P. Kumari

Plasticization is a major source of performance reduction in polymeric membranes, where uptake of specific vapour or liquid compounds affects either the space between macromolecular chains and thus free volume or directly initiates the partial depolymerization of the polymeric materials. During membrane separations, solutes or major feed components may induce plasticization of the bulk membrane materials, detrimentally affecting the long-term performance and stability of these membranes. This plasticization effect, inherent to operating with polymeric materials, may nevertheless be adjourned through the smart and selective design of materials via crosslinking, polymer blending, functionalization, grafting, and incorporation of nanomaterial additives into the polymer matrix. This review aims at critically presenting recent and relevant approaches tackling the plasticization of glassy polymeric membranes, which occurs during both gas separation and organic solvent filtration. Recommendations for future work, addressing aspects related to both materials and process engineering are proposed here.

An increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases necessitates the use of species distribution models (SDMs) in modeling suitable habitats and projecting the impact of climate change on the future range shifts of the species. The present study is based on the BIOMOD ensemble approach to map the currently suitable habitats and predict the impact of climate change on the niche shift of Valeriana wallichii. We also studied its niche dynamics using the ecospat package in R software. Values of the area under curve (AUC) and true skill statistics (TSS) were highly significant (>0.9), which shows that the model has run better. From 19 different bioclimatic variables, only 8 were retained after correlation, among which bio_17 (precipitation of driest quarter), bio_1 (annual mean temperature), and bio_12 (annual mean precipitation) received the highest gain. Under future climate change, the suitable habitats will be significantly contracted by −94% (under representative concentration pathway RCP 8.5 for 2070) and −80.22% (under RCP 8.5 for 2050). There is a slight increase in habitat suitability by +16.69% (RCP 4.5 for 2050) and +8.9% (RCP 8.5 for 2050) under future climate change scenarios. The equivalency and similarity tests of niche dynamics show that the habitat suitability for current and future climatic scenarios is comparable but not identical. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis shows that climatic conditions will be severely affected between current and future scenarios. From this study, we conclude that the habitats of Valeriana wallichii are highly vulnerable to climate shifts. This study can be used to alleviate the threat to this plant by documenting the unexplored populations, restoring the degraded habitats through rewilding, and launching species recovery plans in the natural habitats.

In an era of anthropocene, threatened and endemic species with small population sizes and habitat specialists experience a greater global conservation concern in view of being at higher risk of extinction. Predicting and plotting appropriate potential habitats for such species is a rational method for monitoring and restoring their dwindling populations in expected territories. Ecological niche modelling (ENM) coalesces species existence sites with environmental raster layers to construct models that describe possible distributions of plant species. The present study is aimed to study the potential distribution and cultivation hotspots for reintroducing the high value, vulnerable medicinal herb ( Rheum webbianum ) in the Union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh using population attributes and ecological niche modelling approach. Sixty-three populations inventoried from twenty-eight areas display a significant change in the phytosociological attributes on account of various anthropogenic threats. The current potential habitats coincide with actual distribution records and the mean value of Area Under Curve (AUC) was 0.98 and the line of predicted omission was almost adjacent to omission in training samples, thus validating a robustness of the model. The potential habitat suitability map based on the current climatic conditions predicted a total of 103760 km 2 as suitable area for the growth of Rheum webbianum . Under the future climatic conditions, there is a significant reduction in the habitat suitability ranging from -78531.34 Km 2 (RCP 4.5 for 2050) to -77325.81 (RCP 8.5 for 2070). Furthermore, there is a slight increase in the suitable habitats under future climatic conditions, ranging from +21.99 Km 2 under RCP 8.5 (2050) to +3.14 Km 2 under RCP 4.5 (2070). The Jackknife tests indicated Precipitation of Driest Month (BIO14) as the most contributing climatic variable in governing the distribution of R . webbianum . Therefore, scientifically sound management strategies are urgently needed to save whatever populations are left in-situ to protect this species from getting extinct. Present results can be used by conservationists for mitigating the biodiversity decline and exploring undocumented populations of R . webbianum on one hand and by policymakers in implementing the policy of conservation of species with specific habitat requirements by launching species recovery programmes in future on the other.

Chemo-brain refers to the thinking and memory problems that occur in cancer patients during and after chemotherapy. It is also known as cognitive dysfunction or chemo-fog. Risk factors include brain malignancies, either primary or metastatic, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, either systemic or brain targeted. There are various mechanisms by which chemo-brain occurs in patients post-chemotherapy, including inflammation of neurons, stress due to free radical generation, and alterations in normal neuronal cell process due to biochemical changes. While chemotherapy drugs that are non-brain targeted, usually fail to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), this is not the case for inflammatory cytokines that are released, which easily cross the BBB. These inflammatory neurotoxic agents may represent the primary mediators of chemobrain and include the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukins 1 and 6 and tumor necrosis factor. The pronounced rise in oxidative stress due to continuous chemotherapy also leads to a reduction in neurogenesis and gliogenesis, loss of spine and dendritic cells, and a reduction in neurotransmitter release. Based on recent research, potential agents to prevent and treat chemo brain have been identified, which include Lithium, Fluoxetine, Metformin, Rolipram, Astaxanthin, and microglial inhibitors. However, more defined animal models for cognitive dysfunction are required to study in detail the mechanisms involved in chemo-brain; furthermore, well-defined clinical trials are required to identify drug targets and their therapeutic significance. With these focused approaches, the future for improved therapies is promising.

Electrical energy plays a vital role in our day to day life. Anythingcannot be imagined without electricity. As there is a limited amount of resources that can be help us to generate electricity, so this is our keen duty to save these resources or save electricity for our further use and this is only possible by doingan energy audit to a different sector. Our vision is saving electrical energy by conducting an Intelligent Electrical Energy audit under an initiative forum "MGR vision 10MW". The first initiative is started and presented in the paper about auditing a residential house, and presented the suitable recommendation with the help of ETAP software package.

Triple-GEM detector technology was recently selected by CMS for a part of the upgrade of its forward muon detector system as GEM detectors provide a stable operation in the high radiation environment expected during the future High-Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). In a first step, GEM chambers (detectors) will be installed in the innermost muon endcap station in the $1.6<\left|\eta\right|<2.2$ pseudo-rapidity region, mainly to control level-1 muon trigger rates after the second LHC Long Shutdown. These new chambers will add redundancy to the muon system in the $\eta$-region where the background rates are high, and the bending of the muon trajectories due to the CMS magnetic field is small. A novel construction technique for such chambers has been developed in such a way where foils are mounted onto a single stack and then uniformly stretched mechanically, avoiding the use of spacers and glue inside the active gas volume. We describe the layout, the stretching mechanism and the overall assembly technique of such GEM chambers.

Nitrogen (N) uptake and its assimilation are crucial steps for plant growth and productivity. Plant's N balance largely depends on nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) forms present in the rhizosphere. Due to the fluctuating and heterogeneous availability of these N forms in the soils, plants encounter low to N deficiency. In contrast to low nitrogen, high N in the form of ammonium (NH4+) severely hampers plant development and causes NH4+ toxicity. In this study, we assessed eleven rice genotypes under sufficient (SN) and low N (LN) conditions. From the analysis, we identified a rice genotype, PB1, which is hypersensitive to SN and showed reduced root and shoot growth. In contrast to the SN condition, PB1 showed improved growth performance under the LN condition. Our data show that compromised growth of PB1 under SN condition is associated with increased activity of N responsive genes such as OsAMT1.1, OsAMT2.3, OsAMT3.1 and OsAMT3.2, OsNRT1.1A and OsNRT1.1B. Strikingly, LN treatment improved the root and shoot biomass with a concomitant increase in levels of NO3- and NH4+ transporter genes along with an increase in shoot: root NO3- ratio. Additionally, we show that increased levels of N in PB1 under SN condition are associated with the enhanced activity of the GS-GOGAT pathway. Further, our ionomic analysis highlighted the role of N-defined Fe accumulation which is partially associated with the N toxicity. Taken together, our study led to identifying a rice genotype (Oryza sativa L.) which is associated with enhanced N levels and assimilation and could be used for raising N use efficient rice varieties using breeding approaches.

Plant reproduction and climate are strongly correlated with each other in various aspects, as climate change is the main cause of biotic and abiotic stresses, which adversely affect plant reproductive biology. We conducted a field experiment over two consecutive years to record how warming temperature affects flowering anthesis within inflorescence and the relationship between the flowers with anther dehiscence before anthesis (ADBA) and fruit set with maximum and minimum temperature in Olea ferruginea. The results of linear regression analysis show that there is increase in the rate of ADBA by 0.846 times per unit increase in maximum temperature and 0.789% per unit increase in minimum temperature. Also, there is decrease in fruit set by 0.933% and 0.743% when compared with maximum and minimum temperature respectively. The fruit set was found to be decreased by 0.81% when flowers undergo ADBA. Since the species is self-incompatible, cross pollination and pollen germination becomes impossible after anthesis due to the presence of self-pollen on the stigmatic surface. Our study results suggest that temperature fluctuations could affect rate of anthesis in flowering and reduce seed production under higher temperature. Thus, the impacts of climate extremes on plant life cycles may be as influential as gradual warming. In particular, it appears that throughout the anthropocene, temperature regime fluctuation had a bigger impact on flowering dynamics.

Vaccines and serum therapy have led to a significant decrease and control of infectious diseases, but effective immunization remains elusive. Traditional and cutting-edge methods, as well as various platforms, for producing vaccines, have been used. The urgent need for vaccination has been brought home once more by the recent global spread of highly contagious diseases like Ebola, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2. Due to the complexity of the immunology of infectious diseases and a lack of knowledge, therapeutic vaccines for certain diseases are not yet available. However, next-generation platforms like DNA-derived vaccines, messenger RNA, virus-like particles, and recombinant technology offer an exciting and promising way to make vaccines, as they are cheap, safe, and effective and can be used by a large number of people quickly. These platforms, in contrast to conventionally derived vaccines, are likely to provide effective solutions for some infectious but noncurable disease like human immunodeficiency virus and noninfectious diseases like cancer. To combat the existing and emerging public health threats, increased funding and careful monitoring of new data are needed.

