Swagata Mukherjee

This document summarises proposed searches for new physics accessible in the heavy-ion mode at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), both through hadronic and ultraperipheral $\gamma\gamma$ interactions, and that have a competitive or, even, unique discovery potential compared to standard proton-proton collision studies. Illustrative examples include searches for new particles -- such as axion-like pseudoscalars, radions, magnetic monopoles, new long-lived particles, dark photons, and sexaquarks as dark matter candidates -- as well as new interactions, such as non-linear or non-commutative QED extensions. We argue that such interesting possibilities constitute a well-justified scientific motivation, complementing standard quark-gluon-plasma physics studies, to continue running with ions at the LHC after the Run-4, i.e. beyond 2030, including light and intermediate-mass ion species, accumulating nucleon-nucleon integrated luminosities in the accessible fb$^{-1}$ range per month.

Good confinement of alpha particles in a large magnetic fusion device is a precondition for building a magnetic fusion reactor. The direct measurement of alpha particle losses is of particular interest. Appropriate diagnostics are now being prepared for the Joint European Torus tokamak: a scintillator probe and a set of Faraday cups. Both systems are capable of measuring charged fusion products and ion cyclotron resonance heating tail ions. The design of the lost alpha particle scintillator probe is in the scope of this article. It will allow the detection of particles with a gyroradius between 20 and 140 mm (15% resolution) and a pitch angle between 30° and 86° (5% resolution). As scintillating material P56 will be used. The light emitted by the scintillator caused by charged particles that pass the collimator and hit the scintillator will be detected via a set of optical lenses and a coherent image fiber bundle with a charge coupled device camera and a photomultiplier array. In the following the present design of the scintillator probe with emphasis on the performance of the system, structural resistance against plasma disruptions, and the requirements on the heat protection against plasma and neutral beam induced thermal loads will be described.

A bstract Triggering long-lived particles (LLPs) at the first stage of the trigger system is very crucial in LLP searches to ensure that we do not miss them at the very beginning. The future High Luminosity runs of the Large Hadron Collider will have increased number of pile-up events per bunch crossing. There will be major upgrades in hardware, firmware and software sides, like tracking at level-1 (L1). The L1 trigger menu will also be modified to cope with pile-up and maintain the sensitivity to physics processes. In our study we found that the usual level-1 triggers, mostly meant for triggering prompt particles, will not be very efficient for LLP searches in the 140 pile-up environment of HL-LHC, thus pointing to the need to include dedicated L1 triggers in the menu for LLPs. We consider the decay of the LLP into jets and develop dedicated jet triggers using the track information at L1 to select LLP events. We show in our work that these triggers give promising results in identifying LLP events with moderate trigger rates.

The estimation of the backgrounds for gluino signals in focus point supersymmetry is extended by including the backgrounds from the production of four third generation quarks in the analysis. We find that these backgrounds are negligible if one uses the strong selection criteria proposed in the literature (including this analysis) for heavy gluino searches. Softer selection criteria often recommended for lighter gluino searches yield backgrounds that are small but numerically significant. We have also repeated the more conventional background calculations and compared our results with the other groups. We find that the size of the total residual background estimated by different groups using different event generators and hard kinematical cuts agree approximately. In view of the theoretical uncertainties in the leading order signal and background cross sections mainly due to the choice of the QCD scale, the gluino mass reach at the LHC cannot be pinpointed. However, requiring a signal with ≥3 tagged b-jets (instead of the standard choice of ≥2) it is shown that gluino masses close to 2 TeV can be probed at the LHC for a range of reasonable choices of the QCD scale for an integrated luminosity of 300 fb-1.

We evaluated the adverse effect of asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori infection in children on the response to Fe supplementation. One hundred and sixty-nine children aged 1-10 years from the urban poor community underwent a [13C]urea breath test for H. pylori and haematological tests at admission and after 8 weeks. Both H. pylori-positive and -negative children were randomly assigned to receive ferrous fumarate syrup (20 mg elemental Fe twice daily) or placebo for 8 weeks and a single dose of vitamin A (33,000 microg). Admission findings were compared between H. pylori-positive and -negative children. Response to Fe was compared between Fe-supplemented H. pylori-positive and -negative children. Seventy-nine per cent of the children were aged 1-5 years and half of them were boys. In eighty-five H. pylori-positive and eighty-four H. pylori-negative children, the differences in mean Hb (112 (sd 12.6) v. 113 (sd 12.0) g/l), haematocrit (34 (sd 3.5) v. 35 (sd 3.2) %) and ferritin (23.8 v. 21.0 microg/l) were similar. After 8 weeks of Fe supplementation, mean Hb was 5.3 g/l more (95 % CI 1.59, 9.0) and haematocrit was 1.4 % more (95 % CI 0.2, 2.6) in H. pylori-negative (n 44) compared with H. pylori-positive (n 42) children. Mean ferritin was similar at admission and improved in both H. pylori-positive and -negative children. Asymptomatic H. pylori infection was not associated with higher rates of anaemia or Fe deficiency in children, but had a significant adverse effect on response to Fe therapy. However, this result is based on exploratory analysis and needs confirmation.

