R. M. Harris

Macro-plastic pollution is found in terrestrial and marine environments and is degraded to micro-particles (MP) and nano-particles (NP) of plastic. These can enter the human food chain either by inhalation or by ingestion, particularly of shellfish and crustaceans. Absorption across the gastrointestinal tract is relatively low, especially for MPs, which appear to have little toxicity. However, NPs are more readily absorbed and may accumulate in the brain, liver and other tissues in aquatic species and other animals. Studies using nanoparticles of other materials suggest that toxicity could potentially affect the central nervous system and the reproductive system, although this would be unlikely unless exposure levels were very high and absorption was increased by physiological factors.

Endocrine disrupters (EDs) alter normal hormonal regulation and may be naturally occurring or environmental contaminants. Classically, EDs act genomically, with agonistic or antagonistic effects on steroid receptors and may alter reproductive function and/or cause feminisation by binding to oestrogen or androgen receptors; their binding to the thyroid receptor may dysregulate the neuroendocrine system. Recently, it has been shown that EDs can also act by non-genomic mechanisms, altering steroid synthesis (inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoforms) or steroid metabolism. The alkylphenol and phthalate plasticisers inhibit the inactivation of oestrogens by sulphation (via SULT 1A1 and 1E1 isoforms) and so cause a rise in levels of the free active endogenous oestrogens. A range of ED effects have been shown in mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, amphibia and aquatic invertebrates but it is not yet clear whether these processes also occur in human beings. It is evident that EDs, as well as altering reproduction, can cause changes in neurosteroid levels and so have the potential to affect immune function, behaviour and memory. This may be of long-term concern since traces of EDs such as plasticisers, brominated fire retardants, sunscreen agents and cosmetic ingredients are widely distributed in the environment and in human biofluids.

Diethylstilboestrol (DES) is an endocrine disrupter which causes cancer in rodents. It was prescribed in large amounts to treat women with gynaecological problems; some of the daughters of these women subsequently developed a rare cancer (vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma) while genital abnormalities were found in some of the sons. It was used for decades in livestock feed and this may have contaminated the food chain leading to the exposure of the more general population. DES appears to cause epigenetic effects in animals and there is some evidence that this also occurs in man. The mechanisms of carcinogenesis are complex and the effects are difficult to prove due to the background of dietary and environmental phyto- and xenooestrogens. It has been suggested that, like other endocrine disrupters, DES may have acted as an obesogen in the human population.

We present results from searches for the top quark pp\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} collisions at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider. The data sample was collected during 1988--89 with the Collider Detector at Fermilab and has an integrated luminosity of 4.1 ${\mathrm{pb}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. Our previous search for e\ensuremath{\mu} final states for tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\nu}b \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}b\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} decays has been extended to include the ee and \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu} channels. In addition, we have searched in each event with a high-transverse-momentum lepton accompanied by hadron jets for a low-transverse-momentum muon as a tag of a bottom quark in tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}l\ensuremath{\nu}bqq\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}b\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} decays. A lower limit on the top-quark mass of 91 GeV/${\mathit{c}}^{2}$ is obtained at the 95% confidence level, assuming standard model decays.

This book studies the polemical press of the 1740s, and provides an investigation of the politics of the Pelham regime. It examines the vigorous and wide-ranging debate in tracts and periodicals about the principal issues of the day — the fall of Walpole, the influence of Hanover, the Forty-Five, and the War of the Austrian Succession. This book's detailed analysis of the confusing and fragmented politics of the 1740s sheds important light on patterns of change and continuity in the political culture of mid-18th-century English politics.

We investigated the ability of 37 flavonoids and flavonoid sulfoconjugates, including some abundant dietary constituents, to act as substrates and/or inhibitors of the sulfotransferase and sulfatase enzymes that interconvert active estrogens and inactive estrogen sulfates in human tissues. The enzymes studied include estrogen sulfotransferase, the thermostable phenolsulfotransferase that acts on a range of substrates including estrogens; steroid sulfatase; and two related enzymes, monoamine phenolsulfotransferase and arylsulfatase A. Several dietary flavonoids, including the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein, were sulfated by these human sulfotransferases. Many flavonoids were potent inhibitors of thermostable phenolsulfotransferase. Genistein and equol were potent mixed inhibitors of hepatic estrogen sulfotransferase, with inhibitory constant values of 500 nM and 400 nM, respectively. Monoamine phenolsulfotransferase activity was relatively unaffected by flavonoids, but this enzyme was mainly responsible for the sulfation of flavonoids at concentrations greater than 1 micro M. Of the compounds tested, only daidzein 4,7-bisulfate, a trace metabolite in humans, significantly inhibited steroid sulfatase in the micromolar concentration range. Hence, dietary flavonoids may be able to influence the bioavailability of endogenous estrogens, and disrupt endocrine balance, by increasing the ratio of active estrogens to inactive estrogen sulfates in human tissues.

We review the experimental searches for new particles in the dijet mass spectrum conducted at the CERN SppS, the Fermilab Tevatron Collider, and the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The theory of the QCD background and new particle signals is reviewed, with emphasis on the choices made by the experiments to model the background and signal. The experimental techniques, data, and results of dijet resonance searches at hadron colliders over the last quarter century are described and compared. Model independent and model specific limits on new particles decaying to dijets are reviewed, and a detailed comparison is made of the recently published limits from the ATLAS and CMS experiments.

Crossed beam studies of nonreactive scattering of K, Rb, and Cs atoms from CCl4, CH3I, and SnCl4 have been carried out and the differential cross sections compared with calculations based on a phenomenological optical model analysis. The models employed make use of a parameterized “reference” potential which is intended both to represent a multipole expansion of the potential surface of the reactants for internuclear distances greater than the radius of chemical interaction, and to provide a systematic means of calculating the real parts of the optical phase shifts. A new semiclassical method for calculating nonreactive differential cross sections for an isotropic central potential (reference) and a parameterized probability of reaction (opacity) function, P(β), is presented and applied to the scattering of M+CCl4. It is found that the observed cross sections are consistent with a Lennard-Jones reference potential and a P(β) which is a rounded-off step function. A better description of the reactivity for these systems was obtained by expressing the opacity function in terms of y, the reduced distance of closest approach, instead of the impact parameter β. The velocity dependence of the opacity function was virtually removed upon making this transformation, and the reactivity for a given alkali atom was found to resemble a diffuse “black sphere” of radius yc, the opacity becoming less diffuse in the order Cs<Rb<K. The optical model has been extended to include an anisotropic term in the reference potential for analysis of the nonreactive scattering of M+CH3I. The magnitude of the anisotropic term was found to be much larger than that predicted from long-range dispersion forces alone. It is shown that the large anisotropy can account for the sudden decrease in the wide angle nonreactive scattering, which was previously interpreted as a reaction threshold angle. Probability of reaction functions were derived from the data, and the results were consistent with the steric effect found in experiments which employ oriented CH3I molecules. The cross sections for M+SnCl4 are interpreted on the basis of orbiting from an “electron jump” potential, which is the adiabatic potential resulting from the crossing of covalent (M+SnCl4) and ionic (M++SnCl4−) curves. Parameters for the potential are extracted from the data and used to estimate the electron affinity of the SnCl4 molecule. The value obtained, 2.1 ± 0.2, is in fair agreement with a recent estimate from direct measurement of the threshold for ion-pair formation.

A number of methods to improve the passive permeability of a set of cyclic peptides have been investigated using 6- and 7-mer macrocyclic templates. In many cases the peptides were designed by molecular dynamics calculations to evaluate the methods. The aim of this study was not only to improve passive permeability, but also to balance permeability with other physicochemical properties with the goal of understanding and applying the knowledge to develop active cyclic peptides into drug candidates. Evaluation of the methods herein suggest that increasing passive permeability often occurs at the expense of solubility and lipophilicity. Computational methods can be useful when attempting to predict and design features to balance these properties, though limitations were observed.

A search for tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\mu}+X in pp\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} collisions at s\ensuremath{\surd}\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} TeV is described. The production and decay of top-quark--antiquark pairs is considered in the context of the standard model. The analysis is based on data with an integrated luminosity of 4.4 ${\mathrm{pb}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ recorded with the Collider Detector at Fermilab. An upper limit on the tt\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} cross section is obtained, and the top quark in the mass range 28--72 GeV/${c}^{2}$ is excluded at the 95% C.L. The same limits apply to a possible fourth-generation, charge -(1/3, b' quark, decaying via the charged current.

An analysis of ${Z}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${e}^{+}$${e}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${Z}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ data from the Collider Detector at Fermilab in p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}p collisions at \ensuremath{\surd}s =1.8 TeV yields a mass of the ${Z}^{0}$ boson of ${M}_{Z}$=90.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 (stat+syst)\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 (scale) GeV/${c}^{2}$ and a width of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{z}$=3.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.0 GeV.

Gold nanoparticles are efficiently labelled with a luminescent ruthenium complex, producing 13 and 100 nm diameter, monodisperse red-emissive imaging probes with luminescence lifetimes prolonged over the molecular unit. Single, 100 nm particles are observed in whole cell luminescence imaging which reveals their biomolecular association with chromatin in the nucleus of cancer cells.