Background: Serum prolactin level has been previously used in distinguishing epileptic seizure from non-epileptic seizure, as prolactin level usually rises following an epileptic seizure in children. Aims and Objectives: We conducted this study to determine the role of serum prolactin as a surrogate marker of seizure disorder and whether serum prolactin level varies between different types of seizure, febrile seizure, and seizure mimics. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted for 1 year among 113 children between 6 months and 16 years of age of either sex. They were divided into 3 groups (1) epileptic seizure, (2) febrile seizure, and (3) seizure mimics. The blood sample was collected within 1 h of the occurrence of seizure for estimation of serum prolactin level. Each child was investigated and treated according to the protocol. Results: Mean post-ictal prolactin level was found significantly higher in epileptic seizure (29.94±7.97 ng/mL) compared to febrile seizure (10.21±0.94 ng/mL), and seizure mimics (8.73±0.67 ng/mL). Among group 1, serum prolactin levels significantly elevated in children with generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) (34.18±2.76 ng/mL) and complex partial seizure (CPS) (31.38±1.59 ng/mL) compared to simple partial seizure (SPS) (14.36±2.33 ng/mL). Post-ictal serum prolactin levels remain elevated for a longer duration in GTCS (54.26±5.19 min) and CPS (45.19±1.73 min) compared to children with SPS (26.76±2.33 min). Conclusion: Estimation of serum prolactin level within 1 h after a seizure can be used for screening purposes to distinguish between epileptic and non-epileptic seizures. A high prolactin level is suggestive of GTCS or CPS whereas a low level is indicative of SPS, febrile convulsion, or seizure mimics with a prolactin cutoff taken 24 ng/mL in our study.

Empty Sella syndrome (ESS) pertains to a phenomenon in which the Turkish sale seems through radiography to be larger and perhaps partially or entirely filled with brain fluids. It can be major illness/ develop as a result of pituitary medical procedures, radiation therapy cerebral infarction/bleeding process. A 50 years old female patient was admitted in emergency medicine ward with chief complaint of pain in abdomen, weakness and vomiting. MRI scan of pituitary cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) signal intensity is seen in Sella with no visible anterior pituitary gland tissue noted-likely suggestive of secondary empty Sella (SES). Long-term steroid use is principal therapy for adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency (IAD). In this instance, ESS, which can be primary/secondary, also noticed.

In the last few years, the demand of energy over the globe is increasing at the rapid rate due to the rapid growth in industrialization in developing countries. The global energy scenario is changing day by day, and developing nations like Bangladesh and India are contributing a great share in the development of energy scenario. In Bangladesh, renewable energy share is only 3% out of its total energy consumption and production and now Government of Bangladesh is promoting the renewable energy projects in order to promote the renewable energy trend and sustainability in Bangladesh. Being a developing country, the electric power required in Bangladesh has been expanding at an essentially high rate. This requirement is fulfilled by the continued development in GDP as of late. The electricity generation of Bangladesh is now fulfilling the demand of electricity of its neighbor countries as well as its small towns. One-third of power generation in Bangladesh depends on the expensive fossil fuels which are imported from other countries and developed nations. The electricity generation in Bangladesh from fossil fuels affects the sustainability of nation and also results in high carbon emissions which is still a cause of worry. The rest 65% of power generation in Bangladesh depends on the natural gas resources which is depleting at the very fast rate, and there will be no future reservation of these resources. There is a need of renewable sources of energy which can fulfill the power demands of towns as well as industries of Bangladesh. Many studies have been done on the factors, drivers and barriers in renewable energy in Bangladesh. This study focuses on the current scenario and future scopes of renewable energy in Bangladesh. An extensive literature survey is taken for this study from the various databases like Elsevier, Springer and Web of Science. Further, future research directions are also given which will motivate the researchers to promote the renewable energy trend in Bangladesh. A brief outline of current electricity generation status and renewable energy source situations in Bangladesh has been presented in this paper.

A new species Megachile pseudodisjuncta of the bee is being reported from Genus Megachile and Subgenus Callomegachile. It bears a close resemblance to M. disjuncta from which it has been distinguished on the basis of certain morphological characters and genitalia. Megachilid bees bear utmost significance because they are very good pollinators of both cultivated and wild fauna. Consequently, their taxonomic identification and conservation are very crucial. The detailed taxonomically important morphological characters of both the species were studied and photographed. Male sternum and genitalia were studied microscopically and photographed. The material examined and floral associations have also been presented in the paper.

Study of reproductive biology and pollination ecology helps in understanding the life history patterns of species. Such a study brings to light the bottlenecks, if any, on account of which the individuals of the species are not able to reproduce in nature and ultimately helps in planning appropriate conservation strategies for the species under threat. The present study was aimed at examining the morphological and reproductive variance in Berberis lycium, a threatened ecological specialist growing within shrubberies and open hillsides of the North-Western Himalayas in India. B. lycium displays three different variants. Flowering period ranges from February to September. Pollen viability as reported on fluorescein diacetate and acetocarmine treatments was highest for variant I, while maximum pollen output was obtained for variant III. Pollen pistil interaction is brought by the movement of anther towards stigma. Fluorescence microscopy of hand pollinated club shaped stigma shows that the germinating pollen form a ring over the receptive adaxial surface. Pollination syndrome is entomophily. Variant II attracts a significantly large number of pollinators from diverse insect families. Breeding experiments reflect that plants are self-compatible and cross fertile. Reproductive output (% fruit set) was highest for variant II followed by III and I, respectively. This investigation helped to understand the effect of different biotic and abiotic constraints on the phenology and reproductive biology of the plant. The information generated so will enable conservationists to design appropriate strategies for its long-term survival and sustenance in nature.

AbstractA number of plants species believed to be wind pollinated (anemophilous) are actually pollinated both by wind as well as insects (ambophily) because all the traits of the two pollination modes have not evolved simultaneously. Comparatively few angiosperms exhibit ambophily and the significance of such a mechanism is not fully understood. During the present investigation, ambophily was studied in Olea ferruginea, over a period of three years. It is an andromonoecious and out-crossing tree species of the olive complex. The species is predominately pollinated by wind because it shows fruit set even when the insect pollinators were excluded. Moreover, a substantial amount of pollen was observed on the body parts of insect visitors and, comparatively, fruit set was enhanced in open-pollinated flowers receiving insect visitors. Floral structure of O. ferruginea displays floral traits favoring both wind and insect pollination. Furthermore, the flowers of this species were found to be visited by 20 insect species classified under three orders with Diptera and Hymenoptera being the leading pollen foragers. The results of linear regression of the hanging slide experiment showed that the dispersal of pollen grains decreased significantly with increasing distance from the canopy and the pollen density increased significantly with an increase in insect activity. The present work provides an insight to understand the ecological and evolutionary adaptations and consequences of spatio-temporal variation in plant – pollinator interactions. It is, therefore, useful for addressing both basic and applied questions in community structure and function including the evolution of floral traits, reproductive assurance, and the development of optimal conservation strategies.Keywords: AmbophilyOlea ferrugineainsect pollinationwind pollinationpollen density AcknowledgementsThe authors are highly thankful to the Head, Department of Botany, BGSB University Rajouri for the kind help and support during the present study. We thank Dr. Sajad H. Parey, Department of Zoology, BGSB University, Rajouri for insect identification. National Mission on Himalayan studies (NMHS) is greatly acknowledged for financial support under fellowship Grant No: GBPNI/NMHS-2018-19/HSF-24-02/153. We also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for critically reviewing the manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

Rickettsial diseases (RD) are a group of endotheliotropic infectious diseases caused by different species of genera Rickettsia.RD are not an uncommon disease and may be misdiagnosed during the evaluation of acute febrile illness due to a lack of reliable serological marker and diagnostic culture methods.Clinical manifestation of RD varies from febrile illness with rashes and myalgia to fatal complications such as shock and respiratory failure.We describe a case of a young male who presented initially with acute febrile illness, followed by shock and respiratory failure, and unfortunately succumbed to death.A post-mortem examination showed histological features of endotheliotropic infection, such as interstitial / perivascular edema in various organs and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (suggesting increased vascular permeability) and evidence of vasculitis in the lung, liver, and intestines.Molecular studies performed from lung, liver, and kidney tissue confirm the diagnosis of spotted fever group rickettsial disease due to Rickettsia conorii.

Dementia is an illness that not only affects the patients but also forces the caregivers and the near ones to undergo an enormous amount of mental stress and emotional exhaustion. The patient slowly loses his cognitive ability resulting in the impairment of the person’s potential to work independently. Till now, there is no official treatment to cure dementia completely hence the scientists have found an alternative treatment to give symptomatic relief from the disease. Drug-based treatments are there which show some promise. Phytoconstituents are also being explored (Ginkgo biloba) for potential treatment methods. The promise of these drugs remains limited as in most of the cases they cannot pass through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and hence their potential cannot get converted to good therapeutic results. Conventional noninvasive techniques like scanning ultrasound, light exposure, electromagnetic stimulation, brain stimulation, magnetic stimulation, stimulation generated using an electric field gives temporary relief from the symptoms. Behavioural therapies are also suggested by some scientists to retain cognitive performance. In spite of all the efforts the solution to demetia is yet to be found. Current researches have gone to the molecular level to address the disease. Nanocarriers are now becoming a choice for the scientists given their small size that enables the swift passage through the BBB. This chapter will cover the various invasive and noninvasive approaches used conventionally and also the approaches which are under developmental stages, the rationale involved behind these approaches, their benefits, and their future prospects. The progress in the field of eradicating dementia is giving us new hopes and that day is not far away when we will have the cure for dementia bringing happiness to millions of patients and their families/caregivers.