Sophisticated machine learning techniques have promising potential in search for physics beyond Standard Model in Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Convolutional neural networks (CNN) can provide powerful tools for differentiating between patterns of calorimeter energy deposits by prompt particles of Standard Model and long-lived particles predicted in various models beyond the Standard Model. We demonstrate the usefulness of CNN by using a couple of physics examples from well motivated BSM scenarios predicting long-lived particles giving rise to displaced jets. Our work suggests that modern machine-learning techniques have potential to discriminate between energy deposition patterns of prompt and long-lived particles, and thus, they can be useful tools in such searches.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment prepares its Phase-2 upgrade for the high-luminosity era of the LHC operation (HL-LHC). Due to the increase of occupancy, trigger latency and rates, the full electronics of the CMS Drift Tube (DT) chambers will need to be replaced. In the new design, the time bin for the digitization of the chamber signals will be of around 1 ns, and the totality of the signals will be forwarded asynchronously to the service cavern at full resolution. The new backend system will be in charge of building the trigger primitives of each chamber. These trigger primitives contain the information at chamber level about the muon candidates position, direction, and collision time, and are used as input in the L1 CMS trigger. The added functionalities will improve the robustness of the system against ageing. An algorithm based on analytical solutions for reconstructing the DT trigger primitives, called Analytical Method, has been implemented both as a software C++ emulator and in firmware. Its performance has been estimated using the software emulator with simulated and real data samples, and through hardware implementation tests. Measured efficiencies are 96 to 98% for all qualities and time and spatial resolutions are close to the ultimate performance of the DT chambers. A prototype chain of the HL-LHC electronics using the Analytical Method for trigger primitive generation has been installed during Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC and operated in CMS cosmic data taking campaigns in 2020 and 2021. Results from this validation step, the so-called Slice Test, are presented.

The bubble-voided reinforced concrete (RC) slab is a relatively new concept of light-weight concreting, introduced to the industry. In this concept, the consumption of unnecessary concrete between the tension zone and the neutral axis, inside a RC slab (one-way or two-way), can be avoided by the introduction of voids at that very zone in the form of hollow plastic bubbles. The bubble-voided slab is lightweight in comparison to the solid slab, and self-weight can effectively decrease upto 30% to 40%, through the application of spherical voided-formers. Although, the bubble-voided slab's load capacity is slightly less, compared to the equivalent solid slab. But, unlike the hollow-core slab, bubble-voided slab performs well against bi-axial loading. As, the concrete consumption is less in bubble-voided slabs, so less amount of cement needs to be manufactured, and, this way, the bubble-voided concreting method can indirectly be beneficial in reducing the Carbon-Di-Oxide (CO2) emission in the atmosphere. The bubbles can be made of plastic waste, which is an innovative way to recycle that waste plastic to use in industry, and, also reduce plastic wastage from the nature. So, it can be understood that bubble-voided concreting is very much eco-friendly. The present authors have explored through the evolution in the researches on the bubble-voided concrete slab, and, discussed about the critical findings of previous researchers. A comparative discussion is also, presented in this study on various input parameters and load vs deflection curves presented in previous studies. The comparisons showcase that the depth of slab (DS), grade of concrete, and, percentage of void, are the key factors which influence the load vs deflection behaviour of bubble-voided RC slabs. Future scopes in this field of study are identified, such as, studies on the effect of thermal loading, impact loading, and, cyclic loading on the bubble-voided RC slabs.

By going beyond the Born–Oppenheimer approximation and treating the non-adiabatic coupling terms (NACTs) as equivalent to a frictional force in a molecular system, the classical equations of motion are solved for a test case of (DH2)+. Using an ab initio potential energy surface for the ground electronic state and its NACTs with the first excited state of (DH2)+, it is shown that (D+, H2) collisions are slowed enough to result in trapping and formation of a stable DH2+.

A measurement of the Higgs boson Yukawa coupling to the top quark is presented using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$^{-1}$, recorded with the CMS detector. The coupling strength with respect to the standard model value, $Y_\mathrm{t}$, is determined from kinematic distributions in $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ final states containing ee, $μμ$, or e$μ$ pairs. Variations of the Yukawa coupling strength lead to modified distributions for $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ production. In particular, the distributions of the mass of the $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ system and the rapidity difference of the top quark and antiquark are sensitive to the value of $Y_\mathrm{t}$. The measurement yields a best fit value of $Y_\mathrm{t} =$ 1.16 $^{+0.24}_{-0.35}$, bounding $Y_\mathrm{t}$ $\lt$ 1.54 at a 95% confidence level.

A bstract A search for new top quark interactions is performed within the framework of an effective field theory using the associated production of either one or two top quarks with a Z boson in multilepton final states. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb − 1 of proton-proton collisions at $$ \sqrt{s} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> = 13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. Five dimension-six operators modifying the electroweak interactions of the top quark are considered. Novel machine-learning techniques are used to enhance the sensitivity to effects arising from these operators. Distributions used for the signal extraction are parameterized in terms of Wilson coefficients describing the interaction strengths of the operators. All five Wilson coefficients are simultaneously fit to data and 95% confidence level intervals are computed. All results are consistent with the SM expectations.

