Seungkyu Ha

Load forecasting is essential in the electricity market for the participants to manage the market efficiently and stably. Many techniques for load forecasting, which are, for example, multiple linear regression, stochastic time series, Kalman filter, expert system, and computational intelligences such as fuzzy systems and artificial neural networks, have been investigated so far. This paper proposes a novel hybrid load forecasting algorithm, which combines the fuzzy linear regression method and the general exponential smoothing method with the analysis of temperature sensitivities. The fuzzy linear regression method is used to consider the lower load-demands in weekends and Monday than on weekdays. The normal load of weekdays is forecasted by the general exponential smoothing method. Moreover, the temperature sensitivities are used to improve the accuracy of the load forecasting with the relation to the daily load and temperature. The test results show that the proposed algorithm improves the accuracy of the load forecasting in 1996.

The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is the next generation of precision QCD facility to be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory in conjunction with Thomas Jefferson National Laboratory. There are a significant number of software and computing challenges that need to be overcome at the EIC. During the EIC detector proposal development period, the ECCE consortium began identifying and addressing these challenges in the process of producing a complete detector proposal based upon detailed detector and physics simulations. In this document, the software and computing efforts to produce this proposal are discussed; furthermore, the computing and software model and resources required for the future of ECCE are described.

We describe the design and performance the calorimeter systems used in the ECCE detector to achieve the overall performance specifications cost-effectively with careful consideration of appropriate technical and schedule risks. The calorimeter systems consist of three electromagnetic calorimeters, covering the combined pseudorapidity range from −3.7 to 3.8 and two hadronic calorimeters covering a combined range of −1.1<η<3.8. Key calorimeter performances which include energy and position resolutions, reconstruction efficiency, and particle identification will be presented.

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a cutting-edge accelerator facility that will study the nature of the "glue" that binds the building blocks of the visible matter in the universe. The proposed experiment will be realized at Brookhaven National Laboratory in approximately 10 years from now, with detector design and R&D currently ongoing. Notably, EIC is one of the first large-scale facilities to leverage Artificial Intelligence (AI) already starting from the design and R&D phases. The EIC Comprehensive Chromodynamics Experiment (ECCE) is a consortium that proposed a detector design based on a 1.5T solenoid. The EIC detector proposal review concluded that the ECCE design will serve as the reference design for an EIC detector. Herein we describe a comprehensive optimization of the ECCE tracker using AI. The work required a complex parametrization of the simulated detector system. Our approach dealt with an optimization problem in a multidimensional design space driven by multiple objectives that encode the detector performance, while satisfying several mechanical constraints. We describe our strategy and show results obtained for the ECCE tracking system. The AI-assisted design is agnostic to the simulation framework and can be extended to other sub-detectors or to a system of sub-detectors to further optimize the performance of the EIC detector.

In this paper, we describe measurements of the response functions of a fiber-based dual-readout calorimeter for pions, protons and multiparticle "jets" with energies in the range from 20 to 180 GeV. The calorimeter uses lead as absorber material and has a total mass of 1350 kg. It is complemented by leakage counters made of scintillating plastic, with a total mass of 500 kg. The effects of these leakage counters on the calorimeter performance are studied as well. In a separate section, we investigate and compare different methods to measure the energy resolution of a calorimeter. Using only the signals provided by the calorimeter, we demonstrate that our dual-readout calorimeter, calibrated with electrons, is able to reconstruct the energy of proton and pion beam particles to within a few percent at all energies. The fractional widths of the signal distributions for these particles (σ∕E) scale with the beam energy as 30%∕E, without any additional contributing terms.

A bstract The second-order ( v 2 ) and third-order ( v 3 ) Fourier coefficients describing the azimuthal anisotropy of prompt and nonprompt (from b-hadron decays) J / ψ, as well as prompt ψ(2S) mesons are measured in lead-lead collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of $$ \sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msqrt> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mi>NN</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:msqrt> </mml:math> = 5 . 02 TeV. The analysis uses a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.61 nb − 1 recorded with the CMS detector. The J / ψ and ψ(2S) mesons are reconstructed using their dimuon decay channel. The v 2 and v 3 coefficients are extracted using the scalar product method and studied as functions of meson transverse momentum and collision centrality. The measured v 2 values for prompt J / ψ mesons are found to be larger than those for nonprompt J / ψ mesons. The prompt J / ψ v 2 values at high p T are found to be underpredicted by a model incorporating only parton energy loss effects in a quark-gluon plasma medium. Prompt and nonprompt J / ψ meson v 3 and prompt ψ(2S) v 2 and v 3 values are also reported for the first time, providing new information about heavy quark interactions in the hot and dense medium created in heavy ion collisions.

