R. Carlin

A combination is presented of the inclusive deep inelastic cross sections measured by the H1 and ZEUS Collaborations in neutral and charged current unpolarised ep scattering at HERA during the period 1994-2000. The data span six orders of magnitude in negative four-momentum-transfer squared, Q^2, and in Bjorken x. The combination method used takes the correlations of systematic uncertainties into account, resulting in an improved accuracy. The combined data are the sole input in a NLO QCD analysis which determines a new set of parton distributions, HERAPDF1.0, with small experimental uncertainties. This set includes an estimate of the model and parametrisation uncertainties of the fit result.

The electromagnetic form factors of the neutron in the time-like region have been measured for the first time, from the threshold up to q2 ⋟ 6 GeV2. The neutron magnetic form factor turns out to be larger than the proton one; the angular distribution suggests that for the neutron, at variance with the proton case, electric and magnetic form factors could be different. Further measurements are also reported, concerning the proton form factors and the ΣΣ production, together with the multihadronic cross section and the J/Γ branching ratio into nn.

Measurements of open charm production cross sections in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA from the H1 and ZEUS Collaborations are combined. Reduced cross sections $\sigma_{\rm red}^{c\bar{c}}$ for charm production are obtained in the kinematic range of photon virtuality 2.5≤Q 2≤2000 GeV2 and Bjorken scaling variable 3⋅10−5≤x≤5⋅10−2. The combination method accounts for the correlations of the systematic uncertainties among the different data sets. The combined charm data together with the combined inclusive deep-inelastic scattering cross sections from HERA are used as input for a detailed NLO QCD analysis to study the influence of different heavy flavour schemes on the parton distribution functions. The optimal values of the charm mass as a parameter in these different schemes are obtained. The implications on the NLO predictions for W ± and Z production cross sections at the LHC are investigated. Using the fixed flavour number scheme, the running mass of the charm quark is determined.

The s dependence of the electromagnetic proton form factors in the time-like region has been determined from the threshold (s = 4Mp2) up to s = 4.2 GeV2. Data were collected in a dedicated experiment performed at the LEAR antiproton ring at CERN, increasing by one order of magnitude the available statistics. Total and differential cross section of the pp → e−e+ reaction have been measured. The electric and magnetic form factors are found to have comparable value. The observed form factor shows a clear steep s dependence close to the threshold.

In order to extend the tracking acceptance, to improve the primary and secondary vertex reconstruction and thus enhancing the tagging capabilities for short lived particles, the ZEUS experiment at the HERA Collider at DESY installed a silicon strip vertex detector. The barrel part of the detector is a 63 cm long cylinder with silicon sensors arranged around an elliptical beampipe. The forward part consists of four circular shaped disks. In total just over 200k channels are read out using 2.9m2 of silicon. In this report a detailed overview of the design and construction of the detector is given and the performance of the completed system is reviewed.

A search for single-top production, ep→etX, has been performed with the ZEUS detector at HERA using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.37 fb−1. No evidence for top production was found, consistent with the expectation from the Standard Model. Limits were computed for single-top production via flavour changing neutral current transitions involving a neutral electroweak vector boson, γ or Z. The result was combined with a previous ZEUS result yielding a total luminosity of 0.50 fb−1. A 95% credibility level upper limit of 0.13 pb was obtained for the cross section at the centre-of-mass energy of s=315 GeV.

Inclusive-jet cross sections have been measured in the reaction ep→e+jet+X for photon virtuality Q2<1 GeV2 and γp centre-of-mass energies in the region 142<Wγp<293 GeV with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 300 pb−1. Jets were identified using the kT, anti-kT or SIScone jet algorithms in the laboratory frame. Single-differential cross sections are presented as functions of the jet transverse energy, ETjet, and pseudorapidity, ηjet, for jets with ETjet>17 GeV and −1<ηjet<2.5. In addition, measurements of double-differential inclusive-jet cross sections are presented as functions of ETjet in different regions of ηjet. Next-to-leading-order QCD calculations give a good description of the measurements, except for jets with low ETjet and high ηjet. The influence of non-perturbative effects not related to hadronisation was studied. Measurements of the ratios of cross sections using different jet algorithms are also presented; the measured ratios are well described by calculations including up to O(αs2) terms. Values of αs(MZ) were extracted from the measurements and the energy-scale dependence of the coupling was determined. The value of αs(MZ) extracted from the measurements based on the kT jet algorithm is αs(MZ)=0.1206−0.0022+0.0023(exp.)−0.0035+0.0042(th.); the results from the anti-kT and SIScone algorithms are compatible with this value and have a similar precision.

The cross section for the process e+e− → pp has been measured in the s range 3.6–5.9 GeV2 by the FENICE experiment at the e+e− Adone storage ring and the proton electromagnetic form factor has been extracted.

A combination of the inclusive diffractive cross section measurements made by the H1 and ZEUS Collaborations at HERA is presented. The analysis uses samples of diffractive deep inelastic ep scattering data at a centre-of-mass energy sqrt(s) = 318 GeV where leading protons are detected by dedicated spectrometers. Correlations of systematic uncertainties are taken into account, resulting in an improved precision of the cross section measurement which reaches 6% for the most precise points. The combined data cover the range 2.5 < Q2 < 200 GeV2 in photon virtuality, 0.00035 < xIP < 0.09 in proton fractional momentum loss, 0.09 < |t| < 0.55 GeV2 in squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex and 0.0018 < beta < 0.816 in beta = x/xIP, where x is the Bjorken scaling variable.