In contrast to the decay products ensuing from a fast moving particle which are collimated along the original direction of the parent, those from a slow moving particle are distributed over a wide region. In the context of searches for heavy long-lived particles (LLP) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), we quantitatively demonstrate, using a few benchmark models, that objects which emerge from a secondary vertex due to the decay of an LLP at the TeV scale can be at large angular separations with respect to the direction of the parent LLP. A fraction of the decay products, the backward moving objects (\textit{BMO}s), can even go in the backward direction. These will give rise to striking signatures in the detectors at the LHC as these particles will traverse different layers of the detector {\it outside-in} towards the direction of the beam-pipe. Based on a simple geometrical modelling of the detector, we give examples of how this effect translates into the fraction of energy deposited in the tracker, from particles coming as far as from the hadron calorimeter, as well as those that could be entering from outside the detector into the muon chamber. The largest effect is from LLP candidates that come to rest inside the detector, such as the stopped $R$-hadrons. But the results are promising even in the case of not so heavy LLPs and/or when some of the available energy is carried by a massive invisible daughter. This urges us to look more in details at these unusual signatures, taking into account the particularities of each layer that constitutes the detector. From the \textit{BMO} perspective, we review how each layer of the detector could be exploited and what improvements can be made to enhance the shower shapes and the timing information, for instance. We also argue that the cosmic ray events, the most important background, can be easily dealt with.

A recent search for the lepton flavor violating (LFV) decays of the Higgs boson, performed by CMS collaboration, reports an interesting deviation from the Standard Model (SM). The search conducted in the channel [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] shows an excess of 2.4[Formula: see text] signal events with 19.6 fb[Formula: see text] data at a center-of-mass energy [Formula: see text] = 8 TeV. On the other hand, a search performed by CMS collaboration for the SM Higgs boson produced in association with a top quark pair [Formula: see text] also showed an excess in the same-sign dimuon final state. In this work, we try to find out if these two seemingly uncorrelated excesses are related or not. Our analysis reveals that a LFV Higgs decay [Formula: see text] can partially explain the excess in the same-sign dimuon final state in the [Formula: see text] search, infact brings down the excess well within 2[Formula: see text] error of the SM expectation. Probing such non-standard Higgs boson decay is of interest and might contain hints of new physics at the electroweak scale.

Porosity and surface area analysis play a prominent role in modern materials science, where 123 their determination spans the fields of natural sciences, engineering, geology and medical 124 research. At the heart of this sits the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory,[1] which has been 125 a remarkably successful contribution to the field of materials science. The BET method was 126 developed in the 1930s and is now the most widely used metric for the estimation of surface 127 areas of porous materials.[2] Since the BET method was first developed, there has been an 128 explosion in the field of nanoporous materials with the discovery of synthetic zeolites,[3] 129 nanostructured silicas,[4–6] metal-organic frameworks (MOFs),[7] and others. Despite its 130 widespread use, the manual calculation of BET surface areas causes a significant spread in 131 reported areas, resulting in reproducibility problems in both academia and industry. To probe 132 this, we have brought together 60 labs with strong track records in the study of nanoporous 133 materials. We provided eighteen adsorption isotherms and asked these researchers to 134 calculate the corresponding BET areas, resulting in a wide range of values for each one. We 135 show here that the reproducibility of BET area determination from identical isotherms is a 136 largely ignored issue, raising critical concerns over the reliability of reported BET areas in 137 the literature. To solve this major issue, we have developed a new computational approach 138 to accurately and systematically determine the BET area of nanoporous materials. Our 139 software, called BET Surface Identification (BETSI), expands on the well-known Rouquerol 140 criteria and makes, for the first time, an unambiguous BET area assignment possible.

A search for exclusive two-photon production via photon exchange in proton-proton collisions, pp $\to$ p$γγ$p with intact protons, is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 9.4 fb$^{-1}$ collected in 2016 using the CMS and TOTEM detectors at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the LHC. Events are selected with a diphoton invariant mass above 350 GeV and with both protons intact in the final state, to reduce backgrounds from strong interactions. The events of interest are those where the invariant mass and rapidity calculated from the momentum losses of the forward-moving protons matches the mass and rapidity of the central, two-photon system. No events are found that satisfy this condition. Interpreting this result in an effective dimension-8 extension of the standard model, the first limits are set on the two anomalous four-photon coupling parameters. If the other parameter is constrained to its standard model value, the limits at 95% CL are $\lvertζ_1\rvert$ $\lt$ 2.9 $\times$ 10$^{-13}$ GeV$^{-4}$ and $\lvertζ_2\rvert$ $\lt$ 6.0 $\times$ 10$^{-13}$ GeV$^{-4}$.

Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2003499 DOI: 10.1002/aenm.202003499 In the originally published version of the article, the surname of the author Soumya Mukerjee contained a spelling mistake. The correct author name is Soumya Mukherjee. This was corrected on September 13th 2022. The editorial office apologizes for any inconvenience this error may have caused.

In a future magnetic fusion reactor alpha particles will be utlilized for plasma heating. In order to achieve a high efficiency of this process, the aim has to be a good confinement of alpha particles. Therefore, direct measurement of alpha particle losses is of particular interest. Two diagnostics are being prepared for the JET Tokamak that are targeting on exactly this subject: a scintillator probe and a set of Faraday cups [A. Lioure, A. Kaye, A. Murari, J. Sanchez, T. Todd, C. Damiani, J. Pamela, JET-EFDA Contributors, The JET-Enhanced Performance Program: more heating power and diagnostic capabilities in preparation for ITER, Fusion Eng. Des. 74 (2005) 141]. These systems are capable of measuring ICRH tail ions and charged fusion products. The scintillator probe aims to allow the detection of particles with a pitch angle between 30° and 86° (5% resolution) and a gyroradius between 20 and 140 mm (15% resolution). The Faraday cup array will detect the current of fast ions at multiple poloidal locations, with a dynamic range of 1 nA/cm2 to 100 μA/cm2 at a temporal resolution of 1 ms. For 3.5 MeV α-particles the energy binning of the foil detector will be 15–50% of the full energy depending on the geometry of the individual collector. The experience in operating both diagnostics in a high temperature and high radiation environment will give valuable information in preparation for the design of similar diagnostics for future fusion devices. This paper covers the design and engineering of both diagnostics together with their envisaged performance.