ABSTRACTOlea ferruginea, a wild widely distributed species of the olive lineage, exhibits andromonoecy with protogynous perfect (hermaphrodite) and staminate (male) flowers. The present communication elucidates the differential performance of staminate and perfect flowers in reproductive assurance. The flowering chronology and function of perfect and staminate flowers in the breeding system were investigated to understand the breeding behavior of the species. In terms of breeding behavior, pollen from staminate and perfect flowers was used to establish their role in breeding system under different pollination treatments. Results indicate higher pollen viability, germination, and pollen tube growth of staminate than perfect flowers. Results from pollen counts and morphological investigations show slight differences in both types. The species is self-incompatible which is indicated by pollen germination, the average number of pollen tubes in the style, and the fruit set following self and cross-pollination. Hand cross-pollination improves natural fruit set, especially when pollen from staminate flowers was used. Although the relict role of attracting pollinators cannot be fully discarded, it is suggested that the main benefit supplied by the formation of staminate flowers in olives is to promote male fitness by raising pollen output at the population level.KEYWORDS: Olea ferrugineaperfect flowersstaminate flowerspollinationpollen germinationpollen tubes AcknowledgmentsThe authors are highly thankful to the Head, Department of Botany, BGSB University Rajouri for help and support during the present study. National Mission on Himalayan studies (NMHS) is greatly acknowledged for financial support under fellowship Grant No: GBPNI/NMHS- 2018-19/HSF-24-02/153. We also like to thank the editor and anonymous reviewers for critically reviewing the manuscript.Disclosure statementWe hereby declare that we have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.Author contributionsSajid Khan: Data curation, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Priyanka Kumari: Data curation, Writing – review & editing. Susheel Verma: Conceptualization, Supervision, Data curation, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Funding acquisition, Visualization, Validation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.Data availability statementThe datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and accession number(s) can be found in the article/Supplementary Material.Additional informationFundingThe work was supported by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

Abstract A new generation of resistive plate chambers, capable of withstanding high particle fluxes (up to 2000 Hz · cm -2 ) and instrumented with precise timing readout electronics is proposed to equip two of the four high pseudorapidity stations of the CMS muon system. Double-gap RPC detectors, with each gap made of two 1.4 mm High Pressure Laminate electrodes and separated by a gas gap of the same thickness, are proposed. The new layout reduces the amount of the avalanche charge produced by the passage of a charged particle through the detector. This improves the RPC rate capability by reducing the needed time to collect this charge. To keep the RPC efficiency high, a sensitive, low-noise and high time resolution front-end electronics is needed to cope with the lower charge signal of the new RPC. An ASIC called PETIROC that has all these characteristics has been selected to read out the strips of new chambers. Thin (0.6 mm) printed circuit board, 160 cm long, equipped with pickup strips of 0.75 cm average pitch, will be inserted between the two new RPC's gaps. The strips will be read out from both ends, and the arrival time difference of the two ends will be used to determine the hit position along the strip. Results from the improved RPC equipped with the new readout system and exposed to cosmic muons in the high irradiation environment at CERN GIF++ facility are presented in this work.

During Phase-2 of the LHC, known as the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), the accelerator will increase its instantaneous luminosity to 5 × 1034 cm−2 s−1, delivering an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb−1 over 10 years of operation starting from 2027. In view of the HL-LHC, the CMS muon system will be upgraded to sustain efficient muon triggering and reconstruction performance. Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) serve as dedicated detectors for muon triggering due to their excellent timing resolution, and will extend the acceptance up to pseudorapidity values of |η|=2.4. Before Long Shutdown 3 (LS3), the RE3/1 and RE4/1 stations of the endcap will be equipped with new improved Resistive Plate Chambers (iRPCs) having different design and geometry than the present RPC system. The iRPC geometry configuration improves the detector's rate capability and its ability to survive the harsh background conditions of the HL-LHC . Also, new electronics with excellent timing performances (time resolution of less than 150 ps) are developed to read out the RPC detectors from both sides of the strips to allow for good spatial resolution along them. The performance of the iRPC has been studied with gamma radiation at the Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF++) at CERN. Ongoing longevity studies will help to certify the iRPCs for the HL-LHC running period. The main detector parameters such as the current, rate and resistivity are regularly monitored as a function of the integrated charge. Preliminary results of the detector performance will be presented.

Valeriana wallichii, a perennial herb belonging to family Valerianaceae, is an important medicinal herb of the Himalayan region. The incessant exploitation of nature for meeting the demands of the pharmaceutical industry has put unbearable pressure on its natural habitats. A study on its physiological, biochemical, growth and reproductive attributes was planned. Physiological study revealed that ex-situ (outside their natural habitat) populations faced severe stress as compared to in-situ (natural habitat) plants. The difference in the performance of these habitat plants was related to superoxide and H2O2 in the leaves. Photosynthetic attributes were increased in in-situ populations. Proline content and its biosynthetic enzymes ornithine aminotransferase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase showed an increase in ex-situ plants; proline oxidase decreased. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, shikimic acid dehydrogenese, phenylalanine lyase, and flavonoids content showed an increment in ex-situ plants. Antioxidants enzyme superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and reduced glutathione showed an increment in ex-situ conditions. Growth and reproductive attributes were more in ex-situ plants. The observations made are suggestive that a comprehensive conservation programme involving in-situ as well as ex-situ strategies will be effective for the conservation and long term survival of the species.

The giant river catfish Sperata seenghala has huge demand in South Asian countries due to its low number of intramuscular bones and nutritive value. However, the culture practises for this fish have not been standardized and the current demand for this fish is being met by capture fisheries only. Unregulated and indiscriminate fishing would lead overexploitation of fish stocks subsequently stock depletion. Genetic diversity between populations would give insight about population structure and demography. In the present study, S. seenghala stocks from three rivers, namely Ganga, Brahmaputra and Mahanadi were characterized using cytochrome b gene and D-loop region. Moderate to high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity values were observed in all populations. Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise FST values showed significant genetic differentiation among populations. Patterns of diversity, haplotype networks and mismatch distribution strongly suggest a historical influence on the genetic structure of S. seenghala populations. S. seenghala stocks from these three rivers are genetically distinct units and management measures should be formulated separately for each population.

Zesius chrysomallus Hübner, 1819 – The Redspot – is rediscovered from Varanasi area in Uttar Pradesh State after 108 years. Cordia dichotoma G. Forst, 1786 of Boraginaceae family is new addition to list of larval host plants from India.

Abstract During the upcoming High Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), the integrated luminosity of the accelerator will increase to 3000 fb −1 . The expected experimental conditions in that period in terms of background rates, event pileup, and the probable aging of the current detectors present a challenge for all the existing experiments at the LHC, including the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment. To ensure a highly performing muon system for this period, several upgrades of the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) system of the CMS are currently being implemented. These include the replacement of the readout system for the present system, and the installation of two new RPC stations with improved chamber and front-end electronics designs. The current overall status of this CMS RPC upgrade project is presented.

The CMS Collaboration has been developing large-area triple-gas electron multiplier (GEM) detectors to be installed in the muon Endcap regions of the CMS experiment in 2019 to maintain forward muon trigger and tracking performance at the High-Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC); 10 preproduction detectors were built at CERN to commission the first assembly line and the quality controls (QCs). These were installed in the CMS detector in early 2017 and participated in the 2017 LHC run. The collaboration has prepared several additional assembly and QC lines for distributed mass production of 160 GEM detectors at various sites worldwide. In 2017, these additional production sites have optimized construction techniques and QC procedures and validated them against common specifications by constructing additional preproduction detectors. Using the specific experience from one production site as an example, we discuss how the QCs make use of independent hardware and trained personnel to ensure fast and reliable production. Preliminary results on the construction status of CMS GEM detectors are presented with details of the assembly sites involvement.

The CMS experiment recorded 177.75 /fb of proton-proton collision data during the RUN-1 and RUN-2 data taking period. Successful data taking at increasing instantaneous luminosities with the evolving detector configuration was a big achievement of the collaboration. The CMS RPC system provided redundant information for the robust muon triggering, reconstruction, and identification. To ensure stable data taking, the CMS RPC collaboration has performed detector operation, calibration, and performance studies. Various software and related tools are developed and maintained accordingly. In this paper, the overall performance of the CMS RPC system and experiences of the data taking during the RUN-2 period are summarised.

Floral associations of three species of Megachile (Callomegachile) from NW India are provided: M. (C.) disjuncta, M. (C.) cephalotes and M. (C.) lerma. Morphological characters of both sexes and the male genitalia of each species are presented and illustrated. All three species are new records for Union Territory (Chandigarh) and Haryana in India.

Drosophila melanogaster is a classic model organism to study gene function as well as toxicological effects. To study gene function, the expression of a particular gene of interest is disrupted by using the widely explorable Drosophila genetic toolkit, whereas to study toxicological effects the flies are exposed to a particular toxicant through diet. These experiments often require the quantification of lethality from embryonic to adult stages, as well as the assessment of the life span in order to check the role of the gene/toxicant of interest in Drosophila. Here, we propose an experimental protocol that enables a consistent and rigorous assessment of lethality and life span of cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-exposed or genetically perturbed flies [downregulation and overexpression of the cytosolic Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene], consecutively. The protocol insists upon the requirement of one single experimental setup that is unique, distinctive, and cost-effective as it engages minimal laboratory equipment and resources. The described methods lead to the smooth observation of the embryos, their successive stagewise transition, and life span of the adult flies post eclosion. Additionally, these methods also facilitate the assessment of crawling and climbing behavioral parameters of the larvae and adults, respectively, and allow the calculation of lethal concentration (LC50) for the mentioned toxicant as well as median survival of the flies, which can be a determining factor in proceeding with further stages of experiments. Graphical abstract.

Spontaneous electric polarization of solid ferroelectrics follows aligning directions of crystallographic axes. Domains of differently oriented polarization are separated by domain walls (DWs), which are predominantly flat and run along directions dictated by the bulk translational order and the sample surfaces. Here we explore DWs in a ferroelectric nematic (NF) liquid crystal, which is a fluid with polar long-range orientational order but no crystallographic axes nor facets. We demonstrate that DWs in the absence of bulk and surface aligning axes are shaped as conic sections. The conics bisect the angle between two neighboring polarization fields to avoid electric charges. The remarkable bisecting properties of conic sections, known for millennia, play a central role as intrinsic features of liquid ferroelectrics. The findings could be helpful in designing patterns of electric polarization and space charge.

The objective is to describe an uncommon case of Hirschsprung's disease (HD), also called congenital megacolon. The lack of neuronal ganglion cells from the submucosal and muscular nerve plexuses throughout a segment of varied length characterizes HD. Approx 94% of HD cases are diagnosed below the age of 5 years. A 3 years old male patient was admitted to the male surgery ward under a pediatric surgeon with the chief complaints of chronic constipation since birth with a history of delayed passage of meconium. The patient was diagnosed with a case of HD at the age of 1 year for which he was operated on colostomy was performed with multiple biopsies from narrowed rectosigmoid, from the transitional zone, and from colostomy stoma which confirmed the decision to make colostomy at the ganglionated segment of the colon based on the clinical picture during surgery. Biopsy report of narrowed rectosigmoid segment showed the absence of ganglion cells, while colostomy stoma and dilated proximal colon showed the presence of ganglion cells. The patient underwent a surgical procedure named pull-through surgery for HD, a martin's modification of the Duhamel operation.

