of Jψ mesons is from bquarks, the following branching ratios: Br(b → J/ψ X) = (1.12 ± 0.12 (stat) ± 0.10 (syst.))%, Br(b → ψ′ X) = (0.48 ± 0.22 (stat.± 0.10 (syst.))%, Br(b → χc1 X) = (1.4 ± 0.6 (stat.)−0.2+0.4 (syst.))% were measured. From the proper time distribution of the J/ψ sample, the average lifetime of b-hadrons decaying into J/ψ was found to be: τB = 1.50−0.21+0.24 (stat.) ± 0.03 (syst.) ps. A search for completely reconstructed B meson decays to final states including a J/ψ gave a signal of 15 ± 5 events.

An analysis is reported on the channele + e −→μ+μ−(nγ), n=1,2..., using data taken with the DELPHI detector at LEP from 1990 to 1992. Differential cross sections of the radiative photons as a function of photon energy and of the angle between the photon and the muon are presented. No significant deviations from expectations are observed. The data are also used to extract the muon-pair cross section and asymmetry below the Z0 peak by using those events with relatively hard initial state radiative photon(s). The measured cross section and asymmetry show no significant deviation from the Standard Model expectations. These results together with the DELPHI cross section and asymmetry measurements at the LEP energies from the 1990 to 1992 running periods are used to determine limits on the Z0-Z′ gauge boson mixing angle θZ′ and on the Z′ mass. There is no indication of the existence of a Z′; the limits obtained on the mixing angle substantially improve upon existing limits. The 95% confidence level allowed ranges of θZ′ in various models are: $$\begin{gathered} - 0.0070 \leqslant \theta _{Z'} \leqslant 0.0078,E_6 (\chi )\bmod el, \hfill \\ - 0.0075 \leqslant \theta _{Z'} \leqslant 0.0095,E_6 (\psi )\bmod el, \hfill \\ - 0.029 \leqslant \theta _{Z'} \leqslant 0.029,E_6 (\eta )\bmod el, \hfill \\ - 0.0068 \leqslant \theta _{Z'} \leqslant 0.0082,L - R(1.)\bmod el, \hfill \\ - 0.0057 \leqslant \theta _{Z'} \leqslant 0.0077,L - R(\sqrt 2 )\bmod el. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$

The total and differential cross-sections for the reaction e+e− → γγ(γ) are measured at centre of mass energies around 91 GeV using an integrated luminosity of 4.7 pb−1. The aggreement with QED prediction is good. Consequently there is no evidence for non-standard channels which would have the same experimental signature. The lower limits on the QED cuttoff parameters are Λ+ > 113 GeV and Λ− > 95 GeV. An upper limit on the effective coupling between a possible excited electron and the gamma is derived. At 95% confidence level the branching ratios for Z0 decay into π0γ, ηψ and γγγ are below 1.5 × 10−4, 2.8 × 10−4 and 1.4 × 10−4 respectively.

Measurements are presented of the cross section ratios Rℓ=σℓ(e+e−→ℓ+ℓ−)σh(e+e−→hadrons) for ℓ=e, μ and τ using data taken from a scan around the Z0. The results are Re=(5.09±o.32±0.18)%, Rμ=(0.46±0.35±0.17)% and Rτ=(4.72±0.38±0.29)% where, for the ratio Re, the t-channel contribution has been subtracted. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of lepton universality and test this hypothesis at the energy scale s∼8300 GeV2. The absolute cross sections σℓ(e+e−→ℓ+ℓ−) have also been measured. From the cross sections the leptonic partial widths Γe=(83.2±3.0±2.4) MeV, (ΓeΓμ)12=(84.6±3.0±2.4)MeV and (ΓeΓτ)12=(82.6±3.3±3.2)MeV have been extracted. Assuming lepton universality the ratio ΓℓΓh=(4.89±0.20±0.12) × 10−2 w was obtained, together with Γℓ=(83.6±1.8±2.2) MeV. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be Nv=3.12±0.24±0.25. Al the data are consistent with the predictions of the standard model.