In the year 2011, the CMS collaboration introduced the novel concept of data scouting, allowing to take data that otherwise would be rejected by the usual trigger filters. This special data flow, based on event-size reduction, was created to maintain sensitivity to new light resonances decaying to jets or muons, with very small online and offline resources allocated to it. The challenges implied by this new workflow and the solutions developed within the CMS experiment are shown. This technique is now a standard ingredient for CMS data-taking strategy. The present status of data scouting in CMS is presented.

Autoimmunity is a condition where structural and functional damage happen by the immunologically competent cells or antibodies to self-antigens . Autoimmune diseases result from destruction of self – proteins, cells, organs by autoantibodies or self- reactive T cells. There are certain factors that can trigger the autoimmunity, like – Genetic factors, Toxic chemicals (Environmental factors), Viral, Hormonal, stress and neurochemicals. In this review there are several aspects that come across the fact that Environmental toxicants has important contribution in autoimmunity. Many pesticides, and Hg also has a definite role in autoimmunity. This review paper provides us elaborate predisposition of environmental toxicants to autoimmunity. This review paper is also consists of little discussion of genetic factors and how they interlinked to autoimmunity.

By going beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and treating the non-adiabatic coupling terms (NACTs) as equivalent to a frictional force in a molecular system, the classical equations of motion are solved for a test case of H3+. Using an ab initio potential energy surface for the ground electronic state and its NACTs with the first excited state of H3+, it is shown that (D+, H2) collisions are slowed enough to result in trapping and formation of a stable DH2+.

A search for long-lived particles (LLPs) produced in association with a Z boson is presented. The study is performed using data from proton-proton collisions with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded by the CMS experiment during 2016-2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 117 fb$^{-1}$. The LLPs are assumed to decay to a pair of standard model quarks that are identified as displaced jets within the CMS tracker system. Triggers and selections based on Z boson decays to electron or muon pairs improve the sensitivity to light LLPs (down to 15 GeV). This search provides sensitivity to beyond the standard model scenarios which predict LLPs produced in association with a Z boson. In particular, the results are interpreted in the context of exotic decays of the Higgs boson to a pair of scalar LLPs (H $\to$ SS). The Higgs boson decay branching fraction is constrained to values less than 6% for proper decay lengths of 10-100 mm and for LLP masses between 40 and 55 GeV. In the case of low-mass ($\approx$15 GeV) scalar particles that subsequently decay to a pair of b quarks, the search is sensitive to branching fractions $\mathcal{B}$(H $\to$ SS) $\lt$ 20% for proper decay lengths of 10-50 mm. The use of associated production with a Z boson increases the sensitivity to low-mass LLPs of this analysis with respect to gluon fusion searches. In the case of 15 GeV scalar LLPs, the improvement corresponds to a factor of 2 at a proper decay length of 30 mm.

A measurement of inclusive four-jet production in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13\TeV is presented. The transverse momenta of jets within $\lvert\eta\rvert \lt$ 4.7 reach down to 35, 30, 25, and 20 GeV for the first-, second-, third-, and fourth-leading jet, respectively. Differential cross sections are measured as functions of the jet transverse momentum, jet pseudorapidity, and several other observables that describe the angular correlations between the jets. The measured distributions show sensitivity to different aspects of the underlying event, parton shower, and matrix element calculations. In particular, the interplay between angular correlations caused by parton shower and double-parton scattering contributions is shown to be important. The double-parton scattering contribution is extracted by means of a template fit to the data, using distributions for single-parton scattering obtained from Monte Carlo event generators and a double-parton scattering distribution constructed from inclusive single-jet events in data. The effective double-parton scattering cross section is calculated and discussed in view of previous measurements and of its dependence on the models used to describe the single-parton scattering background.

Triggering long-lived particles at the first stage of the trigger system is very crucial in LLP searches to ensure that we do not miss them at the very beginning. The future High Luminosity runs of the Large Hardron Collider will have increased number of pile-up events per bunch crossing. There will be major upgrades in hardware, firmware and software sides, like tracking at level-1 (L1) as well as inclusion of the MIP timing detector. The L1 trigger menu will also be modified to cope with pile-up and maintain the sensitivity to physics processes. In our study we found that the usual level-1 triggers, mostly meant for triggering prompt particles, will not be very efficient for LLP searches in the 140 PU environment of HL-LHC, thus pointing to the need to include dedicated L1 triggers in the menu for LLPs. We consider the decay of the LLP into jets and develop dedicated jet triggers using the track information and if available, the regional timing information at L1 to select LLP events. We show in our work that these triggers give promising results in identifying LLP events with moderate trigger rates.

A recent CMS search for the lepton flavor violating (LFV) decays of the Higgs boson reports an interesting deviation from the standard model (SM). The search conducted in the channel $H\rightarrow \mu \tau_e$ and $H\rightarrow \mu\tau_{\textrm{had}}$ showed an excess of $2.4\sigma$ signal events with 19.7 fb$^{-1}$ data and centre-of-mass energy $\sqrt s=8$ TeV. On the other hand, a search performed by CMS for the SM Higgs boson produced in association with a top quark pair ($t\bar t H$) also showed an excess in the same-sign di-muon final state. In this work we propose, that a lepton flavor violating Higgs decay ($H\rightarrow \mu\tau$) can explain the excess in the same sign di-muon final state in the $t\bar t H$ search. Relying on such non standard Higgs boson decay to explain this excess is of immense interest and might contain hints of new physics at the electroweak scale.