In the shipyard, aerial images are acquired at regular intervals using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for the management of external storage yards. These images are then investigated by humans to manage the status of the storage yards. This method requires a significant amount of time and manpower especially for large areas. In this paper, we propose an automated management technology based on a semantic segmentation foundation model to address these challenges and accurately assess the status of external storage yards. In addition, as there is insufficient publicly available dataset for external storage yards, we collected a small-scale dataset for external storage yards objects and equipment. Using this dataset, we fine-tune an object detector and extract initial object candidates. They are utilized as prompts for the Segment Anything Model(SAM) to obtain precise semantic segmentation results. Furthermore, to facilitate continuous storage yards dataset collection, we propose a training data generation pipeline using SAM. Our proposed method has achieved 4.00%p higher performance compared to those of previous semantic segmentation methods on average. Specifically, our method has achieved 5.08% higher performance than that of SegFormer.

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted great attention due to their large-scale energy storage applications such as electric vehicles (EVs) and grid-scale energy storage systems (ESSs). The ongoing transition towards EVs has accelerated ever-increasing demand for LIBs that causes the shortage of lithium metal resources and their expensive price. Therefore, great efforts have been made to exploit an alternative system that replaces the conventional LIBs. While sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) can be the most evident alternatives to LIBs based on the natural abundance and low cost of sodium resources, the major scientific challenges reside in developing the new anode materials due to the poor performance of conventional LIB anodes in Na cells, such as graphite and silicon. This article reviews the potential of SIBs as promising alternatives to LIBs and recent progress in developing high-performance anode materials for SIBs. The strengths and drawbacks of recently developed anode materials have been discussed, including graphite, hard carbon, silicon, phosphorus, and other transition metal compounds such as oxides, phosphides, and sulfides.

Advancing front 방법에서는 전진면의 형태에 따라 남은 공간에 대한 격자생성이 불가능할 경우가 생기며, 본 논문에서는 이를 해결하는 repairing-process를 위한 효과적인 방법을 제시한다. '전진면을 구성하는 개별 삼각형들의 법선 벡터에 기반'하여 고안된 본 연구의 알고리즘은 구현하기 쉬우며 빠른 시간안에 남은 공간을 채울 수 있다. 표준 예제들에 대한 수치실험을 통하여 본 연구에서 고안된 방법은 '전진면의 삼각형들 간의 거리에 기반'한 기존기법에 비해서 매우 빠르게 남은 공간에 대한 격자를 생성함을 확인하였다. 또한, skewness 값이 작은 사면체 요소들로 격자를 구성하여 TGrid보다 더 좋은 질의 격자를 생성함을 확인하였다. 특히, 본 연구에서 고안된 방법은 복잡한 형상을 가지는 물체 주위의 격자생성에서 요구되는 repairing-process도 매우 빠르게 처리할 수 있는 매우 중요한 장점이 있음을 확인하였다.

Polyurethanes containing different starch contents were synthesized in a one-step reaction by suspending starch granules in polycaprolactone diol, MDI and 1,4 butane diol in a bulk phase at 175 °C. The products were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, DSC, and swelling behavior. Their mechanical properties, e.g. tensile strength and elongation, were measured for different starch contents. The starch dispersed well as a grafted state in the polyurethane phase. The grafted percentage of polyurethane to starch granules increased with the starch content to a maximum point (about 20 wt%) and then decreased due to gapping between the two phases and probably the homo-polymerization tendency of the polyurethane. The DSC indicated that Tg increased with the starch content due to the decreased average molecular weight of the homo-polyurethane. Three endothermic transitions at 60–70 °C (I), ∼150 °C (II), 190–210 °C (III) were observed. Transition I was not changed by the starch content, whereas transition II appeared only for the psb2m3 series (32–48 wt% hard segment) at the lower range of 26 wt% of starch content. The temperature of transition III, which is related to the melting point of the hard segments, increased with the starch content despite a decrease in the molecular weight of the homo-polyurethane. The tensile strength and the elongation of the polymers slightly increased or were constant up to about 20 wt% of starch, and then decreased rapidly because of phase separation (gapping) between the starch granules and the polyurethane phase and division of the starch granules.

