M. Jones

We present a measurement of the standard model CP violation parameter sin2φ1 based on a 29.1fb−1 data sample collected at the Υ(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e+e− collider. One neutral B meson is fully reconstructed as a J/ψKS, ψ(2S)KS, χc1KS, ηcKS, J/ψKL, or J/ψK*0 decay and the flavor of the accompanying B meson is identified from its decay products. From the asymmetry in the distribution of the time intervals between the two B meson decay points, we determine sin2φ1=0.99±0.14(stat)±0.06(syst). We conclude that we have observed CP violation in the neutral B meson system.Received 18 July 2001DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.091802©2001 American Physical Society

We have measured the branching fraction of the inclusive radiative B meson decay B --> X(s) gamma to be Br(B->X(s)gamma)=(3.36 +/- 0.53(stat) +/- 0.42(sys) +0.50-0.54(th)) x 10^{-4}. The result is based on a sample of 6.07 x 10^6 BBbar events collected at the Upsilon(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric e^+e^- storage ring.

We present the first measurement of decay amplitudes in B→φK* and measurements of branching fractions in B→φK(*) decays based on 78.1 fb−1 of data recorded at the Υ(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB e+e− storage ring. The decay amplitudes for the different φK*0 helicity states are measured from the angular distributions of final state particles in the transversity basis. The longitudinal and transverse complex amplitudes are |A0|2=0.43±0.09±0.04, |A⊥|2=0.41±0.10±0.04, arg(A∥)=−2.57±0.39±0.09, and arg(A⊥)=0.48±0.32±0.06. The direct CP-violating asymmetries are found to be consistent with zero.Received 8 July 2003DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.201801©2003 American Physical Society

A common project to develop a bi-directional, radiation tolerant, high speed (4.8 Gb/s) optical link for future high energy physics experiments is described. Due to be completed in 2012, it targets the upgrade programs of detectors installed at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The development of radiation and magnetic field tolerant opto-electronic devices, fibre and connectors is described. Both Single-Mode and Multi-Mode versions of the system operating respectively at 850 nm and 1310 nm wavelength are proposed. First results at component and system level are presented, based mostly on commercially available devices.

We present a measurement of the standard model CP violation parameter sin2 phi(1) (also known as sin2beta) based on a 10.5 fb(-1) data sample collected at the Upsilon(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric e(+)e(-) collider. One neutral B meson is reconstructed in the J/psiK(S), psi(2S)K(S), chi(c1)K(S), eta(c)K(S), J/psiK(L), or J/psipi(0) CP-eigenstate decay channel and the flavor of the accompanying B meson is identified from its charged particle decay products. From the asymmetry in the distribution of the time interval between the two B-meson decay points, we determine sin2 phi(1) = 0.58(+0.32)(-0.34)(stat)+0.09-0.10(syst).

We report a determination of the B(0)(d)-&B_(0)(d) mixing parameter Deltam(d) based on the time evolution of dilepton yields in Upsilon(4S) decays. The measurement is based on a 5.9 fb(-1) data sample collected by the Belle detector at KEKB. The proper-time difference distributions for same-sign and opposite-sign dilepton events are simultaneously fitted to an expression containing Deltam(d) as a free parameter. Using both muons and electrons, we obtain Deltam(d) = 0.463+/-0.008 (stat)+/-0.016 (syst) ps(-1). This is the first determination of Deltam(d) from time evolution measurements at the Upsilon(4S). We also place limits on possible CPT violations.

This paper introduces and motivates the application of parameterization to behavior trees. As a framework, behavior trees are becoming more commonly used for agent controllers in interactive game environments. We describe a way by which behavior trees can be authored for acting upon functions with arguments, as opposed to being limited to nonparametric tasks. We expand upon this idea to provide a method by which a subtree itself can be encapsulated with an exposed parameter interface through a lookup node, which enables code reuse in a manner already exploited by object oriented programming languages. Parameterization also allows us to recast Smart Events (a mechanism for co-opting agents to perform a desired activity) as behavior trees that can act generically upon groups of typed agents. Finally, we introduce a tool called Topiary, which enables the graphically-oriented authoring of behavior trees with this functionality as part of a broader testbed for agent simulation.

Employing a specially constructed two-crystal spectrometer and a 600-kilovolt x-ray machine, mass absorption coefficients have been measured, with an average probable error of 0.8 percent, for Pb(82), Ta(73), Sn(50), Ag(47), Mo(42), and Cb(41) in the wave-length range $30<\ensuremath{\lambda}<185$ X.U. Assuming the correctness of the Klein-Nishina formula for absorption due to scattering, the photoelectric absorption ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{a}$ was calculated for the above elements. In the empirical equation ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{a}={C}_{a}{Z}^{p}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{q}$, $p$ increases from 3.51 to 3.88 as $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ decreases from 140 to 50 X.U., and $q$ increases from 2.60 to 2.80 as $Z$ decreases from 82 to 41. Agreements with data of other observers for Pb(82) are given. At 30 and 40 X.U., the present data for Pb(82) are about 10 percent higher than the theory developed by Hulme, McDougall, Buckingham and Fowler. New constants in Gray's empirical equation for ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{Pb}}$ are suggested of: $a=\overline{3}.7321$, $b=1.03$ and $c=0.44$.

Automotive manufacturers are working to improve individual cell and overall pack design by increasing their performance, durability, and range, while reducing cost; and active material volume change is one of the more complex aspects that needs to be considered during this process. As the time from initial design to manufacture of electric vehicles is decreased, design work that used to rely solely on testing needs to be supplemented or replaced by virtual methods. As electrochemical engineers drive battery and system design using model-based methods, the need for coupled electrochemical/mechanical models that take into account the active material change utilizing physics based or semi-empirical approaches is necessary. In this study, we illustrated the applicability of a mechano-electrochemical coupled modeling method considering the multi-species, multi-reaction model as popularized by Verbrugge and Baker. To do this, validation tests were conducted using a computer-controlled press apparatus that can control the press displacement and press force with precision. The coupled MSMR volume change model was developed and its applicability to graphite and NMC cells was illustrated. The increased accuracy of the model considering the coupled MSMR volume change approach shows in the importance of accounting for individual gallery volume change behavior on cell level predictions.

We report measurements of the branching fractions for $B^0\to\pi^+\pi^-$, $K^+\pi^-$, $K^+K^-$ and $K^0\pi^0$, and $B^+\to\pi^+\pi^0$, $K^+\pi^0$, $K^0\pi^+$ and $K^+\bar{K}{}^0$. The results are based on 10.4 fb$^{-1}$ of data collected on the $\Upsilon$(4S) resonance at the KEKB $e^+e^-$ storage ring with the Belle detector, equipped with a high momentum particle identification system for clear separation of charged $\pi$ and $K$ mesons. We find ${\cal B}(B^0\to\pi^+\pi^-) =(0.56^{+0.23}_{-0.20}\pm 0.04)\times 10^{-5}$, ${\cal B}(B^0\to K^+\pi^-) =(1.93^{+0.34 +0.15}_{-0.32 -0.06})\times 10^{-5}$, ${\cal B}(B^+\to K^+\pi^0) =(1.63^{+0.35 +0.16}_{-0.33 -0.18})\times 10^{-5}$, ${\cal B}(B^+\to K^0\pi^+) =(1.37^{+0.57 +0.19}_{-0.48 -0.18})\times 10^{-5}$, and ${\cal B}(B^0\to K^0\pi^0) =(1.60^{+0.72 +0.25}_{-0.59 -0.27})\times 10^{-5}$, where the first and second errors are statistical and systematic. We also set upper limits of ${\cal B}(B^+\to\pi^+\pi^0)<1.34\times 10^{-5}$, ${\cal B}(B^0\to K^+K^-)<0.27\times 10^{-5}$, and ${\cal B}(B^+\to K^+\bar{K}{}^0)<0.50\times 10^{-5}$ at the 90% confidence level.

A search for the exotic meson $X(5568)$ decaying into the $B^0_s \pi^{\pm}$ final state is performed using data corresponding to $9.6 \textrm{fb}^{-1}$ from $p{\bar p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 1960$ GeV recorded by the Collider Detector at Fermilab. No evidence for this state is found and an upper limit of 6.7\% at the 95\% confidence level is set on the fraction of $B^0_s$ produced through the $X(5568) \rightarrow B^0_s \, \pi^{\pm}$ process.

Cellular automata are interacting classical bits that display diverse emergent behaviors, from fractals to random-number generators to Turing-complete computation. We discover that quantum cellular automata (QCA) can exhibit complexity in the sense of the complexity science that describes biology, sociology, and economics. QCA exhibit complexity when evolving under 'Goldilocks rules' that we define by balancing activity and stasis. Our Goldilocks rules generate robust dynamical features (entangled breathers), network structure and dynamics consistent with complexity, and persistent entropy fluctuations. Present-day experimental platforms—Rydberg arrays, trapped ions, and superconducting qubits—can implement our Goldilocks protocols, making testable the link between complexity science and quantum computation exposed by our QCA.

Equipment has been constructed for experimentation at very high pressures and temperatures. With the modified Bridgman anvil device described, it has proven possible to maintain pressures in excess of 100 000 atm simultaneously with temperatures above 3000°C for periods greater than one hour. [The fixed points used to infer this pressure are taken to be the pressure values established by Bridgman for discontinuities of the electrical resistance of bismuth and barium, 25 650 kg cm−2 and 80 000 kg cm−2, respectively, and called the bismuth and barium points. Recent unpublished work indicates that the barium point pressure will probably have to be revised downward materially, reducing our pressure estimates in the upper range.] The use of an extrudable plastic compressible gasket is described. Several considerations are presented concerning the support of high pressure components constructed of cemented tungsten carbide. Coesite, almandite, and diamond have been synthesized in the apparatus.

Research question Match official abuse (MOA) in team sports has become a prominent issue within sport management; the effects of MOA on the safety, wellbeing and retention of officials has led to a growth of academic enquiry. The present review aimed to develop a thorough understanding of MOA through the perspective of sport officials from various sports.Research methods The authors conducted a systematic literature review on match officials' experiences of abuse. Research databases (PsychInfo, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) were screened for peer-reviewed research published between 1999 and 2022. Sixty studies of mixed research designs were retained and evaluated using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT).Results and Findings Qualitative synthesis of the results identified five key themes of empirical findings pertaining to the nature and prevalence of abuse; the effects of abuse on performance, wellbeing and retention; methods of interpersonal conflict management; facilitators of abuse; and match officials’ attitudes towards current support and intervention. Results show that MOA effects individuals at all levels of competition and can adversely affect the performance and wellbeing of officials.Implications The findings are used to identify relevant sport management issues and the authors discuss potential policy outcomes for reducing the prevalence and adverse effects of MOA.