Measurements of the cross sections for charged current deep inelastic scattering in e + p collisions with a longitudinally polarised positron beam are presented. The measurements are based on a data sample with an integrated luminosity of 132 pb−1 collected with the ZEUS detector at HERA at a centre-of-mass energy of 318 GeV. The total cross section is presented at positive and negative values of the longitudinal polarisation of the positron beams. The single-differential cross-sections dσ/dQ 2, dσ/dx and dσ/dy are presented for Q 2>200 GeV2. The reduced cross-section $\tilde{\sigma}$ is presented in the kinematic range 200<Q 2<60 000 GeV2 and 0.006<x<0.562. The measurements agree well with the predictions of the Standard Model. The results are used to determine a lower limit on the mass of a hypothetical right-handed W boson.

The rate of the reaction p̄p→e+e− has been measured in liquid hydrogen for antiprotons at momentum values between 150 and 300 MeV/c. New precise values of the proton electromagnetic form factor in the time-like region have been obtained assuming |Ge|=|Gm| in the investigated region. The q2 dependence of the form factor close to threshold is found to have a steeper slope than indicated by existing calculations based on vector dominance models.

A search for first-generation leptoquarks was performed in electron-proton and positron-proton collisions recorded with the ZEUS detector at HERA in 2003-2007 using an integrated luminosity of 366 pb^-1. Final states with an electron and jets or with missing transverse momentum and jets were analysed, searching for resonances or other deviations from the Standard Model predictions. No evidence for any leptoquark signal was found. The data were combined with data previously taken at HERA, resulting in a total integrated luminosity of 498 pb^-1. Limits on the Yukawa coupling, lambda, of leptoquarks were set as a function of the leptoquark mass for different leptoquark types within the Buchmueller-Rueckl-Wyler model. Leptoquarks with a coupling lambda=0.3 are excluded for masses up to 699 GeV.

The first measurement of the neutron form factor in the time-like region has been performed by the FENICE experiment at the ADONE e+e− storage ring. Results at q2 = 4.0 and 4.4 (GeV/c)2, together with a new measurement of the proton form factor are presented here.

Combined HERA data on charm production in deep-inelastic scattering have previously been used to determine the charm-quark running mass mc(mc) in the MS‾ renormalisation scheme. Here, the same data are used as a function of the photon virtuality Q2 to evaluate the charm-quark running mass at different scales to one-loop order, in the context of a next-to-leading order QCD analysis. The scale dependence of the mass is found to be consistent with QCD expectations.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment prepares its Phase-2 upgrade for the high-luminosity era of the LHC operation (HL-LHC). Due to the increase of occupancy, trigger latency and rates, the full electronics of the CMS Drift Tube (DT) chambers will need to be replaced. In the new design, the time bin for the digitization of the chamber signals will be of around 1 ns, and the totality of the signals will be forwarded asynchronously to the service cavern at full resolution. The new backend system will be in charge of building the trigger primitives of each chamber. These trigger primitives contain the information at chamber level about the muon candidates position, direction, and collision time, and are used as input in the L1 CMS trigger. The added functionalities will improve the robustness of the system against ageing. An algorithm based on analytical solutions for reconstructing the DT trigger primitives, called Analytical Method, has been implemented both as a software C++ emulator and in firmware. Its performance has been estimated using the software emulator with simulated and real data samples, and through hardware implementation tests. Measured efficiencies are 96 to 98% for all qualities and time and spatial resolutions are close to the ultimate performance of the DT chambers. A prototype chain of the HL-LHC electronics using the Analytical Method for trigger primitive generation has been installed during Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC and operated in CMS cosmic data taking campaigns in 2020 and 2021. Results from this validation step, the so-called Slice Test, are presented.

Abstract The barrel section of the novel MIP Timing Detector (MTD) will be constructed as part of the upgrade of the CMS experiment to provide a time resolution for single charged tracks in the range of 30–60 ps using LYSO:Ce crystal arrays read out with Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). A major challenge for the operation of such a detector is the extremely high radiation level, of about 2 × 10 14 1 MeV(Si) Eqv. n/cm 2 , that will be integrated over a decade of operation of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). Silicon Photomultipliers exposed to this level of radiation have shown a strong increase in dark count rate and radiation damage effects that also impact their gain and photon detection efficiency. For this reason during operations the whole detector is cooled down to about -35°C. In this paper we illustrate an innovative and cost-effective solution to mitigate the impact of radiation damage on the timing performance of the detector, by integrating small thermo-electric coolers (TECs) on the back of the SiPM package. This additional feature, fully integrated as part of the SiPM array, enables a further decrease in operating temperature down to about -45°C. This leads to a reduction by a factor of about two in the dark count rate without requiring additional power budget, since the power required by the TEC is almost entirely offset by a decrease in the power required for the SiPM operation due to leakage current. In addition, the operation of the TECs with reversed polarity during technical stops of the accelerator can raise the temperature of the SiPMs up to 60°C (about 50°C higher than the rest of the detector), thus accelerating the annealing of radiation damage effects and partly recovering the SiPM performance.

The design, construction, installation, and performance of the small angle rear tracking detector of the ZEUS experiment are described. The results on electron position measurement, electron energy correction, and background reduction at the first-level trigger are presented. The impact on the measurement of the proton structure function is discussed.

Design, construction and performance characteristics of the ZEUS barrel and rear muon detector are presented.