Abstract Two series of polyurethanes were synthesized using one‐ and two‐step reactions in a bulk phase at 175 °C with polycaprolactone diol, butane‐1,4‐diol, and 4,4‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) in a suspension of starch granules to observe cross‐linking phenomena. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, and complex viscosity η *( ω ), storage G′ ( ω ), and loss‐modulus G″ ( ω ) as rheological measurements, were carried out to characterize the cross‐linking in the polyurethane incorporated with starch. SEM micrographs indicated that grafted polyurethane was cross‐linked between starch granules forming a three‐dimensional network. The plots of η * against ω , and log G′ against log G″ showed that the starch content increased cross‐linking, so as to induce gelation ( G′ ≥ G″ ). However, the cross‐linked networking was decreased over the higher range of starch contents (&gt; 33 wt.‐% for the low hard‐segment series, psb2m3 and &gt; 27 wt.‐% for the high hard‐segment series, psb4m5). Cross‐linking is also enhanced in the high hard‐segment series compared to the low hard‐segment series. Increasing the catalyst concentration also enhanced the cross‐linking inside of the polyurethane phase. Plots of η * against ω for p7s3b4m5(OSR C 0.01) and p7s3b4m5(TSR C 0.01). magnified image Plots of η * against ω for p7s3b4m5(OSR C 0.01) and p7s3b4m5(TSR C 0.01).

Exclusive heavy quarkonium photoproduction is one of the most popular processes in EIC, which has a large cross section and a simple final state. Due to the gluonic nature of the exchange Pomeron, this process can be related to the gluon distributions in the nucleus. The momentum transfer dependence of this process is sensitive to the interaction sites, which provides a powerful tool to probe the spatial distribution of gluons in the nucleus. Recently the problem of the origin of hadron mass has received lots of attention in determining the anomaly contribution $M_{a}$. The trace anomaly is sensitive to the gluon condensate, and exclusive production of quarkonia such as J/$\psi$ and $\Upsilon$ can serve as a sensitive probe to constrain it. In this paper, we present the performance of the ECCE detector for exclusive J/$\psi$ detection and the capability of this process to investigate the above physics opportunities with ECCE.

This article presents a collection of simulation studies using the ECCE detector concept in the context of the EIC's exclusive, diffractive, and tagging physics program, which aims to further explore the rich quark-gluon structure of nucleons and nuclei. To successfully execute the program, ECCE proposed to utilize the detecter system close to the beamline to ensure exclusivity and tag ion beam/fragments for a particular reaction of interest. Preliminary studies confirmed the proposed technology and design satisfy the requirements. The projected physics impact results are based on the projected detector performance from the simulation at 10 or 100 fb^-1 of integrated luminosity. Additionally, a few insights on the potential 2nd Interaction Region can (IR) were also documented which could serve as a guidepost for the future development of a second EIC detector.

The recently approved Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will provide a unique new opportunity for searches of charged lepton flavor violation (CLFV) and other new physics scenarios. In contrast to the $e \leftrightarrow \mu$ CLFV transition for which very stringent limits exist, there is still a relatively large discovery space for the $e \to \tau$ CLFV transition, potentially to be explored by the EIC. With the latest detector design of ECCE (EIC Comprehensive Chromodynamics Experiment) and projected integral luminosity of the EIC, we find the $\tau$-leptons created in the DIS process $ep\to \tau X$ are expected to be identified with high efficiency. A first ECCE simulation study, restricted to the 3-prong $\tau$-decay mode and with limited statistics for the Standard Model backgrounds, estimates that the EIC will be able to improve the current exclusion limit on $e\to \tau$ CLFV by an order of magnitude.