The traditional transmission control protocols are not so efficient for high speed computer networks and it has been a challenge to design a model that can be able to reduce congestion problem. In now days our life is very much affect by the internet. In any network, network congestion is the one of the most complex, critical, high priority and fundamental problem. So internet is affected by it. Congestion cause packet loss in data and long delay time to reach the packet. It requires intelligent, robust, control approach to obtain satisfactory performance. In this paper it is try to solve network congestion problem with the help of Fuzzy theory with various membership functions and using Mamdani rule. There are various network parameters in which computer network congestion depends such as packet size, bandwidth, buffer size, transmission rate, packet drop probability. This paper used some of the major factors in which congestion depends. Fuzzy means vague, that cannot be determine as yes or no. it gives the degree of truthfulness. With the help of this paper one can judge the degree of congestion. How much congestion is right now, within various circumstances? This help may help to reduce, handle, and manage network congestion. Matlab software used to calculate the degree of congestion over various network parameters. This is one of the most economic fuzzy rule based model by which it is easy to detect congestion before congestion collapse so that effective steps is taken to prevent the risk of congestion collapse. The quality of service is secured by the better performance of this model. It is a decision making model. In this paper intelligent solution of congestion in computer network is given on the basis of fuzzy logic.

CMS and ATLAS collaborations have observed a Higgs-like boson at around 125 GeV. Differential measurements of signal strength(μ) of the Higgs-like boson in diphoton decay channel is reported here. The analysis uses the entire dataset collected by the CMS experiment during the years 2011 and 2012. The dataset corresponds to integrated luminosities of 5.1fb−1 at s=7 TeV and 19.7fb−1 at s=8 TeV. Spin hypothesis tests have been performed comparing the standard model Higgs boson with a spin-2 graviton-like model with minimal couplings. The hypothesis of the signal being 2m+ is disfavoured.

The latest results of high mass searches for new physics in a variety of final states from the CMS and ATLAS collaborations are presented. These searches are based on $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV proton-proton collisions data at the LHC collected in the year 2016 and 2015. No excess above expectation from Standard Model processes are observed and exclusion limits are set at the 95% confidence level on various benchmark models.

In the year 2011, the CMS collaboration introduced the novel concept of data scouting, allowing to take data that otherwise would be rejected by the usual trigger filters. This special data flow, based on event-size reduction, was created to maintain sensitivity to new light resonances decaying to jets or muons, with very small online and offline resources allocated to it. The challenges implied by this new workflow and the solutions developed within the CMS experiment are shown. This technique is now a standard ingredient for CMS data-taking strategy. The present status of data scouting in CMS is presented.

The latest results of high mass searches for new physics in a variety of final states from the CMS and ATLAS collaborations are presented. These searches are based on $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV proton-proton collisions data at the LHC collected in the year 2016 and 2015. No excess above expectation from Standard Model processes are observed and exclusion limits are set at the 95% confidence level on various benchmark models.

Indoleamines (serotonin and melatonin) are neurotransmitters in animals and they have also been reported in plants. They have been reported in various food value plants such as olive oil, grape, walnuts, sunflower, and mustard oil, vegetables (e.g., tomato, pepper, mushroom, cabbage, cauliflower, cucumber, carrot, beetroot), edible fruits (e.g., grape, banana, strawberries, apple, pineapple, kiwi fruit, tart cherries), nuts and raw seeds (e.g., walnuts, sunflower, green cardamom, fenugreek, white and black mustered), and beverages (Groppello wines, coffee green and roasted beans, decoction and brew). These indoleamines were reported in green, roasted, and different processed coffee. Moreover, biogenic amines such as putrescine (Put), cadaverine, agmatine, histamine, serotonin (5-Hydroxy tryptamine, SER) tyramine, spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) are reported in Robusta and Arabica coffees. These molecules have implications in food quality and human health effects. This chapter describes the indoleamines and biogenic amines profiles in Coffea ssp. and possible human health effects.

An investigation has been made to find the new frequency from a reference frequency such is done for the beneficial of day-to-day rapid increase in the technology and its uses. The effect of such is derived from the comparison of analog circuits and digital circuits to find the better result. A software analysis is also done to verify the result. Mainly for the regular use of wireless technology this work is done and compared for the analysis of better result. Phase lock loop is used to get the better frequency response from the crystal oscillator used as a reference frequency. It is a very essential component for modern technology

Not enough information is available to explain the nature of the association between jasmonic acid (JA) and plant neurotransmitters (NTs) during development and signaling. Although serotonin and melatonin have been reported to be associated with root growth regulation and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in relation to JA crosstalk, investigations at the omics level are necessary to detect the transcriptome or proteome arising from JA-Ser/mel crosstalk in plants. Despite a prolific surge in investigations on neurotransmitters—especially melatonin, GABA, dopamine, and serotonin—evidence for JA–neurotransmitter crosstalk is not ample at present. Investigations in Arabidopsis have revealed the presence of multiple signaling routes to be associated with jasmonic acid, serotonin, ABA, and ethylene-mediated responses. Evidence, therefore, indicates that serotonin–JA crosstalk negatively regulates root growth in Arabidopsis. Serotonin cascades a downstream signal that also involves ROS homeostasis, thus leading to consequent crosstalk to JA signaling. Integrative roles of the melatonin and jasmonic acid signaling pathways in triggering a biotic stress defense have been suggested in various reports. These show the horticultural importance of exogenous melatonin and jasmonic acid that might encourage future investigations to decipher their role in detail. Recent investigations have affirmed the role of JA in regulating the biosynthesis and activity of some other neurotransmitters like GABA, dopamine, and noradrenaline in plants. Apart from ROS, MAPK, Ca2+, and cGMP are also some of the common secondary signaling components in plant cells. Thus, it will be necessary to show whether JA–neurotransmitter crosstalk implies any of these components during plant development and communication.