Abstract The design considerations, construction techniques, prototype tests and performance characteristics of a pressurized drift chamber used in the MAC detector at PEP are described. The chamber consists of 324 aluminized mylar tubes of 6.9 mm diameter with wall thickness of 100 μm. With appropriate shielding it operates successfully at 4.6 cm from the beam line. It was simple to construct and was configured to permit any malfunctioning tubes to be remotely disconnected without affecting operation. The chamber operated without problems for two years in the PEP environment with a gas mixture of 49.5% argon, 49.5% CO 2 , 1% CH 4 , at 4 atm absolute pressure. The mean spatial resolution averaged over all tubes was 45 μm. The time to distance relation for this gas mixture, along with the geometric positioning of individual wires relative to the central tracking chamber, was obtained with data from Bhabha scattering events. We also describe resolution studies performed with a prototype chamber in a SLAC test beam. A wide range of gases, gas pressures, and electronic parameters were explored. These studies proved that resolutions in the 10–50 μm range were possible. Our experience demonstrates that chambers of this type provide high precision tracking and are particularly suited for operation in regions with difficult physical access and/or high ambient radiation levels.

The form factor of Λb0 baryons is estimated using 3.46×106 hadronic Z decays collected by the DELPHI experiment between 1992 and 1995. Charmed Λc+ baryons fully reconstructed in the pK−π+, pK0S, and Λπ+π+π− modes, are associated to a lepton with opposite charge in order to select Λb0→Λc+l−ν̄l decays. From a combined likelihood and event rate fit to the distribution of the Isgur–Wise variable w, and using the Heavy Quark Effective Theory (HQET), the slope of the b-baryon form factor is measured to be ρ̂2=2.03±0.46(stat)+0.72−1.00(syst). The exclusive semileptonic branching fraction Br(Λb0→Λc+l−ν̄l) can be derived from ρ̂2 and is found to be (5.0+1.1−0.8(stat)+1.6−1.2(syst))%. Limits on other branching fractions are also obtained.

The interference structure function xG3(x) has been measured for the first time scattering positive and negative muons of opposite helicity off a carbon target. The x dependence observed for Q2 between 40 and 180 (GeV/c2) is in good agreement with predictions of the quark-parton model. The measured ratio 2(auQu + adQd)/(Qu2 + Qd2 = 1.87 ± 0.25 (stat.) ± 0.24 (syst.) is consistent with the hypothesis of fractional quark charges and determines the sign of Qu − Qd to be positive.

These final results on e+e- -&gt; W+W- production cross-section measurements at LEP2 use data collected by the DELPHI detector at centre-of-mass energies up to 209 GeV. Measurements of total cross-sections, W angular differential distributions and decay branching fractions, and the value of the CKM element |V_{cs}| are compared to the expectations of the Standard Model. These results supersede all values previously published by DELPHI.

The rate of like-charge dimuons has been measured with the MAC detector in hardonic events produced in e+e− annihilation at √s=29 GeV. If the observed excess is attributed to B0B̄0 mixing, the corresponding value of the mixing parameter χ=Γ(B→μ−X)/Γ(B→μ±X) is χ=0.21+0.29−0.15 and χ>0.02 at 90% CL.

A search for single photons produced in association with neutrinos or other weakly interacting neutral particles has been performed in e+e− annihilations at √s=29 GeV with the MAC detector at the SLAC e+e− storage ring PEP. One event is observed, with 1.1 events expected from the reaction e+e−→ν¯νγ. The number of neutrino families is restricted to Nν<17 at the 90% confidence level. Limits on possible masses of supersymmetric electrons (˜e) and photons (˜γ) are presented. The ˜e mass limit is m˜e>48 GeV/c2 at the 90% confidence level if m˜eL=m˜eR and m˜γ=0. If m˜eL>>m˜eR, the corresponding limit is m˜eR>40 GeV/c2.Received 20 March 1986DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.33.3472©1986 American Physical Society

Neutral triple-gauge-boson couplings ZZZ, ZZγ and Zγγ have been studied with the DELPHI detector using data at energies between 183 and 208 GeV. Limits are derived on these couplings from an analysis of the reactions e+e-→Zγ, using data from the final states γff̄, with f=q or ν, from e+e-→ZZ, using data from the four-fermion final states qq̄qq̄, qq̄μ+μ-, qq̄e+e-, qq̄νν̄, μ+μ-νν̄ and e+e-νν̄, and from e+e-→Zγ*, in which the final state γ is off mass-shell, using data from the four-fermion final states qq̄e+e- and qq̄μ+μ-. No evidence for the presence of such couplings is observed, in agreement with the predictions of the Standard Model.