Optical properties of Si-doped GaInP grown on Ge-on-Si substrates were investigated using photoluminescence (PL). Similar to spontaneously ordered GaInP, two peaks were observed around 1.74 and 1.85 eV at 19 K; however, no satellite peaks were observed in the selected-area diffraction pattern. Based on temperature-dependent PL, the peak at 1.74 eV was attributed to the donor–acceptor pair transition caused by the amphoteric characteristics of Si and/or Ge from the dopant and/or substrate. In addition, the S-shape in the temperature dependence of the 1.85 eV peak was attributed to the interaction of the donor levels with the conduction band of GaInP.

The performance of the RD52 dual-readout calorimeter is measured for very small angles of incidence between the 20 GeV electron beam particles and the direction of the fibers that form the active elements of this calorimeter. The calorimeter response is observed to be independent of the angle of incidence for both the scintillating and the Čerenkov fibers, whereas significant differences are found between the angular dependence of the energy resolution measured with these two types of fibers. The experimental results are on crucial points at variance with the predictions of GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulations.

We developed a simple and effective method for the large scale formation of self-assembled Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) nanocrystals by ion beam irradiation. The compositional changes and morphological evolution were observed as a function of the irradiation time. As the ion irradiation time increased, the nano-dots were transformed into a nano-ridge structure due to the competition between sputtering and diffusion processes during irradiation. In terms of the stoichiometry of the CIGS nano-dots, an increase in the Cu content was observed while the Se content decreased. The PL peak of the nano-dots formed CIGS thin film exhibited a blue-shift. Uniformly formed crystalline CIGS nano-dots can be adopted to increase the p–n junction area and the size confinement effect between the CdS and CIGS film in solar cell systems. This simple method can be exploited for band-gap engineering and enhancing photovoltaic properties.

A search for a heavy resonance decaying into a top quark and a W boson in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV is presented. The data analyzed were recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$. The top quark is reconstructed as a single jet and the W boson, from its decay into an electron or muon and the corresponding neutrino. A top quark tagging technique based on jet clustering with a variable distance parameter and simultaneous jet grooming is used to identify jets from the collimated top quark decay. The results are interpreted in the context of two benchmark models, where the heavy resonance is either an excited bottom quark b$^*$ or a vector-like quark B. A statistical combination with an earlier search by the CMS Collaboration in the all-hadronic final state is performed to place upper cross section limits on these two models. The new analysis extends the lower range of resonance mass probed from 1.4 down to 0.7 TeV. For left-handed, right-handed, and vector-like couplings, b$^*$ masses up to 3.0, 3.0, and 3.2 TeV are excluded at 95% confidence level, respectively. The observed upper limits represent the most stringent constraints on the b$^*$ model to date.

유기금속화학기상증착법으로 적층 InAs/<TEX>$In_{0.1}Ga_{0.9}As$</TEX> DWELL (dot-in-a-well) 구조를 성장하여 n-i-n 구조의 적외선 수광소자를 제작하였으며, PL (photoluminescence) 발광 특성 및 암전류 특성을 분석하였다. 동일한 조건으로 양자점을 적층하였을 때 크기 및 밀도의 변화에 의한 이중 PL peak을 관찰하였으며, TMIn의 유량을 조절함으로써 단일 peak을 갖는 균일한 크기의 양자점 적층 구조를 성장할 수 있었다. 적외선 수광소자 구조를 성장함에 있어서, 상부의 n-형 GaAs의 성장 온도가 600도 이상인 경우 PL 발광 세기가 급격히 감소하였고 이에 따른 암전류의 증가를 관찰하였다. 0.5 V 인가 전압에서 암전류의 온도 의존성에 대한 활성화 에너지의 크기는 성장온도가 580도인 경우 106 meV이고, 650도의 경우는 48 meV로 급격이 낮아졌다. 이는 고온의 성장 온도에 의한 InAs 양자점과 <TEX>$In_{0.1}Ga_{0.9}As$</TEX> 양자우물구조 계면에서의 열적 상호 확산에 의하여 비발광 천이가 증가되었기 때문이다. We grew multi-stacked InAs/<TEX>$In_{0.1}Ga_{0.9}As$</TEX> DWELL (dot-in-a-well) structure by metal organic chemical vapor deposition and investigated optical properties by photoluminescence and I-V characteristics by dark current measurement. When stacking InAs quantum dots (QDs) with same growth parameter, the size and density of QDs were changed, resulting in the bimodal emission peak. By decreasing the flow rate of TMIn, we achieved the uniform multi-stacked QD structure which had the single emission peak and high PL intensity. As the growth temperature of n-type GaAs top contact layer (TCL) is above <TEX>$600^{\circ}C$</TEX>, the PL intensity severely decreased and dark current level increased. At bias of 0.5 V, the activation energy for temperature dependence of dark current decreased from 106 meV to 48 meV with increasing the growth temperature of n-type GaAs TCL from 580 to <TEX>$650^{\circ}C$</TEX>. This suggest that the thermal escape of bounded electrons and non-radiative transition become dominant due to the thermal inter-diffusion at the interface between InAs QDs and <TEX>$In_{0.1}Ga_{0.9}As$</TEX> well layer.