Abstract: The healthcare industry is currently undergoing a digital transformation, and blockchain technology has evolved as a budding remedy because of some of its previous challenges. Blockchain, a distributed ledger technology, can securely, safely and transparently record and store data. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) are electronically stored health information in a digital format. This paper discusses the possible uses of blockchain technology in healthcare and its potential advantages and benefits. The discussion of the paper begins with the challenges faced by the healthcare industry in present time, such as the lack of interoperability, data security concerns, and inefficiencies in healthcare delivery. The discussion then turns to how blockchain technology can help avoid these challenges by offering a secure, immutable, and transparent platform for healthcare data sharing. The paper also discusses how of blockchain technology can be used in healthcare in present time, such as patient identity management, Electronic Health Records (EHRs), clinical trials, and supply chain management. For each use-case, the paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using blockchain technology and provides some examples of blockchainbased solutions. Also, the paper describes some of the technical factors, such as scalability, privacy, interoperability, and regulatory compliance, that must be taken into account while using blockchain in the healthcare industry. The paper also looks over the challenges and restrictions of using blockchain technology in healthcare, such as the high computational costs and the requirement for standardization. Finally, the paper concludes by discussing the impact of blockchain technology on the healthcare sector, like improving patient outcomes, cutting costs, and enabling new business models. The spotlight of the paper is that in spite of the fact that blockchain technology does not offer a fix for every issue plaguing the healthcare sector, the study argues that it has the capability to be an important tool for improve healthcare outcomes and delivery. In conclusion, blockchain technology has the capacity to modify healthcare by strengthening patient privacy, streamlining data management, and managing clinical trials and the supply chain management. The healthcare sector must address a number of technological, organisational, and regulatory obstacles to fully achieve these advantages. To overcome the above obstacles and enable the wider application of blockchain technology in healthcare, more study and development are required

Mangroves are found in tropical and subtropical areas and very important ecosystem. Integrated urbanization, industrialization, and climate change are major factors contributing serious threat to mangrove ecosystem. Mangrove forests are very efficient carbon sinks. The impact of global climate change such as sea level rise, acidifying oceans, melting snow, oscillating weather patterns is putting mangrove forests at high risk. Arising the sea level will have the greatest impact on mangrove confronting overall decreasing in the sediment elevations, where the area for landward migration is limited. Anthropogenic activities such as aquaculture, tourism, over-exploitation of forests, construction of industries induced climate change coupled with urbanization play a major role for depletion of mangrove. Urbanization, industrialization, and land conversion of mangrove habitat into agricultural and urban area accelerated the mangrove impairment. This chapter highlighted on the impact of climate change and urbanization on mangrove ecosystem.

Yoga and Ayurveda are basically allied disciplines and their role in holistic health care has been well documented. Though their role in the treatment of various common mental illnesses is well known the non-pharmacological method of psychotherapy as separate and fully dedicated Satvavajaya chikitsa in Ayurveda is less discussed and people are less aware of its existence. Similarly, Yoga is commonly understood as a discipline comprising physical postures(Asanas), breathing techniques (Pranayama), and certain meditative techniques. The big treasure of philosophical principles of yoga and their psychotherapeutic potential are less explored, which is the need of the hour. The present article has analyzed the meeting points related to psychotherapies inherent in the two disciplines and elaborately discusses their interrelationship. Keywords: Psychotherapy, Satvavajaya chikitsa, Mental health, Preksha Meditation, Samadhi

India is a major producer of pulses around the world, which constitute an essential component of vegetarians' proteinrich diets in India.The present study attempts to apply the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and Holt linear trend model approach to investigate lentil production trends in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and India.Yearly data were collected from Agriculture Statistics at a glance, 1970 to 2019 were used for forecasting up to 2029.In comparison, the ARIMA model is the best for prediction based on the maximum value of R 2 and lowest value of MAPE, MPE, RMSE, and MAE.The results showed that ARIMA (1,1,5) model for Bihar, ARIMA(0,1,4) model for Madhya Pradesh, ARIMA (0,1,5) for Uttar Pradesh, ARIMA (0,1,4) for West Bengal, and ARIMA (0,1,2) for India was found suitable to forecast the future of lentil with an 80% and 95% accuracy level and according to the analysis of instability, the instability is increasing in all three states and India, but the instability was decreasing in Uttar Pradesh.While in the decomposition analysis the area effect was an essential factor for the change in lentil production in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, and India, but in Uttar Pradesh the yield effect was responsible during the overall periods.Besides this research will be essential to determining the future gap between pulse production and demand.

A mixture of spinel and rock-salt phase for (Cu-Zn-Ni-Mg-Fe)O High Entropy Oxide is synthesized through the modified solid-state synthesis method and studied for the dielectric properties. Three different (Cu-Zn-Ni-Mg-Fe)O HEO samples were synthesized by the variation of synthesis parameters, i.e., 10 hr ball-milling followed by sintering at 1050°C for 20 hr (10BM-HEO-20), 20 hr ball-milling followed by sintering at 1050°C for 20 hr (20BM-HEO-20) and 10 hr (20BM-HEO-10) separately. The synthesized samples were studied for the effect of synthesis parameters on phase evolution and their correlation with dielectric properties. The volume phase fraction for the spinel and rock-salt phase changed with the variation of the synthesis parameters. Moreover, significant change in the microstructure was also observed for the 20BM-HEO-10 sample, with micropores of average pore size from 6.54 mm and 12.95 mm formed for this sample. The dielectric constant value decreased for the sample 10BM-HEO-20, 20BM-HEO-20, 20BM-HEO-10. The found value of the dielectric loss is highest for 10BM-HEO-20, followed by 20BM-HEO-20 and 20BM-HEO-10 samples. The value of the dispersion factor for 10BM-HEO-20, 20BM-HEO-20, and 20BM-HEO-10 are found to be 1.839, 2.313, and 2.156, respectively. Thus, all three samples may behave as ideal relaxor ferroelectric materials. The reason behind the variation of dielectric properties with the synthesis parameters is discussed in detail. We concluded that the dielectric properties of HEO can be tuned broadly by the change in the synthesis parameters.

Osteonecrosis refers to skeletal infarction, occurs when the blood supply to a segment of bone is affected. Apart from trauma, it is usually associated with excessive alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and injudicious use of steroid therapy. In Ayurveda a correlation can be made with Asthi-majja gata vata on the basis of clinical presentation. Treatment modalities offered for Asthi-majja gata vata according to Ayurvedic classic are internal and external application of Sneha which comes under Brimhana karma of Shadvidh upkarama. Aim: The aim is to consider the Panchakarma therapy as first line of treatment for the osteonecrosis of femoral head. Case presentation: In this study, a 44yrs old chain smoker and chronic alcoholic male patient of osteonecrosis of femoral head is treated by Brimhana Chikitsa in the form of Sarvang abhyanga, Shashti shali pinda swedana, Tikta ksheerasarpi basti as vitiated Vata dosha residing in Asthi &amp; Majja dhatu. Conclusion: After the administration of Tiktaksheer sarpi basti in Karma basti regimen along with Shastika shali pinda swedana remarked improvement as well as amplification in quality of life was noticed.

Background of the Study: Infertility is a diseased condition of the reproductive system which can be defined as failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected intercourse. It is a major health issue affecting 8%-12% of couples worldwide. Male factor contributes to 20-30%, in India the contribution rate is 23%. Asthenozoospermia is a common cause of male infertility defined as reduced sperm motility, lower than 40%. Present study is looking at the impact of chronic exposure of high altitude (environmental hypoxia) on male infertility. Hypoxia acts directly on testicular seminiferous tubules resulting in impaired quantity and quality of sperm cells. Ayurveda explains male oriented infertility under the wide classification of Ashtshukradosha and asthenozoospermia which can be correlated with Ksheena Shukra. In case of Ksheenshukrta there is predominance of vitiated Vata and Pitta. Ayurvedic literature clearly mentioned Virechan Karma in Ksheena Shukra. Aim &amp; Objectives: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-altitude exposure on seminal parameters along with its successful management with Virechana Karma. Result: The current case study of a 29 years old male visiting the OPD section with 20% active sperm motility treated with Virechana Karma after Snehana and Swedana which resulted in the positive effect and the female partner conceived the very next month after Virechana Karma. Conclusion: The case study established the positive impact of Virechan karma in male infertility due to asthenozoospermia.

Children’s health reflects the National health and wealth. Respiratory diseases are very often found in children’s especially in school children’s. It is one of the leading causes of mortality and mortality in young Children. India has 440 million children and about 27 million children are born each year in India. But nearly 2 million of them do not live to the age of 5. Acute respiratory infections are leading cause of child mortality (30%) in India. Hence the study “A Quasi experimental study to assess the effectiveness of steam inhalation with tulsi leaves and turmeric powder to relieve the symptoms of common cold among children in selected community areas at, District, Mandi (H.P.).The study was conducted at community area of Nerchowk Distt. Mandi. TheNerchowk was nearby 180 children in the community area. Among them total number of children selected were 40. The children were selected for study by simple random sampling technique. The checklist was use to assess the effectiveness of tulsi leaves inhalation with turmeric powder for relieving common cold. The data collected was analyzed was done with Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics. The result of study depicts that among 40 children, 20 children were in Experimental group and 20 children were in Control group. The result of study depicts that in pre-test symptoms of common cold among Experimental group children, out of 20 children majority of 14(70%) have moderate cold, 6(30%) of them have severe cold and none of them have mild cold. In comparison to control group, out of 20 children majority of 13(65%) have moderate cold, 7(35%) of them have severe cold and none of them have mild cold and in post-test symptoms of common cold among Experimental group children, out of 20 children majority of 16(80%) have mild cold (1-6), 4(20%) of them have moderate cold and none of them have severe cold. In comparison to control group, out of 20 children majority of 17(85%) have moderate cold, 3(15%) of them have severe cold and none of them have mild cold. The findings of the study showed that the mean score of pre-test and post-test assessment on symptoms of common cold among the children in experimental and control group. The mean score of experimental group pre- test 12.05 (SD= 1.468) and post-test 2.95(SD= 3.762) respectively. In control group the mean score of pre-test 11.950(SD=1.276) and post test 11.90(SD=1.165 respectively.It means after assessment of effectiveness of steam inhalation with tulsi leaves and turmeric powder the symptoms of common cold among the children are improved.