GPS-enabled mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets are extremely popular today. Billions of such devices are currently in use. The application and research potentials of these devices are limitless, but how accurate are these devices? The research team used Average Euclidean Error (AEE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Central Error (CE) to define and calculate the accuracy and precision of six popular GPS-enabled mobile devices running on two different operating systems (Android and iOS) from measurements in Clarksville, Tennessee, USA. Spatial data (multiple measurements) consisting of latitude and longitude coordinates of positions reported by these six GPS-enabled mobile devices were collected at nine different physical locations (control points). The results of the field data were ranked and compared through the use of one scientific and two realistic measuring protocols. The scientific protocol was designed to simulate standard scientific experimental practices (a controlled experiment). The realistic protocols were designed to simulate daily usage of mobile devices (holding a mobile phone at around waist level). In this preliminary study, it was discovered that various mobile devices perform differently in terms of AEE, RMSE, and CE. It also showed that the protocol is not a statistically significant contributing factor to the variation in the measurements in terms of accuracy nor precision. The device and the location are statistically significant contributing factors to the variation in the measurements in terms of accuracy and precision. The interaction between protocol and device is not a statistically significant contributing factor. It is also discovered that the devices are statistically less accurate than they are precise.

Atmospheric transport and wet deposition have contributed to the worldwide distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, even in remote areas far from known industrial sources. However, little is known regarding the impact of cloud and precipitation formation dynamics on PFAS transport and wet deposition, nor the range of variability in PFAS concentrations within a closely distributed monitoring network. Precipitation samples were collected from a network of 25 stations in a focused geographic region (the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, USA) from stratiform and convective storm systems to evaluate if the different cloud and precipitation formation mechanisms in these two fundamental types of storm systems influenced PFAS concentrations in precipitation, and to assess the range of variability in PFAS concentrations in precipitation at a regional scale. PFAS were detected in 11 of 50 discrete precipitation events. Of the 11 events from which PFAS were detected, 10 of the events were convective in nature. PFAS were detected during only one stratiform event at one station. This suggests that local and regional atmospheric PFAS sources entrained by convection events controls regional atmospheric PFAS flux, and that PFAS flux estimates should consider the type and magnitude of precipitation events. The PFAS detected were primarily perfluorocarboxylic acids, with relatively higher detection frequency for shorter-chained compounds. Compilation of PFAS data from precipitation across primarily the eastern United States, from urban, suburban, and rural areas, including those in industrial areas, indicates population density is a poor predictor of precipitation PFAS concentrations. While the total PFAS concentration in precipitation in some areas exceeds 100 ng/L, the median concentrations across all areas are generally less than about 10 ng/L.

Optical links are used for the readout of the 4088 silicon microstrip modules that make up the SemiConductor Tracker of the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The optical link requirements are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the very demanding environment at the LHC. The on-detector components have to operate in high radiation levels for 10 years, with no maintenance, and there are very strict requirements on power consumption, material and space. A novel concept for the packaging of the on-detector optoelectronics has been developed to meet these requirements. The system architecture, including its redundancy features, is explained and the critical on-detector components are described. The results of the extensive Quality Assurance performed during all steps of the assembly are discussed.

Abstract A central metaphor in accounts of sociomateriality is that of entanglement—the social and material are not just mutually influential, but inextricably related. These accounts, however, employ several different terms, sometimes interchangeably, to characterize the nature of this entanglement, such as inseparability, interpenetration, relationality, and embodiment, and to refer to what is entangled, for example the social and the material, humans and technology, work and technology. While such variation may be justified on aesthetic or stylistic grounds, treating these terms as synonyms may be seen as conflating different ontological claims. This chapter seeks to identify these claims and to explore their consequences through an analysis of nursing in a critical care unit, a context that is, at the same time, both highly suffused by technology and intensely social. In common with the majority of sociomateriality literature much of the focus of this analysis will be on technology, but the implications for materiality more generally and for process research on organizations are also considered.

Imagine a world without hunger, without poverty, with equality and education. Could this ever truly be a worldwide possibility? While some of these goals may appear distant, the United Nations (UN), with their Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aims to create change across seventeen different categories by 2030. These goals focus on various contemporary challenges that can improve the quality of life for people across the globe. However, with such a broad range of topics and the short time frame, it becomes necessary to prioritize some goals over others in order to have the greatest chance of success and impact. In searching for a method to prioritize a subsection of the seventeen different goals, our team used a weighted graph model with nodes and edges as a method to represent some set of elements and relationships between them. For our model, we constructed a network of connections with each node representing one of the SDGs. The edges between the nodes are weighted, representing the positive or negative impact correlation between two goals. Each node is connected to every other node in the graph. To determine the proper weighting between each node, we analyzed data from a 2017 study which utilized Spearman’s correlation ranking to determine interactions between different goals [Pradhan et al., 2017]. Another popular metric for measuring correlation between SDGs is the 7-point scale, where correlations are ranked from -3 to +3, where -3 represents the most negative correlation and +3 represents the most positive (Pradhan et al., 2017). However, there are no current global values measured with this scale, so we combined both approaches to scale the Spearman's correlation rankings and the 7-point scale to create our scale, which ranges from -1 to +1. As a metric to model the synergy between the SDGs, we used an achievement score, a value between 0 and 1, where 1 indicates complete achievement and 0 indicates no progress. The achievement scores can be propagated through the network as a function of the weights and distance from the parent vertex. Using our model, we experimented with various connection weights and initial achievement values to determine the most interconnected and most influential goals. From this analysis, we determined that SDG 1: No Poverty holds the highest positive priority, while SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production holds the greatest negative priority. This indicates that SDG 1 holds the most positive correlations with the other goals and SDG 12 holds the most negative correlations. This model was also used as a foundation for what we might expect to be accomplished in 10 years if actions based on our priorities were enacted. We believe that while focusing on SDG 1 would allow the UN to better meet the holistic needs of people worldwide, the initial value for SDG 1 is not high enough to expect completion by 2030. We also included constant multipliers within each node to represent the probable impact that certain worldwide events could have on the achievement level of each goal. Constant multipliers represent a percentage change in the achievement levels of each of the SDGs and are calculated for each potential event separately. The COVID-19 pandemic, which erased four years’ worth of progress towards ending poverty, is one example (United Nations, 2015). Statistics like this impacted the relative values of our multipliers for war, technological advancements, pandemics, climate change, and refugee movements. From implementing the multipliers, we determined that SDG 1: No Poverty, SDG 2: Zero Hunger, SDG 4: Quality Education, SDG 10: Reduced Inequalities, and SDG 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Infrastructure would be most impacted by a variety of possible future events.

Quantum cellular automata (QCA) evolve qubits in a quantum circuit depending only on the states of their neighborhoods and model how rich physical complexity can emerge from a simple set of underlying dynamical rules. For instance, Goldilocks QCA depending on trade-off principles exhibit non-equilibrating coherent dynamics and generate complex mutual information networks, much like the brain. The inability of classical computers to simulate large quantum systems is a hindrance to understanding the physics of quantum cellular automata, but quantum computers offer an ideal simulation platform. Here we demonstrate the first experimental realization of QCA on a digital quantum processor, simulating a one-dimensional Goldilocks rule on chains of up to 23 superconducting qubits. Employing low-overhead calibration and error mitigation techniques, we calculate population dynamics and complex network measures indicating the formation of small-world mutual information networks. Unlike random states, these networks decohere at fixed circuit depth independent of system size; the largest of which corresponds to 1,056 two-qubit gates. Such computations may open the door to the employment of QCA in applications like the simulation of strongly-correlated matter or beyond-classical computational demonstrations.

The introduction of transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation (TPVI) has greatly benefited the management of right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction. Infective endocarditis (IE) is a feared complication of TPVI that affects valve durability and patient outcomes. Current recommendations provide only limited guidance on the management of IE after TPVI (TPVI-IE). This article, by a group of experts in congenital heart disease in children and adults, interventional cardiology, infectious diseases including IE, and microbiology, provides a comprehensive review of the current evidence on TPVI-IE, including its incidence, risk factors, causative organisms, diagnosis, and treatment. The incidence of TPVI-IE varies from 13–91/1000 person-years for Melody valves to 8–17/1000 person-years for SAPIEN valves. Risk factors include history of IE, DiGeorge syndrome, immunosuppression, male sex, high residual transpulmonary gradient and portal of bacteria entry. Staphylococci and streptococci are the most common culprits, whereas Staphylococcus aureus is associated with the most severe disease. In addition to the modified Duke criteria, a high residual gradient warrants a strong suspicion. Imaging studies are helpful for the diagnosis. Intravenous antibiotics guided by blood culture results are the mainstay of treatment. Invasive re-intervention may be required. TPVI-IE in patients with congenital heart disease exhibits several distinctive features. Whether specific valve types are associated with a higher risk of TPVI-IE requires further investigation. Patient and parent education regarding IE prevention may have a role to play and should be offered to all patients.

We report the first observation of the exclusive decay process $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{K}_{1}(1270)$ using a sample of $11.2M$ $B\overline{B}$ meson pairs collected in the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric energy ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider. We measure branching fractions of $B[{B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{K}_{1}^{0}(1270)]\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(1.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.32)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and $B[{B}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{K}_{1}^{+}(1270)]\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(1.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.34\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.39)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. These modes constitute approximately $15%$ of the total number of $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}X$ decays. No evidence is seen for $B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J/\ensuremath{\psi}{K}_{1}(1400)$ and we set an upper limit for this branching fraction.

We report observations of the Cabibbo suppressed decays B-->D((*))K- using a 10.4 fb(-1) data sample accumulated at the Upsilon(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB e(+)e(-) storage ring. We find that the ratios of Cabibbo suppressed to Cabibbo favored branching fractions are B(B--->D0K-)/B(B--->D0pi(-)) = 0.079+/-0.009+/-0.006, B(B(0)-->D+K-)/B(B(0)-->D+pi(-)) = 0.068+/-0.015+/-0.007, B(B--->D(*0)K-)/B(B--->D(*0)pi(-)) = 0.078+/-0.019+/-0.009, and B(B(0)-->D(*+)K-)/B(B(0)-->D(*+)pi(-)) = 0.074+/-0.015+/-0.006. These are the first observations of the B-->D+K-, D(*0)K-, and D(*+)K- decay processes.

Using the Belle detector operating at the KEKB e+e- storage ring, we have measured the mean multiplicity and the momentum spectrum of neutral pions from the decays of the Upsilon(4S) resonance. We measure a mean of 4.70 +/- 0.04 +/- 0.22 neutral pions per Upsilon(4S) decay.

