Shane Breeze

Results from the completed Phase 1 Upgrade of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Level-1 Calorimeter Trigger are presented. The upgrade was performed in two stages, with the first running in 2015 for proton and heavy ion collisions and the final stage for 2016 data taking. The Level-1 trigger has been fully commissioned and has been used by CMS to collect over 43 fb−1 of data since the start of the Run II of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The new trigger has been designed to improve the performance at high luminosity and large number of simultaneous inelastic collisions per crossing (pile-up). For this purpose it uses a novel design, the Time Multiplexed Trigger (TMT), which enables the data from an event to be processed by a single trigger processor at full granularity over several bunch crossings. The TMT design is a modular design based on the μTCA standard. The trigger processors are instrumented with Xilinx Virtex-7 690 FPGAs and 10 Gbps optical links. The TMT architecture is flexible and the number of trigger processors can be expanded according to the physics needs of CMS. Sophisticated and innovative algorithms are now the core of the first decision layer of the experiment. The system has been able to adapt to the outstanding performance of the LHC, which ran with an instantaneous luminosity well above design. The performance of the system for single physics objects are presented along with the optimizations foreseen to maintain the thresholds for the harsher conditions expected during the LHC Run II and Run III periods.

Sandia National Laboratories is completing a major modification to the PBFA-II facility. PBFA Z will be a z-pinch driver capable of delivering up to 20 MA to a z-pinch load. It optimizes the electrical coupling to the implosion energy of z pinches at implosion velocities of {approximately} 40 cm/{mu}s. Design constraints resulted in an accelerator with a 0.12-{Omega} impedance, a 10.25-nH inductance, and a 120-ns pulse width. The design required new water transmission lines, insulator stack, and vacuum power feeds. Current is delivered to the z-pinch load through four, self-magnetically-insulated vacuum transmission lines and a double post-hole convolute. A variety of design codes are used to model the power flow. These predict a peak current of 20 MA to a z-pinch load having a 2-cm length, a 2-cm radius, and a 15--mg mass, coupling 1.5 MJ into kinetic energy. We present 2-D Rad-Hydro calculations showing MJ x-ray outputs from tungsten wire-array z pinches.

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This documents the proceedings from a workshop titled `Illuminating Standard candles at the LHC: V+jets' held at Imperial College London on 25th-26th April 2017. It summarises the numerous contributions to the workshop, from the experimental overview of V+jets measurements at CMS and ATLAS and their role in searching for physics beyond the Standard Model to the status of higher order perturbative calculations to these processes and their inclusion in state of the art Monte Carlo simulations. An executive summary of the ensuing discussions including a list of outcomes and wishlist for future consideration is also presented.

This documents the proceedings from a workshop titled `Illuminating Standard candles at the LHC: V+jets' held at Imperial College London on 25th-26th April 2017. It summarises the numerous contributions to the workshop, from the experimental overview of V+jets measurements at CMS and ATLAS and their role in searching for physics beyond the Standard Model to the status of higher order perturbative calculations to these processes and their inclusion in state of the art Monte Carlo simulations. An executive summary of the ensuing discussions including a list of outcomes and wishlist for future consideration is also presented.

Summary form only given, as follows. The quest to reduce the complexity, cost and risk of higher current accelerators drives the need for implosion times that are longer than the canonical 100 ns of present waterline generators. Experiments have been performed at 100 to 200 ns implosion times on the 10-MA Saturn and the 20 MA Z accelerators. These experiments have shown that 7 to 10 ns FWHM pulses can be produced even at the longest implosion times. The experimental data will be presented along with calculations which indicate that stability, uniformity and plasma opacity are critical to determining the radiation efficiency of these implosions.

Diamond photoconducting detectors are routinely fielded as soft x-ray diagnostics on Sandia`s Saturn facility. We have developed an improved detector mount that provides a 200-ps time response, is easily cleanable, and is very rugged. In addition, we have developed a new, fast insertion unit to apply bias voltage to the detectors. Absolute calibration of the PCDs is carried out either at the Brookhaven National Synchrotron Light Source or on Sandia`s laser calibration facility. We are now fielding diamond elements that have the dimensions 1x3x0.5 nun and 1x1xO.5 mm. We are neutron damaging some of the 1x1xO.5-mm detectors to reduce their sensitivity. We can tailor PCD sensitivity by adjusting element size and neutron damage level.

Summary form only given, as follows. EUV emissions can be used to measure several Z-pinch parameters. We have measured implosion velocity from Doppler splitting of lines and estimated electron temperature during run-in from the mean ionization state of line emissions. In an argon pinch we measure an electron temperature of 100 eV before stagnation. To date doppler split lines have measured implosion velocities less than 40 cm/microsecond. We are presently attempting to measure magnetic field or load current from Zeeman splitting and it may be possible to measure electron density from a Stark-broadened line. Opacity and ion thermal broadening may also contribute to line width information. The spectrometer utilizes a variable line space grating to give a flat focal field. Spectral resolution with a 60 micron detector resolution is up to 3000 and generally increases with wavelength. This is sufficient to detect several plasma line broadening mechanisms. The spectrometer may detect lines above 100 /spl Aring/ and below 1400 /spl Aring/. Spectral range across a microchannel plate stripline detector decreases with increasing wavelength setting. We may gate two striplines with 1 to 12 nsec gates at any time during the pinch discharge. Each stripline spatially images the pinch diameter perpendicular to the direction of dispersion. Spatial resolution in the pinch diameter is 1 mm. Spatial acquisition along the Z axis is also 1 mm. We will present data from argon, krypton, and aluminum Z-pinch discharges on the SATURN accelerator.

Nonthermal x-ray spectra observed in high-atomic-number z-pinch plasmas indicate that electrons with energies greatly in excess of the plasma temperature are present. A favorite mechanism for the production of these nonthermal electrons is acceleration in inductive electric fields produced by localized collapse of plasma into pinch spots. One problem with this acceleration mechanism is the presence of intense azimuthal magnetic fields embedded in the plasma which impede the runaway of electrons along the electric field. In this work, a fluid model for nonthermal electron flow in dense, high- atomic-number plasmas is employed to determine how collisions affect their energy gain in crossed electric and magnetic fields. The simple scaling laws derived from this model are compared with IPROP particle-in-cell simulations' of the same plasma environment. Large cross-field energy gains are calculated by both models for high-atomic-number plasmas where the electron scattering (momentum-transfer) frequency v, is of order Zv, , where v, is the rate associated with collisional energy loss and Z is the plasma ionization level. Once a threshold electric field is exceeded, a large number of scattering collisions across the magnetic field and along the electric field can occur in an energy-loss time and much larger energy gains are possible than in hydrogenic