Real-world solids, such as rocks, soft tissues, and engineering materials, are often under some form of stress. Most real materials are also, to some degree, anisotropic due to their microstructure, a characteristic often called the `texture anisotropy'. This anisotropy can stem from preferential grain alignment in polycrystalline materials, aligned micro-cracks, or structural reinforcement, such as collagen bundles in biological tissues, steel rods in prestressed concrete and reinforcing fibres in composites. Here we establish a framework for initially stressed solids with transverse texture anisotropy. We consider that the strain energy per unit mass of the reference is an explicit function of the elastic deformation gradient, the initial stress tensor, and the texture anisotropy. We determine the corresponding constitutive relations and develop examples of nonlinear strain energies which depend explicitly on the initial stress and direction of texture anisotropy. As an application, we then employ these models to analyse the stress distribution of an inflated initially stressed cylinder with texture anisotropy, and the tension of a welded metal plate. We also deduce the elastic moduli needed to describe linear elasticity from stress reference with transverse texture anisotropy. As an example we show how to measure the stress with small-amplitude shear waves.

The trilinear self-coupling of Higgs can directly be accessed at the LHC by inclusive production of Higgs pair. A search for the non-resonant Higgs pair production via gluon-gluon fusion, as well as Vector Boson Fusion processes, has been performed recently by CMS collaboration with the complete LHC Run-2 proton-proton collision data at centre of mass energy of $$\sqrt{s}=$$ 13 TeV, in the most sensitive 2 $$\gamma $$ + 2b jets inclusive final state. This article presents the results of the measurement for inclusive Higgs pair production cross section as well as the estimation of relevant coupling parameters.

A mutual fund is a pool of money managed by an Asset Management Company (AMC) that collect funds from different individuals as well as institutional investors, and invest those funds in various securities, capital assets such as bonds, real estates, stocks as well as in mutual funds. Most of the Asset Management Companies have different categories of equity mutual funds depending upon the risk associated with such investments. In this case, trailing return and rolling return indicate the performance of a mutual fund. However, a long-term investor has to consider other factors associated with such mutual funds (like asset under management, expenses ratio, number of stocks, and experience of the management) to finalise the selection of mutual funds. &#x0D; In this research paper, an attempt has been made to identify the relationship among the performance of selected equity mutual funds and the parameters considered by the investors for selecting the fund. 't-statistic’ has been used to identify such relationship.&#x0D; This research shows that there is no relationship between trailing return of any kinds of Equity mutual funds and the selected parameters by the investors. However, number of stocks and experience of management have a little impact on the rolling return of equity large cap mutual funds and Assets under management has a little impact on rolling return in case of mid-cap mutual fund only.

Lepton flavour is a conserved quantity in the standard model of particle physics, but it does not follow from an underlying gauge symmetry. After the discovery of neutrino oscillation, it has been established that lepton flavour is not conserved in the neutral sector. Thus the lepton sector is an excellent place to look for New Physics, and in this perspective the Charged Lepton Flavour Violation is interesting. Various extensions of the standard model predict lepton flavour violating decays that can be observed at LHC. This report summarises several searches for lepton flavour violation with data collected by the CMS detector.

A search for narrow resonances decaying to an electron and a muon is performed using an integrated luminosity of 2.7 fb -1 of 13 TeV proton-proton collision data recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC. The eμ mass spectrum is also investigated for non-resonant contributions from the production of quantum black holes (QBH). With no evidence for physics beyond the standard model in the invariant mass spectrum of selected eμ pairs, upper limits are set at 95% confidence level on the product of cross section and branching fraction for signals arising in theories with charged lepton flavour violation. In the search for narrow resonances, the resonant production of a π sneutrino in R-parity violating supersymmetry is considered. The π sneutrino is excluded for masses below 1.0 TeV for couplings λ 132 = λ 231 = λ' 311 = 0:01 and below 3.3 TeV for λ 132 = λ 231 = λ' 311 = 0:2. In a framework of TeV-scale quantum gravity, for models that invoke extra dimensions, the observed exclusion limits for the threshold mass of QBH production range from 2.5 TeV for one extra dimension to 4.5 TeV for six extra dimensions.

Gestational diabetes (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance that begins or is first recognized during pregnancy. Although it is a well-known cause of pregnancy complications, its epidemiology has not been studied systematically. There are several identifiable predisposing factors for GDM, and in the absence of risk factors, the incidence of GDM is low. Low thyroid hormone levels in early pregnancy are a risk factor for GDM incidence. Although gestational hyperthyroidism is uncommon (0.2%), hypothyroidism (autoimmune disease or suboptimal iodine intake) occurs in 2.5% of women and is predictive of reduced neonatal and child neuropsychological development and maternal obstetric complications. It is well documented that thyroid disorders are associated with maternal and fetal complications during gestation and sequelea after delivery. The case-finding strategy does not solve the serious problem of leaving undiagnosed and untreated patients without risk factors. In the absence of strong evidence that support universal thyroid screening in pregnancy, current guidelines suggest a case-finding approach targeting thyroid function testing in high-risk groups. A couple have history of sub-fertility. Patient conceived following treatment. During pregnancy, GDM developed and later half of pregnancy was complicated by polyhydramnios. Baby was delivered by LSCS due to PPROM.