A two-crystal x-ray spectrometer for use in the wave-length region 0.030&amp;lt;λ&amp;lt;0.215A is described. Transmission and reflection of the x-rays through the body of the crystal, instead of the usual reflection from the surface, is employed. An ionization chamber containing argon at 80 atmospheres, and an FP-54 electrometer tube system is used to measure the intensity of the reflected radiation. A source of short wave-length x-rays, consisting of two specially designed induction coils and a cascade Coolidge tube, is described. Rocking curves in the (1, −1) position at 50 X.U., the K limits of lead and of uranium, and the Kα and Kβ-lines of tungsten were observed for the purpose of calibrating the spectrometer. The resolving power of the instrument with the present crystals is discussed.

Quantification of land surface-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes and their trends and 63 uncertainties is essential for monitoring progress of the EU27+UK bloc as it strives to meet ambitious targets 64 determined by both international agreements and internal regulation.This study provides a consolidated synthesis of 65 fossil sources (CO2 fossil) and natural sources and sinks over land (CO2 land) using bottom-up (BU) and top-down 66 (TD) approaches for the European Union and United Kingdom (EU27+UK), updating earlier syntheses (Petrescu et 67 al., 2020(Petrescu et 67 al., , 2021b)).Given the wide scope of the work and the variety of approaches involved, this study aims to answer 68 essential questions identified in the previous syntheses and understand the differences between datasets, particularly 69 for poorly characterized fluxes from managed ecosystems.The work integrates updated emission inventory data, 70 process-based model results, data-driven sectoral model results, and inverse modeling estimates, extending the 71 previous period 1990-2018 to the year 2020 to the extent possible.BU and TD products are compared with European 72 National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (NGHGIs) reported by Parties including the year 2019 under the United Nations 73 Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).The uncertainties of the EU27+UK NGHGI were evaluated 74 using the standard deviation reported by the EU Member States following the guidelines of the Intergovernmental 75 Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and harmonized by gap-filling procedures.Variation in estimates produced with 76 other methods, such as atmospheric inversion models (TD) or spatially disaggregated inventory datasets (BU), 77 originate from within-model uncertainty related to parameterization as well as structural differences between models.78 By comparing NGHGIs with other approaches, key sources of differences between estimates arise primarily in 79 activities.System boundaries and emission categories create differences in CO2 fossil datasets, while different land 80 use definitions for reporting emissions from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) activities result in 81 differences for CO2 land.The latter has important consequences for atmospheric inversions, leading to inversions 82 reporting stronger sinks in vegetation and soils than are reported by the NGHGI.83 For CO2 fossil emissions, after harmonizing estimates based on common activities and selecting the most 84 recent year available for all datasets, the UNFCCC NGHGI for the EU27+UK accounts for 3392 ± 49 Tg CO2 yr -1 85 (926 ± 13 Tg C yr -1 ), while eight other BU sources report a mean value of 3340 [3238,3401] [25th,75th percentile] Tg 86 CO2 yr -1 (948 [937,961] Tg C yr -1 ).The sole top-down inversion of fossil emissions currently available accounts for 87 3800 Tg CO2 yr -1 (1038 Tg C yr -1 ), a value close to that of the NGHGI, but for which uncertainty estimates are not 88 yet available.For the net CO2 land fluxes, during the most recent five-year period including the NGHGI estimates, 89 the NGHGI accounted for -91 ± 32 Tg C yr -1 while six other BU approaches reported a mean sink of -62 [-117,-49] 90 Tg C yr -1 and a 15-member ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) reported -69 [-152,-5] Tg C yr - 91 1 .The five-year mean of three TD regional ensembles combined with one non-ensemble inversion of -73 Tg C yr -1 92 has a slightly smaller spread (0th-100th percentile of [-135,45] Tg C yr -1 ), and was calculated after removing land-93 atmosphere CO2 fluxes caused by lateral transport of carbon (crops, wood trade and inland waters) resulting in 94 increased agreement with the the NGHGI and bottom-up approaches.Results at the sub-sector level (Forestland, 95 Cropland, Grassland) show generally good agreement between the NGHGI and sub-sector-specific models, but results 96 for a DGVM are mixed.Overall, for both CO2 fossil and net CO2 land fluxes, we find current independent approaches 97 a déplacé vers le bas [1]: The work integrates updated 98 emission inventory data, process-based model results, data-99 driven sectoral model results, and inverse modeling estimates, 100 extending the previous period 1990-2018 to the year 2020 to 101 the extent possible.102 a déplacé (et inséré) [1] a déplacé vers le bas [2]: For CO2 fossil emissions, after 103 harmonizing estimates based on common activities and 104 selecting the most recent year available for all datasets, the 105 UNFCCC NGHGI for the EU27+UK accounts for 3392 ± 49 106 Tg CO2 yr -1 (926 ± 13 Tg C yr -1 ), while eight other BU 107 sources report a mean value of 3340 [3238,3401] [25th,75th 108 percentile] Tg CO2 yr -1 (948 [937,961] Tg C yr -1 ).The sole 109 top-down inversion of fossil emissions currently available 110 accounts for 3800 Tg CO2 yr -1 (1038 Tg C yr -1 ), a value close 111 to that of the NGHGI, but for which uncertainty estimates are 112 not yet available.For the net CO2 land fluxes, during the 113 most recent five-year period including the NGHGI estimates, 114 the NGHGI accounted for -91 ± 32 Tg C yr -1 while six other 115 BU approaches reported a mean sink of -62 [-117,-49] Tg C 116 yr -1 and a 15-member ensemble of dynamic global vegetation 117 models (DGVMs) reported -69 [-152,-5] Tg C yr -1 .The five-118 year mean of three TD regional ensembles combined with 119 one non-ensemble inversion of -73 Tg C yr -1 has a slightly 120 smaller spread (0th-100th percentile of [-135,45] Tg C yr -1 ), 121 and was calculated after removing land-atmosphere CO2 122 fluxes caused by lateral transport of carbon (crops, wood 123 trade and inland waters) resulting in increased agreement with 124 the the NGHGI and bottom-up approaches.Results at the sub-125 sector level (Forestland, Cropland, Grassland) show generally 126 good agreement between the NGHGI and sub-sector-specific 127 models, but results for a DGVM are mixed.Overall, for both 128 CO2 fossil and net CO2 land fluxes, we find current 129 independent approaches are consistent with the NGHGI at the 130 scale of the EU27+UK.We conclude that CO2 emissions 131 from fossil sources have decreased over the past 30 years in 132 the EU27+UK, while large uncertainties on net uptake of CO2 133 by the land surface prevent trend identification.In addition, a 134 gap on the order of 1000 Tg C yr -1 between CO2 fossil 135 emissions and net CO2 uptake by the land exists regardless of 136 the type of approach (NGHGI, TD, BU), falling well outside 137 all available estimates of uncertainties.However, 138 uncertainties in top-down approaches to estimate CO2 fossil 139 emissions remain uncharacterized and are likely substantial.140The data used to plot the figures are available at

This paper analyses a live project collaboration between the Birmingham School of Architecture &amp; Design and CoLab Dudley, a social innovation lab based on Dudley High Street. The project developed students’ sustainability competencies while contributing to social, environmental, and economic progression and regeneration of local communities, and explored regenerative futures for Dudley High Street 2030 through engaging students, academics, collaborators, and a wider network of local people in a two-way collaborative learning process. Using Tilbury and Mulà’s five principles of Education for Sustainable Development as a model, the collaboration was analysed to tease out how the work might impact the education of future practitioners. The research identifies a positive impact of real-life collaboration for students, academics, and collaborators in nurturing the conditions for radicality and reveals the conditions necessary for successful partnerships to develop. In going beyond technological solutions, the research reveals the potential of engaging students with real-world communities, participation, and future thinking to create radical practitioners ready to rise to the sustainability challenge

Purpose Reports from 2016 to 2017 suggest that approximately 870 cases of non-familial child abduction (NFA) are recorded in England and Wales per year. Yet, empirical knowledge of the victims, offenders and offence characteristics is limited in comparison to other forms of child victimisation. Furthermore, much of the available knowledge is constrained by a lack of clarity around the differences between acquaintance and stranger abductors. This systematic literature review aims to develop a comprehensive overview of acquaintance and stranger child abductions, focussing on the similarities and differences in offending behaviours. Design/methodology/approach Research databases (PsycArticles, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PsycINFO, Criminal Justice Abstracts, MEDLINE and ERIC) and the Grey Literature (ETHOS and EBSCO) were screened for peer-reviewed research published between 1995 and 2021. Sixteen articles met the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised using a modified version of the Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist for Case Reports. Findings Six key areas within NFA offences and their characteristics were identified as offering potential for differentiating acquaintance and stranger abductors: victim–offender relationship, number of victims and offenders, motives, modus operandi , victim injury, sexual assault and mechanism of death (in fatal cases). The results of this review are discussed with consideration given to investigative implications, limitations and directions for future study. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to systematically review the current NFA literature, from which pragmatic recommendations for practice and future academic enquiry are drawn.

In this paper a general class of nonparametric test statistics, which includes both linear and nonlinear rank tests for the accelerated failure time model, is inverted into estimating equations for multiple regression. For right-censored data this general class of semiparametric regression procedures includes the linear rank estimators of Tsiatis (1990), extends the Theil-Sen estimator based on Kendall's τ to multiple regression, and introduces several new families of regression methods based on inverting nonlinear rank tests. These new families include the weighted generalised logrank estimators and the weighted logit-rank estimators. Several estimators of the standard errors of the regression coefficients are given. The regression coefficient estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal with variances that can be consistently estimated. Several linear and nonlinear rank-based estimators of the regression parameters and several methods of estimating their standard errors and the corresponding confidence intervals are compared in a small sample simulation in settings with and without outliers among the covariates. In these simulations the generalised logrank estimators performed well as compared to the logrank estimators when there was no outlier among the covariates and had less bias than the logrank estimators when covariate outliers existed.

We present measurements of B -> D^* tau nu and B -> D tau nu decays using 604.5 fb^-1 of data collected at the Upsilon(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e^+e^- collider. Events are tagged by fully reconstructing one of the B mesons in hadronic modes. We obtain Br(B^+ -> D^0-bar tau^+ nu) = (1.51 +0.41/-0.39 +0.24/-0.19 +/- 0.15)%, Br(B^+ -> D^*0-bar tau^+ nu) = (3.04 +0.69/-0.66 +0.40/-0.47 +/- 0.22)%, Br(B^0 -> D^- tau^+ nu) = (1.01 +0.46/-0.41 +0.13/-0.11 +/- 0.10)%, Br(B^0 -> D^*- tau^+ nu) = (2.56 +0.75/-0.66 +0.31/-0.22 +/- 0.10)%, where the first error is statistical, the second is systematic, and the third is due to the uncertainty in the branching fraction for the normalization mode.

The front-end (Level-0) electronics interface module for the LHCb Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detectors is described. This module integrates the novel hybrid photon detectors (HPDs), which instrument the RICH detectors, to the LHCb trigger, data acquisition (DAQ) and control systems. The system operates at 40 MHz with a first-level trigger rate of 1 MHz. The module design is presented and results are given for both laboratory and beam tests.

