Prasant Kumar Rout

India is the fifth economic power in the World, and 20% of its GDP is contributed by the agriculture and allied sector. The agricultural sector entails various activities involving land preparation, irrigation, crop growth, harvesting, food processing, etc. For meeting the current agricultural energy demand in India, renewable solar energy has come up as a prime energy source that can reduce the farmer’s dependency on the use of conventional energy sources. The regular usage of fossil fuels leads to its depletion and releases considerable CO2 into the atmosphere. It is estimated that 4600 GW of installed solar energy systems would circumvent about 4 gigatons of CO2 emissions yearly by 2050. As a result, solar energy has been recognized as one of the most promising renewable alternatives to create heat and electricity via solar technologies for agriculture as well as various industrial processes. This review focuses on the status, importance, availability, and applications of solar energy technologies in numerous agricultural operations that are currently taking place all over India. This review also highlights the socioeconomic importance, environmental impact, economic analysis, SWOT analysis, and future technological potential of solar energy uses along with some limitations to its extensive utilization in India.

A fast, hydrodynamic numerical model has been developed on the COMSOL Multiphysics platform to simulate the evolution and dynamics of charged particles in gaseous ionization detectors based on the Gaseous Electron Multipliers (GEM). Effects of using two-dimensional (2D), 2D axisymmetric and three-dimensional (3D) models of the detectors have been analyzed to choose the optimum configuration. The chosen model has been used to follow the entire operating regime of single, double and triple GEM detectors, including avalanche and streamer mode operations. The accumulation of space charge, its contribution towards the distortion of the applied electric field and production of streamers have been investigated in fair detail using the optimized model.

Ion backflow is one of the effects limiting the operation of a gaseous detector at high flux, by giving rise to space charge which perturbs the electric field. The natural ability of bulk Micromegas to suppress ion feedback is very effective and can help the TPC drift volume to remain relatively free of space charge build-up. An efficient and precise measurement of the backflow fraction is necessary to cope up with the track distortion due to the space charge effect. In a subtle but significant modification of the usual approach, we have made use of two drift meshes in order to measure the ion backflow fraction for bulk Micromegas detector. This helps to truly represent the backflow fraction for a TPC. Moreover, attempt is taken to optimize the field configuration between the drift meshes. In conjunction with the experimental measurement, Garfield simulation framework has been used to simulate the related physics processes numerically.

Discharge probability in GEM-based gaseous detectors has been numerically estimated using an axisymmetric hydrodynamic model. Initial primary charge configurations in the drift region, obtained using Heed and Geant4, are found to have significant effect on the subsequent evolution of detector response. Simulation of energy resolution has been performed to establish the capability of the hydrodynamic model to capture statistical nature of the experimental situation. Finally, single and triple GEM configurations exposed to alpha sources have been simulated to estimate discharge probability which have been compared with available experimental data. Despite the simplifying and drastic assumptions in the numerical model, the comparisons are encouraging.

Space charge accumulation within GEM holes is one of the vital phenomena which affects many of the key working parameters of the detector. This accumulation is found to be significantly affected by the initial primary charge configurations and applied GEM voltages since they determine charge sharing and the subsequent evolution of detector response. In this work, we have studied the effects of space charge phenomena on different parameters for single GEM detectors using a hybrid numerical model.

The purpose of this desktop study was to examine the efficacy of e-government technologies and the obstacles to their efficient use. The researchers assessed how well e-government affected service delivery, how it might result in cost savings and the advantages and difficulties of adopting and using it. The study also looked at the advantages of using e-government to investigate this. E-efficiency in providing services was demonstrated by greater citizen involvement and interaction with the local government, increased openness and accountability, and cost savings. The study revealed that the use of e-government improves traditional methods of conducting business and providing services while also enabling access to information and services online, reducing the need for rework, increasing transparency and accountability, and encouraging citizen participation. The ineffective use of e-government in local authorities was hampered by a lack of funding, inadequate enabling infrastructure, low ICT literacy levels, and the digital divide, among other factors. It was evidenced in this study, that e-procurement leads to cost savings, thus it affects cost reduction strategies positively. Thus, e-procurement reduces inventory costs.

Abstract Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) are among the more prominent Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGDs) and widely used in high energy particle physics experiments and various related applications. Adoption of different production techniques lead to holes of varying geometries in GEM foils. Since the response of a GEM-based detector is closely related to the hole geometry through the influence of the latter on charge sharing and transport through GEM foils, attempts have been made to relate hole configurations to different figures of merit of a detector. Numerical simulations have been performed to study the effects of hole geometry on important parameters such as charge sharing, collection efficiency, extraction efficiency, gain, possibility of transition from avalanche to streamer modes for single-, double- and triple-layer GEM detectors. The numerical estimates have been compared to available experimental data. The comparisons, although not always in agreement, are found to be generally encouraging.