The s dependence of the proton form factor in the time-like region has been determined up to s=4.2 GeV2, assuming the validity of the |Ge| = |Gm| = |G| hypothesis. Data were taken in a dedicated experiment performed at the LEAR antiproton ring at CERN, increasing by one order of magnitude the available statistics on the proton form factor near threshold in the time-like region. Our result consist of cross section measurements of thepp→e+e− reaction for different beam momenta in the kinematical r 3.6⩽s⩽4.2 GeV2. The observed s dependence of the form factor close to threshold differs appreciably from the one suggested by previous experiments.

Single- and double-differential inclusive dijet cross sections in neutral current deep inelastic ep scattering have been measured with the ZEUS detector using an integrated luminosity of 374 pb^-1. The measurement was performed at large values of the photon virtuality, Q^2, between 125 and 20000 GeV^2. The jets were reconstructed with the k_T cluster algorithm in the Breit reference frame and selected by requiring their transverse energies in the Breit frame, E_T,B^jet, to be larger than 8 GeV. In addition, the invariant mass of the dijet system, M_jj, was required to be greater than 20 GeV. The cross sections are described by the predictions of next-to-leading-order QCD.

Beauty production in deep inelastic scattering with events in which a muon and a jet are observed in the final state has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 114 pb^-1. The fraction of events with beauty quarks in the data was determined using the distribution of the transverse momentum of the muon relative to the jet. The cross section for beauty production was measured in the kinematic range of photon virtuality, Q^2 &gt; 2 Gev^2, and inelasticity, 0.05 &lt; y &lt; 0.7, with the requirement of a muon and a jet. Total and differential cross sections are presented and compared to QCD predictions. The beauty contribution to the structure function F_2 was extracted and is compared to theoretical predictions.

The exclusive photoproduction reaction gamma p -> Upsilon(1S) p has been studied with the ZEUS detector in ep collisions at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 468 pb^-1. The measurement covers the kinematic range 60<W<220 GeV and Q^2<1 GeV^2, where W is the photon-proton centre-of-mass energy and Q^2 is the photon virtuality. The exponential slope, b, of the t dependence of the cross section, where t is the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex, has been measured, yielding b = 4.3 +2.0 -1.3 (stat.) +0.5 -0.6 (syst.) GeV^-2. This constitutes the first measurement of the t dependence of the gamma p -> Upsilon(1S) p cross section.

Measurements of neutral current cross sections for deep inelastic scattering in ${e}^{+}p$ collisions at HERA with a longitudinally polarized positron beam are presented. The single-differential cross-sections $d\ensuremath{\sigma}/d{Q}^{2}$, $d\ensuremath{\sigma}/dx$ and $d\ensuremath{\sigma}/dy$ and the reduced cross section $\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$ are measured in the kinematic region ${Q}^{2}&gt;185\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ and $y&lt;0.9$, where ${Q}^{2}$ is the four-momentum transfer squared, $x$ the Bjorken scaling variable and $y$ the inelasticity of the interaction. The measurements are performed separately for positively and negatively polarized positron beams. The measurements are based on an integrated luminosity of $135.5\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{pb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ collected with the ZEUS detector in 2006 and 2007 at a center-of-mass energy of 318 GeV. The structure functions ${\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{F}}_{3}$ and ${F}_{3}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}Z}$ are determined by combining the ${e}^{+}p$ results presented in this paper with previously published ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ neutral current results. The asymmetry parameter ${A}^{+}$ is used to demonstrate the parity violation predicted in electroweak interactions. The measurements are well described by the predictions of the Standard Model.

A new measurement of the total e+e− → hadrons cross-section in the centre of mass energy range 1.8-2.5 GeV, performed by the FENICE experiment at the Frascati e+e− storage ring ADONE, is presented. The behaviour of the total cross section together with the proton electromagnetic time-like form factor is discussed in terms of a narrow vector resonance close to the nucleon-antinucleon threshold.

A bstract The production of D *± mesons in deep inelastic ep scattering has been measured for exchanged photon virtualities 5 &lt; Q 2 &lt; 1000 GeV 2 , using an integrated luminosity of 363 pb −1 with the ZEUS detector at HERA. Differential cross sections have been measured and compared to next-to-leading-order QCD calculations. The cross-sections are used to extract the charm contribution to the proton structure functions, expressed in terms of the reduced charm cross section, $ \sigma_{\mathrm{red}}^{{c\overline{c}}} $ . Theoretical calculations based on fits to inclusive HERA data are compared to the results.

The production of the excited charm mesons D1(2420) and D2⁎(2460) in ep collisions has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 373pb−1. The masses of the neutral and charged states, the widths of the neutral states, and the helicity parameter of D1(2420)0 were determined and compared with other measurements and with theoretical expectations. The measured helicity parameter of the D10 allows for some mixing of S- and D-waves in its decay to D⁎±π∓. The result is also consistent with a pure D-wave decay. Ratios of branching fractions of the two decay modes of the D2⁎(2460)0 and D2⁎(2460)± states were measured and compared with previous measurements. The fractions of charm quarks hadronising into D1 and D2⁎ were measured and are consistent with those obtained in e+e− annihilations.