The production of J/psi mesons in Z(0) decays is studied using 3.6 million hadronic events recorded by the OPAL detector at LEP. The inclusive Z(0) to J/psi and b-quark to J/psi branching ratios are measured from the total yield of J/psi mesons, identified from their decays into lepton pairs. The J/psi momentum distribution is used to study the fragmentation of b-quarks. The production rate of psi' mesons, identified from their decays into a J/psi and a pi(+)pi(-) pair, is measured as well. The following results are obtained:Br(Z(0)-->J/psi X) = (3.9 +/- 0.2 +/- 0.3). 10(-3) and Br(Z(0)-->psi' X) = (1.6 +/- 0.3 +/- 0.2). 10(-3),where the first error is statistical and the second systematic. Finally the J/psi sample is used to reconstruct exclusive b-hadron decays and calculate the corresponding b-hadron branching ratios and masses.

Starting in September 1999, a series of workshops was carried out to study the prospects for B physics at the Tevatron. There were four working groups covering CP Violation, Rare and Semileptonic Decays, Mixing and Lifetimes, as well as Production, Fragmentation and Spectroscopy. Upon the completion of a comprehensive written report summarizing the results of this workshop, we will review the highlights of B Physics at the Tevatron in Run II and beyond. On our way to this goal, we will pass by questions such as ‘Why are there so many B factories these days?’ or ‘Why do we also want to do B Physics at Fermilab?’

We search for direct CP violation in flavor specific B -> K pi decays by measuring the rate asymmetry between charge conjugate modes. The search is performed on a data sample of 11.1 million B B bar events recorded on the Upsilon(4S) resonance by the Belle experiment at KEKB. We measure 90% confidence intervals in the partial rate asymmetry A_CP of -0.25 < A_CP(K-/+ pi+/-) < 0.37, -0.40 < A_CP(K-/+ pi^0) < 0.36, and -0.53 < A_CP(K^0 pi-/+) < 0.82. By combining the K-/+ pi+/- and K-/+ pi^0 final states, we conclude that -0.22 < A_CP[K-/+(pi+/- + pi^0)] < 0.25 at the 90% confidence level.

We have searched for excited states of charged and neutral leptons, e , , and , in ee collisions at p s = 161 GeV using the OPAL detector at LEP. No evidence for their existence was found. With the most common coupling assumptions, the topologies from excited lepton pair production include `` and `` WW , with the subsequent decay of the virtual W bosons. From the analysis of these topologies, 95% con dence level lower mass limits of 79:9 GeV for e , 80:0 GeV for , 79:1 GeV for , 78:3 GeV for e , 78:9 GeV for and 76:2 GeV for are inferred. From the analysis of W W and topologies with missing energy and using alternative coupling assignments which favour charged ` and photonic decays, 95% con dence level lower mass limits of 77.1 GeV for each ` avour and 77.8 GeV for each avour are inferred. From the analysis of the `` , ` W and single nal states expected from excited lepton single production, upper limits on the ratio of the coupling to the compositeness scale, f= , are determined for excited lepton masses up to the kinematic limit. Submitted to Physics Letters B The OPAL Collaboration K.Ackersta , G.Alexander, J.Allison, N.Altekamp, K.Ametewee, K.J.Anderson, S.Anderson, S.Arcelli, S.Asai, D.Axen, G.Azuelos, A.H.Ball, E.Barberio, R.J. Barlow, R.Bartoldus, J.R.Batley, J. Bechtluft, C.Beeston, T.Behnke, A.N.Bell, K.W.Bell, G.Bella, S. Bentvelsen, P.Berlich, S. Bethke, O.Biebel, V.Blobel, I.J. Bloodworth, J.E.Bloomer, M.Bobinski, P.Bock, H.M.Bosch, M.Boutemeur, B.T.Bouwens, S. Braibant, R.M.Brown, H.J. Burckhart, C.Burgard, R.B urgin, P.Capiluppi, R.K.Carnegie, A.A.Carter, J.R.Carter, C.Y.Chang, D.G.Charlton, D.Chrisman, P.E.L.Clarke, I. Cohen, J.E.Conboy, O.C.Cooke, M.Cu ani, S.Dado, C.Dallapiccola, G.M.Dallavalle, S.De Jong, L.A. del Pozo, K.Desch, M.S.Dixit, E. do Couto e Silva, M.Doucet, E.Duchovni, G.Duckeck, I.P.Duerdoth, J.E.G.Edwards, P.G.Estabrooks, H.G.Evans, M.Evans, F. Fabbri, P. Fath, F. Fiedler, M.Fierro, H.M.Fischer, R. Folman, D.G.Fong, M.Foucher, A. F urtjes, P.Gagnon, J.W.Gary, J.Gascon, S.M.Gascon-Shotkin, N.I.Geddes, C.Geich-Gimbel, T.Geralis, G.Giacomelli, P.Giacomelli, R.Giacomelli, V.Gibson, W.R.Gibson, D.M.Gingrich, D.Glenzinski, J.Goldberg, M.J.Goodrick, W.Gorn, C.Grandi, E.Gross, J.Grunhaus M.Gruw e, C.Hajdu, G.G.Hanson, M.Hansroul, M.Hapke, C.K.Hargrove, P.A.Hart, C.Hartmann, M.Hauschild, C.M.Hawkes, R.Hawkings, R.J.Hemingway, M.Herndon, G.Herten, R.D.Heuer, M.D.Hildreth, J.C.Hill, S.J.Hillier, T.Hilse, P.R.Hobson, R.J.Homer, A.K.Honma, D.Horv ath, R.Howard, R.E.Hughes-Jones, D.E.Hutchcroft, P. Igo-Kemenes, D.C. Imrie, M.R. Ingram, K. Ishii, A. Jawahery, P.W. Je reys, H. Jeremie, M. Jimack, A. Joly, C.R. Jones, G. Jones, M. Jones, R.W.L. Jones, U. Jost, P. Jovanovic, T.R. Junk, D.Karlen, K.Kawagoe, T.Kawamoto, R.K.Keeler, R.G.Kellogg, B.W.Kennedy, B.J.King, J.Kirk, S.Kluth, T.Kobayashi, M.Kobel, D.S.Koetke, T.P.Kokott, M.Kolrep, S.Komamiya, T.Kress, P.Krieger, J. von Krogh, P.Kyberd, G.D. La erty, R. Lahmann, W.P. Lai, D. Lanske, J. Lauber, S.R. Lautenschlager, J.G. Layter, D. Lazic, A.M. Lee, E. Lefebvre, D. Lellouch, J. Letts, L. Levinson, C. Lewis, S.L. Lloyd, F.K. Loebinger, G.D. Long, M.J. Losty, J. Ludwig, M.Mannelli, S.Marcellini, C.Markus, A.J.Martin, J.P.Martin, G.Martinez, T.Mashimo, W.Matthews, P.Mattig, W.J.McDonald, J.McKenna, E.A.Mckigney, T.J.McMahon, A.I.McNab, R.A.McPherson, F.Meijers, S.Menke, F.S.Merritt, H.Mes, J.Meyer, A.Michelini, G.Mikenberg, D.J.Miller, R.Mir, W.Mohr, A.Montanari, T.Mori, M.Morii, U.M uller, K.Nagai, I. Nakamura, H.A.Neal, B.Nellen, B.Nijjhar, R.Nisius, S.W.O'Neale, F.G.Oakham, F.Odorici, H.O.Ogren, N.J.Oldershaw, T.Omori, M.J.Oreglia, S.Orito, J. P alink as, G. P asztor, J.R. Pater, G.N.Patrick, J. Patt, M.J. Pearce, S. Petzold, P. Pfeifenschneider, J.E. Pilcher, J. Pinfold, D.E. Plane, P. Po enberger, B. Poli, A. Posthaus, H. Przysiezniak, D.L.Rees, D.Rigby, S. Robertson, S.A.Robins, N.Rodning, J.M.Roney, A.Rooke, E.Ros, A.M.Rossi, M.Rosvick, P.Routenburg, Y.Rozen, K.Runge, O.Runolfsson, U.Ruppel, D.R.Rust, R.Rylko, K. Sachs, E.K.G. Sarkisyan, M. Sasaki, C. Sbarra, A.D. Schaile, O. Schaile, F. Scharf, P. Schar -Hansen, P. Schenk, B. Schmitt, S. Schmitt, M. Schroder, H.C. Schultz-Coulon, M. Schulz, M. Schumacher, P. Sch utz, W.G. Scott, T.G. Shears, B.C. Shen, C.H. Shepherd-Themistocleous, P. Sherwood, G.P. Siroli, A. Sittler,

This paper studies the problem of clustering in metric spaces while preserving the privacy of individual data. Specifically, we examine differentially private variants of the k-medians and Euclidean k-means problems. We present polynomial algorithms with constant multiplicative error and lower additive error than the previous state-of-the-art for each problem. Additionally, our algorithms use a clustering algorithm without differential privacy as a black-box. This allows practitioners to control the trade-off between runtime and approximation factor by choosing a suitable clustering algorithm to use.

Endoparasites of dogs and cats, play an important role in both veterinary medicine and public health. Untreated and stray dogs and cats, in particular, play an important role in contaminating the environment with important zoonotic parasites. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in stray dogs and cats using highly sensitive and specific copro-antigen tests. Archive faecal samples from previous surveys conducted between 2016–2019 from dogs (n = 789) and cats (n = 241) were included in this study. The IDEXX Fecal Dx™ antigen panel was used for the detection of Toxocara, hookworms, Trichuris and the SNAP™ Giardia antigen assay was used for the detection of Giardia infection. Giardia duodenalis was the most common parasite (26%, n = 205) detected in the dogs, followed by ascarids (17.6%, n = 139) and hookworms (5.3%, n = 42). Trichuris vulpis was only detected in 1 dog. Ascarids (23.2%, n = 56) was the most common parasite detected in the cats, followed by Giardia (12.9%, n = 31) and hookworms (n = 7, 2.9%). No whipworms were detected in cats. Overall, there was little difference in the positivity between sexes in both dogs and cats. However, in terms of age, adolescent dogs (&lt;3 years) and kittens (&lt;1 year) had the highest parasite prevalence overall, with G. duodenalis and ascarids being the most prevalent. This study shows a high prevalence of parasite infection in untreated and stray dogs and cats in the greater Dublin area in Ireland. Since they live in synanthropic conditions and can roam over vast distances they can contaminate public areas and pose a risk to both humans and owned pets that utilise these spaces. It is therefore important to raise public awareness and increase the knowledge on zoonotic parasites.