Xenoestrogen endocrine disrupters (EDs) in the environment are thought to be responsible for a number of examples of sexual dysfunction that have recently been reported in several species. There is growing concern that these compounds may also cause abnormalities of the male reproductive tract and reduced spermatogenesis in man. Whilst some effects of EDs may be receptor-mediated, there is growing evidence that these compounds can exert potent effects in vivo by directly interacting with cellular enzyme targets. Here we report on, and review, the effects of alkylphenols and other EDs on two such enzymes: (1) sulfotransferases, which convert active estrogenic steroids to inactive steroid sulfates; and (2) Ca2+-ATPases, which are responsible for maintaining low, physiological, intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. These enzymes are potently inhibited by EDs in both fish and mammalian species. The increased concentrations of active estrogens and the likely cytotoxic effects of elevated concentrations of intracellular Ca2+ arising from these effects may underlie some of the endocrine disrupting potential of these widespread industrial pollutants.

Phytoestrogens are natural constituents of our diets that have been suggested to protect against hormone-dependent breast cancer. Some of the diverse effects of these compounds may be attributed to ligand-dependent differences in their interaction with oestrogen receptor sub-classes. However, phytoestrogens can also inhibit enzymes that are involved in the generation and removal of endogenous steroid hormones. Among the most potent effects of dietary phytoestrogens is their ability to inhibit the sulphotransferases that sulphate both oestrogenic steroids and a variety of environmental chemicals, including dietary pro-carcinogens. Circulating steroid sulphates are thought to be the major source of oestradiol in post-menopausal breast tumours and sulphation is a key step in the activation of some dietary procarcinogens. Hence the inhibition of sulpho-transferases by dietary phytoestrogens may have complex effects upon human susceptibility to breast cancer.

Inclusive jet production at $\sqrt{s}=1.8$ TeV has been measured in the CDF detector at the Fermilab Tevatron $\overline{p}p$ Collider. Jets with transverse energies (${E}_{t}$) up to 250 GeV have been observed. The ${E}_{t}$ dependence of the inclusive jet cross section is consistent with leading-order quantum-chromodynamic calculations, and comparison with lower-energy data shows deviations from scaling consistent with QCD. A lower limit of 700 GeV (95% confidence level) is placed on the quark compositeness scale parameter ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}$ associated with an effective contact interaction.

An analysis of high-transverse-momentum electrons using data from the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) of ¯pp collisions at √s=1800 GeV yields values of the production cross section times branching ratio for W and Z0 bosons of σ(¯pp→WX→eνX)=2.19±0.04(stat)±0.21(syst) nb and σ(¯pp→Z0X→e+e−X)=0.209±0.013(stat)±0.017(syst) nb. Detailed descriptions of the CDF electron identification, background, efficiency, and acceptance are included. Theoretical predictions of the cross sections that include a mass for the top quark larger than the W mass, current values of the W and Z0 masses, and higher-order QCD corrections are in good agreement with these measured values.Received 13 November 1990DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.44.29©1991 American Physical Society

Three dimensional numerical calculations of thermospheric wind, density and temperature fields generated by solar EuV heating were described in a recent paper by Strauset al. (1975). These model calculations indicated that many of the global characteristics of the thermosphere are generated by EUV heating alone. However, several observed features were found to be poorly represented by the model results. These include the amplitude of the diurnal temperature variation and properties of the diurnal variations of the meridional wind and pressure gradient fields. The present paper describes investigation of the extent to which heating of the thermosphere at high latitudes would contribute to the resolution of these difficulties. This heating lowers the day to night temperature ratio, since it provides a heat source at night. It brings calculated meridional winds and pressure gradients into better agreement with observations, since it raises isobaric surfaces at high latitudes. The amount of heating at high latitudes required to make these modifications is consistent with that due to quiet time joule heating.

We present numerical calculations of the production cross section of a heavy Z′ resonance in hadron–hadron collisions with subsequent decay into top–antitop pairs. In particular, we consider the leptophobic topcolor Z′ discussed under Model IV of hep-ph/9911288 , which has predicted cross sections large enough to be experimentally accessible at the Fermilab Tevatron and the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. This article presents an updated calculation valid for the Tevatron and all proposed LHC collision energies. Cross sections are presented for various Z′ widths, in $p\bar{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=2\mbox{~TeV}$ , and in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=7, 8, 10 \mbox{ and } 14\mbox{~TeV}$ .

We have investigated the ability of alkylphenols to act as substrates and/or inhibitors of phenol sulfotransferase enzymes in human platelet cytosolic fractions. Our results indicate: (i) straight chain alkylphenols do not interact with the monoamine-sulfating phenol sulfotransferase (SULT1A3); (ii) short chain 4-<i>n</i>-alkylphenols (C < 8) are substrates for the phenol-sulfating enzymes (SULT1A1/2), which exhibit two activity maxima against substrates with alkyl chain lengths of C1–2 and C4–5; (iii) long chain 4-<i>n</i>-substituted alkylphenols (C ≥ 8) are poor substrates and act as inhibitors of SULT1A1/2; (iv) human platelets contain two activities, of low and high affinity, capable of sulfating 17β-estradiol, and 4-<i>n</i>-nonylphenol is a partial mixed inhibitor of the low affinity form of this activity. We conclude that by acting either as substrates or inhibitors of SULT1A1/2, alkylphenols may influence the sulfation, and hence the excretion, of estrogens and other phenol sulfotransferase substrates in humans.

Some endocrine disrupting compounds such as phthalates and phenols act non-genomically by inhibiting the sulfotransferase (SULT 1E1 and SULT 1A1) isoforms which inactivate estrogens by sulfonation. A range of environmental phenolic contaminants and dietary flavonoids was tested for inhibition of the human SULT 1A1, 1E1 and 2A1 isoforms. In particular, the plasticisers 4-n-octyl- and 4-n-nonyl-phenol inhibit SULT 1E1 with IC50 values of 0.16 μM vs. 10 nM estradiol while the 2-substituted chlorophenols show similar values. Flavonoids are also SULT inhibitors; tricin is a competitive inhibitor of SULT 1E1 with a Ki of 1.5 ± 0.8 nM. In a small pilot study to determine whether ingestion of soy flavonoids would affect SULT1A1 activity in vivo as well as in vitro, sulfonation of daidzein was reduced in a group of women ‘at risk’ of breast cancer, as compared with controls, although the SULT 1A1*1/SULT 1A1*2 allele ratio was not different. Endocrine disrupting effects in man may be multifactorial when components from both the diet and the environment act at the same point in steroid metabolism.

The recent finding that many permanent and semipermanent hair dyes are strongly mutagenic in a laboratory test, together with the fact that single female hair-dressers had higher than expected death rates from breast-cancer in 1959-63, prompted a study into the use of hair dyes by patients with breast cancer and by matched controls. There was no difference between the patients and their controls in their use of hair dyes. There were also no significant differences between the two groups when the analysis was confinedto women who had used dyes over four years and over nine years before diagnosis. The only significant findings were a higher proportion of past or present smokers among women aged over 50 who used hair dyes and an association between hair dyes use and age at first pregnancy. Further epidemiological studies are clearly needed in view of the mutagenicity found in the Ames test, and the fact th & several human carcinogens are also mutagenic according to this test.

The cytosolic sulfotransferase enzymes (SULT isoforms) utilise PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate) as co-factor to transfer sulfonate groups onto a wide range of substrates. SULT1A3 has catecholamines such as dopamine as substrates while SULT 1E1 sulfonates oestrogens. SULT 1A1 sulfonates phenols and also oestrogens at a higher K(m) than SULT 1E1. SULT 2A1 mainly sulfonates DHEA and some steroids, with hydroxy derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Studies on these isoforms with a range of environmental chemicals and dietary components have shown that SULT 1A1 is significantly inhibited by flavonoids; all flavones and flavonols with a 3',4'-dihydroxy motif had an IC(50) of < 100 nm against 3 microM 4-nitrophenol as the standard substrate. SULTs 1A3 and 2A1 were less strongly inhibited by flavonoids or isoflavonoids although tricin (3',5'-dimethoxy-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone is a competitive inhibitor of SULT 1E1 with an inhibition constant of approximately 1 nM. Fruit and vegetable cytosols also inhibit SULT isoforms, as do long-chain alkylphenols and chlorinated phenols. Phthalates (used as plasticisers) inhibited SULTs 1E1 and 2A1. As these environmental contaminants and dietary components all act at the same site, their effects would be expected to be additive and could potentially therefore reduce sulfonation of drugs and lead to altered pharmacological responses.

Two concise syntheses of the natural products cis-sylvaticin and sylvaticin are reported, using oxidative cyclization methodology as the key step. A sequential solvolysis/hydride shift/intramolecular reduction cascade was used to establish the trans stereochemistry of one of the THF rings of sylvaticin.

Tungsten alloys (WA) have been introduced in an attempt to find safer alternatives to depleted uranium and lead munitions. However, it is known that at least one alloy, 91% tungsten–6% nickel–3% cobalt (WNC-91–6–3), causes rhabdomyosarcomas when fragments are implanted in rat muscle. This raises concerns that shrapnel, if not surgically removable, may result in similar tumours in humans. There is therefore a clear need to develop rapid and robust in vitro methods to characterise the toxicity of different WAs in order to identify those that are most likely to be harmful to human health and to guide development of new materials in the future. In the current study we have developed a rapid visual in vitro assay to detect toxicity mediated by individual WA particles in cultured L6-C11 rat muscle cells. Using a variety of techniques (histology, comet assay, caspase-3 activity, oxidation of 2′7′-dichlorofluorescin to measure the production of reactive oxygen species and whole-genome microarrays) we show that, in agreement with the in vivo rat carcinogenicity studies, WNC-91–6–3 was the most toxic of the alloys tested. On dissolution, it produces large amounts of reactive oxygen species, causes significant amounts of DNA damage, inhibits caspase-3, triggers a severe hypoxic response and kills the cells in the immediate vicinity of the alloy particles within 24 h. By combining these in vitro data we offer a mechanistic explanation of the effect of this alloy in vivo and show that in vitro tests are a viable alternative for assessing new alloys in the future.