The data taken by DELPHI at centre-of-mass energies between 189 and 209 GeV are used to place limits on the CP-conserving trilinear gauge boson couplings Delta_g1z, lambda_gamma and Delta_kappag associated to W+W- and single W production at LEP2. Using data from the jjlv, jjjj, jjX and lX final states, where j, l and X represent a jet, a lepton and missing four-momentum, respectively, the following limits are set on the couplings when one parameter is allowed to vary and the others are set to their Standard Model values of zero: Delta_g1z = -0.025^{+0.033}_{-0.030}, lambda_gamma = 0.002^{+0.035}_{-0.035} and Delta_kappag = 0.024^{+0.077}_{-0.081} . Results are also presented when two or three parameters are allowed to vary. All observations are consistent with the predictions of the Standard Model and supersede the previous results on these gauge coupling parameters published by DELPHI.

Abstract We discuss an experiment to investigate neutrino physics at the LHC, with emphasis on tau flavour. As described in our previous paper Beni et al (2019 J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 46 115008), the detector can be installed in the decommissioned TI18 tunnel, ≈480 m downstream the ATLAS cavern, after the first bending dipoles of the LHC arc. The detector intercepts the intense neutrino flux, generated by the LHC beams colliding in IP1, at large pseudorapidity η , where neutrino energies can exceed a TeV. This paper focuses on exploring the neutrino pseudorapity versus energy phase space available in TI18 in order to optimize the detector location and acceptance for neutrinos originating at the pp interaction point, in contrast to neutrinos from pion and kaon decays. The studies are based on the comparison of simulated pp collisions at <?CDATA $\sqrt{s}=$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> </mml:math> 13 TeV: PYTHIA events of heavy quark (c and b) production, compared to DPMJET minimum bias events (including charm) with produced particles traced through realistic LHC optics with FLUKA. Our studies favour a configuration where the detector is positioned off the beam axis, slightly above the ideal prolongation of the LHC beam from the straight section, covering 7.4 &lt; η &lt; 9.2. In this configuration, the flux at high energies (0.5–1.5 TeV and beyond) is found to be dominated by neutrinos originating directly from IP1, mostly from charm decays, of which ≈50% are electron neutrinos and ≈5% are tau neutrinos. The contribution of pion and kaon decays to the muon neutrino flux is found small at those high energies. With 150 fb −1 of delivered LHC luminosity in Run 3 the experiment can record a few thousand very high energy neutrino charged current (CC) interactions and over 50 tau neutrino CC events. These events provide useful information in view of a high statistics experiment at HL–LHC. The electron and muon neutrino samples can extend the knowledge of the charm PDF to a new region of x , which is dominated by theory uncertainties. The tau neutrino sample can provide first experience on reconstruction of tau neutrino events in a very boosted regime.

A measurement of the Higgs boson Yukawa coupling to the top quark is presented using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$^{-1}$, recorded with the CMS detector. The coupling strength with respect to the standard model value, $Y_\mathrm{t}$, is determined from kinematic distributions in $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ final states containing ee, $μμ$, or e$μ$ pairs. Variations of the Yukawa coupling strength lead to modified distributions for $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ production. In particular, the distributions of the mass of the $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ system and the rapidity difference of the top quark and antiquark are sensitive to the value of $Y_\mathrm{t}$. The measurement yields a best fit value of $Y_\mathrm{t} =$ 1.16 $^{+0.24}_{-0.35}$, bounding $Y_\mathrm{t}$ $\lt$ 1.54 at a 95% confidence level.

A search for events with one jet and at most one isolated lepton used data taken at LEP-2 by the DELPHI detector. These data were accumulated at a center-of-mass energy of 183 GeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 47.7 pb−1. Production of single scalar and vector leptoquarks was searched for. Limits at 95% confidence level were derived on the masses (ranging from 134GeV/c2 to 171GeV/c2 for electromagnetic type couplings) and couplings of the leptoquark states. A search for top-charm flavour changing neutral currents (e+e−→t̄c or charge conjugate) used the semileptonic decay channel. A limit on the flavour changing cross-section via neutral currents was set at 0.55pb (95% confidence level).