The precise determination of the Bs0/B̄s0 oscillation frequency provides a powerful constraint on parameters in the CKM matrix. While previous experiments have only had sufficient sensitivity to set limits, the CDF and DØ experiments have recently presented independent analyses in which the results are interpreted as the direct observation of Bs0 oscillations. The recent results from CDF and DØ are presented, emphasizing key aspects of the CDF analysis that have significantly enhanced its sensitivity to oscillations in the existing data sample from pp̄ collisions recorded at the Fermilab Tevatron.

Few events of the twentieth century have received as much sustained attention from historians, or been the subject of such enduring controversy, as the atomic bombing of Japan in August 1945. The predominant focus of interest has tended to be on the sequence of events that, along with the motivations of the principal antagonists, led to the attacks that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki, with all the terrible human suffering that they involved. Set against repeated efforts to defend the use of the bombs as a means to shorten the war have been accounts which have variously branded the action as needless, in that Japan's surrender was imminent, as a morally reprehensible example of targeting a civilian population for mass destruction, and as partly driven by a political desire to demonstrate American power, not least to intimidate a Soviet Union which was already emerging as a dangerous potential post-war rival to the United States. Many choose, moreover, to look at Hiroshima and Nagasaki either as the coda to a world war of unmatched scope and intensity, or as opening signals for the international tensions, and incipient destructive potential, that would come to characterize the soon to develop Cold War. Virtually all studies recognize that the first operational use of the bomb marked a watershed in conceptions of war and the development of strategic thought.

Reviewed by: District 9 Matthew Jones District 9 (2009). Directed by Neill Blomkamp. Distributed by TriStar Pictures. www.sonypictures.com 112 minutes. When, in 1982, a metropolis-sized alien spaceship took up residence in the Earth's skies it did not hover above London or New York as one might expect, but instead hung over Johannesburg, a city still in the grip of apartheid. With their craft immobile and a strange disease holding sway amongst the population, the anthropoid aliens were taken pity on, welcomed to Earth and invited to live alongside the human population. It was not long, however, before tensions with the locals ignited and South Africa's new guests were forcibly relocated into a shantytown slum populated by murderous gangs, [End Page 120] cat food peddlers (the equivalent of drug pushers for the aliens) and prostitutes. The situation destabilised and by 2010 the creatures, now 1.8 million in number, were again facing involuntary and violent relocation to a new camp outside the city. When Wikus van de Merwe and a heavy military force are sent in to serve eviction notices, the trouble really begins. So begins District 9, directed by Neill Blomkamp and produced by The Lord of the Rings' Peter Jackson. At its heart, this is a science fiction blockbuster that has, alongside Watchmen, sought to recover some respectability for the genre amid 2009's crop of popcorn spectacles (Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, Terminator: Salvation and Gamer come to mind). Replete with obvious allusions to South Africa's brutally segregated past, this is a film in which something much more interesting is at work beneath the sci-fi gloss than in its multiplex cousins. Indeed, the media has done much to promote this as a film that in some way engages with the history of apartheid, using the 'Otherness' of its aliens to discuss South Africa's racial Others of recent decades. There is much within the film itself to support claims that it exploits the possibilities for social commentary that are inherent in the science fiction genre. Coming to the screen entrenched in a strong sense of man's inhumanity to man, District 9 is not satisfied with its allusions to apartheid but instead looks much deeper into the history of the 20th century and connects the dots between all the human cruelty it finds. When van de Merwe warns one of the aliens not to go to District 10, the new camp built specifically for the visitors, the sense of urgency and horror in his voice leads one to imagine that inspiration for the solution to the alien problem might have been drawn from the Nazi's Final Solution or the Soviet Gulags. These camps were themselves based on precedents set by the Spanish during the Ten Years' War, the Americans during the Philippine-American War and the British during the Boer War in South Africa itself. District 9's District 10 draws on a long and dreadful human heritage of interment and casts its horrors into an all too imaginable future. Thus the film suggests that as long as we perceive physical difference, be it in terms of race or species, to be a signifier of psychical dissimilarity then such brutalisation will recur. It is not, however, only historical horrors that are allowed to emerge into the film text. The underground, militarised experimentation site operated by the shadowy Multinational United, in which Wikus is subjected to inhuman cruelty so that information can be gathered about him, displays more than a passing similarity of function and purpose to Guantanamo Bay and the so-called CIA 'black sites' across the globe. The fact that a non-governmental organisation manages this operation recalls the farming out of security responsibilities to Blackwater Worldwide (now Xe) and the profiteering of Haliburton during the ongoing war in Iraq. Though District 9 makes explicit efforts to draw connections between its dystopian future and specific historical atrocities, it also seeks to comment on the current disregard for human beings displayed in contemporary conflicts. In so doing it suggests that we are part of our own histories, repeating the brutality of our past and, if we continue unabated, projecting...

Radioactivity is understood to be described by a Poisson process, yet some measurements of nuclear decays appear to exhibit unexpected variations. Generally, the isotopes reporting these variations have long half lives, which are plagued by large measurement uncertainties. In addition to these inherent problems, there are some reports of time-dependent decay rates and even claims of exotic neutrino-induced variations. We present a dedicated experiment for the stable long-term measurement of gamma emissions resulting from β decays, which will provide high-quality data and allow for the identification of potential systematic influences. Radioactive isotopes are monitored redundantly by thirty-two 76 mm × 76 mm NaI(Tl) detectors in four separate temperature-controlled setups across three continents. In each setup, the monitoring of environmental and operational conditions facilitates correlation studies. The deadtime-free performance of the data acquisition system is monitored by LED pulsers. Digitized photomultiplier waveforms of all events are recorded individually, enabling a study of time-dependent effects spanning microseconds to years, using both time-binned and unbinned analyses. We characterize the experiment's stability and show that the relevant systematics are accounted for, enabling precise measurements of effects at levels well below \order{-4}.

Abstract Resident memory B cells (BRM) in influenza-recovered mouse lungs were recently described, but whether other types of infections elicit these cells is unknown. The relevance of BRM in human lungs and to lung immune defenses also remains unexplored. Using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, we found that respiratory pneumococcal exposures in mice elicited lung BRM without concurrent tertiary lymphoid structure formation. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis of normal human lung tissue showed that human lungs are enriched compared to human blood for B cells bearing a resident memory phenotype. These findings indicate that lung BRM are a common feature of antigen-experienced lungs. Multiple mouse models were used to address the contributions of B cell immunity to anti-pneumococcal lung defenses. Mice exposed to a low virulence pneumococcal strain 4 weeks previously were well-protected from a serotype-mismatched pneumococcal challenge. When previously exposed mice were depleted of circulating B cells (but not lung B cells) with anti-CD20 treatment before the challenge infection, there was no effect on the acquired lung immunity. However, a genetically engineered mouse strain allowed effective depletion of lung B cells bearing PD-L2 (a mouse memory B cell marker) from previously exposed mice, and doing so before the virulent pneumococcal challenge resulted in substantial defects in bacterial clearance compared to mice with lung B cells intact. These results provide the first direct evidence of a role for lung BRM in anti-bacterial lung immunity. Notably, this defense was pneumococcal serotype-independent, distinguishing it from the serotype-specific immunity elicited by current pneumococcal vaccines.

GPS-enabled mobile devices are extremely popular today. Billions of such devices are currently in use. The application and research potentials of these devices are limitless, but how accurate are these devices? The research team used Average Euclidean Error (AEE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Central Error (CE) to define and calculate the accuracy and precision of twelve popular GPS-enabled mobiles devices in two different geographical regions in Middle Tennessee. Field data were collected, and the results were ranked and compared. A website and related algorithm were developed to facilitate potential future research. In this preliminary study, it was discovered that various mobile devices performed differently in terms of AEE, RMSE, and CE. Their performance also varied in different geographical regions in terms of both (AEE, RMSE, and CE) values and ranking.

Optical fibers in the readout system for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) upgrades will operate in a harsh radiactive environment. The fibers within 12 meters from the front-end detectors are exposed up to total ionizing dose of 250 kGy(Si) in their 10 year operational lifetime. In some applications, the fibers within the tracking volume are kept in a cold environment near -25 °C. The paper presents the identification of suitable optical fibers for the LHC detector upgrades. Several optical fibers have been tested to 650 kGy(Si) at room temperature with various dose rates of 60Co gamma rays. Two multi-mode fibers and one single-mode fiber have been qualified for use in the LHC upgrades for warm operations. Four optical fibers have been tested to 500 kGy(Si) at -25 °C with 27 kGy(Si)/hr 60Co gamma rays. Two SM fibers have been qualified for the LHC upgrades for cold operations. Several optical fibers, including two MM fibers, have been tested up to 11 kGy(Si) at -25 °C with 70 Gy(Si)/hr 60Co gamma rays and exhibited moderate radiation induced attenuation (RIA, indicating that all tested fibers are potential candidates for the LHC upgrades for warm and cold operations.

As unmanned aerial vehicles achieve greater autonomy, mission profiles can be expanded from single ship operations to multiple aircraft flying in formation. This allows for mutual support between aircraft, as well as greater situational awareness in their area of operation. In addition, a UAS formation can incorporate a broader range of mission capabilities than a single aircraft, allowing for elevated mission performance. There are a multitude of ways to connect aircraft in formation, and even more methods of controlling the formation autonomously. The research herein focuses on a two-ship formation that is connected through the leader-follower structure while implementing a combination of proportional feedback and lead-lag compensation control techniques. Communication delays and delays in the autopilot are evaluated to assess the operational success of an altitude change maneuver of the follower aircraft. Results illustrate the issues of delay effects on formation cohesion and vehicle safety.

<h3>Context:</h3> Smoking-related disparities exist across socioeconomic status and while Tobacco Quitlines are effective at promoting cessation, they are underutilized. Implementing Electronic Quitline referral system (eReferral) into primary care settings to facilitate a connection to the Quitline has the potential to reach a large number of patients who smoke however, there is a knowledge gap in how best to implement this system. <h3>Objective:</h3> To understand the utilization and factors influencing the adoption of the Quitline eReferral system by studying a cohort of self-selected clinics in Oregon that implemented the eReferral system. <h3>Study Design:</h3> Sequential mixed method observational. <h3>Setting or Dataset:</h3> Community Health Centers (CHC) from the OCHIN Network. <h3>Population Studied:</h3> EHR data from patients with a documented smoking status from 27 CHCs (07/01/2017-03/31/2021) across five health systems in Oregon that implemented the eReferral in 2017. Qualitative data from 13 clinic staff. <h3>Outcome Measures:</h3> Quitline outcomes; CHC factors influencing adoption of the eReferral. <h3>Results:</h3> Across the study period 56,654 visits triggered the eReferral however, only 3% of those visits resulted in a patient being offered the eReferral to the Quitline. The majority of the referrals offered were within the first 18 months after implementation. Patient characteristics (e.g., age, race, insurance type) among eligible patients who were ever offered versus never offered a Quitline eReferral were similar . Out of the 299 patients offered the eReferral, 88 patients accepted. Of those, 7% were recorded as actively enrolled, 8% accepted service but were subsequently unreachable, 15% declined, and 70% declined, were ineligible, excluded or unreachable. CHC staff who were interviewed reported challenges related to patient engagement (reluctance in using telephone, unfamiliarity with Quitline coaches), and their own lack of knowledge of the functionality (lack of training, limited understanding of closed-loop system) as barriers to using the eReferral. The design of the system was not perceived as a barrier, and many interviewees provided suggestions to increase adoption such as training, access to outcomes data, and alternative modes of outreach. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Very few clinics with the eReferral system referred patients who smoke to the Quitline. Most clinical staff agreed that comprehensive training around the functionalities and workflow of the system would promote system adoption.