As well as being a Swabhavaja Vyadhi (natural sickness), Avurveda has seen Jara or Vardhakya as a natural and unavoidable process. When an organ of a different system begins to degenerated and lose its anatomical and physiological capabilities over time, it is said to be ageing. This process can occur in a cell, an organ, or the entire organism.&#x0D; Shareera (physical), Indriya (emotional), Satwa (psychological level), Agni (metabolism), Bala and Ojas etc. are influencing factors for Jara (ageing). The final stage of life is called Vriddhavastha (Jara). During this phase, every aspect of the body begins to degenerate, including the Dhatu (different anatomical tissues), the Indriya (sensory and motor organ), the ability to perceive, the power of speech, the power of the body, and numerous mental and cognitive functions (such as memory, intellect, reception, retention, analytic ability, etc).&#x0D; The Vayu dosha predominates throughout this phase (one of the three physiological body factors). The most noticeable physical changes at this time include ageing skin, greying hair, baldness, and a decline in physical stamina. Loss of muscle compactness, joint looseness, vitiation of Rakta (blood), excessive production of Meda (fatty tissue), failure of Majja (marrow) accumulation in bone, failure of production of Shukra (semen), and loss of Ojas component are examples of these pathological alterations. This article is made to explore the physiological changes during Aging.

Advanced technology leads to deprived health due to a stagnant lifestyle. Obesity is one such lifestyle disorder that is the precursor of several comorbid conditions. Health statistics link obesity with an increased risk of fracture which is an alarming issue and suggests the need to create awareness regarding the same. A high-fat diet, an inactive lifestyle, or a lack of physical activity impeded various metabolic pathways, changed the fate of cells from their normal destination, and affected bone homeostasis, according to the study. Aims and Objectives- Several recent studies have proposed that obesity is a risk factor for certain fractures indicating a strong contrary association between obesity and bone mineral density. The study is aimed to find the correlation between obesity and osteoporosis through a critical review. Methods- The material for this conceptual study is collected from various Ayurvedic texts, articles, online journals, etc. Discussion &amp; Conclusion-When Meda Dhatu gets vitiated, then its Snigdha (unctuous) and Picchil (Viscid) qualities, obstructs the channel of circulation of tissue fluid, resulting in the deprivation of succeeding dhatu, i.e Asthi Dhatu. Excessive calorie intake and less calorie expenditure led to excessive accumulation of fat in the adipocyte causing its hypertrophy. Depending on the site i.e., abdominal or gluteofemoral hypertrophy of adipocyte, the severity of obesity-related complications observed.

Cardiovascular disease (particularly atherosclerosis) is a leading cause of death around the world, and there still exists a need for improved diagnostic techniques and treatments to improve patient outcomes as well as minimize the disease’s global burden. Aptamers are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that are accompanied by unique characteristics such as specificity, high binding affinity, ease of cellular internalization, and rapid tissue accumulation capabilities, offering great potential as theranostic agents in cardiovascular diseases with significantly improved sensitivity and accuracy. These theranostic agents provide a combination of therapy and diagnostics in which aptamers may diagnose and treat disease simultaneously. Therefore, this review article summarizes the role of aptamer-based probes for imaging and theranostics in cardiovascular disease. It also provides insight into current research and future treatment techniques that are very relevant for future clinical practice with the aim of improving the quality of life of cardiovascular disease patients.

Thyroid disease is now rapidly increasing in prevalence among people, and it affects more womenthan men. The thyroid gland, also referred to as the butterfly gland because of its form. It produces the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which act as chemical “messengers,” travelling via the circulation to all the cells and tissues in the body and maintaining the rate at which our body works, commonly known as “metabolism”. Some people experience improper thyroid gland function. Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces insufficient thyroid hormone. Others may suffer from hyperthyroidism, which is characterized by an overactive thyroid gland and excessively high thyroid hormone levels. This results in several symptoms, such as a pounding heart, weight loss, diarrhea, thirst, shaking and sweating, feeling overheated, and so forth. The paper focuses on the major state of the art contribution in the field and the recent techniques available to solve this, including machine learning and deep learning methods.

Block copolymers are segments of two or more polymers connected through covalent bonds. These polymers enable various features such as wetting, thickening, emulsifying, stabilizing, and dispersing agents. Using these unique physicochemical properties to deliver drugs, genes, and proteins through vaccines is a challenging and exciting approach in nanobiotechnology. The development and delivery of safe and effective polymeric vaccine delivery require an in-depth knowledge of the relationship between the structure and function of the polymer carriers and how they interact with antigen-presenting cells. This chapter is about how vaccines made with block copolymers can change or boost immune responses to existing vaccines or vaccines that are still being made.

Aims: To evaluate different nutrient management practices in fodder sorghum and pearl millet hybrids.&#x0D; Study Design: Randomized block design.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Fodder Section, CSK HPKV, Palampur during Kharif seasons of 2018 and 2019&#x0D; Methodology: Ten nutrient management practices i.e. absolute control (T1), 5% Jeevamrit (T2), 10% Jeevamrit (T3), seed treatment with Beejamrit + 5% Jeevamrit (T4), seed treatment with Beejamrit + 10% Jeevamrit (T5), 10 t/ha FYM + 5% Jeevamrit (T6), 10 t/ha FYM + 10% Jeevamrit (T7), 50% recommended N + 10 t/ha FYM + 5% Jeevamrit (T8), 50% recommended N + 10 t/ha FYM + 10% Jeevamrit (T9) and recommended NPK through inorganic sources (T10) were tested in randomized block design with three replications.&#x0D; Results: The results indicated that integrated nutrient management i.e. 50 per cent recommended N + 10 t/ha FYM + 10% Jeevamrit and 50 per cent recommended N + 10 t/ha FYM + 5% Jeevamrit and recommended NPK through inorganic sources remaining at par resulted in better crop growth (plant height, shoot number, leaf stem ratio, percent proportion), higher fodder yield (green and dry fodder yields), NPK uptake and crude protein yield than rest of the organic (10 t/ha FYM + 10% Jeevamrit and 10 t/ha FYM + 5% Jeevamrit) and natural farming (Beejamrit + 5% Jeevamrit and Beejamrit + 10% Jeevamrit) nutrient management treatments. Application of recommended NPK resulted in highest net returns (79049 INR/ha) and net returns per rupee invested (2.09).&#x0D; Conclusion: Integrated and inorganic nutrient management practices in fodder sorghum and pearl millet hybrids appeared best practices for realising higher yield than organic and natural farming nutrient management practices.

Mangroves are one of the world's most fertile and ecologically significant ecosystems, supplying essential ecosystem services, products and supporting threatened/endangered species. Mangrove ecosystem degradation has become a matter of concern across the world. The present paper focuses on the importance of mangrove coastal biodiversity with respect to ecological and medicinal values. Severe anthropogenic impacts associated with organic matter, contaminants (pesticides and heavy metals), sediment specificity, redox properties, flora, and fauna (micro and macro) are highlighted in this paper. Knowledge about conservation as well as rehabilitation methods have been summarized with management approaches.

Abstract The expected radiation background in the CMS RPC system has been studied using the MC prediction with the CMS FLUKA simulation of the detector and the cavern. The MC geometry used in the analysis describes very accurately the present RPC system but still does not include the complete description of the RPC upgrade region with pseudorapidity 1.9 &lt; |η| &lt; 2.4. Present results will be updated with the final geometry description, once it is available. The radiation background has been studied in terms of expected particle rates, absorbed dose and fluence. Two High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) scenarios have been investigated — after collecting 3000 and 4000 fb -1 . Estimations with safety factor of 3 have been considered, as well.

The CMS experiment implements a two-level triggering system composed of Level-1, instrumented by custom-design hardware boards, and a software High Level Trigger. To cope with the more challenging luminosity conditions, a new Level-1 architecture has been deployed during run II. This new architecture exploits in a better way the redundancy and complementarity of the three muon subsystems: Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC), Drift Tubes (DT) and Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC). The role of each subsystem in the Level-1 Muon Trigger is described here, highlighting the contribution from the RPC system. Challenges brought by the HL-LHC environment and new possibilities coming from detector and trigger upgrades are also discussed.

Abstract The present RPC Link System has been servicing as one of the CMS subsystems since installation in 2008. Although the current Link System has been functioning well for the past 13 years, the aging of its electronic components and lack of radiation hard ASICs could present problems for future operations. Additionally, the needs to have a more robust control interface against electromagnetic interference, to improve the trigger performance with finer time granularity and to incorporate a higher bandwidth transmission lines led the idea of upgrading the Link System for the HL-LHC. This paper reviews the features of the recently developed prototype of the new Link System.

Screen printing with metallization pastes has been the workhorse for applying electrical contacts on solar cells. This method of cell contacting procedure is expected to retain its dominance until the next decade and beyond. As per the conventional screen printing method, the front grid is printed with conventional screens which results in finger thickness of 40–50 microns. Using the printing technique with conventional screen limits the width of printed grid line because of the design limitation of the screen. In this project, we used knotless screen. Knotless screens are nothing but screens that have a 0° mesh angle in its open areas. The conventional screen has a mesh angle of 22.5°, and there is always a knot in the open area. Eliminating the knots in the print area helps in achieving narrow continuous fingers. Minimum finger width as low as 31 microns has been achieved. As knotless screens are like stencil, it helps in in increasing the height as well, if printer parameters are optimized. Narrow fingers increase the active area of the cell, and good aspect ratio enables to achieve good series resistance. Therefore, IV data shows high current without any loss in fill factor when knotless screens are used thereby enhancing the solar cell efficiency.

A partograph is one of the important tools to monitor the progress of labor and is also helpful for managing labor.Therefore, it should be used for all women during the first stage of labor admitted to a labor room.Partograph is needed for observations of the mother and fetus and also assists in early decision-making in the intranatal period, such as transfer, augmentation, and termination of labor. Aim of the study:The study was aimed to assess the knowledge and practice regarding the plotting of partograph.Materials and methods: The nonexperimental descriptive design was used for the study.Thirty staff nurses were selected by nonprobability purposive sampling technique.A structured knowledge questionnaire and practice checklist were used for data collection. Results of the study:The results revealed that the majority (53.3%; n = 16) of respondents were having average knowledge score, whereas 43.3% (13) of respondents had good knowledge scores, and only 3.3% (1) of respondents had a poor level of knowledge on partograph.Moreover, 70% (21) of respondents have inadequate practice, and 30% (9) of respondents have adequate practice. Conclusion:This study concluded that staff nurse has average knowledge regarding partograph but practicing plotting of partograph.Clinical significance: This study shows that staff nurses were having an adequate knowledge regarding partograph but do not adequately practicing the plotting of partograph.Therefore, it can use as a tool to monitor labor and prevent unnecessary problems for mothers and fetuses by reducing the total duration of labor.

We describe a case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with multiple mild itchy and painful blisters predominantly over his trunk and limbs for one year with multiple tense bullae with hypopyon signs resulting in a half-and-half appearance of the blisters. A skin biopsy showed subepidermal separation with predominantly neutrophils and eosinophils in the bulla cavity and mixed infiltrate in the papillary dermis. We would like to report a case of chronic bullous disease of childhood and review its differentials for diagnostic approaches to blistering disease in children.