In a sample of 3.02 million hadronic Z0 decays collected by the DELPHI detector, 270 Jψ→ ℓ+ℓ− candidates have been selected. A search for fully reconstructed Bc± mesons has yielded one Bc±→Jψπ± candidate, no Bc±→Jψℓ±νℓ candidates, and one Bc±→Jψ, π+π−π± candidate, consistent with expected background in each channel. The following 90% confidence level upper limits are determined: Br(Z0→ Bc±X) × Br(Bc±→Jψπ±) < (1.05 to 0.84) × 10−4 and Br(Z0→ Bc±X) × Br(Bc±→Jψℓ±νℓ) < (5.8 to 5.0) × 10−5, where the ranges quoted correspond to the range of predicted Bc± lifetimes from 0.4 to 1.4 ps, and Br(Z0→ Bc±X) × Br(Bc±→Jψπ+π−π±) < 1.75 × 10−4, constant over the range of predicted Bc± lifetimes.

The hadronic structure of the decay of the τ lepton to three charged particles, τ→3πντ, is studied using data collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP between 1992 and 1995. The invariant mass of the 3π system, m3π, is fitted using the models of Kühn and Santamaria, Isgur, Morningstar and Reader, and Feindt. The 3π and π+π− mass spectra are compared with each model. Below m3π2=2.3GeV2, all are in good qualitative agreement. Above m3π2=2.3GeV2, anomalous behaviour is observed, consistent with the existence of a hitherto unseen decay mode of the τ through a radial excitation of the a1 meson.

Measurements of the trilinear gauge boson couplings WWgamma and WWZ are presented using the data taken by DELPHI in 1998 at a centre-of-mass energy of 189 GeV and combined with DELPHI data at 183 GeV. Values are determined for Delta(g_1^Z) and Delta(kappa_gamma), the differences of the WWZ charge coupling and of the WWgamma dipole coupling from their Standard Model values, and for lambda_gamma, the WWgamma quadrupole coupling. A measurement of the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moment of the W is extracted from the results for Delta(kappa_gamma) and lambda_gamma. The study uses data from the final states jjlv, jjjj, lX, jjX and gammaX, where j represents a quark jet, l an identified lepton and X missing four-momentum. The observations are consistent with the predictions of the Standard Model.

Trilinear gauge boson couplings are measured using data taken by DELPHI at 161 GeV and 172 GeV. Values for WWV couplings (V=Z,γ) are determined from a study of the reactions e+e−→W+W− and e+e−→Weν, using differential distributions from the WW final state in which one W decays hadronically and the other leptonically, and total cross-section data from other channels. Limits are also derived on neutral ZVγ couplings from an analysis of the reaction e+e−→γ+invisibleparticles.

Inclusive charged hadron distributions as obtained from the DELPHI measurements at 130, 136, 161, 172 and 183 GeV are presented as a function of the variables rapidity, ξp, p and transversal momenta. Data are compared with event generators and with MLLA calculations, in order to examine the hypothesis of local parton hadron duality. The differential momentum spectra show an indication for coherence effects in the production of soft particles. The relation between the energy dependence of the charged multiplicity and the rapidity distribution is examined.

A study of the production of strange octet and decuplet baryons in hadronic decays of the Z recorded by the DELPHI detector at LEP is presented. This includes the first measurement of the∑ ± average multiplicity. The total and differential cross sections, the event topology and the baryon-antibaryon correlations are compared with current hadronization models.

The total and the differential cross sections for the reaction e+e− → γγ(γ) have been measured with the DELPHI detector at LEP using an integrated luminosity of 36.9 pb−1. The results agree with the QED predictions and consequently there is no evidence for non-standard channels with the same experimental signature. The lower limits obtained on the QED cutoff parameters are Λ+ > 143 GeV and Λ− > 120 GeV, and the lower bound on the mass of an excited electron with an effective coupling constant λγ = 1 is 132 GeV/c2. Upper limits on the branching ratios for the decays Z0 → γγ, Z0 → π0γ, Z0 → ηγ and Z0 → γγγ have been determined to be 5.5 × 10−5, 5.5 × 10−5, 8.0 × 10−5, and 1.7 × 10−5 respectively. All the limits are at the 95% confidence level.