Gait impairment is one of the main symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, Parkinson’s disease, etc. For this reason, lots of previous studies tried to develop new methodologies based on statical analysis for predicting brain diseases. Statistical analysis is a good choice for solving most engineering problems. However, neurodegeneration patients cannot wait for progression because of their limited time. In this study, we focused on analysis time reduction. We acquired ten sets of the gait sample by Arduino pro micro using the MPU6050 accelerometer. The sampling frequency was 200㎐, and data were acquired on the x, y, and z acceleration, pitch, roll, and yaw. The raw data sets were pre-processed to 100 normal and 60 abnormal gait data, where ten were used in the test, and the others in the study of the machine. The machine learning achieved an 80% total accuracy at the end of this study.

We have grown GaAs quantum dots (QDs) in Al_0.3Ga_0.7As matrix by droplet epitaxy for application in single photon sources. This growth method enables the formation of QDs without strain, with emission wavelengths of around 700 nm within the optimal detection range of cost effective silicon detector, and with reduced surface density of several tens to a few QDs per &mu;m² for easier isolation of single QDs. The optical properties of QDs were envisaged by exciton and biexciton emission peaks identified from power dependent and time-resolved micro-photoluminescence (&mu;-PL) measurements. The possibility of fabricating photonic crystal (PC) resonator including a single QD was shown by obtaining precise spectral and spatial information from a few QDs in a mesa structure, utilizing cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements.

We performed feasibility studies for various single transverse spin measurements that are related to the Sivers effect, transversity and the tensor charge, and the Collins fragmentation function. The processes studied include semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) where single hadrons (pions and kaons) were detected in addition to the scattered DIS lepton. The data were obtained in {\sc pythia}6 and {\sc geant}4 simulated e+p collisions at 18 GeV on 275 GeV, 18 on 100, 10 on 100, and 5 on 41 that use the ECCE detector configuration. Typical DIS kinematics were selected, most notably $Q^2 > 1 $ GeV$^2$, and cover the $x$ range from $10^{-4}$ to $1$. The single spin asymmetries were extracted as a function of $x$ and $Q^2$, as well as the semi-inclusive variables $z$, and $P_T$. They are obtained in azimuthal moments in combinations of the azimuthal angles of the hadron transverse momentum and transverse spin of the nucleon relative to the lepton scattering plane. The initially unpolarized MonteCarlo was re-weighted in the true kinematic variables, hadron types and parton flavors based on global fits of fixed target SIDIS experiments and $e^+e^-$ annihilation data. The expected statistical precision of such measurements is extrapolated to 10 fb$^{-1}$ and potential systematic uncertainties are approximated given the deviations between true and reconstructed yields. The impact on the knowledge of the Sivers functions, transversity and tensor charges, and the Collins function has then been evaluated in the same phenomenological extractions as in the Yellow Report. The impact is found to be comparable to that obtained with the parameterized Yellow Report detector and shows that the ECCE detector configuration can fulfill the physics goals on these quantities.

Advancing front 방법은 사면체로 구성된 비정렬 격자계를 생성하는 매우 효과적이고 강력한 도구이나 격자를 생성하는 중간에 전진면의 형상이 적합하지 않을 경우에는 더 이상 사면체를 생성하지 못하는 문제점을 가지게 된다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위한 새로운 알고리즘을 제안하고, 단순한 형상뿐만 아니라 복잡한 형상을 가지는 3차원 물체 주위의 비정렬격자를 생성하여 제안된 알고리즘의 성능을 검토한다. 제안된 방법은 전진면 모서리들 사이의 거리에 기반하며, 이 방법은 dynamic 격자 생성을 위한 도구로 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 또한, 제안된 방법에 의해서 생성된 격자는 낮은 skewness 값을 가지는 양질의 격자를 생성할 수 있다.