Ovarian implantation of pregnancy is a rare entity.It represents 0.5%-1% of all ectopic pregnancy.The incidence ranges from 1 in 40,000 to 70,000 deliveries.The word ectopic comes from the Greek word "ektopos" which means out of place.Ectopic is a potentially life threatening adverse pregnancy outcome that requires prompt evaluation and treatment.Past studies have found that it affects an estimated 1-2% of all pregnancy.It results significant maternal morbidity, fetal loss, repeat ectopic, impairment of subsequent fertility.

TheRout, Prasant Kumar micropatternBhattacharya, Deb Sankar gaseousBhattacharya, Purba detectorsMukhopadhyay, Supratik (MPGD) areBhattacharya, Sudeb fastMajumdar, Nayana radiationSarkar, Sandip detectorsColas, Paul capableAttie, David ofGanjour, Serguei operatingBhattacharya, Aparajita in high-luminosity environment and offer high gain, good position and time resolutions. Avalanche-induced photons and ions lead to secondary effects that can limit the operation of gaseous ionization detectors. For example, ion backflow (IBF) makes a detector incapable in high-flux scenarios by distorting the electric field locally. In the present work, IBF has been measured using two drift meshes in the experimental set-up and several Ar-based gas mixtures, in particular, Argon + Isobutane (95:5), T2K gas composed of Argon + CF $$_{4}$$ + Isobutane (95:3:2) and Argon + CO $$_{2}$$ (80:20). We will present the effect of various experimental parameters on IBF and discuss optimization of the related experimental set-up.

‘Aadhaar’ – the Unique Identification (UID) Project of India has been much in the focus as well as in controversy over the last three years, more so since February 2009 when the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) was established. In April 2010, the project got rechristened as 'Aadhaar,' meaning 'foundation,' whereas it also is interpreted by the UIDAI as 'Aap Ka Adhikar' (meaning 'Your Right') to 'Aam Admi Ka Adhikaar' ('The Right of a Common Man') in its various advertisements to reach out the vast 1.21 billion populace, subsequently curtailed to 600 million and existing ones. The ambitious project had remained much talked about – due to a variety of reasons, starting from security purposes, privacy issues, reliability of biometric identification in a nation like India to even to take care of a leaky and non-targeted subsidy schemes of the Government towards social welfare. In India, from late 1980s, when former Prime Minister Mr. Rajiv Gandhi highlighted the degree of leaks in subsidies meant for the poor and under privileged, it is often stated that hardly 10% of the actual subsidy spent by the Government reaches the intended recipient. Subsequently, future uses of Aadhaar UID have been often extended to possibilities of direct cash transfers – be it for fertilizers to domestic LPGs to PDS (Public Distribution System covering essential food and fuel) to even taking care of absenteeism of students and teachers alike in primary classes in Government-run schools. Media reports suggested that actual spent on social welfare oriented subsidies for financial year 2012-13 is likely to be close to $55 billion. There has been also active speculation in media that in financial year 2013-14, Government wants to direct around $40 billion of this subsidy through Direct cash Transfer, a large part of which will be through Aadhaar-based verification process. This paper takes views from traditional Project Management perspective of Aadhaar UID from various secondary sources (primary data collection failed as questionnaire to UIDAI remained unanswered), and scrutinizes how this project is supposed to deliver to the various social welfare needs identified, both from the feasibility and scalability perspectives. Essentially many of the uses of the Aadhaar UID fall under the traditional Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) category. These demographic data, which covers socio-economic to others needed for the TPS to be completed are dynamic, and are not of the type of 'timeless' data. This paper examines the project scope, the creeping scope, the methodology adopted and its evolution – and thereby examines how the project is likely to deliver on much of these often reported Aadhaar-linked TPS-services in areas of G2C social welfare subsidies, on a scalable and sustainable manner, for a country of India’s size and diversity. The findings highlight a reinventing the wheel approach where probably other less complex, more feasible and scalable solutions exists.

Present study has been aimed to find out the difference of soccer skill performance between tribal and non-tribal soccer players of Odisha state, with respect to their anthropometric dimensions and motor fitness. The study investigated tribal soccer players of mean age 15.54 years from sports club, sports hostels and schools of western region of the state of Orissa (tribal origin) only. It also included non-tribal soccer players mean age 15.54 year were selected as samples from urban area of western region of Odisha state. The groups of sample selected for investigation participated in competitions held at district level and above. An anthropometric measurement of eight items has been taken of all subjects to assess soccer skill performance. The established Cooper9s JCR motor fitness was administered to each subject. After sufficient rest, Warner Soccer Skill Test items were also administered to each sample. The data obtained from the investigation were analysed statistically. The analysis yielded significant difference between the two groups of soccer players with respect to height and ankle circumference parameters. However non-tribal soccer players are significantly more heighted than the tribal soccer players. But tribal players are superior to non-tribal soccer player with respect to ankle circumstances. It is concluded that the skill performance of soccer players with good motor fitness and more ankle circumference would be better than the performance skill of the player with poor motor fitness and less ankle circumstances. There is little difference between tribal and non-tribal soccer player with respect to the soccer skill performance.