The exclusive electroproduction of two pions in the mass range 0.4 < M{\pi}{\pi} < 2.5 GeV has been studied with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 82 pb-1. The analysis was carried out in the kinematic range of 2 < Q2 < 80 GeV2, 32 < W < 180 GeV and |t| < 0.6 GeV2, where Q2 is the photon virtuality, W is the photon-proton centre-of-mass energy and t is the squared four-momentum transfer at the proton vertex. The two-pion invariant-mass distribution is interpreted in terms of the pion electromagnetic form factor, |F(M{\pi}{\pi})|, assuming that the studied mass range includes the contributions of the {\rho}, {\rho}' and {\rho}" vector-meson states. The masses and widths of the resonances were obtained and the Q2 dependence of the cross-section ratios {\sigma}({\rho}' \rightarrow {\pi}{\pi})/{\sigma}({\rho}) and {\sigma}({\rho}" \rightarrow {\pi}{\pi})/{\sigma}({\rho}) was extracted. The pion form factor obtained in the present analysis is compared to that obtained in e+e- \rightarrow {\pi}+{\pi}-.

The production of beauty quarks in ep interactions has been studied with the ZEUS detector at HERA for exchanged four-momentum squared Q^2 > 10 GeV^2, using an integrated luminosity of 363 pb^{-1}. The beauty events were identified using electrons from semileptonic b decays with a transverse momentum 0.9 < p_T^e < 8 GeV and pseudorapidity |eta^e| < 1.5. Cross sections for beauty production were measured and compared with next-to-leading-order QCD calculations. The beauty contribution to the proton structure function F_2 was extracted from the double-differential cross section as a function of Bjorken-x and Q^2.

Photoproduction of beauty and charm quarks in events with at least two jets has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 133 pb−1. The fractions of jets containing b and c quarks were extracted using the invariant mass of charged tracks associated with secondary vertices and the decay-length significance of these vertices. Differential cross sections as a function of jet transverse momentum, $p_{\mathrm {T}}^{\mathrm{jet}}$ , and pseudorapidity, η jet, were measured. The data are compared with previous measurements and are well described by next-to-leading-order QCD predictions.

A bstract Charm production in deep inelastic ep scattering was measured with the ZEUS detector using an integrated luminosity of 354 pb −1 . Charm quarks were identified by reconstructing D ± mesons in the D ± → K ∓ π ± π ± decay channel. Lifetime information was used to reduce combinatorial background substantially. Differential cross sections were measured in the kinematic region 5 &lt; Q 2 &lt; 1000 GeV 2 , 0 . 02 &lt; y &lt; 0 . 7, 1 . 5 &lt; p T ( D ± ) &lt; 15 GeV and | η ( D ± )| &lt; 1 . 6, where Q 2 is the photon virtuality, y is the inelasticity, and p T ( D ± ) and η ( D ± ) are the transverse momentum and the pseudorapidity of the D ± meson, respectively. Next-to-leading-order QCD predictions are compared to the data. The charm contribution, $ F_2^{{c\overline{c}}} $ , to the proton structure-function F 2 was extracted.

The production of isolated high-energy photons accompanied by jets has been measured in deep inelastic ep scattering with the ZEUS detector at HERA, using an integrated luminosity of 326pb−1. Measurements were made for exchanged photon virtualities, Q2, in the range 10 to 350GeV2. The photons were measured in the transverse-energy and pseudorapidity ranges 4<ETγ<15GeV and −0.7<ηγ<0.9, and the jets were measured in the transverse-energy and pseudorapidity ranges 2.5<ETjet<35GeV and −1.5<ηjet<1.8. Differential cross sections are presented as functions of these quantities. Perturbative QCD predictions give a reasonable description of the shape of the measured cross sections over most of the kinematic range, but the absolute normalisation is typically in disagreement by 20–30%.

Abstract A new measurement of the branching ratio of J ψ→n n , B n n =(1.90±0.55)×10 −3 , has been achieved by the FENICE detector at the e+e− storage ring ADONE in Frascati.

Abstract The FENICE detector, installed at the Frascati e+ e− storage ring ADONE, for measuring the neutron e.m. form factors in the timelike region, is described. FENICE is a nonmagnetic detector and consists of a complex array of scintillators, limited streamer tubes and iron converters for detecting mainly the process e + e − → n n . Antineutrons are identified by the charged prongs produced in their annihilation and the antineutron velocity is measured by the retrieved annihilation time with respect to the beam crossing time. Neutrons are detected in plastic scintillator layers. To reduce the cosmic rays background a concrete shield, covered by an active veto system, is added.

The reaction pp→K+K− has been studied for incident antiproton momenta between 1.3 and 1.5 GeV/c. A continuous scan has been made for invariant masses of the pp system between 2220 and 2240 MeV/c2 with a resolution of 0.6 MeV/c2 in the ξ (2230) region. No structure has been observed. Upper limits are given.

A search for events containing an isolated electron or muon and missing transverse momentum produced in e ± p collisions is performed with the H1 and ZEUS detectors at HERA. The data were taken in the period 1994–2007 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 0.98 fb−1. The observed event yields are in good overall agreement with the Standard Model prediction, which is dominated by single W production. In the e + p data, at large hadronic transverse momentum P T X > 25GeV, a total of 23 events are observed compared to a prediction of 14.0 ± 1.9. The total single W boson production cross section is measured as 1.06 ± 0.16 (stat.) ± 0.07 (sys.) pb, in agreement with an Standard Model (SM) expectation of 1.26 ± 0.19 pb.

The production of Z0 bosons in the reaction ep -> eZ0p*, where p* stands for a proton or a low-mass nucleon resonance, has been studied in ep collisions at HERA using the ZEUS detector. The analysis is based on a data sample collected between 1996 and 2007, amounting to 496 pb-1 of integrated luminosity. The Z0 was measured in the hadronic decay mode. The elasticity of the events was ensured by a cut on eta_max < 3.0, where eta_max is the maximum pseudorapidity of energy deposits in the calorimeter defined with respect to the proton beam direction. A signal was observed at the Z0 mass. The cross section of the reaction ep -> eZ0p* was measured to be sigma(ep -> eZ0p*) = 0.13 +/- 0.06 (stat.) +/- 0.01 (syst.) pb, in agreement with the Standard Model prediction of 0.16 pb. This is the first measurement of Z0 production in ep collisions.