Endocrine disruption has been a topic of public concern for many years and its study remains high on the scientific agenda. Endocrine disrupters (EDs) are compounds which may be of industrial or natural origin and which act to dysregulate steroid function and metabolism. As well as their actions on nuclear steroid receptors, EDs can inhibit the pathways of steroid synthesis and degradation. They not only affect reproductive function but also affect a range of tissues which are steroid sensitive such as the central nervous system and thyroid. Results from the latest studies suggest that EDs may also affect the immune system, glucose homeostasis and can act as epigenetic modulators resulting in transgenerational effects. Research in this area has led to the development of drugs used in the treatment of several types of hormone-sensitive cancer. However, despite many years of effort, the effects on human health of long-term environmental exposure to EDs, whether singly or as mixtures, remain unknown.

Whether or not an individual’s drug metabolising capacity declines with advancing age is a vexing question. There is no clear evidence that drug metabolism itself (‘the biologically-assisted chemical alteration of the administered parent molecule’) is less efficient in healthy old age than at younger ages, whereas a decreased capacity may be associated with ill-health and frailty. However, elderly individuals do show a reduced enzyme induction capability and are less able to tolerate overdoses. It appears that the majority of deleterious clinical outcomes related to drug therapy in an elderly (usually ill or frail) population may be ascribed to various anatomical and physiological age-related changes. These may affect both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, but not necessarily drug metabolism. Information gleaned from animal studies undertaken mainly in rodents does not seem to be of relevance to humans and studies in healthy aged human populations may not highlight possible problems. However, certain circumstances may influence metabolic competence, and phenotyping rather than genotyping is of more value in identifying those susceptible to adverse drug reactions. This short review discusses the potential contributions of four factors (inflammation, circadian rhythm, gut microbes, epigenetic aspects) which may lead to alterations in drug metabolism with increasing age.

The double oxidative cyclization of dienes is a viable procedure for making complex natural products containing cis-THF units. A double deprotection/double oxidative cyclization strategy using catalytic osmium tetroxide was used to construct the bisheterocyclic core of cis-sylvaticin and ultimately confirm its structure. The natural product was then prepared by a short sequence of reactions that is exceptionally concise: the final route being just 13 linear steps and 19 chemical operations in total.

This paper describes the mathematical formulation and implementation of a numerical model of the neutral upper atmosphere based on the equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy in the altitude range 120–500 km. The model is three-dimensional and includes the effects of viscosity, ion drag, the Coriolis force and the nonlinear terms in the equations of motion. The Galerkin method is used as an efficient alternative to finite-difference approaches for the solution of three-dimensional partial differential equations. In the preliminary computations discussed here, the upper atmosphere is represented by a single fluid with molecular weight and temperature fields taken from the phenomenological model of Jacchia (1971). The horizontal and vertical wind fields and the density of the thermosphere are discussed, with particular attention to the diurnally averaged wind fields. Comparisions with previous theoretical and observational investigations are made.

We present the dijet invariant-mass distribution in the region between 60 and 500 GeV, measured in 1.8-TeV $\overline{p}p$ collisions in the Collider Detector at Fermilab. Jets are restricted to the pseudorapidity interval $|\ensuremath{\eta}|&lt;0.7$. Data are compared with QCD calculations; axigluons are excluded with 95% confidence in the region $120&lt;{M}_{A}&lt;210$ GeV for axigluon width ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{A}=\frac{N{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{s}{M}_{A}}{6}$, with $N=5$.

Using the Collider Detector at Fermilab, the W-boson differential cross section d\ensuremath{\sigma}/${\mathit{dP}}_{\mathit{T}}$ is measured using W\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\nu} events in proton-antiproton collisions at \ensuremath{\surd}s =1.8 TeV. A next-to-leading-order theoretical calculation agrees well with the data. The cross section (\ensuremath{\sigma}) for ${\mathit{P}}_{\mathit{T}}$&gt;50 GeV/c is measured to be 423\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}58(stat)\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}108(syst) pb.

Abstract Flavonoids are commonly found in fruit and vegetables and have been shown to reach concentrations of several micromolars in human blood plasma. Flavonoids are also believed to have cancer chemoprotective properties. One hypothesis is that flavonoids are able to initiate apoptosis, especially in cancer cells, via a Ca 2+ ‐dependent mitochondrial pathway. This pathway can be activated through an exaggerated elevation of cytosolic [Ca 2+ ], and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ‐ATPases (SERCA) play an essential role in ameliorating such changes. In this study, we demonstrate that flavonoids (especially flavones) can inhibit the activity of Ca 2+ ‐ATPases isoforms SERCA1A and SERCA2B in the micromolar concentration range. Of the 25 flavonoids tested, 3,6‐dihydroxyflavone (IC 50 , 4.6 μM) and 3,3′,4′,5,7‐pentahydroxyflavone (quercetin) (IC 50 , 8.9 μM) were the most potent inhibitors. We show that polyhydroxylation of the flavones are important for inhibition, with hydroxylation at position 3 (for SERCA1A) and position 6 (for SERCA2B) being particularly relevant. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(12): 853–858, 2008

Neutral-strange-particle production has been studied in a 46000-picture exposure in the Fermilab 15-ft bubble chamber. Cross sections for inclusive production of ${K}_{s}^{0}$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, and $\overline{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ are given and compared with data at lower energies. The ${K}_{s}^{0}$'s are produced principally in the central region of rapidity with a cross section which increases with energy. The $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$'s are produced principally by proton fragmentation, whereas the $\overline{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$'s are centrally produced. Correlations of ${K}_{s}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ and ${K}_{s}^{0}{K}_{s}^{0}$ are shown to be different from those for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$.

Alkylphenols such as nonylphenol are pollutants that are widely dispersed within our environment. They bio-accumulate within man, with levels in the μM concentration range reported in human tissues. These chemicals act as endocrine disruptors, having xenoestrogenic activity. More recently alkylphenols have also been shown to affect Ca2+ signalling pathways. Here we show that alkylphenols are potent inhibitors of sarcoplasmic–endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity. For linear chain alkylphenols the potency of inhibition is related to chain length, with the IC50 values for inhibition ranging from 8 μM for 4-n-nonylphenol (C9) to 1.3 mM for 4-n-propylphenol (C3). Branched chain alkylphenols generally had lower potencies than their linear chain counterparts, however, good correlations for all alkylphenols were observed between their Ca2+ pump inhibition and hydrophobicity, molecular volume and flexibility, indicating that these parameters are all important factors. Alkylphenols cause abnormal elevations of intracellular [Ca2+] within TM4 Sertoli cells (cells involved in sperm maturation) depolarise their mitochondria and induce cell death in these cells, in an alkyl chain size-dependent manner.

The cis dihydroxylation of alkenes is most efficiently accomplished by reaction with osmium tetroxide. Recently, the expense and toxicity of osmium tetroxide have led to a number of attempts to harness alternative osmium-based reagents, including microencapsulation and solid support techniques. We describe here the development of a new nonvolatile, stable, and recoverable osmium-based reagent devised for the stoichiometric cis dihydroxylation of alkenes. Although attempts to make this new dihydroxylation work with catalytic amounts of this reagent were unsuccessful, we did develop a sensitive test for free osmium tetroxide leached from the reagent in situ: this test may well have uses in probing future applications of derivatized osmium reagents.

This paper discusses the extension of the numerical model of the Earth's upper atmosphere described by Creekmoreet al. (1975) to treat global wind, density and temperature fields generated by absorption of solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation. The equations of mass, momentum and energy conservation are solved in a spherical shell between the altitudes of 120 and 500 km. Comparisons of the calculated wind, density and temperature fields with those resulting from previous theoretical and observational studies are made. The phases of the density and temperature fields agree quite well with those given by empirical models. However, further comparisons indicate the necessity of a heat source at high latitudes, even during geomagnetically quiet times.

<h2>Abstract</h2> The uterine environment is often viewed as a relatively safe haven, being guarded by the placenta which acts as a filter, permitting required materials to enter and unwanted products to be removed. However, this defensive barrier is sometimes breached by potential chemical hazards to which the mother may be subjected. Many of these toxins have immediate and recognisable deleterious effects on the embryo, foetus or neonate, but a few are insidious and leave a legacy of health issues that may emerge in later life. Several substances, falling into the categories of metals and metalloids, endocrine disruptors, solvents and other industrial chemicals, have been implicated in the development of long-term health problems in the offspring following maternal and subsequent <i>in utero</i> exposure. The mechanisms involved are complex but often involve epigenetic changes which disrupt normal cell processes leading to the development of cancers and also dysregulation of biochemical pathways.

Yellowstone Lake, far from any ocean, hosts underwater hot springs similar to those on mid-ocean ridges. A research team is investigating the processes that drive the lake’s hydrothermal systems.

Sulfate conjugation by sulfotransferase enzymes is an important pathway for the detoxication of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. The large surface area of the gastrointestinal tract exposes the body to a range of potential toxins, and hence local metabolism is likely to be important. The ability of different regions of the gut to sulfate micromolar concentrations of simple phenols and catecholamines has been determined throughout the gut using 4-nitrophenol and dopamine as standard substrates. The pattern of sulfation of both compounds was similar, with activity highest in the small bowel >right colon >left colon >rectum >stomach >esophagus. High concentrations of sulfotransferases in the reservoir areas of the right and left colon indicate possible importance in detoxication by sulfation and also perhaps in activating mutagens in the same areas. Nutritional factors, such as a high-fat diet may, however, alter sulfotransferase activity.