Last year, the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS) CAB Competition Committee proposed the Quadruped Robot Challenge (QRC) as an exemplary robot challenge organized by RAS at RAS’s major conferences. As a part of the project, the first version of the QRC was held in ICRA 2023 in London. In this column, we would like to introduce the challenges and the results.

A bstract A search for supersymmetry is presented in events with a single charged lepton, electron or muon, and multiple hadronic jets. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb − 1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. The search targets gluino pair production, where the gluinos decay into final states with the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) and either a top quark-antiquark ( $$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> ) pair, or a light-flavor quark-antiquark ( $$ \textrm{q}\overline{\textrm{q}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> ) pair and a virtual or on-shell W boson. The main backgrounds, $$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> pair and W+jets production, are suppressed by requirements on the azimuthal angle between the momenta of the lepton and of its reconstructed parent W boson candidate, and by top quark and W boson identification based on a machine-learning technique. The number of observed events is consistent with the expectations from standard model processes. Limits are evaluated on supersymmetric particle masses in the context of two simplified models of gluino pair production. Exclusions for gluino masses reach up to 2120 (2050) GeV at 95% confidence level for a model with gluino decay to a $$ \textrm{t}\overline{\textrm{t}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> pair (a $$ \textrm{q}\overline{\textrm{q}} $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> pair and a W boson) and the LSP. For the same models, limits on the mass of the LSP reach up to 1250 (1070) GeV.

This study aimed at calculating normalization reference values for Korean Eco-indicator. For this objective, abiotic resources depletion, global worming, ozone depletion, acidification, eutrophication, photo chemical oxidant creation, eco-toxicity, human-toxicity and solid waste were selected as adequate impact categories for normalization references relating to Korean situation. EDIP method which use per-capita base expression was chosen for this study. Bridging data gab, ammonia emission, equivalency factors for various pesticides used in Korea were calculated. Selection of data sources, data processing procedures, assumptions used in this study were explicitly disclosed in order to guarantee the transparency and the consistency in the calculation of the normalization reference values. Comparison of calculated normalization references with other prior researches showed that main deviation was come from the difference in reference year and geographical boundaries between each study, and the differences were not exceed 50% if these two conditions were identical.

We fabricated low‐density GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dots for single photon source by droplet epitaxy. We investigated the emission energies of the dots and underlying superlattice by using photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence measurements. By forming a mesa etched structure, we distinguished the transitions from the superlattice and the dots. And we calculated the diffusion length in this system from the peak shift of the superlattice, and applied the diffusion to the dots to investigate the emission energy shift of the QDs.z

The GaAs quantum dots in AlGaAs barriers were grown by droplet epitaxy, emitting around 700 nm in wavelength which is compatible with low cost Si based detectors. The excitation power dependent and time resolved micro‐photoluminescence measurements identified optical characteristics of exciton and biexciton states which are attributed to good quantum confinements in GaAs QDs.

The dual-readout calorimeter has two channels, Cherenkov and scintillation, that measure the fraction of an electromagnetic (EM) component within a shower by using different responses of each channel to the EM and hadronic component. It can measure the energy of EM and hadronic shower simultaneously—its concept inspired the integrated design for measuring both EM and hadronic showers, which left the task of reconstructing longitudinal shower shapes to the utilization of timing. We explore the possibility of longitudinal shower shape reconstruction using signal processing on silicon photomultiplier timing, and 3D shower shape by combining lateral and longitudinal information. We present a comparison between Monte Carlo (MC) and reconstructed longitudinal shower shapes from the simulation, and the application of 3D shower shapes associated with the dual nature of the calorimeter to identify electrons, hadrons, and hadronic punch-thru or muons.

Recent progress in the effort of realizing nanocluster silicon sensitized, Er-doped silica waveguide amplet is introduced. Approaches for the optimization of key device / material parameters, in terms of numerical assessment and experimental means will be detailed.