A bstract The cross sections for inelastic photoproduction of J/ψ and ψ ′ mesons have been measured in ep collisions with the ZEUS detector at HERA, using an integrated luminosity of 468 pb −1 collected in the period 1996–2007. The ψ ′ to J/ ψ cross section ratio was measured in the range 0 . 55 &lt; z &lt; 0 . 9 and 60 &lt; W &lt; 190 GeV as a function of W , z and p T . Here W denotes the photon-proton centre-of-mass energy, z is the fraction of the incident photon energy carried by the meson and p T is the transverse momentum of the meson with respect to the beam axis. The J/ψ cross sections were measured for 0 . 1 &lt; z &lt; 0 . 9, 60 &lt; W &lt; 240 GeV and p T &gt; 1 GeV. Theoretical predictions within the non-relativistic QCD framework including NLO colour-singlet and colour-octet contributions were compared to the data, as were predictions based on the k T -factorisation approach.

A measurement of the total cross section for the reaction pp → π+π− has been performed for seven values of the incident momentum between 158 and 275 MeV/c. The values obtained, if compared with previous results at higher momenta, agree with a 1/ß dependence. The differential cross section sssumed over the whole incident momentum range has also been measured and the result of a fit by Legendre polynomials is given.

The energy dependence of the photon–proton total cross section, σtotγp, was determined from e+p scattering data collected with the ZEUS detector at HERA at three values of the center-of-mass energy, W, of the γp system in the range 194<W<296 GeV. This is the first determination of the W dependence of σtotγp from a single experiment at high W. Parameterizing σtotγp∝W2ϵ, ϵ=0.111±0.009(stat.)±0.036(syst.) was obtained.

For the HERA upgrade, the ZEUS experiment has designed and installed a high precision Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) using single sided μ-strip sensors with capacitive charge division. The sensors have a readout pitch of 120μm, with five intermediate strips (20μm strip pitch). An extensive test program has been carried out at the DESY-II testbeam facility. In this paper we describe the setup developed to test the ZEUS MVD sensors and the results obtained on both irradiated and non-irradiated single sided μ-strip detectors with rectangular and trapezoidal geometries. The performances of the sensors coupled to the readout electronics (HELIX chip, version 2.2) have been studied in detail, achieving a good description by a Monte Carlo simulation. Measurements of the position resolution as a function of the angle of incidence are presented, focusing in particular on the comparison between standard and newly developed reconstruction algorithms.

The MIP Timing Detector will provide additional timing capabilities for detection of minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) at CMS during the High Luminosity LHC era, improving event reconstruction and pileup rejection. The central portion of the detector, the Barrel Timing Layer (BTL), will be instrumented with LYSO:Ce crystals and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) providing a time resolution of about 30 ps at the beginning of operation, and degrading to 50-60 ps at the end of the detector lifetime as a result of radiation damage. In this work, we present the results obtained using a 120 GeV proton beam at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility to measure the time resolution of unirradiated sensors. A proof-of-concept of the sensor layout proposed for the barrel region of the MTD, consisting of elongated crystal bars with dimensions of about 3 x 3 x 57 mm$^3$ and with double-ended SiPM readout, is demonstrated. This design provides a robust time measurement independent of the impact point of the MIP along the crystal bar. We tested LYSO:Ce bars of different thickness (2, 3, 4 mm) with a geometry close to the reference design and coupled to SiPMs manufactured by Hamamatsu and Fondazione Bruno Kessler. The various aspects influencing the timing performance such as the crystal thickness, properties of the SiPMs (e.g. photon detection efficiency), and impact angle of the MIP are studied. A time resolution of about 28 ps is measured for MIPs crossing a 3 mm thick crystal bar, corresponding to an MPV energy deposition of 2.6 MeV, and of 22 ps for the 4.2 MeV MPV energy deposition expected in the BTL, matching the detector performance target for unirradiated devices.

The detector presented is designed to measure the proton e.m. form factors by measuring e+e− pairs produced in pp annihilations at low energy or at rest. In this paper the apparatus is described in detail, with emphasis on how to achieve a suppression factor of about 1010 of the hadronic background.

To fully exploit the HERA-II upgrade, the ZEUS experiment has installed a Micro Vertex Detector (MVD) using n-type, single-sided, silicon μ-strip sensors with capacitive charge division. The sensors have a readout pitch of 120μm, with five intermediate strips (20μm strip pitch). The designs of the silicon sensors and of the test structures used to verify the technological parameters, are presented. Results on the electrical measurements are discussed. A total of 1123 sensors with three different geometries have been produced by Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Irradiation tests with reactor neutrons and 60Co photons have been performed for a small sample of sensors. The results on neutron irradiation (with a fluence of 1×10131MeV equivalent neutrons/cm2) are well described by empirical formulae for bulk damage. The 60Co photons (with doses up to 2.9kGy) show the presence of generation currents in the SiO2–Si interface, a large shift of the flatband voltage and a decrease of the hole mobility.