The second LHC long shutdown period (LS2) is an important opportunity for the CMS Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) to complete their consolidation and upgrade projects. The consolidation includes detector maintenance for gas tightness, HV (high voltage), LV (low voltage) and slow control operation. All services for the RPC Phase-2 upgrade: improved RPC in stations RE3/1 and RE4/1, were anticipated for installation to LS2. This paper summarises the RPC system maintenance and upgrade activities.

Genus Megachile forms an integral part of the ecosystem as its members are important pollinators of both wild and cultivated flora. Surveying on a large scale helps in gathering a lot of information about their spatial and temporal data. This also helps in studying their biodiversity and taxonomy. Three species of solitary bees under subgenus Pseudomegachile Friese of the genus Megachile Latreille collected from Sutlej basin plains of India have been studied and described taxonomically. Megachile (Pseudomegachile) creusa (Bingham), M. (P.) ramakrishnae Cockerell and M. (P.) elfrona (Cameron) with 21 examples are described including their morphological characters, taxonomically important characters, zoogeographic records, floral associations along with genitalic and sternal plates. Since most of the areas included in the study have been surveyed first time for Megachile study, these are new records for the studied area.

Grasslands are a dynamic ecosystem which is extremely important worldwide as they support variety of flora, fauna and in turn humans. They have been origin point of many cultivated food grains, provide forage for livestock, biogeochemical cycling, provide ideal habitat for variety of species for breeding, migrating and flourishing. Hymenoptera play an important role in pollination. They are a diverse and species rich group abundantly found in grasslands. Hymenoptera plays a pivotal role in grasslands ecosystem as they aid in pollination of various wild flora. They prey upon various insect pest species and are themselves preyed upon by insectivorous animals hence helping in completing the food chain. Grasslands of Jammu (in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir) were surveyed for a period of two years and a total of 13 species of Apoidea under 6 genera and 9 subgenera have been identified. Their distribution records along with their material examined are provided. Two species are recorded as new records from Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.

The CMS experiment has 1054 RPCs in its muon system. Monitoring their currents is the first essential step towards maintaining the stability of the CMS RPC detector performance. The current depends on several parameters such as applied voltage, luminosity, environmental conditions, etc. Knowing the influence of these parameters on the RPC current is essential for the correct interpretation of its instabilities as they can be caused either by changes in external conditions or by malfunctioning of the detector in the ideal case. We propose a Machine Learning(ML) based approach to be used for monitoring the CMS RPC currents. The approach is crucial for the development of an automated monitoring system capable of warning for possible hardware problems at a very early stage, which will contribute further to the stable operation of the CMS RPC detector.

Aflatoxin produced from few molds as Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius is highly carcinogenic, mutagenic to the animals and humans. These molds are present in the dietary intake of cattle feed. Present investigation was performed to observe the carryover of AFB1 to the milk toxin of lactating cows. Cows during early lactation stage yields more milk compared to late lactating stage, hence, the same cows were used to keep the variable of physiology of cows as nearly constant. AFM1 concentration was found independent to the intake of AFB1 with the compound foods ingested by cows. Carryover of aflatoxin was observed comparatively less in case of cows of late lactation stage. With the yield of milk per day (milking twice), the carryover rate also varied. AFM1 concentration was observed within the limit as set by EU. Frequent evaluation and testing of milk is necessary.

Abstract There is a vast range of gases which get ionized, produce electron-ion pairs, on the passage of high energy charged particles. Such gases are extensively used in experiments such as LHC, Belle-II, RHIC, DAFNE, etc which produce high energy particles. Panjab University established a detector assembly and characterization laboratory dedicated to gaseous detectors such as Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) and Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) for the LHC experiment. Here, we present the recent work on the fabrication and characterizations of the GEM detector at Panjab University.

Abstract As part of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment Phase-II upgrade program, new resistive plate chambers will be installed in the region at low angle with respect to the beam collision axis, in order to improve the detection of muons with a low transverse momentum. High background conditions are expected in this region during the high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider, therefore an improved-RPC design has been proposed with a new front-end electronics to sustain a higher particle rate capability and better time resolution. A new technology is used in the front-end electronics resulting in low achievable signal detection of 1–20 fC. Crucial in the design of the improved-RPC is the capability of a two-dimensional readout in order to improve the spatial resolution, mainly motivated by trigger requirements. In this work, the first performance results towards this two-dimensional readout are presented, based on data taken on a real-size prototype chamber with two embedded readout planes with orthogonal strips.

Nowadays due to unawareness about Prakriti (psychosomatic constitution) people are practising inappropriate diet and lifestyle which leads to disturbances in the digestive system. The core principles in Ayurveda give prime im- portance to Agni, Prakriti, Ahara (food) and Vihara (lifestyle) in maintaining health. In the present era, people are scheduled to one or the other works due to which they are following unwholesome food and habits which may lead to the manifestation of many diseases. One of the common disorders which troubles a person a lot is Amlapitta. It is composed of the word Amla and Pitta. Amlapitta is a very common disease caused by Vidagdha Pitta with features like Amlaudgara, Tiktaudgara, Hrud Kantha Daha etc. It is the GI disorder described in Ayurvedic texts that closely resembles Gastritis in modern science. In the chronic stage, it may lead to ulcerative colitis. In modern medical science, they give some anta-acids, H2 blockers, Proton pump inhibitors, some steroids which have high prevalence costs and side effects. Today there is a need for a potent herbal formulation that can cure hyperacidity and ulcers. The present study is being undertaken to approach the disease Amlapitta through the formulation of Narikela Khanda. Keywords: Ayurveda, Amlapitta, Narikela Khanda.

Energy plays a important role in all day to day activities, especially those that are energy intensive. An Energy audit plays a major role in reduction of new power generation. It can help us to determine the energy wasting deficiencies in homes, firms, factories, industries and can show exactly how to address these problems. A detailed study to establish and investigate optimal utilization of lighting for specific department has been carried out in this work. The energy audit of University library has been executed with formulated procedure and proposed recommendation. The suggested implementation can improve the energy efficiency of library and thereby reducing the energy wastage.

A new species, Megachile (Neocressionella) patialensis is described from Patiala, India. Full description of male with their floral relationship, morphological measurements and specimens examined is provided. Knowledge of the life history and nesting habits of Megachile bees will pave the way for their manipulation so that these can be used to increase pollination. Documentation of the genera and species will increase our knowledge of the biodiversity of these bees in the study area.

Objective : Bambusa nutans is a commercially important bamboo. The current study was undertaken for mass production of B. nutans in the agroclimatic conditions of Bihar. Methods/Statistical analysis : Axillary shoot proliferation through tissue culture techniques was employed for this study. The aforesaid technique is the only method for the rapid and mass propagation of Bambusa nutans. Bamboo germplasm grown in TNB College campus was used as the source of explant. The various sizes of explants were selected to find out the most suitable for culture in the climate of Bihar. In each treatment of hormone, experiments were designed in triplicate and standard deviations were calculated. Hormone free cultures were used as control. Findings : Out of various PGRs used for shoot proliferation, BAP (cytokinin) was found to be the most effective. With the increase in the concentrations of BAP, there was corresponding increase in the number of microshoots. Maximum initiation was observed when BAP was used in the concentration of 3mg/l. For most of the species of bamboos, NAA has been reported effective for rooting, however, we observed IBA comparatively more efficient auxin. The present findings (bud breakage, shoot multiplication, in vitro rooting and hardening procedures) will be helpful for rapid and mass production of Bambusa nutans in Bihar. This is the first in vitro culture report of bamboo in the climatic conditions of Bihar. Applications/Improvements : The result obtained from this study has now set a defined protocol for rapid propagation of Bambusa nutans for the state of Bihar, which can help to promote economic upliftment of rural people.

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Attenuated psychosis syndrome is an entity that has recently been recognized in diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5th edition (DSM-5) as a condition for further study.It is a condition in which the patient experiences psychotic-like symptoms but it does not fulfill the criteria for a full-blown psychosis.We hereby present a possible case of attenuated psychosis in a 30-year-old female and discuss its implications in diagnosis and management.

Even before the onset of Human Genome Project in 1990, various research, analysis and experiments were going on human genome. In human genome, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosome 11 is rich in disease having a size of 134 million base pairs. From over 1,000 genome web servers, sequence data for the chromosome 11 have been taken as a (.bam) file. On chromosome 11, various different analyses were performed across various fields and categories such as determining the sequence quality, peak model, GC%, studying phenotype, and disease associated with respect to chromosome 11. Here, we have analysed the evolutionary relationship by isolating positively selected genes across six species, and we predicted the t-RNA and RNA secondary structures and aligned them discretely with the human genome chromosome 11. All these analyses were done primarily with the help of two tools: (1) web-based program - NEBULA and (2) UCSC genome browser.

This paper highlights failure analysis of wheel bearing of the TATA 1210 vehicle. It examines the life span of a journal bearing during its application in the required area. It involves the experimental results (Surface roughness and hardness) of tests done in normal conditions, which affects the life and efficiency of bearing. The life estimated for the bearing is approximately 60,000 km. of run under normal conditions. The test results show that the failure of the bearing occurred due to low maintenance, which caused gradual wear of the various surfaces viz. roller surface, cone OD and cup ID. The remedial actions suggested include greasing of bearings for every 15,000 km. of run and routine check-up periodically

Background: Bumble bees play a crucial role in pollination of North West Himalayas. Bumble bees successfully thrive in the harsh environmental conditions of Himalayas. The present study aimed at taxonomic and zoogeographic studies of Bumble bees belonging to genus Bombus along with altitudinal variation of one species leading to its new record. Methods: The collections surveys were conducted from the year 2017 to 2019 from altitude of 1000 to 3500 meters above sea level in North-West Himalaya. A total of 43 specimens belonging to three species were collected. These specimens were preserved as per standard techniques in Hymenoptera and identified following keys of eminent workers. Result: The detailed taxonomy of three species of Bumble bees from North West Himalaya i.e., Bombus trifasciatus Smith, Bombus tunicatus Smith and Bombus simillimus Smith has been studied. The important taxonomic characters of different castes of these bee species have been elaborated and illustrations of morphological characters (including genitalia and sterna of male) of different castes i.e. queen, worker and male for each species are provided. The general foraging behaviour and altitudinal distribution along with floral preferences has been discussed in all the three species. The list of nectar food plants is provided under each species. B. trifasciatus has been recorded for the first time from Phey in cold desert in UT of Ladakh, which is being reported as new record in the Trans Himalayan region.