A fit for purpose approach has been adopted in order to develop a robust, scalable route to the S1P1 receptor agonist, GSK2263167. The key steps include a Robinson ring annulation followed by a Saegusa oxidation, providing rapid access to an advanced phenol intermediate. Despite the use of stoichiometric palladium acetate for the Saegusa oxidation, near complete recovery of the palladium has been demonstrated. The remaining steps have been optimised including the removal of all chromatography. An alternative to the Saegusa oxidation is described as well as the development of a flow process to facilitate further scale-up of the amidoxime preparation using hydroxylamine at elevated temperature.

Phenols are used world-wide and their presence in the environment is a cause of increasing concern. Despite evidence to suggest that, in general, they bind poorly to estrogen receptors, they are suspected of being endocrine disrupters. Here, we show that 2, x-substituted phenols are potent inhibitors of estrogen sulfotransferase with IC(50) values at low- or sub-micromolar levels. Our results demonstrate a potential non-genomic mechanism of action for these compounds and suggest that, where viable alternatives exist, both phenols substituted in the 2-position and their metabolic precursors should be avoided.

Abstract A novel, pegylated, peptide-based thrombopoietin receptor agonist (peg-TPOmp) was shown to possess in vitro and in vivo thrombopoietic activity. In cell-based assays, peg-TPOmp was active at picomolar concentrations. In vivo, peg-TPOmp increased platelet production dose-dependently in rats (ED50 single i.v. dose ~ 100 μg/kg), dogs and mice. A phase I study was conducted in healthy male volunteers to investigate the tolerability, PD and PK of peg-TPOmp. Forty volunteers were randomized to receive peg-TPOmp or placebo as a single i.v. bolus injection in a ratio of 6:2. The peg-TPOmp dose range explored was 0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 or 3 μg/kg. PK analysis indicated dose-related kinetics of peg-TPOmp, although at doses of 0.75 μg/kg or lower, plasma concentrations were generally below the LOQ of 6.25 ng/mL. Mean Cmax values ranged from 11 ng/mL for 0.75 μg/kg to 62 ng/mL at 3.0 μg/kg. The mean terminal half-life ranged from approx. 18 to 36 hours. Platelet counts increased dose-dependently reaching peak levels at Day 10–12, and counts returned to baseline within 3–4 weeks. Mean peak platelet levels ranged from 315 x109/L at 0.375 μg/kg to 685 x 109/L at 3 μg/kg. Mean increase of peak platelet counts from baseline ranged from 1.4-fold at 0.375 μg/kg to 3.2-fold at 3.0 μg/kg. Endogenous TPO levels dose-dependently increased, reaching peak levels at 3 days post-dose, possibly due to a reduced rate of clearance. No significant changes were observed in blood levels of IL-6, IL-11 and EPO levels. Platelet function, assessed as collagen-induced platelet aggregation in whole blood, was not different between the treatments. None of the subjects experienced serious adverse events or dose-limiting toxicities. The most frequently observed adverse events included mild headache and fatigue and occurred both after active treatment and placebo. No antibodies against peg-TPOmp were detected. Based on the safety, PK and PD data, peg-TPOmp shows promise as an agent to treat thrombocytopenic disorders.

The compact muon solenoid (CMS) experiment will use dijets to search for physics beyond the standard model during early LHC running. The inclusive jet cross section as a function of jet transverse momentum, with 10 pb−1 of integrated luminosity, is sensitive to contact interactions beyond the reach of the Tevatron. The dijet mass distribution will be used to search for dijet resonances coming from new particles, for example an excited quark. Additional sensitivity to the existence of contact interactions or dijet resonances can be obtained by comparing dijet rates in two distinct pseudorapidity regions.

The tungsten alloy of 91% tungsten, 6% nickel and 3% cobalt (WNC 91-6-3) induces rhabdomyosarcoma when implanted into a rat thigh muscle. To investigate whether this effect is species-specific human HSkMc primary muscle cells were exposed to WNC 91-6-3 particles and responses were compared with those from a rat skeletal muscle cell line (L6-C11). Toxicity was assessed by the adenylate kinase assay and microscopy, DNA damage by the Comet assay. Caspase 3 enzyme activity was measured and oligonucleotide microarrays were used for transcriptional profiling. WNC 91-6-3 particles caused toxicity in cells adjacent to the particles and also increased DNA strand breaks. Inhibition of caspase 3 by WNC 91-6-3 occurred in rat but not in human cells. In both rat and human cells, the transcriptional response to WNC 91-6-3 showed repression of transcripts encoding muscle-specific proteins with induction of glycolysis, hypoxia, stress responses and transcripts associated with DNA damage and cell death. In human cells, genes encoding metallothioneins were also induced, together with genes related to angiogenesis, dysregulation of apoptosis and proliferation consistent with pre-neoplastic changes. An alloy containing iron, WNF 97-2-1, which is non-carcinogenic in vivo in rats, did not show these transcriptional changes in vitro in either species while the corresponding cobalt-containing alloy, WNC 97-2-1 elicited similar responses to WNC 91-6-3. Tungsten alloys containing both nickel and cobalt therefore have the potential to be carcinogenic in man and in vitro assays coupled with transcriptomics can be used to identify alloys, which may lead to tumour formation, by dysregulation of biochemical processes.

Surgery triggers a systemic inflammatory response that ultimately impacts the brain and associates with long-term cognitive impairment. Adequate regulation of this immune surge is pivotal for a successful surgical recovery. We explored the temporal immune response in a surgical cohort and its associations with neuroimmune regulatory pathways and cognition, in keeping with the growing body of evidence pointing towards the brain as a regulator of peripheral inflammation. Brain-to-immune communication acts through cellular, humoral and neural pathways. In this context, the vagal nerve and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) have been shown to modify peripheral immune cell activity in both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. However, the relevance of neuroimmune regulatory mechanisms following a surgical trauma is not yet elucidated. Twenty-five male patients undergoing elective laparoscopic abdominal surgery were included in this observational prospective study. Serial blood samples with extensive immune characterization, assessments of heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive tests were performed before surgery and continuing up to 6 months post-surgery. Temporal immune responses revealed biphasic reaction patterns with most pronounced changes at 5 hours after skin incision and 14 days following surgery. Estimations of cardiac vagal nerve activity through HRV recordings revealed great individual variations depending on the pre-operative HRV baseline. A principal component analysis displayed distinct differences in systemic inflammatory biomarker trajectories primarily based on pre-operative HRV, with potiential consequences for long-term surgical outcomes. In conclusion, individual pre-operative HRV generates differential response patterns that associate with distinct inflammatory trajectories following surgery. Long-term surgical outcomes need to be examined further in larger studies with mixed gender cohorts.

Recent epidemiological evidence has shown that chronic use of aspirin decreases susceptibility to bowel cancer. Animal studies have shown that sulphotransferase inhibitors coadministered with sulphation activated carcinogens dramatically reduce the incidence of cancer.To investigate the effect of the main aspirin breakdown product, salicylic acid, on the P and M isoforms of phenolsulphotransferase from human platelets and colonic mucosa.Platelets were obtained from healthy blood donors and isolated within 24 hours after donation. Samples of colonic mucosa were obtained at resection for non-malignant disease. Phenolsulphotransferase activity was measured in cellular homogenates using a standard radiolabelling assay.Salicylic acid consistently and selectively inhibited the P form of phenolsulphotransferase at subtherapeutic concentrations in both tissue samples. A 50% inhibition of sulphation by the P phenolsulphotransferase occurred at salicylic acid concentrations of about 40 and 130 microM in platelets and bowel mucosa respectively. M phenolsulphotransferase was virtually unaffected by salicylic acid up to a concentration of 1.5 mM (the therapeutic plasma concentration for salicylates when treating rheumatoid arthritis is about 1-2 mM).The action of salicylic acid on P phenolsulphotransferase, by preventing the excessive activation of carcinogens, is a possible additional pathway by which aspirin can reduce cancer risk.

Trimethylamine is a volatile low molecular weight tertiary aliphatic amine that has known toxicity and the potential for human exposure from industrial and environmental sources is considerable. It is generally believed that absorption across the skin is an unimportant route of entry but there is little, if any, supporting evidence for this assumption. Passage across rat and human skin has been investigated employing excised skin circles in an in vitro diffusion cell apparatus. Trimethylamine was found to penetrate readily when applied to the epidermal surface of skin at three different dose levels (0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg per skin membrane 0.32 cm2). The apparent dermal flux was calculated as 3.40 ± 1.60, 58.3 ± 30.6 and 265.0 ± 155.0 μg/cm2/h for rat and 0.98 ± 0.75, 9.21 ± 3.06 and 92.7 ± 31.9 μg/cm2/h for human at the three dose levels, respectively. Both rat and human skin was able to act as a reservoir, with the trimethylamine not remaining in the stratum corneum but passing through. When presented to the underneath of rat and human skin circles, both [U-14C]-trimethylamine and [U-14C]-trimethylamine N-oxide were able to pass from the dermis to the epidermis. Small but detectable amounts of trimethylamine were oxidised to its N-oxide during passage through the skin.