<sec> <title>Objectives.</title> To identify the factors contributing to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy in Grenada. </sec> <sec> <title>Methods.</title> A phenomenological study was conducted using semi-structured interviews at vaccination and pop-up testing clinics during a spike in COVID-19 cases on the island. Interview questions were developed using the health belief model related to perceived threat of COVID-19, perceived benefits of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination, and cues to action. Data were analyzed using a deductive approach to identify themes, categories, and subcategories. </sec> <sec> <title>Results.</title> Twenty-five interviews were transcribed and coded. In all, 68% of participants were unvaccinated, 12% were partially vaccinated, and 20% were fully vaccinated. Data analysis revealed two main themes: facilitators and barriers. Factors more likely to encourage vaccination (facilitators) included trust in medical advice and vaccine efficacy, social responsibility, and vaccine mandates for travel, employment, and social activities. Factors hindering vaccination (barriers) included: perceived low threat of COVID-19; preference for natural remedies; concerns about contraindications because of underlying health conditions; fear; mistrust of vaccines and related messaging; vaccine accessibility; and the many different information sources. </sec> <sec> <title>Conclusions.</title> Overcoming vaccine hesitancy is key to combating the detrimental effects of COVID-19 in Grenada. Public health interventions and policies that address barriers and capitalize on facilitators can increase vaccine uptake. </sec>

Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, and a primary target for mitigating climate change in the short-term future due to its relatively short atmospheric lifetime and greater ability to trap heat in Earth's atmosphere compared to carbon dioxide. Top-down observations of atmospheric methane are possible via drone and aircraft surveys as well as satellites such as the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). Recent work has begun to apply the divergence method to produce regional methane emission rate estimates. Here we show that when the divergence method is applied to spatially incomplete observations of methane, it can result in negatively biased time-averaged regional emission rates. We show that this effect can be counteracted by adopting a procedure in which daily advective fluxes of methane are time-averaged before the divergence method is applied. Using such a procedure with TROPOMI methane observations, we calculate yearly Permian emission rates of 3.1, 2.4 and 2.7 million tonnes per year for the years 2019 through 2021. We also show that highly-resolved plumes of methane can have negatively biased estimated emission rates by the divergence method due to the presence of turbulent diffusion in the plume, but this is unlikely to affect regional methane emission budgets constructed from TROPOMI observations of methane. The results from this work are expected to provide useful guidance for future implementations of the divergence method for emission rate estimation from satellite data -- be it for methane or other gaseous species in the atmosphere.

Theory of change (ToC) has become popular within government evaluation to provide clear articulation of how policies are designed to lead to desired outcomes, supporting both policy development and evaluation, and recommendations from the 2017 Barber Review on delivering public value. Given the complex economic, social, and environmental systems in which the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) sets policies, Defra recognized the need for a bespoke ToC tool that applied learning from complexity science to further enable evaluation and evidence. To develop and produce this tool, Defra commissioned research centred on four ToC workshops with Defra policy teams, to understand key requirements inductively. Research findings recommended a step-by-step guide to support an incremental, flexible and collaborative approach to complexity-aware ToC development. The Defra Theory of Change tool developed from these findings and the accompanying research report were published March 2022.

The recent improvement in code generation capabilities due to the use of large language models has mainly benefited general purpose programming languages. Domain specific languages, such as the ones used for IT Automation, have received far less attention, despite involving many active developers and being an essential component of modern cloud platforms. This work focuses on the generation of Ansible-YAML, a widely used markup language for IT Automation. We present Ansible Wisdom, a natural-language to Ansible-YAML code generation tool, aimed at improving IT automation productivity. Ansible Wisdom is a transformer-based model, extended by training with a new dataset containing Ansible-YAML. We also develop two novel performance metrics for YAML and Ansible to capture the specific characteristics of this domain. Results show that Ansible Wisdom can accurately generate Ansible script from natural language prompts with performance comparable or better than existing state of the art code generation models. In few-shot settings we asses the impact of training with Ansible, YAML data and compare with different baselines including Codex-Davinci-002. We also show that after finetuning, our Ansible specific model (BLEU: 66.67) can outperform a much larger Codex-Davinci-002 (BLEU: 50.4) model, which was evaluated in few shot settings.

The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations set out that water intended for human consumption in the UK must be wholesome, meaning it does not constitute a potential danger to human health. This is assessed by the analysis of bacterial indicators such as coliforms and Escherichia coli using standard culture-based methods. Standardized methods are also routinely applied to the analysis of wastewater, and recreational, industrial, and within-premise waters. It is desirable that analytical methods for these bacteria are rapid, as a quick response to detections is often required to avoid potential public health risks. MALDI-TOF MS offers an alternative to traditional methods, providing rapid and accurate confirmatory analysis of microorganisms. This chapter details the experience of introducing MALDI-TOF MS into a drinking water laboratory and a commercial environmental testing laboratory, along with some novel work investigating the potential use of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of Cryptosporidium species.

The proliferation of digital data has been presented as heralding a revolution in research methods for the study of social phenomena, such as IS. For some authors, this revolution involves the abandonment of the traditional scientific method in favour of purely inductive data-driven research. Others proclaim the emergence of a new, quantitative, computational social science that will displace qualitative methods, while others see digital data as potentially enriching qualitative research. All these claims, however, take the nature of data for granted, assuming that they straightforwardly instrument reality and that understanding of the world can therefore be gained through their analysis alone. This chapter presents a critical analysis of this ‘pre-factual’ view, arguing that data are not natural givens, but are performed, brought into being by situated practices that enact particular representations of the world. The implications of such a conceptualization of data for research methods in Information Systems and organizational research are discussed.

Recently a multi-agent variant of the classical multi-armed bandit was proposed to tackle fairness issues in online learning. Inspired by a long line of work in social choice and economics, the goal is to optimize the Nash social welfare instead of the total utility. Unfortunately previous algorithms either are not efficient or achieve sub-optimal regret in terms of the number of rounds. We propose a new efficient algorithm with lower regret than even previous inefficient ones. We also complement our efficient algorithm with an inefficient approach with regret that matches the lower bound for one agent. The experimental findings confirm the effectiveness of our efficient algorithm compared to the previous approaches.

Background Optimal delirium care requires a multicomponent approach. However, implementation of such comprehensive care in a fast-paced specialized unit like acute cardiac care unit is challenging. The Age-Friendly Health System (AFHS) 4Ms initiative focuses on four key components, What Matters, Medication, Mentation, and Mobility, and provides a simple but comprehensive framework for optimal delirium care. However, studies reporting the application of AFHS 4Ms focusing on delirium care are lacking. Objective We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of the AFHS 4Ms on delirium detection and management among older adults in acute cardiac care units. Methods We conducted a quality improvement (QI) project using the AFHS 4Ms framework and implemented specific strategies for each M in the acute cardiac care units at a tertiary teaching hospital. Then, we assessed the changes in the rates of delirium screening and the rates of positive screening results during the QI project period using Cochran-Armitage test, and compared the percentages of older adults who received delirium-related orders before and after the initiative using Fisher’s exact test. Results The overall rate of delirium screening was 79.5% (68.3% in August, 81.0% in September, 87.2% in October, 87.9% in November, and 72.9% in December). The overall rate of positive delirium screening results was 9.3% (6.3% in August, 10.8% in September, 8.5% in October, 6.0% in November, and 5.0% in December). The utilization of all of the delirium-related orders was reduced, 2.4% to 1.9% for haloperidol, 6.9% to 5.1% for lorazepam, 6.5% to 3.0% for a physical restraint order, and 4.1% to 2.6% for a sitter order, before and after the initiative. However, all of the decreasing trends were not statistically significant. Conclusion We showed that it is feasible to apply AFHS 4Ms for delirium detection and management in acute cardiac care units. Future prospective studies are needed.

Most current production electric vehicles (EVs) contain cells with a battery pack or module in order to maintain electrical conductivity, prevent fatigue due to vibrations, and provide efficient cooling. Various module hardware has to be designed in order to facilitate the efficient rejection of heat and contain volume change due to operation and battery cell aging. As we see a shift towards EVs both globally and domestically, the time from concept development to vehicle production needs to rapidly increase. The use of model-based engineering is critical to driving rapid design and virtual prototyping of electric vehicles to ensure that battery module components meet EV requirements. Currently, empirical data is used to characterize and parameterize battery models that are used to drive design decisions at the battery cell and battery module level. Typical vehicle level use profiles such as the Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) profile, constant rate discharging, constant rate charging, and US06 drive cycles are traditionally used to parameterize battery models. In this work, we discuss select cell level testing profiles, evaluate the electrochemical transport and reaction parameters that are estimated using a porous electrode model, and provide insight and recommendations based on data from coal derived graphite for battery applications.