Measurements are presented of short range three-particle correlations in e+e− annihilations at LEP using data collected by the DELPHI detector. At small values of the four-momentum difference, strong three-particle correlations are observed for like-sign (+++ and −−−) and for unlike-sign (++− and +−−) pion combinations which are not a consequence of two-particle correlations. A possible explanation of the observed effects in like-sign combinations is the existence of higher order Bose-Einstein interference, which significantly changes the particle distributions in jets.

A study of the fragmentation properties of charm and bottom quarks intoD mesons is presented. From 263 700Z 0 hadronic decays collected in 1991 with the DELPHI detector at the LEP collider,D 0,D + andD *+ are reconstructed in the modesK − π +,K − π + K + andD 0 π + followed byD 0→K − π +, respectively. The fractional decay widths $$\Gamma {{(Z^0 \to {D \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {D {\bar D}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\bar D}}X)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{(Z^0 \to {D \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {D {\bar D}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\bar D}}X)} {\Gamma _h }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\Gamma _h }}$$ are determined, and first results are presented for the production ofD mesons from $$c\bar c$$ and $$b\bar b$$ events separately. The average energy fraction ofD *± in charm quark fragmentation is found to be 〈X E (D *)〉 c =0.487±0.015 (stat)±0.005 (sys.). Assuming that the fraction ofD s and charm-baryons produced at LEP is similar to that around 10 GeV, theZ 0 partial width into charm quark pairs is determined to beΓ c /Γ h =0.187±0.031 (stat)±0.023 (sys). The probability for ab quark to fragment into $$\bar B_s $$ orb-baryons is inferred to be 0.268±0.094 (stat)±0.100 (sys) from the measured probability that it fragments into a $$\bar B^0 $$ orB −.

Data accumulated with a high-precision vertex drift chamber operating in the MAC detector at the SLAC storage ring PEP are used for a precise measurement of the lifetime of the \ensuremath{\tau} lepton. We measure decay lengths of a sample of reconstructed three-prong decay vertices, and impact parameters of a separate sample of decay tracks. Combining these results, we find that ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$=0.309\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.019 ps, in agreement with the prediction from the measured leptonic branching ratio and \ensuremath{\tau}-\ensuremath{\mu} universality.

A search has been made for pairs oade for pairs of scalar quarks (squarks) produced in e+e− annihilations at LEP (s≅Mz0), and decaying into a standard quark and a neutral, non-interacting, stable, massive particle (the lightest supersymmetric particle, LSP). The search has been conducted for differences in the mass of the squark and LSP of 2 GeV/c2 and above. Up squarks with masses below 42 GeV/c2 and down squarks below 43 GeV/c2 were excluded. Six squark flavours degenerate in mass were excluded below 45 GeV/c2.

Ensuring the radiation hardness of PbWO4 crystals was one of the main priorities during the construction of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at CERN. The production on an industrial scale of radiation hard crystals and their certification over a period of several years represented a difficult challenge both for CMS and for the crystal suppliers. The present article reviews the related scientific and technological problems encountered.

A search for stable and long-lived heavy charged particles used the data taken by the DELPHI experiment at energies from 130 to 183 GeV. The Cherenkov light detected in the Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detector and the ionization loss measured in the Time Projection Chamber identify heavy particles from masses of 2 to nearly 89 GeV/c2. Upper limits are given on the production cross-section and masses of sleptons, free squarks with a charge of q=±23e and hadronizing squarks.

Higgs bosons predicted by the fermiophobic scenario within Two Higgs Doublets Models were searched for in the data collected by the DELPHI detector at centre-of-mass energies between 189 GeV and 202 GeV, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 380 pb−1. No signal was found and confidence limits were derived in the framework of possible extensions of the Standard Model Higgs sector.

Data from deep inelastic scattering of 200 GeV muons on a carbon target with squared four-momentum transfer 52 GeV2≤Q 2≤200 GeV2 were analysed in the region of the Bjorken variable close tox=1, which is the kinematic limit for scattering on a free nucleon. At this value ofx, the carbon structure function is found to beF 2 ≈1.2·10−4. Thex dependence of the structure function forx>0.8 is well described by an exponentialF 2 ∞exp(−sx) withs=16.5±0.6.