Sulfation plays an important role both in detoxification and in the control of steroid activity. Studies in rodents have shown that the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to DHEA-sulfate is involved in learning and the memory process.The effects of a range of plasticizers and related compounds commonly encountered in the environment were evaluated kinetically against human DHEA sulfotransferase (SULT 2A1) and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) against several enzymes involved in the synthesis of the sulfotransferase cofactor adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS).We found that several of the chemicals acted as competitive inhibitors of SULT 2A1 (K(i) for 4-tert-octylphenol is 2.8 microM). Additionally, after treatment of TE 671 cells with 0.005-0.5 microM 4-n-octylphenol, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, and diisodecyl phthalate, real-time RT-PCR showed dose-dependent decreases in the steady-state mRNA levels of cysteine dioxygenase type I, sulfite oxidase, and 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate synthase I.These data suggest that environmental contaminants may exert effects on neuronal function both by direct inhibition of sulfotransferase enzymes and by interrupting the supply of PAPS, which has wider implications for endocrine disruption and xenobiotic metabolism.

The interactions between disease processes and the metabolism of therapeutic drugs have not been systematically investigated. Inflammation, with the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines, affects Phase 1 metabolism, particularly the activity of the CYP isoforms. Inflammatory factors also alter the activity of some Phase 2 enzymes, particularly the sulphotransferases (SULT isoforms) responsible for drug sulphonation and the enzyme pathway involved in the supply of sulphate for this reaction. Being ill may, therefore, in itself make drug metabolism unpredictable. Keywords: Inflammation, Illness, Sulphation, Drug Metabolism, Xenobiotic, Drug Reactions, SULT, Isoforms, Phase 2, Cytokines, Sulphate

Private equity performance, both for buyouts and venture capital, has been highly cyclical: periods of high fundraising have been followed by periods of low performance.Despite this seemingly predictable variation, we find modest gains, at best, to pursuing realistic, investable strategies that time capital commitments to private equity.This occurs, in part, because investors can only time their commitments to funds; they cannot time when commitments are called or when investments are exited.There is a high degree of time-series correlation in net cash flows even across commitment strategies that allocate capital in a very different manner over time.

We present a calculation of the cross section for the process p pbar -&gt; Zt' -&gt; t tbar, the production of a Topcolor Z' with subsequent decay to top quark pairs in proton anti-proton collisions at 1.8 TeV. Variations of the cross section with varying assumptions about the model, the resonance width, the parton distributions and the renormalization scale are presented.

A measurement of the QCD jet-broadening parameter ⟨QT⟩ is described for high-ET jet data in the central calorimeter of the Collider Detector at Fermilab. As an alternate approach to clustering analysis, this method involves the use of a global event parameter which is free from the ambiguities associated with the definition and separation of individual clusters. The parameter QT is defined as the scalar sum of the transverse momentum perpendicular to the transverse thrust axis. Parton-level QCD predictions are made for ⟨QT⟩ as a function of ET, the total transverse energy in the events, and suggest that a measurement would show a dependence on the running of the strong coupling constant αs. Comparisons are made to first-order QCD parton-level calculations, as well as to fully evolved and hadronized leading-log simulations. The data are well described by the QCD predictions.Received 25 January 1991DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.44.601©1991 American Physical Society

The aim of the study was to determine whether the expression of sulphotransferase enzymes could be affected by the presence of cytokines or peptide hormones. The effects of cytokines (TNF-alpha and TGF-beta) and insulin on sulphotransferase (SULT 1A1 and 1A3) activity were studied in a human neuronal cell line (SK-N-SH) and a human gastrointestinal tract cell line (HT-29). Cells were cultured with varying concentrations of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta or insulin for 24 h; the SULT 1A1 isoform in the 2 cell lines showed different optimal substrate concentrations. There were no direct effects of cytokines on enzyme activity. Culture with TNF-alpha increased activity of both SULT 1A1 and 1A3 in the HT-29 cells; TGF-beta also increased activities of both isoforms but to a lesser extent; insulin increased activity of SULT 1A1 only. The cytokines and insulin had relatively little effect on sulphotransferase activity in the neuronal cell line. These results suggest that, unlike neuronal cells, gastrointestinal cells may respond to physiological states by altering sulphotransferase activity. As certain substrates such as diet-derived heterocyclic amines are bioactivated by sulphation to produce carcinogenic metabolites this may be a factor in the increased incidence of colorectal cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or diabetes.

Summary Although some endocrine disruptors (EDs) act at steroid receptors, it is now apparent that compounds may have ED potential if they alter steroid synthesis or metabolism, particularly if they affect Phase 1 or Phase 2 pathways. In the ENDOMET project (EU‐funded 5th Framework programme), 23 different assays were used on a wide range of EDs. Cluster analysis of the matrix results enabled identification of four integrated test systems that can be used to pinpoint compounds that are able to alter steroid metabolism or function. Critical pathways were shown to include oestrogen synthesis and sulphonation, synthesis of sulphate/PAPS and thyroid hormone regulation so that the activity profiles of some Phase 1 and Phase 2 reactions can be used as biomarkers for detection of compounds with ED potential.

The charge asymmetry of leptons from W-boson decay has been measured using p\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}p data from the Collider Detector at Fermilab at \ensuremath{\surd}s =1.8 TeV. The observed asymmetry is well described by most of the available parton distributions.

With the proliferation of inverter-based distributed energy resources (DER), there is a potential of enabling more flexible operation of distribution systems with higher DER penetration. Therefore, one of the major IEEE DER interconnection standards was recently updated and released (IEEE 1547-2018) with its test standard (IEEE1547.1). The 2018 standard allows DER to provide grid services (e.g., voltage regulation, disturbance performance, voltage ride-through). This work developed and tested a framework, intended mainly for utilities, to study and understand the impact of employing smart inverters to perform voltage regulation services according to the updated standard. The general framework includes collecting historical data, conducting time step simulations, developing and executing a test plan on actual system, and analyzing collected data.

1. The mammalian phenolsulphotransferase enzymes are known to play a major role in both the detoxification and possibly the activation of pre-carcinogenic phenols and aromatic amines. 2. Vegetable cytosol preparations were tested in vitro for their ability to affect the sulphation of two reference compounds (rho-nitrophenol and dopamine, which are selective substrates for the phenol and monoamine forms of phenolsulphotransferase respectively), and to act as substrates for the enzymes in comparison with the same reference compounds. 3. The majority of cytosols greatly decreased (> 80%) the sulphation of either or both the reference compounds. This effect may have been due to either enzyme inhibition or substrate binding. 4. Whereas some of the cytosols were sulphated under the assay conditions, most were not. Additionally, it was found that a cytosol that decreased the sulphation of the two reference compounds was not necessarily poorly sulphated itself. 5. It is concluded that dietary factors have the potential to play a major role in modulating the sulphation detoxification pathway, and have wide ranging implications with regard to adverse drug reactions.

Reports received from 32 dentists on the effect of a complex mixture of calcium sucrose phosphate and calcium orthophosphate used as a gel, toothpaste, or slurry in relieving pain in hypersensitive dentine show, in 137 patients, complete relief in 112. It was found that in 54 patients the prior use of stannous fluoride prophylactic paste was beneficial.

Purpose: There can be wide variation in individual responses to dietary components and also in detoxification of drugs and environmental compounds. This article seeks to explore some of the factors underlying these findings.Design: Glutathione‐S‐transferases (GST isoforms) link reactive chemical species with glutathione; they are polymorphic in human populations and are cytosolic and found in most tissues of the body. Their activity is modulated by dietary components, as is the activity of the cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) isoforms which catalyse sulfation of drugs and endogenous compounds such as steroids. Fruit and vegetable cytosols were incubated with cytosols from rat and human tissues and the activities of GST and SULT enzymes were measured.Materials and methods: Fresh fruits and vegetables were homogenised in distilled water to give 10% solutions. These were then added to supernatants from human and rat tissues, prepared by homogenising the tissue in ice‐cold phosphate buffer and centrifuging. The activities of the SULT and GST enzymes were measured by standard methods.Results: Different fruits and vegetable cytosols had different effects on cytosols from the various tissues; Cruciferae cytosols activated the GST isoforms found in gut cells but inhibited GSTs in the liver; these were activated by tomato (which also activated kidney GST) and grape. Onion and banana both activated heart GST. Generally, the results were complex but suggested that gut GST isoforms were more readily activated by fruit and vegetable cytosols than GSTs from other tissues. The SULT isoforms 1A1 and 1A3 were inhibited by a wide range of fruits and vegetables, especially banana, cruciferae, onion and peppers; these results may be relevant to breast cancer, where inhibition of SULT 1A1 would lead to higher levels of estrogens. Patients with allergies had reduced plasma sulfate levels, probably due to down‐regulation of sulfate‐producing enzymes by cytokines generated in chronic inflammatory states.Conclusion: The activity of detoxifying pathways controlled by enzymes such as GSTs and SULT isoforms can be modulated by diet and physiological states.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread quickly throughout the United States (US) causing significant disruption in healthcare and society. Tools to identify hot spots are important for public health planning. The goal of our study was to determine if natural language processing (NLP) algorithms based on chest computed tomography (CT) imaging correlated with the incidence of official COVID-19 cases and deaths in the US. Methods: Using de-identified radiology reports from our common imaging platform (MEDNAX Radiology Solutions/vRad) connected to >2,100 facilities in all 50 states, we developed three NLP algorithms to track positive CT imaging features of respiratory illness typical in COVID-19 infection. We correlate our findings against the number of official COVID-19 case and deaths, by week of occurrence and by state. Results: The NLP algorithms were applied to 136,974 chest CTs performed from January 1st to May 6th, 2020. The best performing NLP model had strong correlation with both official COVID-19 cases (r2=0.79, p<0.005) and COVID-19 deaths (r2=0.62, p<0.005). The NLP models had earlier increase in cases before the pandemic, suggesting the possibility of an early predictor marker, with strong correlation with official cases on a weekly basis (r2=0.86, p<0.005). There was strong correlation between the NLP and official COVID-19 incidence by state (r2=0.77, p<0.005). Conclusion: Using big data, we developed a novel machine-learning based NLP algorithm that can track imaging findings of respiratory illness detected on chest CT imaging and display real-time data with strong correlation to the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US.Funding Statement: No funding was provided for this research.Declaration of Interests: No disclosures/conflicts that could impact or bias the current work. Other disclosures: Dr. Ricardo C. Cury is a consultant of Covera Health and Cleerly. Dr Juan C. Batlle is a member of Boehringer Ingelheim Speakers Bureau. No other disclosures/conflict of interests were reported.Ethics Approval Statement: IRB was not required, and patient consent was not needed. This study was monitored and approved by our internal quality and safety committee.