Lithium-ion batteries are used widely in portable devices and play an increasingly significant role in transportation and grid storage. These batteries degrade when they undergo charging and discharging and also when they are stored (calendar aging). The rate of this degradation depends on how the batteries are used and under what conditions. As the battery is cycled, its internal impedance and individual electrode capacities change, causing a change in its electrical performance. In addition, changes in the reversible and irreversible expansion of the cell are also observed. Of particular concern for pack design is the continued growth of irreversible battery thickness, thus affecting the stresses in the battery pack which is typically constrained to occupy a fixed volume. Understanding these dimensional changes will play an important role in accommodating this expansion over life for pack design. Due to the aforementioned dimensional changes, the stresses that the battery faces at the beginning of life are different from the stress at the end of life when battery expansion is constrained due to packaging. To understand the impact of external stress/pressure on battery aging, we have designed a specialized spring loaded fixture which allows for operating the battery under relatively constant pressure, over the entire cell life, while simultaneously measuring the cell expansion. Battery thickness changes were measured for 82 identical pouch cells fabricated at the UofM Battery Laboratory using Targray NMC 622 Single Crystal cathode powder and Superior SLC 1520-T anode powder. The cells were loaded into the fixtures with 4 different initial pressures of 5 psi (standard beginning of life pressure), 15 psi, 25 psi (expected end of life pressure) and without any applied pressure. A baseline cycling protocol was established which included a modest amount of fast charging and cells were divided into three different thermal chambers to simulate the impacts of environmental temperature (room 25C, cold 0C, and hot 45C). Finally the impact of depth of discharge was also included in the test matrix. Three cells were assigned to each test condition to account for cell to cell variability. Instrumenting all the cells with laboratory grade LVDT expansion sensors would be prohibitively expensive [1]. To overcome the issue we used low-cost Inductive Displacement Sensors which provide inexpensive and high-resolution measurements of battery expansion under various load conditions. Further details on the sensor design and implementation are given in [2]. References: [1] Mohtat et al, J. Electrochem. Soc. 168, 100520 (2021) [2] Pannala et al, IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(37), 712-717 (2022). Figure 1

Lithium ion battery demand is expected to increase 10x over the next decade. Much of the materials for lithium ion batteries are sourced from overseas. The United States possesses vast coal reserves that have historically been used to generate electricity. That application is on the decline as cleaner sources of electricity are brought online, which leads to economic impact in coal-producing regions. Coal could also serve as a carbon source for battery-grade graphite if sufficient production procedures are developed. This group has been developing coal-derived graphite for these applications. This presentation will discuss our efforts to develop coal-derived graphite and integrate it into lithium ion batteries. Typical formation cycles, charge/discharge cycling, and HPPC profiles will be presented. The performance of lithium ion batteries containing coal-derived graphite will be compared to those containing only typical battery-grade graphite. Future directions will be discussed, including possible performance impacts and preliminary techno-economic assessments.

Abstract Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, and a primary target for mitigating climate change in the short-term future due to its relatively short atmospheric lifetime and greater ability to trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere compared to carbon dioxide. Top-down observations of atmospheric methane are possible via drone and aircraft surveys as well as satellites such as the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). Recent work has begun to apply the divergence method to produce regional methane emission rate estimates. Here we show that when the divergence method is applied to spatially incomplete observations of methane, it can result in negatively biased time-averaged regional emission rates. We show that this effect can be counteracted by adopting a procedure in which daily advective fluxes of methane are time-averaged before the divergence method is applied. Using such a procedure with TROPOMI methane observations, we calculate yearly Permian emission rates of 3.1, 2.4 and 2.7 million tones per year for the years 2019 through 2021. We also show that highly-resolved plumes of methane can have negatively biased estimated emission rates by the divergence method due to the presence of turbulent diffusion in the plume, but this is unlikely to affect regional methane emission budgets constructed from TROPOMI observations of methane. The results from this work are expected to provide useful guidance for future implementations of the divergence method for emission rate estimation from satellite data—be it for methane or other gaseous species in the atmosphere.

The CMS experiment has recently measured bottom quark hadronization fractions using 61.6 /fb of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV over a range of B hadron transverse momentum and rapidity, confirming the observed pT dependence of the ratio fs/fu first measured by the LHCb experiment. Additionally, a new measurement of the Bs0->mu+mu- branching fraction by CMS is described which is in closer agreement with the standard model than previous results based on the 2020 combination of ATLAS, LHCb, and CMS analyses.

<h3>Context:</h3> As screening is key to early colorectal cancer (CRC) identification and treatment, disparate screening rates drive known inequities in CRC morbidity and mortality in the overall U.S. population. We investigated CRC screening rates in transgender and cisgender individuals in the community health center (CHC) population. <h3>Objective:</h3> To compare CRC screening rates by gender identity in primary care safety net CHC populations, as CHCs often provide primary care to the transgender population, which has high poverty rates. <h3>Study Design and Analysis:</h3> Retrospective cohort analysis; adjusted Poisson regression used to compare rates of up to date (UTD) CRC screening between cisgender (referent) and transgender patients. <h3>Setting or Dataset:</h3> Electronic health record (EHR) data for 2014-2019 from a national network of 620 individual CHCs sharing an EHR. <h3>Population Studied:</h3> Patients aged 50-75 years with &gt;1 office visit at a study clinic in the study period, with gender identify status documented in the EHR. <h3>Outcome Measures:</h3> Percentage of study period months for which a given patient was up to date on CRC screening, as defined by national guidelines. <h3>Results:</h3> Of 579,438 patients, 0.12% were documented as transgender, 61% as cisgender, 38% had no documentation, and 0.8% declined to provide gender identity. Regression results showed that rate of months UTD for CRC screening were similar between documented transgender vs. cisgender persons (adjusted RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.82-1.09); UTD rates were also higher among female (vs. male), gay or lesbian (vs. heterosexual), Hispanic (vs. non-Hispanic white), and white (vs. non-Hispanic Black) persons, and among persons with an assigned primary care provider (vs. none), private insurance or Medicare (vs. Medicaid), and higher income (vs. lower). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Contrary to research conducted in other settings, we found no statistically significant differences in rates of CRC screening by gender identity in CHCs. As CHCs may reduce barriers to CRC screening access barriers for transgender patients, future research should assess how to disseminate CHCs’ strategies for doing so as a means to mitigate national disparities in CRC screening. Analyses included patients with documented gender identity; results may not be generalizable to a broader population. Two out of five patients did not have documented gender identity; research is needed to address barriers to systematic EHR documentation of gender identity.

<h3>Context:</h3> The COVID-19 pandemic exposed and exacerbated the harsh reality of inequity in the US health care system. Community Health Centers (CHCs) provide essential primary care for &gt;30 million vulnerable patients. <h3>Objective:</h3> Assess the evolving quality and equity of care provided to CHC patients since the year prior to the pandemic. <h3>Study Design and Analysis:</h3> Time series analysis of quality-of-care measures for chronic diseases and preventive screenings. <h3>Setting or Dataset:</h3> EHR data from 218 CHCs that served at least 500 primary care patients in 2019, obtained from the OCHIN multistate network of community health centers. <h3>Population Studied:</h3> The total sample and health disparity population subgroups of patients with at least one primary care encounter from 2019 to 2022. <h3>Intervention/ Instrument:</h3> Observational study. <h3>Outcome Measures:</h3> Percentage of eligible patients up to date on each preventive and quality of care measures, including controlled blood pressure, controlled diabetes, pap smears, mammograms, colonoscopies, and childhood immunizations. <h3>Results:</h3> We analyzed data from 1,413,969 patients who received primary care between January 2019 and December 2022. There was a significant decline in the proportion of patients up to date on their cancer screenings at the onset of the pandemic, but rates rebounded to pre-pandemic levels by the end of 2022. Childhood immunization rates were largely unaffected. There was a dramatic decline in the proportion of patients with hypertension that had controlled blood pressure in the year after the pandemic, but the rates have recovered to prepandemic levels. There was a slight increase in the proportion of patients with uncontrolled diabetes, but overall, those rates have stabilized. Disparities in screening existed by patient race/ethnicity and preferred language, although some of this is explained by the wide variation in screening rates by clinics, suggesting that some clinics are adapted to particular populations. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> CHCs play a vital role in providing primary care to vulnerable populations, including health disparity populations. Our study shows that the pandemic had an impact on the quality of care, but that most of these measures have returned to pre-pandemic levels. However, disparities that existed before the pandemic persisted during the pandemic, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to address health care inequities.

Most current production electric vehicles (EVs) contain cells with a battery pack or module in order to maintain electrical conductivity, prevent fatigue due to vibrations, and provide efficient cooling. Various module hardware has to be designed in order to facilitate the efficient rejection of heat and contain volume change due to operation and battery cell aging. As we see a shift towards EVs both globally and domestically, the time from concept development to vehicle production needs to rapidly decrease. The use of model-based engineering is critical to driving rapid design and virtual prototyping of electric vehicles to ensure that battery module components meet EV requirements. Currently, empirical data is used to characterize and parameterize battery models that are used to drive design decisions at the battery cell and battery module level. Typical vehicle level use profiles such as the Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) profile, constant rate discharge, constant rate charging, and US06 drive cycles are traditionally used to parameterize battery models. In this work, we discuss select cell level testing profiles, evaluate the electrochemical transport and reaction parameters that are estimated using a porous electrode model, and provide insight and recommendations based on data from coal derived graphite for battery applications. References Garrick, T. R., Gao, J., Yang, X., &amp; Koch, B. J. (2021). “Modeling Electrochemical Transport within a Three-Electrode System.” Journal of The Electrochemical Society , 168 (1), 010530. Lopata, J. S., Garrick, T. R., Wang, F., Zhang, H., Zeng, Y., &amp; Shimpalee, S. (2023). “Dynamic Multi-Dimensional Numerical Transport Study of Lithium-Ion Battery Active Material Microstructures for Automotive Applications.” Journal of The Electrochemical Society , 170 (2), 020530.

Automotive manufacturers are working to improve individual cell and overall pack design by increasing their performance, durability, and range, while reducing cost; and active material volume change is one of the more complex aspects that needs to be considered during this process. As the time from initial design to manufacture of electric vehicles is decreased, design work that used to rely solely on testing needs to be supplemented or replaced by virtual methods. As electrochemical engineers drive battery and system design using model-based methods, the need for coupled electrochemical/mechanical models that take into account the active material change utilizing physics based or semi-empirical approaches is necessary [1-8] . In this study, we illustrated the applicability of a mechano-electrochemical coupled modeling method considering the multi-species, multi-reaction model as popularized by Verbrugge [9-14] and Baker. To do this, validation tests were conducted using a computer-controlled press apparatus that can control the press displacement and press force with precision. The coupled MSMR volume change model was developed and its applicability to graphite and NMC cells was illustrated. The increased accuracy of the model considering the coupled MSMR volume change approach shows in the importance of accounting for individual gallery volume change behavior on cell level predictions. References T. R. Garrick, K. Kanneganti, X. Huang and J. W. Weidner, J Electrochem Soc , 161 , E3297 (2014). T. R. Garrick, Y. Dai, K. Higa, V. Srinivasan and J. W. Weidner, Ecs Transactions , 72 , 11 (2016). T. R. Garrick, K. Higa, S.-L. Wu, Y. Dai, X. Huang, V. Srinivasan and J. W. Weidner, J Electrochem Soc , 164 , E3592 (2017). T. R. Garrick, X. Huang, V. Srinivasan and J. W. Weidner, J Electrochem Soc , 164 , E3552 (2017). D. J. Pereira, J. W. Weidner and T. R. Garrick, J Electrochem Soc , 166 , A1251 (2019). D. J. Pereira, M. A. Fernandez, K. C. Streng, X. X. Hou, X. Gao, J. W. Weidner and T. R. Garrick, J Electrochem Soc , 167 , 080515 (2020). T. R. Garrick, J. Gao, X. Yang and B. Koch, J. Electrochem. Soc. (2021). D. J. Pereira, A. M. Aleman, J. W. Weidner and T. R. Garrick, J Electrochem Soc , 169 , 020577 (2022). M. Verbrugge, D. Baker and X. Xiao, J Electrochem Soc , 163 , A262 (2016). M. Verbrugge, D. Baker, B. Koch, X. Xiao and W. Gu, J Electrochem Soc , 164 , E3243 (2017). D. R. Baker and M. W. Verbrugge, J Electrochem Soc , 165 , A3952 (2018). D. R. Baker and M. W. Verbrugge, J Electrochem Soc , 167 , 013504 (2019). D. R. Baker, M. W. Verbrugge and W. Gu, J Electrochem Soc , 166 , A521 (2019). M. W. Verbrugge, X. Xiao and D. R. Baker, J Electrochem Soc , 167 , 080523 (2020).