Ion backflow is one of the effects limiting the operation of a gaseous detector at high flux, by giving rise to space charge which perturbs the electric field. The natural ability of bulk Micromegas to suppress ion feedback is very effective and can help the TPC drift volume to remain relatively free of space charge build-up. An efficient and precise measurement of the backflow fraction is necessary to cope up with the track distortion due to the space charge effect. In a subtle but significant modification of the usual approach, we have made use of two drift meshes in order to measure the ion backflow fraction for bulk Micromegas detector. This helps to truly represent the backflow fraction for a TPC. Moreover, attempt is taken to optimize the field configuration between the drift meshes. In conjunction with the experimental measurement, Garfield simulation framework has been used to simulate the related physics processes numerically.

Ion backflow is one of the effects limiting the operation of a gaseous detector at high flux, by giving rise to space charge which perturbs the electric field. The natural ability of bulk Micromegas to suppress ion feedback is very effective and can help the TPC drift volume to remain relatively free of space charge build-up. An efficient and precise measurement of the backflow fraction is necessary to cope up with the track distortion due to the space charge effect. In a subtle but significant modification of the usual approach, we have made use of two drift meshes in order to measure the ion backflow fraction for bulk Micromegas detector. This helps to truly represent the backflow fraction for a TPC. Moreover, attempt is taken to optimize the field configuration between the drift meshes. In conjunction with the experimental measurement, Garfield simulation framework has been used to simulate the related physics processes numerically.

Space charge accumulation within GEM holes is one of the vital phenomena which affects many of the key working parameters of the detector. This accumulation is found to be significantly affected by the initial primary charge configurations and applied GEM voltages since they determine charge sharing and the subsequent evolution of detector response. In this work, we have studied the effects of space charge phenomena on different parameters for single GEM detectors using a hybrid numerical model.

The working of gaseous ionization detectors can be broadly broken into few major steps: generation of primaries, their transport and amplification due to applied electromagnetic field, and, finally, induction of signal on pick-up electrodes due to movement of electrons and ions. Proper design and optimum utilization of such detectors require thorough understanding of each of these steps. Since they possess significant complexity, numerical modelling turns out to be an important tool to explore the dynamics and response of these detectors. There are several possible approaches that may be adopted to carry out detailed and realistic numerical simulation of gaseous detectors. Among these, the Monte-Carlo particle approach adopted by the Garfield++ toolkit is among the most prominent possibilities. Recently, a deterministic hydrodynamic approach has also turned out to be useful for this purpose. The steps necessary to create mathematical and numerical models of a gaseous detector is presented here, utilizing both particle and hydrodynamic approaches. Simple examples are used to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of both the approaches.

The dynamics of electrons and ions in gaseous ionization detectors have been studied reasonably well with particle simulation models developed using the Garfield++ numerical simulation framework. This is an important area of study since it allows prediction of the detector response in a given experimental situation. In this work, a fluid simulation model has been developed in the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation framework to simulate the avalanche and streamer formation in GEM-based detectors. Possible detector geometries in 2D, 2D axisymmetric and 3D coordinate systems have been explored to find the optimum numerical configuration. Transport of charged fluids has been simulated in the optimized model for various operating voltage ranges suitable for single, double and triple GEM detectors using Ar-CO 2 (70-30) as the gas mixture. Simulated gain variations have been compared with experimental observations. Effect of space charge and its relation to streamer formation have been studied.

MST or Muon Scattering Tomography is a major non-destructive technique to discriminate materials by finding deviation in muon tracks which depends on Z and density ( ρ ) of the medium the muon passes through. The scattering angle also depends on the incoming momentum of muon which is a key to distinguish multiple small deviations through large path-lengths of low-Z material from significant deviations through smaller path lengths of a high-Z target. An analytical function, derived by fitting the muon momentum distribution in a selected range has been used to predict the momentum of individual events. The scattering angles have been normalized by the predicted momenta to improve the material discrimination.

We present the simulation studies of primary ionization using an alpha source in different gas mixtures. The geant4 toolkit is used to estimate the nature of the primary ionization produced in the entire detector volume with Ar- and Ne-based gas mixtures. The response of alpha source in these gas mixtures is found to be different due to the different properties of these gas mixtures.

In this work, avalanche and streamer operation of GEM-based detectors have been studied using a hydrodynamic model of electron and ion transport. A two-dimensional axisymmetric geometry of GEM has been utilized to perform the simulation. The results obtained include electric field, electron avalanche and streamer formation in a single GEM detector using the Argon-Carbon dioxide gas mixtures in volume proportions of 70–30.

The Gas Electron Multiplier(GEM) Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector is one of the successful and popular Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD) which offers high gain, good position and time resolutions at high luminosityHigh luminosity environments. GEM detectors have been used in the COMPASS experiment at CERN. Triple GEM detectors are going to be used in the CMS experiment for muon detection and tracking. In the ALICE Time Projection Chamber (TPC), GEM based detectors are planned to be used for their quality of suppression of ion backflow and high rate capability. In this work, we present numerical studies on the variation of transport properties of gas mixtures and experimental result of gain of a triple GEM detector using different composition of Argon- $${\text {CO}}_{2}$$ gas mixtures.