Sophisticated machine learning techniques, like computer vision, are state of the art in modern day research. These technologically advanced algorithms have promising potential in search for physics beyond Standard Model in Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Most of the computer vision tasks are surrounded around convolutional neural networks (CNN), which can provide powerful tools for differentiating between patterns of calorimeter energy deposits by prompt particles of Standard Model and long-lived particles predicted in various models beyond the Standard Model. We demonstrate the usefulness of CNN by using a couple of physics examples from well motivated BSM scenarios predicting long-lived particles giving rise to displaced jets. Our work suggests that modern machine-learning techniques have potential to discriminate between energy deposition patterns of prompt and long-lived particles, and thus, they can be useful tools in such searches.

With some unique aspects, Machine Learning is now a trending part in today’s world. The ability of these machine learning models to independently adapt to data they are being exposed to make them unique. Just like the brain these models are able to produce reliable decisions with minimal human intervention from computations and calculations done previously. In the era where wearable sensors and devices can provide real time data about a patient’s health, machine learning is really taking over traditional approach of diagnosing and predicting tumors, polyps, cardiac arrests, hemorrhages, and even cancer. Medical professionals teaming up with data analyst and scientists can analyze data to extract it’s features which will lead to a better understanding of the disease symptoms and increase the efficiency of diagnosing. This article discusses the application and some of the case studies of machine learning in various medical fields like diagnosing diseases of brain and heart.

Triggering long-lived particles at the first stage of the trigger system is very crucial in LLP searches to ensure that we do not miss them at the very beginning. The future High Luminosity runs of the Large Hardron Collider will have increased number of pile-up events per bunch crossing. There will be major upgrades in hardware, firmware and software sides, like tracking at level-1 (L1) as well as inclusion of the MIP timing detector. The L1 trigger menu will also be modified to cope with pile-up and maintain the sensitivity to physics processes. In our study we found that the usual level-1 triggers, mostly meant for triggering prompt particles, will not be very efficient for LLP searches in the 140 PU environment of HL-LHC, thus pointing to the need to include dedicated L1 triggers in the menu for LLPs. We consider the decay of the LLP into jets and develop dedicated jet triggers using the track information and if available, the regional timing information at L1 to select LLP events. We show in our work that these triggers give promising results in identifying LLP events with moderate trigger rates.

The strong Coulomb field created in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is expected to produce a rapidity-dependent difference ($\Delta v_2$) in the second Fourier coefficient of the azimuthal distribution (elliptic flow, $v_2$) between $\mathrm{D}^0$ ($\mathrm{\bar{u}c}$) and $\overline{\mathrm{D}}^0$ ($\mathrm{u\bar{c}}$) mesons. Motivated by the search for evidence of this field, the CMS detector at the LHC is used to perform the first measurement of $\Delta v_2$. The rapidity-averaged value is found to be $\langle\Delta v_2 \rangle =$ 0.001 $\pm$ 0.001 (stat) $\pm$ 0.003 (syst) in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} =$ 5.02 TeV. In addition, the influence of the collision geometry is explored by measuring the $\mathrm{D}^0$ and $\overline{\mathrm{D}}^0$ mesons $v_2$ and triangular flow coefficient ($v_3$) as functions of rapidity, transverse momentum ($p_\mathrm{T}$), and event centrality (a measure of the overlap of the two Pb nuclei). A clear centrality dependence of prompt $\mathrm{D}^0$ meson $v_2$ values is observed, while the $v_3$ is largely independent of centrality. These trends are consistent with expectations of flow driven by the initial-state geometry.

A search for a new high-mass resonance decaying to a τ lepton and a neutrino is reported.The analysis uses proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at √ s = 13TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb -1 .The search utilizes hadronically decaying τ leptons.An interpretation of results is shown in the context of a W boson predicted in the sequential standard model (SSM), and also nonuniversal gauge interaction model (NUGIM), in which the W boson decays preferentially to fermions of the third generation.In addition, a model-independent limit is shown, allowing the results to be interpreted in other models giving the same final state with similar kinematic distributions.

Abstract We have developed a “Self Sanitizing Voice Controlled Intelligent Wheelchair.” The wheelchair will be totally voice controlled. There will be sanitizing system for both the wheelchair and the surrounding area. In Covid-19situation, maintaining social distance is very important. Keep this in mind we will add the alert system in the wheelchair. When any person will come very close to the wheelchair it will announce a voice alert. Also this wheelchair will climb the stair without anyone’s help. This wheelchair will be developed for the disabled person as well as for the Corona patient. The assistant of the disabled person or the disabled person can be Corona affected. As the wheelchair is voice controlled, it will not need someone to push the wheelchair. It will also helpful to carry the Corona patient, where the nurse or assistant can move the wheelchair by giving voice command from a safe distance. The wheelchair will have voice controlled sanitizing system where it will be able to sanitize itself and its surrounding area. After carrying the Corona patient this wheelchair can be sanitized without going near to it. Also this wheelchair will help to sanitize the patient’s room. So, before entering the patient’s room, by giving voice command the room can be sanitized.