Phytoestrogens are natural constituents of our diets that have been suggested to protect against hormone-dependent breast cancer. Some of the diverse effects of these compounds may be attributed to ligand-dependent differences in their interaction with oestrogen receptor sub-classes. However, phytoestrogens can also inhibit enzymes that are involved in the generation and removal of endogenous steroid hormones. Among the most potent effects of dietary phytoestrogens is their ability to inhibit the sulphotransferases that sulphate both oestrogenic steroids and a variety of environmental chemicals, including dietary pro-carcinogens. Circulating steroid sulphates are thought to be the major source of oestradiol in post-menopausal breast tumours and sulphation is a key step in the activation of some dietary pro-carcinogens. Hence the inhibition of sulphotransferases by dietary phytoestrogens may have complex effects upon human susceptibility to breast cancer.

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;The high rate of glucose uptake to fuel the bioenergetic and anabolic demands of proliferating cancer cells is well recognized and is exploited with &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FDG–PET) to image tumors clinically. In contrast, enhanced glucose storage as glycogen (glycogenesis) in cancer is less well understood and the availability of a noninvasive method to image glycogen &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; could provide important biologic insights. Here, we demonstrate that &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-(methyl-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-yl)glucosamine (&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-NFTG) annotates glycogenesis in cancer cells and tumors &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;, measured by PET. Specificity of glycogen labeling was demonstrated by isolating &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-NFTG–associated glycogen and with stable knockdown of glycogen synthase 1, which inhibited &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-NFTG uptake, whereas oncogene (&lt;i&gt;Rab25&lt;/i&gt;) activation–associated glycogen synthesis led to increased uptake. We further show that the rate of glycogenesis is cell-cycle regulated, enhanced during the nonproliferative state of cancer cells. We demonstrate that glycogen levels, &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-NFTG, but not &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FDG uptake, increase proportionally with cell density and G&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;–G&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; arrest, with potential application in the assessment of activation of oncogenic pathways related to glycogenesis and the detection of posttreatment tumor quiescence. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 74(5); 1319–28. ©2014 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 915K, Fig. S1 shows Glycogen Synthase 1 knockdown by shRNA; Fig. S2 Depicts correspondence between punctate 2-NBDG fluorescence and immunofluorescence staining with an anti-glycogen antibody; Fig. S3 illustrates changes in punctate 2-NBDG fluorescence during cell division; Fig. S4 shows the Effect of HEY Rab25 cell density on cellular senescence; Fig. S5 indicates heterogeneous 2-NBDG staining of HEY Rab25 tumor spheroids; Fig. S6 confirms 18F-NFTG radiotracer stability; Fig S7 is 18F-FDG and 18F-NFTG blood retention; Fig. S8 compares 18F-NFTG and 18F-FDG uptake in turpentine-induced inflammatory tissue; Fig. S9 compares glycogen content in the stationary phase of growth of 8 human tumour cell lines from ovarian, breast colorectal and lung adenocarcinoma.&lt;/p&gt;

Supplementary Data from DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Is a Therapeutic Target and an Indicator of Poor Prognosis in B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; del(17p), del(11q), and associated p53 dysfunction predict for short survival and chemoresistance in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is activated by DNA damage and mediates DNA double-strand break repair. We hypothesized that inhibiting DNA-PK would sensitize CLL cells to drug-induced DNA damage and that this approach could increase the therapeutic index of agents used to treat CLL.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Fifty-four CLL cases were characterized for poor prognosis markers [del(17p), del(11q), CD38, and ZAP-70]. In selected cases, DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) expression and activity and p53 function were also measured. &lt;i&gt;Ex vivo&lt;/i&gt; viability assays established sensitivity to fludarabine and chlorambucil and also tested the ability of a novel DNA-PK inhibitor (NU7441) to sensitize CLL cells to these drugs. The effects of NU7441 on fludarabine-induced DNA damage repair were also assessed (Comet assays and detection of γH2AX).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; DNA-PKcs levels correlated with DNA-PK activity and varied 50-fold between cases but were consistently higher in del(17p) (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.01) and del(11q) cases. NU7441 sensitized CLL cells to chlorambucil and fludarabine, including cases with del(17p), del(11q), p53 dysfunction, or high levels of DNA-PKcs. NU7441 increased fludarabine-induced double-strand breaks and abrogated drug-induced autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at Ser&lt;sup&gt;2056&lt;/sup&gt;. High DNA-PK levels predicted for reduced treatment-free interval.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; These data validate the concept of targeting DNA-PKcs in poor risk CLL, and demonstrate a mechanistic rationale for use of a DNA-PK inhibitor. The novel observation that DNA-PKcs is overexpressed in del(17p) and del(11q) cases indicates that DNA-PK may contribute to disease progression in CLL.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; del(17p), del(11q), and associated p53 dysfunction predict for short survival and chemoresistance in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is activated by DNA damage and mediates DNA double-strand break repair. We hypothesized that inhibiting DNA-PK would sensitize CLL cells to drug-induced DNA damage and that this approach could increase the therapeutic index of agents used to treat CLL.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Experimental Design:&lt;/b&gt; Fifty-four CLL cases were characterized for poor prognosis markers [del(17p), del(11q), CD38, and ZAP-70]. In selected cases, DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) expression and activity and p53 function were also measured. &lt;i&gt;Ex vivo&lt;/i&gt; viability assays established sensitivity to fludarabine and chlorambucil and also tested the ability of a novel DNA-PK inhibitor (NU7441) to sensitize CLL cells to these drugs. The effects of NU7441 on fludarabine-induced DNA damage repair were also assessed (Comet assays and detection of γH2AX).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; DNA-PKcs levels correlated with DNA-PK activity and varied 50-fold between cases but were consistently higher in del(17p) (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt; = 0.01) and del(11q) cases. NU7441 sensitized CLL cells to chlorambucil and fludarabine, including cases with del(17p), del(11q), p53 dysfunction, or high levels of DNA-PKcs. NU7441 increased fludarabine-induced double-strand breaks and abrogated drug-induced autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at Ser&lt;sup&gt;2056&lt;/sup&gt;. High DNA-PK levels predicted for reduced treatment-free interval.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; These data validate the concept of targeting DNA-PKcs in poor risk CLL, and demonstrate a mechanistic rationale for use of a DNA-PK inhibitor. The novel observation that DNA-PKcs is overexpressed in del(17p) and del(11q) cases indicates that DNA-PK may contribute to disease progression in CLL.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;PDF file - 915K, Fig. S1 shows Glycogen Synthase 1 knockdown by shRNA; Fig. S2 Depicts correspondence between punctate 2-NBDG fluorescence and immunofluorescence staining with an anti-glycogen antibody; Fig. S3 illustrates changes in punctate 2-NBDG fluorescence during cell division; Fig. S4 shows the Effect of HEY Rab25 cell density on cellular senescence; Fig. S5 indicates heterogeneous 2-NBDG staining of HEY Rab25 tumor spheroids; Fig. S6 confirms 18F-NFTG radiotracer stability; Fig S7 is 18F-FDG and 18F-NFTG blood retention; Fig. S8 compares 18F-NFTG and 18F-FDG uptake in turpentine-induced inflammatory tissue; Fig. S9 compares glycogen content in the stationary phase of growth of 8 human tumour cell lines from ovarian, breast colorectal and lung adenocarcinoma.&lt;/p&gt;

Supplementary Data from DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Is a Therapeutic Target and an Indicator of Poor Prognosis in B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Perceiving acoustic cues that convey music emotion is challenging for cochlear implant (CI) users. Emotional arousal (stimulating/relaxing) can be conveyed by temporal cues such as tempo, while emotional valence (positive/negative) can be conveyed by spectral information salient to pitch and harmony. It is however unclear the extent to which other temporal and spectral features convey emotional arousal and valence in music, respectively. In 23 normal-hearing participants, we varied the quality of temporal and spectral content using vocoders during a music emotion categorization task—musical excerpts conveyed joy (high arousal high valence), fear (high arousal low valence), serenity (low arousal high valence), and sorrow (low arousal low valence). Vocoder carriers (sinewave/noise) primarily modulated temporal information, and filter orders (low/high) primarily modulated spectral information. Improvement of temporal- (using sinewave carriers) and spectral content (using high filter order) both improved categorization. Vocoder results were compared to data from 25 CI users performing the same task with non-vocoded musical excerpts. The CI user data showed a similar pattern of errors as observed for the vocoded conditions in normal-hearing participants, suggesting that increasing the quality of temporal information, and not only spectral details, could prove beneficial for CI users’ music emotion perception.