The current investigation was undertaken to study the intestine histopathologies due to infestation of helminth parasite cestode, Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Pallas, 1781) in the Cyprinus carpio.Only symptomatic samples of diseased fishes comprised of juvenile and adults of common carp were collected and were patho-anatomical examined.The significant histopathological changes were observed in the intestine where the scolices attached, the vacuolization of the epithelial cells and rupture of the brush border and severe edema.Hyperplasia of the goblet cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in lamina propia and its epithelium was desquamated in the infested silver carp.No changes were noticed in other organs of the affected fishes.In severe infestations the fishes showed growth retardation and mortality.Thus, it is clear that the endoparasites inhibiting intestine of C. carpio produced pronounced pathological changes in host tissue, all denoting impairment of intestinal physiology.

Declining per capita land, water and other resources triggered by changing climate and increasing population need resource conservation technologies (RCTs) for agricultural sustainability. This paper has presented findings from recent research on resource conservation technologies that have been attempted in different regions of India. The superiority of resource conservation technologies (RCTs) such as laser land leveling, zero tillage, bed planting, direct seeded rice, leaf colour chart, green seeker and crop diversification over conventional methods of cultivation practices is evaluated in terms of saving of energy, water and labour, increase in crop yield, water productivity, nutrient-use efficiency, net returns and making agriculture climate smart. Zero tillage with residue retention increase soil organic carbon sequestration, conserve soil moisture and lower soil temperature thus making agriculture climate smart. Direct seeded rice is solution for labour scarcity, excessive water and fuel use in transplanted rice. Use of leaf colour chart saves nitrogenous fertilizers. Laser land leveling and bed planting practices increase water productivity and crop yield over conventional practices. But the machinery required for adoption of RCTs are heavy and costly, so the study has suggested the use of machines on co-operative basis and also the wider scale testing of new technologies under diverse production systems.

Background: Himachal Pradesh (India) lying in North West Himalayas were studied for their morphological, physical and chemical properties. Himachal Pradesh, is a mountainous region spread over an area of 55,673 km² with elevation ranging from 350 to 6,500 meters above mean sea level noticeably increased from west to east and south to north. For agricultural planning, development and the sustainable use of natural resources. The state has been categorized into four agro-climatic situations viz. low hills, mid hills sub humid, high hills temperate and high hills dry temperate. However, considerable variations exist within each zone, owing to soil type and local preferences resulting into diversified farming situations. Methods: A six profile sites of soils were collected randomly from vegetable and cereals growing areas falling under midhill zone. After collecting soil samples, these were air dried and analyzed for physical and chemical properties. The study determined the level of availability of nutrients and know the fertility status of studied areas. Result: The results show that soils are deep, well drained, silty loam to silty clay loam with dark brown to brownish yellow in colour. No gravels were noticed upto 0.6 m depth and the soil consistency was firm to loose. Few to many black brown concretions were observed only in rice growing soils. Silty loam was the dominant texture of the soils irrespective of soil depth. Coarse sand fraction was more in all soil profiles. Macro and micronutrients contents were higher under the vegetable growing soils than paddy and maize growing soils. In none of the soils except Dhangu, illuviation of clay had been observed. The values of bulk density, particle density and porosity were variable depending upon organic carbon and other soil characteristics. The soils were slightly acidic to neutral in reaction, medium to high in organic carbon and moderate in available N, P and K status. The DTPA-extractable Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were also high in these soils. Similarity in the colour and texture in most of the soils indicated the dominant influence of parent material.

Increase incidence of Manasika Vikaraor mental illness is the main concern in today’s world. Manasikadoshagenerally vitiates the mind and causes different psychological conditions. In Bhagvat Gita lord Krishna says that, our Aatma is our real friend but positive thinking and control over mind is very important otherwise it becomes our enemy and at that time mental disorders occur. There are so many treatments described in ayurvedic and modern practises. As prevention is better than cure its better to practise yoga to reduce stress. several studies on result of standard observe of yogasana have discovered physical and mental welfare. In today’s world, everybody feels stressed from time to time, Stress may be a feeling of being beneath abnormal pressure. This pressure will come back from totally different aspects of your daily life. In currently stress is taken into account a significant causative issue for several diseases. In several analysis it's been found that Stress caused thanks to varied factors that have an effect on vascular system. Several studies have shown that active of Shavasanadecreases the guts rate, improves the compliance of the blood vessels, regulates regular recurrence, and will increase the stroke volume. This article is tried to focus on,how Shavasanaaffect our mind form classical and modern point of view

The pathophysiology of Chronic Rhino-Sinusitis with Nasal Polyposis (CRSwNP) showed distinct ethnic and geographic differences whereas the Western Caucasian population revealed Th2 eosinophilic inflammation in contrary to the Asian Mongolian population with Th1-Th17 non-eosinophilic inflammatory pattern. Prospective Observational study was undertaken from December 2019 to December 2021 on 50 patients who were diagnosed to have sinonasal polyposis. The collected polyp tissue was sent to the histopathological department for further microscopic evaluation. The types of inflammatory cell infiltrate studied in the tissue specimens obtained during surgery included lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, and plasma cells. The age of patients ranged from 11 to 70 years with a mean age of 31.80±17.69 years. The male to female ratio was 1.3:1. The 62% of patients showed the predominance of eosinophil which was of grade III and grade IV category, Lymphocyte infiltrate of grades III and IV was present in 46% of cases, Mast cell was 30% and 10% of grade III and Grade IV respectively, and the Neutrophils were found only in 22% and 105 of cases of grade III &amp; Grade IV, respectively which was the least of all inflammatory cells found in polyp tissue. The cellular predominance was shifted toward the Th2 type of inflammation with the predominance of Eosinophil, Lymphocytes, Plasma cells, and mast cells in the Asian Aryan sub origin population contrary to the Th17 type of inflammation as indicated by the least infiltration of Neutrophils as reported in Asian Mongolian Populations.

Introduction:The gold standard treatment for managing patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is sacrocolpopexy.Initially, open sacrocolpopexy was adopted; however, over the years classic laparoscopic approach and its modifications in the form of single port laparoscopy, NOTES (vaginal-assisted laparoscopy) and robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy (LSC) have emerged.Usage of minimally invasive approaches has gained momentum in the recent past as they reduce the morbidity associated with open sacrocolpopexy, allowing faster recovery of the patient.Classic LSC has similar outcomes to abdominal sacrocolpopexy but is technically challenging especially due to the pelvic organ surgery offering limited area available for operating.Overcoming these limitations, by the characteristic features of the robotic system such as a "simulated wrist" of the mechanical arm with its enhanced freedom of movement along with a three-dimensional field of view, has attracted significant interest in recent years for robotic sacrocolpopexy (RSC).Aims: To evaluate outcomes and complications following minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy in patients with POP. Materials and methods:We evaluated a total of 20 patients with POP, 15 of those underwent LSC and five patients underwent RSC.We assessed outcomes in both these groups in terms of operating times, blood loss, blood transfusion, surgery-related complications, total hospital stay, and recurrence rates at 1-year follow-up.Results: Patients having RSC had a significantly lower rate of blood loss of ≤300 mL.Maximum postoperative complications were recorded as Clavien-Dindo grade I (seen in 75% of the patients).Most common among these were dysuria and urinary infection (seen in 40%).No Clavien-Dindo grade IVa, IVb, and V complications were recorded in either laparoscopic or robotic techniques conducted at our hospital.At 1 year of follow-up, no significant recurrence was seen in RSC (0%), while a low recurrence rate was seen in LSC (two patients, 13%). Conclusion:Robotic technology provides some advantages as compared to classic laparoscopic surgery.However, both approaches appear to provide equivalent clinical outcomes.But the cost of utilizing and maintaining the robotic system appears to be significant.Hence LSC is the suitable method of treating POP, especially in a country like India.However large randomized trials comparing both techniques are warranted.

Introduction: Varicose veins cause a great deal of morbidity in our population today. They are part of the penalty we pay for the adoption of the erect posture. They affect 10–20% of population in the Western world but in India, it affects about 5% of the population. Varicose veins do not threaten life and are seldom disabling, but they cause a considerable demand on medical care. They are the cause of morbidity and loss of precious work hours and a signicant nancial burden on the health-care system. To study the epidemiological factors with respect toAims and Objective : age, sex, and clinical prole in patients of varicose veins. A total of fty cases of were examined in Rajendra Institute ofMaterials and Methods: Medical sciences, Ranchi. All patients underwent detailed clinical examination followed by color Doppler ultrasound. In our study, out ofResults: 50, 5 patients were females and 45 patients were males. Maximum patients were in age group of 45-54 years. Majority of patients had involvement of great saphenous vein (GSV). Unlike the western world, majority of patients presenting with varicose veins were males. ObesityConclusion: and increasing age are important risk factors for development of varicose veins. Usg color Doppler was found to diagnose varicose veins more easily than clinical evaluation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pre-emptive analgesia is initiated before surgery in order to prevent the establishment of central sensitization during intra-operative and early post-operative period. Multimodal analgesia relates a balanced approach to treat post-operative pain by combining multiple therapeutic agents and regional techniques. This study was conducted to evaluate the post-operative analgesic efcacy and safety of intravenous water based diclofenac sodium with or without pre-emptive intravenous ketamine in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy under spinal anaesthesia. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, double blinded controlled comparative tertiary hospital based study. Three groups of 30 patients each, i.e., receiving diclofenac with and without pre-emptive ketamine and control group were enrolled. The time of rst analgesic request, total analgesic requirement in rst 24h, intra-operative and post-operative vitals, any side effects and complication were recorded. RESULTS: Statistically signicant differences were observed in post-operative mean VAS scores between T30m to T24h, mean time of requirement of rst dose of rescue analgesia request was longer in patients in group DK (373±9.39 min.), as compared to group NS (179.13±5.95min.) and group D (228.30±7.97min.), post-operative requirement of analgesia in rst 24h was lower in group DK (1.27±0.45) as compared to group NS (2.86±0.44) and group D (1.67±0.55), and quality of analgesia among the three groups (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Pre-emptive use of ketamine with intravenous diclofenac sodium as a part of multimodal analgesia regimen render the patient pain-free in immediate post-operative period and minimize the demand of rescue analgesic.