A radiation monitoring and automatic beam-dump system has been installed in the interaction region of the ZEUS experiment during the last upgrade of the electron/positron-proton collider HERA. It is used to prevent the ZEUS silicon microvertex detector (MVD) from beam-background-induced radiation damage during HERA operation. The dose-rate measurement is based on the readout of radiation-induced signal currents from silicon PIN diodes. A precise temperature measurement allows to correct for temperature-induced changes in the offset leakage current of the diodes. The online dose-rate measurement is complemented by a system of radiation field effect transistors (RadFETs), which are sensitive to accumulated surface damage from ionizing radiation. The integrated dose is obtained from the change in the threshold voltage of the RadFET devices. In addition, thermo-luminescense dosimeters measuring the integrated dose of photon and neutron irradiation are used to control and calibrate the online dose measurements. The radiation monitoring system has been designed to measure the dose on a time scale from milliseconds up to the lifetime of the experiment of several years. It provides online information on the actual level of background radiation to both the HERA and ZEUS shift crews and triggers an automatic dump of the lepton beam in case of excessively high instantaneous dose rates.

Three-jet production in deep inelastic $ep$ scattering and photoproduction was investigated with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of up to $127\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{pb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Measurements of differential cross sections are presented as functions of angular correlations between the three jets in the final state and the proton-beam direction. These correlations provide a stringent test of perturbative QCD and show sensitivity to the contributions from different color configurations. Fixed-order perturbative calculations assuming the values of the color factors ${C}_{F}$, ${C}_{A}$, and ${T}_{F}$ as derived from a variety of gauge groups were compared to the measurements to study the underlying gauge group symmetry. The measured angular correlations in the deep inelastic $ep$ scattering and photoproduction regimes are consistent with the admixture of color configurations as predicted by SU(3) and disfavour other symmetry groups, such as $\mathrm{SU}(N)$ in the limit of large $N$.

The CMS drift tubes (DT) muon detector, built for withstanding the LHC expected integrated and instantaneous luminosities, will be used also in the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) at a 5 times larger instantaneous luminosity and, consequently, much higher levels of radiation, reaching about 10 times the LHC integrated luminosity. Initial irradiation tests of a spare DT chamber at the CERN gamma irradiation facility (GIF++), at large (∼ O(100)) acceleration factor, showed ageing effects resulting in a degradation of the DT cell performance. However, full CMS simulations have shown almost no impact in the muon reconstruction efficiency over the full barrel acceptance and for the full integrated luminosity. A second spare DT chamber was moved inside the GIF++ bunker in October 2017. The chamber was being irradiated at lower acceleration factors, and only 2 out of the 12 layers of the chamber were switched at working voltage when the radioactive source was active, being the other layers in standby. In this way the other non-aged layers are used as reference and as a precise and unbiased telescope of muon tracks for the efficiency computation of the aged layers of the chamber, when set at working voltage for measurements. An integrated dose equivalent to two times the expected integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC run has been absorbed by this second spare DT chamber and the final impact on the muon reconstruction efficiency is under study. Direct inspection of some extracted aged anode wires presented a melted resistive deposition of materials. Investigation on the outgassing of cell materials and of the gas components used at the GIF++ are underway. Strategies to mitigate the ageing effects are also being developed. From the long irradiation measurements of the second spare DT chamber, the effects of radiation in the performance of the DTs expected during the HL-LHC run will be presented.

We have investigated the performances of drift time techniques applied to limited streamer tubes. A resolution of ∼ 150 μm in the coordinate across the wire is found and a way to solve the left-right ambiguity is presented.

The barrel section of the novel MIP Timing Detector (MTD) will be constructed as part of the upgrade of the CMS experiment to provide a time resolution for single charged tracks in the range of $30-60$ ps using LYSO:Ce crystal arrays read out with Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). A major challenge for the operation of such a detector is the extremely high radiation level, of about $2\times10^{14}$ 1 MeV(Si) Eqv. n/cm$^2$, that will be integrated over a decade of operation of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). Silicon Photomultipliers exposed to this level of radiation have shown a strong increase in dark count rate and radiation damage effects that also impact their gain and photon detection efficiency. For this reason during operations the whole detector is cooled down to about $-35^{\circ}$C. In this paper we illustrate an innovative and cost-effective solution to mitigate the impact of radiation damage on the timing performance of the detector, by integrating small thermo-electric coolers (TECs) on the back of the SiPM package. This additional feature, fully integrated as part of the SiPM array, enables a further decrease in operating temperature down to about $-45^{\circ}$C. This leads to a reduction by a factor of about two in the dark count rate without requiring additional power budget, since the power required by the TEC is almost entirely offset by a decrease in the power required for the SiPM operation due to leakage current. In addition, the operation of the TECs with reversed polarity during technical stops of the accelerator can raise the temperature of the SiPMs up to $60^{\circ}$C (about $50^{\circ}$C higher than the rest of the detector), thus accelerating the annealing of radiation damage effects and partly recovering the SiPM performance.

A bstract Scaled momentum distributions for the strange hadrons $ K_{\text{S}}^0 $ and $ \Lambda /\bar{\Lambda } $ were measured in deep inelastic ep scattering with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 330 pb −1 . The evolution of these distributions with the photon virtuality, Q 2 , was studied in the kinematic region 10 &lt; Q 2 &lt; 40000 GeV 2 and 0 . 001 &lt; x &lt; 0 . 75, where x is the Bjorken scaling variable. Clear scaling violations are observed. Predictions based on different approaches to fragmentation were compared to the measurements. Leading-logarithm parton-shower Monte Carlo calculations interfaced to the Lund string fragmentation model describe the data reasonably well in the whole range measured. Next-to-leading-order QCD calculations based on fragmentation functions, FFs, extracted from e + e − data alone, fail to describe the measurements. The calculations based on FFs extracted from a global analysis including e + e − , ep and pp data give an improved description. The measurements presented in this paper have the potential to further constrain the FFs of quarks, anti-quarks and gluons yielding $ K_{\text{S}}^0 $ and $ \Lambda /\bar{\Lambda } $ strange hadrons.