Adapting to What Flows Down the Pipe: Full-scale Bio-P Optimization Following Changes in the Collection SystemAbstractThe F. Wayne Hill Water Resources Center (FWHWRC) is Gwinnett County’s largest and most advanced wastewater treatment facility with a capacity of 60 MGD (maximum month). The FWHWRC utilizes enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) and chemical trim to meet a stringent effluent TP limit of 0.08 mg/L. This paper will discuss details of efforts undertaken to address impacts on full-scale plant operations, primarily resulting from changes in the collection system related to odor and corrosion control chemicals, that further influenced raw wastewater characteristics.The F. Wayne Hill WRC is Gwinnett County's largest, most advanced wastewater treatment facility with a capacity of 60 MGD. FWHWRC utilizes EBPR and chemical trim to meet a stringent effluent TP limit of 0.08 mg/L. This paper will discuss efforts undertaken to address impacts on full-scale plant operations (Bio-P, nutrient recovery), primarily resulting from changes in the collection system related to odor and corrosion control chemicals that led to changes in wastewater characteristics.SpeakerRam Mohan, GayathriPresentation time11:00:0011:30:00Session time10:30:0012:00:00SessionHealthy As A Horse? Assessing Bio-P StabilitySession locationRoom S403a - Level 4TopicFacility Operations and Maintenance, Intermediate Level, Municipal Wastewater Treatment Design, NutrientsTopicFacility Operations and Maintenance, Intermediate Level, Municipal Wastewater Treatment Design, NutrientsAuthor(s)Ram Mohan, GayathriAuthor(s)G. Ram Mohan 1; R. Latimer 2 ; P. Pitt 3; C. Yi 1; J. Garmon 4; R. Harris 5; G. Ram Mohan 1;Author affiliation(s)Hazen and Sawyer, Atlanta, GA 1; Hazen and Sawyer 2 ; Hazen and Sawyer 3; Hazen and Sawyer 1; Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources 4; Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources 5; Hazen and Sawyer 1;SourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Oct 2023DOI10.2175/193864718825159175Volume / Issue Content sourceWEFTECCopyright2023Word count17

&lt;div&gt;Abstract&lt;p&gt;The high rate of glucose uptake to fuel the bioenergetic and anabolic demands of proliferating cancer cells is well recognized and is exploited with &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FDG–PET) to image tumors clinically. In contrast, enhanced glucose storage as glycogen (glycogenesis) in cancer is less well understood and the availability of a noninvasive method to image glycogen &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; could provide important biologic insights. Here, we demonstrate that &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-&lt;i&gt;N&lt;/i&gt;-(methyl-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-yl)glucosamine (&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-NFTG) annotates glycogenesis in cancer cells and tumors &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt;, measured by PET. Specificity of glycogen labeling was demonstrated by isolating &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-NFTG–associated glycogen and with stable knockdown of glycogen synthase 1, which inhibited &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-NFTG uptake, whereas oncogene (&lt;i&gt;Rab25&lt;/i&gt;) activation–associated glycogen synthesis led to increased uptake. We further show that the rate of glycogenesis is cell-cycle regulated, enhanced during the nonproliferative state of cancer cells. We demonstrate that glycogen levels, &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-NFTG, but not &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;F-FDG uptake, increase proportionally with cell density and G&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;–G&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; arrest, with potential application in the assessment of activation of oncogenic pathways related to glycogenesis and the detection of posttreatment tumor quiescence. &lt;i&gt;Cancer Res; 74(5); 1319–28. ©2014 AACR&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

The charged-particle multiplicity distribution from 250-GeV/c ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ interactions in the Fermilab 15-ft bubble chamber is presented. The corrections to the raw data are described. Fits to these data along with other high-energy bubble-chamber data show that cluster models with two components---a low-multiplicity, diffractive component and a high-multiplicity, nondiffractive component---describe the data fairly well. The charged multiplicity of each cluster is found to be \ensuremath{\sim}2, while the number of clusters for each component grows linearly with $\mathrm{ln}(s)$. The multiplicity moments are consistent with other experiments. We find $〈{n}_{c}〉=8.427\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.059$, ${f}_{2}^{\mathrm{cc}}=8.66\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11$, $\frac{〈{n}_{c}〉}{D}=2.038\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.023$. The total inelastic cross section is ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{I}=21.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.50$ mb.

Indexed mitochondrial complex activities (MCAi) were determined in biopsies obtained from 52 donor kidneys at the end of cold ischemia (8–32 hr) to see if longer anoxia affected MCAi and accounted for the increased risk of delayed graft function (DGF) in recipients of grafts with longer cold ischemia time (CIT) or from non-heart-beating donors (NHBD). CITs were significantly different between those with and without DGF (P=0.02), being shorter in the latter, but MCAi were similar. CIT was correlated (r=0.43, P=0.003) with the time taken for creatinine concentration to fall to half the perioperative value (Crt½) but not with MCAi. Frequency of DGF, greater in NHBD, was significantly different from that of heart-beating donors (P=0.04), but CIT and MCAi were similar. However, Crt½, was significantly different being longer in NHBD. Thus, the frequency of DGF increased and the speed of recovery diminished with longer CIT, whereas MCAi remained stable suggesting other factors determined tissue recovery.

Comparisons of the coverage of current and proposed dark matter searches can help us to understand the context in which a discovery of particle dark matter would be made. In some scenarios, a discovery could be reinforced by information from multiple, complementary types of experiments; in others, only one experiment would see a signal, giving only a partial, more ambiguous picture; in still others, no experiment would be sensitive and new approaches would be needed. In this whitepaper, we present an update to a similar study performed for the European Strategy Briefing Book performed within the dark matter at the Energy Frontier (EF10) Snowmass Topical Group We take as a starting point a set of projections for future collider facilities and a method of graphical comparisons routinely performed for LHC DM searches using simplified models recommended by the LHC Dark Matter Working Group and also used for the BSM and dark matter chapters of the European Strategy Briefing Book. These comparisons can also serve as launching point for cross-frontier discussions about dark matter complementarity.

Abstract : Research conducted by Department of Defense laboratories and facilities, collaborating with leading academic institutions, has demonstrated that currently available landmine protective footwear does not prevent severe injury. This footwear potentially reduces injury severity against some antipersonnel mines. Volume II of the Lower Extremity Assessment Program (LEAP 99-2) discusses the change of injury pattern in a cadaver model wearing mine protective footwear during an antipersonnel blast mine detonation. Our analytical methodology developed to assess mine-protective footwear and injury severity associated with blast mines across the spectrum of threat is presented.

Coiled-Tubing Underbalanced Drilling Applications in the Lisburne Field, Alaska Mark Johnson; Mark Johnson BP Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Patrick Brand; Patrick Brand Blade Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Sam French; Sam French BP Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Greg Sarber; Greg Sarber BP Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Dave Hildreth; Dave Hildreth Orbis Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Bob Harris; Bob Harris Baker Oil Tools Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Pedro Rangel; Pedro Rangel Schlumberger Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Udo Cassee; Udo Cassee Nordic Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Jimmy Clark Jimmy Clark ASRC Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the IADC/SPE Managed Pressure Drilling & Underbalanced Operations, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., March 2007. Paper Number: SPE-108337-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/108337-MS Published: March 28 2007 Connected Content Related to: Coiled-Tubing Underbalanced Drilling in the Lisburne Field, Alaska Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Johnson, Mark, Brand, Patrick, French, Sam, Sarber, Greg, Hildreth, Dave, Harris, Bob, Rangel, Pedro, Cassee, Udo, and Jimmy Clark. "Coiled-Tubing Underbalanced Drilling Applications in the Lisburne Field, Alaska." Paper presented at the IADC/SPE Managed Pressure Drilling & Underbalanced Operations, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., March 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/108337-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE/IADC Managed Pressure Drilling and Underbalanced Operations Conference and Exhibition Search Advanced Search Abstract In 2005, BP Alaska began evaluating the application of Underbalance Drilling (UBD) Technology as a method for drilling multilateral wells in the Lisburne Field. The evaluation process was enacted as a response to three key challenges at Lisburne:Slow Rate of Penetration (ROP) through the Wahoo's hard carbonate formation,Frequent total losses of drilling fluid when drilling conventionally,Poor understanding of the orientation, frequency and impact of fractures on production.The main objective of implementing underbalance technology in the Lisburne Field was productivity improvement. This was to be realized by improving ROP, thereby allowing for long laterals to be drilled, intersecting more fractures. Coiled tubing underbalanced drilling (CT-UBD) would also allow for drilling multi-lateral sidetracks from a single parent wellbore through the production tubing. In addition, it was felt that underbalanced drilling would eliminate losses to the formation, with a side benefit of potentially mitigating formation damage.A two well, 5 lateral pilot project was approved. The 6th generation Alaska coiled tubing drilling rig, in continuous service since 2002, was adapted for use in an underbalance drilling mode. Due to the harsh North Slope winter climate and desire to minimize impacts to the environment, the UBD surface kit was designed to be small and to eliminate the need for flaring. This dictated that returned fluids be processed and sent to the production facility at or above pipeline pressure. A significant amount of front end loading was conducted to help ensure safe delivery of pilot objectives.The pilot was completed during the summer of 2006 with excellent HSE performance. Although not without operational problems, the project demonstrated that underbalanced drilling could be used to increase rate of penetration and bit life. The pilot also demonstrated that underbalanced drilling could eliminate many of the hole problems associated with conventional drilling, making the drilling of long reach multilaterals feasible. The drilling rate more than doubled and a record Lisburne CTD horizontal length of 2,564 ft was achieved. The pilot also demonstrated the challenges and strengths of real time formation evaluation in identifying productivity features in the wells. Over 9,000 ft of lateral length was drilled and 14,000 barrels of oil were produced during the drilling operations. The cost of the project was 22% less than the cost per foot of overbalanced drilled wells in the same field. Additional underbalanced drilling is being contemplated for the future. Keywords: real time system, underbalanced drilling, annular pressure drilling, drilling operation, Upstream Oil & Gas, Directional Drilling, modeling, Reservoir Characterization, diesel, lateral Subjects: Drilling Operations, Pressure Management, Drilling Fluids and Materials, Artificial Lift Systems, Formation Evaluation & Management, Safety, Directional drilling, Underbalanced drilling, Well control, Drilling fluid selection and formulation (chemistry, properties) Copyright 2007, IADC/SPE Managed Pressure Drilling and Underbalanced Operations Conference and Exhibition You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.