Urban heat island (UHI) effect is a common phenomenon found in urban areas which is associated with the increased ambient temperature resulting from man-made alteration of the land.Urban structures with complex geometry, increased concretized surfaces and reduced natural land cover cause reduction in the rate of heat loss leading to increased temperature over urban areas and creating urban heat island (UHI).This study explores the temporal and spatial pattern of urban heat island (UHI) formation over Delhi.It is observed that the night-time surface temperature of central Delhi is higher in all months as compared to its surrounding rural areas.Thus, a nocturnal heat island forms over Delhi in all the seasons.The dense built-up area and impervious surfaces of Delhi are responsible for trapping heat which causes discomfort to humans, resulting in increased use of cooling devices with higher electricity consumption.Polynomial regression model based calculations show cooling load may be reduced up to 21-23% in summer months, 10 to 14 % in monsoon season, and 8 to 17 % in post-monsoon season if urban heat island effect is removed.

Groundwater (GW) is a major source of drinking water in many parts of the National Capital Region (NCT) Delhi including the southwest part of the city. To assess the GW quality in the study area total 52 GW samples were collected for both pre and post monsoon season for two consecutive years (2019-20) from 13 sampling locations. These samples were then analyzed for 16 physical and chemical water quality parameters including pH, Temperature, EC, Salinity, TDS, alkalinity, TH, NO3-, PO42-, SO42-, F-, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+. Descriptive analysis and normality check was executed before subjected to multivariate analysis. Pearson correlation explained, positively high correlation coefficient(r) for both pre and post monsoon seasons between TDS and Cl- (r=0.97(pre) and 0.93(post)); salinity and EC(r=0.82(pre) and 0.82(post)); TDS and TH(r=0.86(pre)and 0.83(post)); Na+ and Mg2+ (r=0.80(pre) and 0.81(post)). Factor Analysis depicted TDS, alkalinity, TH, SO42-, F-, Cl-, Ca2+ were significantly loaded components for both the seasons, contributing for 77.84% (pre monsoon) and 82.31% (post monsoon) of component loading respectively. Degradation of water quality is majorly due to growing population and human interventions adding to the diversity of topography and the geology. The interpolation maps generated depict high concentration of alkalinity, salinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and electrical conductivity (EC) across the study area’.

This project is about the use of biopolymer (PHB) as an alternative form in place of non-biodegradable plastic, many types of research have been done on this polymer which shows it sharesa similar application as that of conventional plastic and also are biodegradable and biocompatible. As synthetic polymers are cheap and inexpensive but are non-biodegradable and release toxicity that is hazardous for biomass so there is a need to switch on another alternative to reduce the dependence on conventional polymers. In recent years, the increasing population that resulted in urbanization and industrialization has led to a surge in petroleum-based plastics consumption. Due to its cheap availability and durability, there has been a great demand in every field. The continuous increase in the use of petrochemical plastic is the cause of various environmental pollution as it is non-biodegradable and take thousandof years to break down so produce toxins if it is disposed of in soil and water, even if they burnt that will increase the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. There has been neededfor a biopolymer that can compete and reduce the dependency on hazardous plastics. Researchers have been looking for an alternative that would be eco-friendly and sustainable in nature as well as meet the current demand. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) being biocompatible as well as biodegradable can be a better option to switch petroleum-based plastic as it possesses similar physical properties to that of propylene. PHB is a biopolymer that is a member of the PHA family.PHA are of three types based on the number of monomers present(Madison and Huisman 1999); the short-chain length consists of 3-5 units of carbon, medium chain length consists of 6-14 units of carbon, and the long-chain length consists of more than 15 units of carbon atoms(Anderson and Dawes 1990). The nature of PHB is brittle and crystalline as well as high melting and degradation point due to the presence of double bond that leads to the chemical variation and contrast structure(Colin et al, 2012).To improve its properties we have to blend it with other natural plasticizers such as (glycerol, soybean oil, triethyl citrate, salicylic ester) to reduce its brittleness and improve lowering temperature

Climate change, rapid urbanization, war, and economic recession are key drivers of the current food systems’ disruption, which has been exacerbated by the COVID pandemic. Local, regional, and global food systems are unable to provide consumers with nutritious and affordable diets. Suboptimal diets exacerbate the triple burden of malnutrition, with micronutrient deficiencies affecting more than two billion people, two billion people suffering from overweight, and more than 140 million children who are stunted. The unaffordability of nutritious diets represents an obstacle for many, especially in low- and middle-income countries where healthy diets are five times more expensive than starchy staple diets. Food system transformations are urgently required to provide consumers with more affordable and nutritious diets that are capable of meeting social and environmental challenges. In this review, we underline the critical role of innovation within the food system transformation discourse. We aim to define principles for implementing evidence-based and long-term food system innovations that are economically, socially, and environmentally sustain­able and, above all, aimed at improving diets and public health. We begin by defining and describing the role of innovation in the transformation of food systems and uncover the major barriers to implementing these innovations. Lastly, we explore case studies that demonstrate successful innovations for healthier diets.

Abstract Objectives Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is chronic communicable bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objective was to assess the performance in terms of knowledge and practice of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) program among directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) provider, lab technician, senior treatment supervisor (STS), senior tuberculosis laboratory supervisor (STLS), factors affecting knowledge and practice of PTB program, rate of detection, cure rate and to identify the gaps and underlying contributing factors in terms of supply, manpower, and infrastructure. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on knowledge and practice of PTB program among DOTS Provider, lab technician, STS, STLS in ten designated tuberculosis center of West Tripura from May 2018 to April 2019. Simple random sampling method was followed for selecting DOTS provider and sample size of 50 was taken. Results Majority (40.0%) of patients were in the age group of 31 to 40 years and mean age of 40.98 ± 10.13 years. Females and males were 68.0 and 32.0%, respectively. Among DOTS provider, 66.0% had served for more than 5 years of service and 84.0% of them had verified address before starting the treatment. Conclusion Majority of the DOTS provider had satisfactory knowledge and practice about PTB program. Proportion of the medical officers attending DOTS training was inadequate and there were adequate number of the health care workers who had attended DOTS training. There were no gaps found in proportion of the cases receiving the supervised treatment.

The concept of the pathogenesis and etiology of periodontal disease, with their infectious and chronic natures, usually facilitates acknowledging the possibility of these infections influencing events elsewhere in the body. Concurrent awareness and recognition of the interaction between systemic and oral diseases are one of the enormous advances that require a periodontist to not only strictly direct their knowledge toward prevention and treatment but also spread awareness about the same among the unknown. Thus, the primary goal of our study was to assess public awareness of periodontal and systemic interrelationships with oral hygiene practices in Ranchi, Jharkhand. A total of 800 subjects between ages 18 and 60 years visiting the outpatient department of periodontology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), were randomly selected for inclusion in the study. After the oral hygiene checkup, the patients were presented with a self-constructed questionnaire form, where patients' awareness and knowledge about perio-systemic interrelationship and their patterns about oral hygiene practices were assessed.The data collected was analyzed using mean and standard deviation (SD), while the chi-square (χ2) test was to evaluate the mean difference. The results of our study showed a fair oral hygiene index, minimal oral hygiene practices, and a lack of awareness regarding the interrelationship between bad oral health and systemic diseases among the population of Ranchi. Out of 800 subjects, the majority (around 44.25%) visited a dentist only if and when needed, and around 80% of the population continued using their toothbrushes for more than six months. In fact, awareness regarding the perio-systemic interrelationship was only among 5.12% (3.25% ± 1.87%) of the total population.Within the limitations of our study, it can be concluded that there is a need to educate the general population about the pros and cons of maintaining oral hygiene. Dental awareness, along with periodontal health care and its impact on systemic health, should be intensified through various means.

Significance: Intermittent exotropia is intermittently manifest squint at distance and latent exophoria at near.Most of the time, the eyes seems to be aligned with normal binocular single vision is maintained because its exodeviation is intermittently controlled by fusional mechanisms. Purpose:To evaluate the effect of vision therapy on fusional vergences in intermittent exotropia.Methods: This hospital-based, Quasi-Experimental study was carried out at the Orthoptics clinic of Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital from August 2020 to July 2021.Non-probability, purposive sampling was used.This study involved the 40 subjects who were diagnosed with Intermittent Exotropia of age ranges 10 to 25 years, of both genders.A detailed history was evaluated.Orthoptics assessment included visual acuity, cover test, near the point of accommodation and convergence at a distance, and near and fusional vergences of positive and negative with prisms were measured.All subjects underwent vision therapies for 2 months.SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyze the data.Results: A total of 40 subjects with a mean age of 16.53±2.96were included in this study.Out of 40 subjects, 22 subjects were females and 18 subjects were males.Subjects who received dot card therapy and executives bifocals therapy showed a significant change in the angle of deviation at distance and near (P=.001),followed by reduced the near point of convergence (P=.001), and increased the positive fusional vergences at distance and near (P=.001).There was no significant improvement seen in near point of accommodation (P=.16) with both therapies.Negative fusional vergences showed non-significant as (near: P=.14, distance: P=.05) with executives bifocals and (P=.26) with dot cards. Conclusions:This study showed that vision therapies with dot card and executive bifocals therapy have significantly improved the angle of deviation, positive fusional vergences, and near point of convergence in intermittent exotropia subjects.

Significance: Intermittent exotropia is intermittently manifest squint at distance and latent exophoria at near. Most of the time, the eyes seems to be aligned with normal binocular single vision is maintained because its exodeviation is intermittently controlled by fusional mechanisms. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of vision therapy on fusional vergences in intermittent exotropia. Methods: This hospital-based, Quasi-Experimental study was carried out at the Orthoptics clinic of Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital from August 2020 to July 2021. Non- probability, purposive sampling was used. This study involved the 40 subjects who were diagnosed with Intermittent Exotropia of age ranges 10 to 25 years, of both genders. A detailed history was evaluated. Orthoptics assessment included visual acuity, cover test, near the point of accommodation and convergence at a distance, and near and fusional vergences of positive and negative with prisms were measured. All subjects underwent vision therapies for 2 months. SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 40 subjects with a mean age of 16.53±2.96 were included in this study. Out of 40 subjects, 22 subjects were females and 18 subjects were males. Subjects who received dot card therapy and executives bifocals therapy showed a significant change in the angle of deviation at distance and near (P=.001), followed by reduced the near point of convergence (P=.001), and increased the positive fusional vergences at distance and near (P=.001). There was no significant improvement seen in near point of accommodation (P=.16) with both therapies. Negative fusional vergences showed non-significant as (near: P=.14, distance: P=.05) with executives bifocals and (P=.26) with dot cards. Conclusions: This study showed that vision therapies with dot card and executive bifocals therapy have significantly improved the angle of deviation, positive fusional vergences, and near point of convergence in intermittent exotropia subjects.