The trigger of the ZEUS experiment at HERA is based on a dead-time free, pipelined first level processor, a transputer network second level and a traditional computer farm at the third level. The environment at HERA, with a fast (96 ns) bunch crossing repetition rate and a high hadronic background, anticipates much more extreme conditions than the LHC experiments will face. We describe the design strategies and the results of ZEUS, with emphasis on the flexibility of the system that allowed us to satisfy the physics requirements that changed with increasing luminosity.

The ZEUS silicon microstrip vertex detector was installed in 2001, during the shutdown for the HERA upgrade. In this report, we briefly summarize the structure of the MVD, and then present the first results on noise, efficiency and alignment. The detector has already integrated a non-negligible radiation dose; the effects and the prospect are discussed.

The CMS muon barrel drift tubes system has been recently fully installed and commissioned in the experiment. The performance and the current status of the detector are briefly presented and discussed.

During the High Luminosity LHC, the Drift Tube chambers installed in the CMS detector need to operate with an integrated dose ten times higher than expected at the LHC due to the increase in integrated luminosity from 300 fb-1 to 3000 fb-1. Irradiations have been performed to assess the performance of the detector under such conditions and to characterize the radiation aging of the detector. The presented analysis focuses on the behaviour of the high voltage currents and the dose measurements needed to extrapolate the results to High Luminosity conditions, using data from the photon irradiation campaign at GIF++ in 2016 as well as the efficiency analysis from the irradiation campaign started in 2017. Although the single-wire loss of high voltage gain observed of 70% is very high, the muon reconstruction efficiency is expected to decrease less than 20% during the full duration of High Luminosity LHC in the areas under highest irradiation.

The experiments PS170, designed to detect the e+e− pairs from the pp annihilation in order to measure the proton electromagnetic form factor in the time like region, has completed its data taking program. A considerable amount of data has been collected after the improvement of the antiproton system at CERN with ACOL. The analysis is in progress, first values of the differential cross section at 600 Mev/c are available. A new experiment is starting at the e+e− collider ADONE in Frascati to study the reaction e+e−→nn, in order to provide the first values of the electromagnetic form factors of the neutron in the time like region.

The first three years' running experience of the ZEUS trigger system is reviewed. A three level trigger system was built to cope with the high frequency collisions and the high background rates. In 1994 the design performance was almost achieved at each level. The system is flexible enough to match the physics needs that change with increasing luminosity.

Charged particle production has been studied in neutral current deep inelastic ep scattering with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 0.44 fb^-1. Distributions of scaled momenta in the Breit frame are presented for particles in the current fragmentation region. The evolution of these spectra with the photon virtuality, Q^2, is described in the kinematic region 10<Q^2<41000 GeV^2. Next-to-leading-order and modified leading-log-approximation QCD calculations as well as predictions from Monte Carlo models are compared to the data. The results are also compared to e+e- annihilation data. The dependences of the pseudorapidity distribution of the particles on Q^2 and on the energy in the \gamma p system, W, are presented and interpreted in the context of the hypothesis of limiting fragmentation.

To maintain the excellent performance of the LHC during its Run-1 also in Run-2, the Level-1 Trigger of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment underwent a significant upgrade.One part of this upgrade was the re-organisation of the muon trigger path from a subsystem-centric view in which hits in the drift tubes, the cathode strip chambers, and the resistive plate chambers were treated separately in dedicated track-finding systems, to one in which complementary detector systems for a given region (barrel, overlap, and endcap) are merged already at the track-finding level.This also required the development of a new system to sort as well as cancel-out the muon tracks found by each system.An overview will be given of the new track-finder system for the barrel region, the Barrel Muon Track Finder (BMTF) as well as the cancel-out and sorting layer, the upgraded Global Muon Trigger (µGMT).While the BMTF improves on the proven and well-tested algorithms used in the Drift Tube Track Finder during Run-1, the µGMT is an almost complete re-development due to the re-organisation of the underlying systems from complementary track finders to regional track finders.Additionally, the µGMT can calculate a muon isolation using energy information that will be received from the calorimeter trigger in the future.This information is added to the muon objects forwarded to the Global Trigger.Finally, first results of the muon trigger performance including the barrel region are shown.Both the trigger efficiency and the rate reduction show satisfactory performance, with improvements planned for the near future.