We present a theoretical model describing a pixellated, optically bistable, interference filter illuminated by a Gaussian beam. Preliminary experiments using ZnSe devices and 514-nm wavelength radiation show good agreement with this model for pixels of area 80×100 μm2 and a depth of 60 μm. Critical powers and cooling rates are presented for different combinations of materials and pixel dimensions.

Two-particle correlation functions $R(\ensuremath{\Delta}y)$ have been studied for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${K}_{S}^{0}{K}_{S}^{0}$, ${K}_{S}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, and $\overline{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ pairs in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ interactions at 250 GeV/c. Dynamical correlations are estimated by subtracting a Monte Carlo calculation containing only energy and momentum conservation correlations. ${K}_{S}^{0}{K}_{S}^{0}$ correlation is found to be considerably larger than ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ correlation, while ${K}_{S}^{0}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, and $\ensuremath{\Lambda}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ correlations are small.

We study the theory and some experimental hints of ultraheavy resonances at the LHC. The production of an ultraheavy narrow particle may have a larger rate than the QCD background even when the final state includes only hadronic jets. We consider two classes of models that lead to 4-jet signals. In the first class a diquark scalar decays into two vectorlike quarks. In the second one a coloron decays into two color-octet scalars or into a pair of vectorlike quarks. We show that a diquark as heavy as 11.5 TeV, or a coloron as heavy as 8.5 TeV may be discovered at the LHC. We point out that a CMS 4-jet event may be due to an 8 TeV resonance decaying into two secondary particles, each with a mass of 1.8 TeV. We find that the QCD background with a 4-jet mass and dijet masses that equal or exceed those of the CMS event is approximately $5\times 10^{-5}$ events in 78 fb$^{-1}$ of data, while the diquark signal could have easily produced that event. The diquark also decays directly into two jets, which may be the origin of some of the three other events of mass near 8 TeV observed by ATLAS and CMS.

Australian Dental JournalVolume 6, Issue 3 p. 165-166 PERIODONTAL DISEASE W. J. Tuckfield D.D.Sc., W. J. Tuckfield D.D.Sc. Editor EmeritusSearch for more papers by this authorRobert Harris M.D.S., Robert Harris M.D.S. EditorSearch for more papers by this author W. J. Tuckfield D.D.Sc., W. J. Tuckfield D.D.Sc. Editor EmeritusSearch for more papers by this authorRobert Harris M.D.S., Robert Harris M.D.S. EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: June 1961 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1961.tb05691.xCitations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume6, Issue3June 1961Pages 165-166 RelatedInformation

Australian Dental JournalVolume 6, Issue 1 p. 8-17 Thailand journey Robert Harris, Corresponding Author Robert Harris W.H.O. Consultant, Thailand, November, 1957-January, 1958; January-May, 1960. Lecturer, Part-time, University of Sydney. Clinical Assistant Superintendent (Preventive) United Dental Hospital, Sydney.United Dental Hospital, 2 Chalmers Street, SydneySearch for more papers by this author Robert Harris, Corresponding Author Robert Harris W.H.O. Consultant, Thailand, November, 1957-January, 1958; January-May, 1960. Lecturer, Part-time, University of Sydney. Clinical Assistant Superintendent (Preventive) United Dental Hospital, Sydney.United Dental Hospital, 2 Chalmers Street, SydneySearch for more papers by this author First published: February 1961 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.1961.tb03195.xCitations: 1 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume6, Issue1February 1961Pages 8-17 RelatedInformation

Erythrocytes were incubated in two synthetic incubation media, one of which contained amino acids in addition to the basic constituents of albumin, salt, and glucose. Incubations were performed for up to % hours at 37°C. The heat production (HP) was determined using a flow microcalorimeter. It was found to be higher during the early stages of the incubation. After 12 h a steady state level was attained. The excess HP during the first parts of the incubations correlated closely to the glucose consumption and lactate production, which were determined in parallel. Changes in the concentration of other metabolites of the glycolytic pathway were found to give only minor contributions to the HP. Of the amino acids analyzed only tryptophan was consumed at a significant rate. This might have contributed to the HP during the first hour. Production of alanine was also found. At present the energy source of the steady state HP occurring in the erythrocytes after 12 h, and which persists for up to three days or more,...

Abstract : GIRAPHE is a scientific plotting program that generates plots from files of tabular data. In addition to this basic capability, however,a great deal of effort has transformed the Giraphe program into a powerful data analysis utility. Principal capabilities and attributes of Giraphe are: 1)Generation of graphs from files of tabular data. 2)The appearance of plots is specified by the user through the Giraphe 'command' file. 3)Support of linear, logarithmic, and reciprocal axes; 4)Support for a variety of graphics devices; 5)Support for incorporation of data directly into the command file and acceptance of data from the standard input. 6)A fully interpretive language, where commands are executed immediately; 7)Operation under the Unix (or Ultrix ) operating system (kr)

A behavioral simulation of the CDF (Collider Detector Facility) data acquisition system was written in the Verilog modeling language in order to investigate the effects of various improvements to the existing system. The system is modeled as five separate components that communicate with each other via Fastbus interrupt messages. One component of the system, the CDF event builder, is modeled in substantially greater detail due to its complex structure. This simulation has been verified by comparing its performance with that of the existing data acquisition (DAQ) system. Possible improvements to the existing system were studied using the simulation, and the optimal upgrade path for the system was chosen on the basis of these studies. The overall throughput of the modified system is estimated to be double that of the existing setup. Details of this modeling effort are discussed, including a comparison of the modeled and actual performance of the existing system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

An overview is presented of epidemiologic studies of chronic diseases in the rubber industry. Analyses of the mortality experience during the period 1964-1972 of workers age 40–64 and retirees age 65–84 of two large rubber and tire manufacturing companies consistently disclosed excesses of deaths attributed to leukemia and lymphosarcoma, and for cancers of the stomach, large intestine, and prostate. The relation of site-specific malignancies to work histories and grouped occupational titles as surrogate measures of work-related exposures to possible carcinogens is described. There was no evidence of company-wide, sizable, consistent excess for the other major chronic diseases causes of death. Although a total cohort deficit in the mortality rate for lung cancer was found, there was a history of increased frequency of exposure to certain work areas among lung cancer decedents. Morbidity studies, including analysis of disability retirements, and ad hoc questionnaire and health testing surveys, disclosed excesses of chronic pulmonary diseases. There was evidence of an interactive effect in the association of work and smoking histories with pulmonary disability retirement.

The CMS 2004 Data Challenge (DC04) was devised to test several key aspects of the CMS Computing Model in three ways: by trying to sustain a 25 Hz reconstruction rate at the Tier-0; by distributing the reconstructed data to six Tier-1 Regional Centres (CNAF in Italy, FNAL in US, GridKA in Germany, IN2P3 in France, PIC in Spain, RAL in UK) and handling catalogue issues; by granting data accessibility at remote centres for analysis. Simulated events, up to the digitization step, were produced prior to the DC as input for the reconstruction in the Pre-Challenge Production (PCP04). In this paper, the model of the Tier-0 implementation used in DC04 is described, as well as the experience gained in using the newly developed data distribution management layer, which allowed CMS to successfully direct the distribution of data from Tier-0 to Tier-1 sites by loosely integrating a number of available Grid components. While developing and testing this system, CMS explored the overall functionality and limits of each component, in any of the different implementations that were deployed within DC04. The role of Tier-1's is presented and discussed, from the import of reconstructed data from Tier-0, to the archiving on to the local Mass Storage System (MSS) and the data distribution management to Tier-2's for analysis. Participating Tier-1's differed in available resources, setup and configuration. A critical evaluation of the results and performances achieved adopting different strategies in the organization and management of each Tier-1 centre to support CMS DC04 is presented.

As chapter 11 explains, the StyledText widget receives a disproportionate amount of attention from SWT’s developers, because it forms the core of Eclipse. As the raison d’être of Eclipse, it enjoys the preferential treatment usually reserved for star athletes, rock stars, or supermodels. Such a VIP could never be left to languish with only the raw widget interface that StyledText provides. Instead, JFace wraps StyledText with such an extensive MVC implementation that all the other widgets chafe with resentment. Sprawling across eight distinct packages, all of whose names begin with org. eclipse. jface. text, and all of which teem with both classes and interfaces, the text-editing framework in JFace would require tomes for complete coverage. To explore it fully would mean describing how to build an award-winning programmer’s editor, which stretches far beyond the scope of this book. Instead, this book settles for a single chapter that covers the high points, but hits enough to prepare you to use JFace’s text editing capabilities in your applications. It focuses on creating a single application—a simple Perl editor—but explains the various technologies it uses to create the program.