The world has undergone massive changes since the ushering of the digital age. Digitizations have challenged the convention in many spheres. Cybersecurity has thus the necessary protection against possible cyber-warfare. Many countries are increasingly bolstering their assets in cyber space. Electronic services are the implementation of information and communication technologies to provide services to people or some particular organization. The Internet has become a key e-business innovation. Advancing from a military and instructive system to a business Internet in the mid-1990s, the premise of sites and web-based business was set with the improvement of the program Netscape in 1994, and the establishing of Amazon and eBay in 1995. The Internet, cellular gadgets and different agencies contributing to gather, preserve, examine, and covey data carefully are currently being embraced by different government segments. The most recent cybersecurity policy of the United States of America was introduced by President Trump in 2018.

A measurement of the top quark mass is performed using a data sample enriched with single top quark events produced in the $t$ channel. The study is based on proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{-1}$, recorded at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2016.Candidate events are selected by requiring an isolated high-momentum lepton (muon or electron) and exactly two jets, of which one is identified as originating from a bottom quark. Multivariate discriminants are designed to separate the signal from the background. Optimized thresholds are placed on the discriminant outputs to obtain an event sample with high signal purity. The top quark mass is found to be 172.13$^{+0.76}_{-0.77}$ GeV, where the uncertainty includes both the statistical and systematic components, reaching sub-GeV precision for the first time in this event topology. The masses of the top quark and antiquark are also determined separately using the lepton charge in the final state, from which the mass ratio and difference are determined to be 0.9952$^{+0.0079}_{-0.0104}$ and 0.83$^{+1.79}_{-1.35}$ GeV, respectively. The results are consistent with $CPT$ invariance.

Measurements of the inclusive and differential fiducial cross sections of the Higgs boson are presented, using the $\tau$ lepton decay channel. The differential cross sections are measured as functions of the Higgs boson transverse momentum, jet multiplicity, and transverse momentum of the leading jet in the event if any. The analysis is performed using proton-proton data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$. These are the first differential measurements of the Higgs boson cross section in the final state of two $\tau$ leptons, and they constitute a significant improvement over measurements in other final states in events with a large jet multiplicity or with a Lorentz-boosted Higgs boson.

The associated production of a W and a Z boson is studied in final states with multiple leptons produced in proton-proton (pp) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV using 137 fb$^{-1}$ of data collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. A measurement of the total inclusive production cross section yields $\sigma_{\text{tot}}$(pp $\to$ WZ) = 50.6 $\pm$ 0.8 (stat) $\pm$ 1.5 (syst) $\pm$ 1.1 (lum) $\pm$ 0.5 (thy) pb. Measurements of the fiducial and differential cross sections for several key observables are also performed in all the final-state lepton flavour and charge compositions with a total of three charged leptons, which can be electrons or muons. All results are compared with theoretical predictions computed up to next-to-next-to-leading order in quantum chromodynamics plus next-to-leading order in electroweak theory and for various sets of parton distribution functions. The results include direct measurements of the charge asymmetry and the W and Z vector boson polarization. The first observation of longitudinally polarized W bosons in WZ production is reported. Anomalous gauge couplings are searched for, leading to new constraints on beyond-the-standard-model contributions to the WZ triple gauge coupling.

A search for new long-lived particles decaying to leptons using proton-proton collision data produced by the CERN LHC at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV is presented. Events are selected with two leptons (an electron and a muon, two electrons, or two muons) that both have transverse impact parameter values between 0.01 and 10 cm and are not required to form a common vertex. Data used for the analysis were collected with the CMS detector in 2016, 2017, and 2018, and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 118 (113) fb$^{-1}$ in the ee channel (e$\mu$ and $\mu\mu$ channels). The search is designed to be sensitive to a wide range of models with displaced e$\mu$, ee, and $\mu\mu$ final states. The results constrain several well-motivated models involving new long-lived particles that decay to displaced leptons. For some areas of the available phase space, these are the most stringent constraints to date.

The CMS experiment at the LHC has measured the differential cross sections of Z bosons decaying to pairs of leptons, as functions of transverse momentum and rapidity, in lead-lead collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The measured Z boson elliptic azimuthal anisotropy coefficient is compatible with zero, showing that Z bosons do not experience significant final-state interactions in the medium produced in the collision. Yields of Z bosons are compared to Glauber model predictions and are found to deviate from these expectations in peripheral collisions, indicating the presence of initial collision geometry and centrality selection effects. The precision of the measurement allows, for the first time, for a data-driven determination of the nucleon-nucleon integrated luminosity as a function of lead-lead centrality, thereby eliminating the need for its estimation based on a Glauber model.

Measurements of differential and double-differential cross sections of top quark pair ($\text{t}\overline{\text{t}}$) production are presented in the lepton+jets channels with a single electron or muon and jets in the final state. The analysis combines for the first time signatures of top quarks with low transverse momentum $p_\text{T}$, where the top quark decay products can be identified as separated jets and isolated leptons, and with high $p_\text{T}$, where the decay products are collimated and overlap. The measurements are based on proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$^{-1}$. The cross sections are presented at the parton and particle levels, where the latter minimizes extrapolations based on theoretical assumptions. Most of the measured differential cross sections are well described by standard model predictions with the exception of some double-differential distributions. The inclusive $\text{t}\overline{\text{t}}$ production cross section is measured to be $\sigma_{\text{t}\overline{\text{t}}} = $ 791 $\pm$ 25 pb, which constitutes the most precise measurement in the lepton+jets channel to date.