This paper presents a description of the HELIX128 fron- tend chip family installed in the HERA-B silicon vertex de- tector and the microstrip gaseous chambers of the HERA-B inner tracking detector. Also the ZEUS and HERMES ex- periments use these chips. Results from performance eval- uation, radiation tests and series wafer testing are reported. Furthermore, experience gained in over 1.5 years of detec- tor operation is given. 1 THE HELIX128-2.2 AND -3.0 CHIPS HELIX128-2.2 and -3.0 are 128 channel pipelined read- out chips [1] [2] [3] installed in the HERA-B Silicon Vertex Detector and the microstrip gaseous chambers (MSGCs) of the HERA-B Inner Tracking Detector. The ZEUS Exper- iment uses the HELIX128-3.0 in its Microvertex Detector and the HERMES experiment uses HELIX128-2.2 chips in a vertex detector upgrade. Furthermore a version with only direct binary readout (called CIPix) was derived for H1’s Central Inner Proportional Chamber upgrade. The chips are manufactured in AMS’ CYE (0.8μm bulk CMOS) pro- cess and have the same architectural concept as the FElix now at Philips AG, Zurich Permanent Address: Institute for Nuclear Research, Kiev Corresponding Author trunk@asic.uni-heidelberg.de now at ETH Zurich now at Universitat Zurich + pipeline current buffer MUX

To sustain and extend its discovery potential, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will undergo a major upgrade in the coming years, referred to as High Luminosity LHC (HLLHC), aimed to increase its instantaneous luminosity, 5 times larger than the designed limit, and, consequently leading to high levels of radiation, with the goal to collect 10 times larger the original designed integrated luminosity. The drift tube chambers (DT) of CMS muon detector system is built to proficiently measure and trigger on muons in the harsh radiation environment expected during the HL-LHC era. Ageing studies are performed at the CERNs gamma ray irradiation facility (GIF++) by measuring the muon hit efficiency of these detectors at various LHC operation conditions. One such irradiation campaign was started in October 2017, when a spare MB2 chamber moved inside the bunker and irradiated at lower acceleration factors. Two out of twelve layers of the DT chamber were operated while being irradiated with the radioactive source and then their muon hit efficiency was calculated in coincidence with other ten layers which were kept on the standby. The chamber absorbed an integrated dose equivalent to two times the expected integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC. Investigation on the outgassing of cell materials and of the gas components used at the GIF++ are underway and strategies to mitigate the aging effects are also being developed. The effect of radiation on the performance of DT chamber and its impact on the overall muon reconstruction efficiency expected during the HL-LHC are presented.

Abstract We describe a high precision bidimensional readout for a large plastics Limited Streamer Tube (LST) system, using induced charge analog readout for the coordinate along the wires and digital readout with drift time for the other. In a test we easily obtained a resolution in the drift coordinate of about 150 μm with the possibility of solving left/right ambiguity using digital strip information.

The need for Software Engineering (SE) methods in the HEP community is growing in these years in the light of the modern experiments increasing complexity. SE techniques have been extensively used in the FENICE on‐line system development. Structured Analysis and Structured Design were employed in the project phase. An Entity Relationship model provides an integrated view of all the data relevant to the experiment which are stored in a common database. Experiences and impressions collected from the project development to the system operation are reported.

Using the database obtained from the Australian Telescope National Facility (ATNF), an attempt to analyze different types of pulsars based on emission mechanism was made. Twenty-eight pulsars are taken from the catalog and are categorized into groups for comparison. A few cases of pulsars with unique characteristics are considered. Precise observational data on parameters (with respect to J2000 coordinates) is obtained from the ATNF database. Few parameters are obtained from empirical relations and are used for analysis. In an attempt to understand the behavior of pulsars from observational data, pulsars that have high parametric values, distinguished properties, and surroundings are included. It is observed that for some pulsars, that the surroundings affect them more than their interior properties. Comparative analysis of different pulsars provides us an understanding of existing data and explore and examines non-categorized objects.

A detector to measure the neutron e.m. form factors in the time-like region, through the e/sup +/e/sup -/ to nn reaction, is described. The FENICE experiment, at the Frascati e/sup +/e/sup -/ storage ring ADONE, has been conceived in such a way as to maximize the detection efficiency for this measurement in the c.m. energy interval from the threshold up to the J/ Psi . The apparatus is a complex array of scintillators, limited streamer tubes, and iron convertors. To reduce the cosmic-ray background a concrete shield has been built around the detector and the shield is covered by an active veto system. Antineutrons are detected by means of the charged prongs produced in annihilation events, and their energy is measured by a time-of-flight technique. Neutrons are detected by means of plastic scintillators. There are basically two types of trigger: n trigger and charged trigger. An associative memory helps to recognize the charged tracks coming from the interaction zone. The data acquisition system relies on a mu VAX 3200. A transputer module takes care of data readout and formatting. The online software is based on the Fermilab VAXONLINE system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Abstract A muon position detector based on limited streamer tubes has been built for the ZEUS experiment at the HERA e-p collider at Desy. The tubes are arranged in chambers equipped with electronics circuitry providing an analog read-out of induced signals on strips set orthogonal to the tube wires. The electronic module for charge amplification and conversion will be described including some results obtained from the complete system.

The values of the proton form factor in the time‐like region have been determined for values of Q2 ranging from threshold to 4.2 (GeV/c)2. The data were collected in an experiment performed at the LEAR at CERN. The final results are presented here. We observed a s dependence of the form factor near threshold which is not in agreement with the previous experiments. We found also the CM angular distributions of the e+e− pair at various energies compatible with the ‖Ge‖=‖Gm‖ hypothesis.

Abstract A delay line was developed on a VLSI gate array for drift time measurements on muon chambers of the ZEUS detector at HERA. It consists of 80 cells featuring a 3 ns/cell propagation time; at the start a short pulse is injected into the line and at the stop the status of the line is latched into a 10 byte register. An r.m.s. resolution better than 1 ns was obtained with this reasonably low-cost TDC.

The first three years' running experience of the ZEUS trigger system is reviewed. A three level trigger system was built to cope with the high frequency collisions and the high background rates. In 1994 the design performance was almost achieved at each level. The system is flexible enough to match the physics needs that change with increasing luminosity.