Automotive manufacturers are working to improve individual cell and overall pack design by increasing their performance, durability, and range, while reducing cost. As the time from initial design to manufacture of electric vehicles is decrease, design work that used to rely solely on testing needs to be supplemented or replaced by virtual methods. As electrochemical engineers drive battery and system design using model-based methods, models that have a basis in physics, rather than purely empirical representations, are necessary to allow engineers to drive design through a linkage to manufacturing methods. In this study, we apply the Multi-Species, Multi-Reaction model as popularized by Verbrugge and Baker to an electrochemical system comprised of a counter electrode and a working electrode synthesized from graphite derived from coal. To do this, the open circuit voltage of the coal derived graphite and a standard commercially available graphite was quantified. Linear sweep voltammetry provided insight into the shift in electrochemical reactions based on the structure and composition of the coal derived graphite. This then allows the MSMR model to capture the thermodynamic performance of the coal derived graphite, and sheds further insight into the performance compared to the standard commercially available system. Commentary on the thermodynamic differences between the systems will be provided and additional analytical techniques may be used to rationalize differences in performance.

Summary Gas production by coliform organisms and Escherichia coli from lauryl tryptose lactose broth (LTLB) was compared with that from brilliant green (lactose) bile broth (BGB). These media were compared with lauryl tryptose mannitol broth (LTMB) with and without added tryptophan for both gas and indole production. At 37 °C, LTLB and BGB were both satisfactory for gas production, but at 44 °C, LTLB gave fewer false-negative results and was thus significantly less inhibitory than BGB. However when LTLB and LTMB were compared as single-tube confirmatory media, LTLB give a high proportion of false-negative reactions in the indole test at 44 °C. The substitution of mannitol for lactose and the addition of tryptophan yielded a satisfactory medium for both confirmation of gas production and the demonstration of indole at 44 °C.

Given a data set of size n in d'-dimensional Euclidean space, the k-means problem asks for a set of k points (called centers) such that the sum of the l_2^2-distances between the data points and the set of centers is minimized. Previous work on this problem in the local differential privacy setting shows how to achieve multiplicative approximation factors arbitrarily close to optimal, but suffers high additive error. The additive error has also been seen to be an issue in implementations of differentially private k-means clustering algorithms in both the central and local settings. In this work, we introduce a new locally private k-means clustering algorithm that achieves near-optimal additive error whilst retaining constant multiplicative approximation factors and round complexity. Concretely, given any c&gt;√2, our algorithm achieves O(k^(1 + O(1/(2c^2-1))) √(d' n) log d' poly log n) additive error with an O(c^2) multiplicative approximation factor.

A 34-year-old man on active chemotherapy was hospitalised with fever, chills and rigours after power-washing a pig pen on a farm. His blood cultures grew Leclercia adecarboxylata , a gram-negative rod in the Enterobacteriaceae family, which has been isolated from a variety of environments including soil, surface water, as well as in the gastrointestinal flora of farm animals. The likely source of infection was his tunnelled central venous catheter exposed to water contaminated by faeces when he was washing the pig pen. While there have been several cases reported of catheter-related L. adecarboxylata bacteraemia, to our knowledge there are very few reports of infection spread in this manner.

<JATS1:p>Cinema Memories brings together and analyses the memories of almost a thousand people of going to the cinema in Britain during the 1960s. It offers a fresh perspective on the social, cultural and film history of what has come to be seen as an iconic decade, with the release of films such as A Taste of Honey, The Sound of Music, Darling, Blow-Up, Alfie, The Graduate, and Bonnie and Clyde.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>Drawing on first-hand accounts, authors Melvyn Stokes, Matthew Jones and Emma Pett explore how cinema-goers constructed meanings from the films they watched - through a complex process of negotiation between the films concerned, their own social and cultural identities, and their awareness of changes in British society. Their analysis helps the reader see what light the cultural memory of 1960s cinema-going sheds on how the Sixties in Britain is remembered and interpreted.</JATS1:p> <JATS1:p>Positioning their study within debates about memory, 1960s cinema, and the seemingly transformative nature of this decade of British history, the authors reflect on the methodologies deployed, the use of memories as historical sources, and the various ways in which cinema and cinema-going came to mean something to their audiences.</JATS1:p>

In response to Matin Durrani's editorial "Conference thoughts" (April p15), which bemoaned poor communication and limited social media use by physicists at the March meeting of the American Physical Society (APS).

Abstract Tailoring the best treatments for individual cancer patients is an important open challenge. Here, we build a precision oncology computational pipeline for PERsonalized single-Cell Expression-based Planning for Treatments In ONcology (PERCEPTION). Our approach capitalizes on recently published matched bulk and single-cell (SC) transcriptome profiles of large-scale cell-line drug screens to build treatment response models from patients' SC tumor transcriptomics. We start by showing that PERCEPTION successfully predicts the response to monotherapy and combination treatments in screens performed in cancer and patient-tumor-derived primary cells based on their SC-expression profiles. Our key result is that PERCEPTION successfully stratifies responders to combination therapy based on the patients’ tumor’s SC-expression, as tested in two recently published clinical trials, including multiple myeloma and breast cancer. Thirdly, studying the emergence of resistance via a recent SC non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients’ cohort, we show that PERCEPTION successfully captures and quantifies the development of patients’ resistance during treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Notably, PERCEPTION predictions markedly outperform that of bulk expression-based predictors in all these cohorts. In sum, this study provides a first-of-its-kind conceptual and computational method demonstrating the feasibility of predicting patients' response from SC gene expression of their tumors.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a medical condition that is progressively becoming more prevalent. The underlying cause of DPN is still unknown, although there have been several hypothesized mechanisms. There are current pharmaceutical treatments used to manage the pain, but their efficacy is largely unsatisfactory and are often associated with serious adverse effects. This review will explore the evidence of a new potential target for treating DPN, the ligands for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), specifically α4ꞵ2 agonists and α9α10 antagonists.

T cell activation is controlled by the coordination of stimulatory and negative regulatory signals which are not completely defined. In this study we tested for a possible direct effect of CD14 on the regulation of T cell activation and function. We show that soluble CD14 (sCD14) induces inhibition of antigen-mediated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) proliferation and anti-CD3-mediated proliferation of CD4+CD8−, CD4−CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ T cell clones. This effect is not due to cell death, but results from a marked inhibition of IL-2 production. Proliferation of T cell clones due to exogenous IL-2 is not affected by sCD14. We also found that sCD14 inhibits production of another Th1-like cytokine, IFN-γ and a Th2-like cytokine, IL-4. Importantly, sCD14 induces a progressive accumulation of the inhibitory protein IκB-α. We show that sCD14 binds to activated T cells. Following cell activation, biotinylated sCD14 stains CD3+ PBMC, as well as human T cell clones with varying intensity. The binding is saturable, can be inhibited by excess of unlabeled sCD14 and, following binding, sCD14 is internalized. Collectively, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized function of sCD14, namely its capacity to negatively regulate T lymphocyte activation and function by interacting directly with activated T cells.

We report an observation of the decay B^\pm -> \phi \phi K^\pm and evidence for B^0 -> \phi \phi K^0. These results are based on a 414 fb^{-1} data sample collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e^+e^- collider operating at the \Upsilon(4S) resonance. The branching fractions for these decay modes are measured to be Br(B^{\pm} -> \phi \phi K^\pm) = (3.2^{+0.6}_{-0.5} +- 0.3) * 10^{-6} and Br(B^{0} \to \phi \phi K^{0}) = (2.3^{+1.0}_{-0.7} +- 0.2) * 10^{-6} for \phi \phi invariant mass below 2.85 GeV/c^2. The corresponding partial rate asymmetry for the charged B mode is measured to be A_{CP}(B^\pm -> \phi \phi K^\pm) = 0.01^{+0.19}_{-0.16} +- 0.02. We also study the decays B^\pm -> J/\psi K^\pm and B^\pm -> \eta_c K^\pm, where the J/\psi and \eta_c decay to final states with four charged kaons. We find A_{CP}(B^\pm -> \phi \phi K^\pm) with the \phi\phi candidates within the \eta_c mass region is 0.15^{+0.16}_{-0.17} +- 0.02, consistent with no asymmetry.

CDF II upgraded the calorimeter trigger to cope with the higher detector occupancy due to the increased Tevatron instantaneous luminosity (∼2.8×1032cm-2s-1). While the original system was implemented in custom hardware and provided to the L2 trigger a limited-quality jet clustering performed using a reduced resolution measurement of the transverse energy in the calorimeter trigger towers, the upgraded system provides offline-quality jet reconstruction of the full resolution calorimeter data. This allows to keep better under control the dependence of the trigger rates on the instantaneous luminosity and to improve the efficiency and purity of the trigger selections. The upgraded calorimeter trigger uses the general purpose VME board Pulsar, developed at CDF II and already widely used to upgrade the L2 tracking and L2 decision systems. A battery of Pulsars is used to merge and send the calorimeter data to the L2 CPUs, where software-implemented algorithms perform offline-like clustering. In this paper we review the design and the performance of the upgraded system.

The Collider Detector at Fermilab collected a unique sample of jets originating from bottom-quark fragmentation ($b$-jets) by selecting online proton-antiproton ($p\overline{p}$) collisions with a vertex displaced from the $p\overline{p}$ interaction point, consistent with the decay of a bottom-quark hadron. This data set, collected at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $5.4\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, is used to measure the $Z$-boson production cross section times branching ratio into $b\overline{b}$. The number of $Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b\overline{b}$ events is determined by fitting the dijet-mass distribution, while constraining the dominant $b$-jet background, originating from QCD multijet events, with data. The result, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(p\overline{p}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathcal{B}(Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b\overline{b})=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.14(\mathrm{syst})\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nb}$, is the most precise measurement of this process, and is consistent with the standard-model prediction. The data set is also used to search for Higgs-boson production. No significant signal is expected in our data and the first upper limit on the cross section for the inclusive $p\overline{p}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}H\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b\overline{b}$ process at $\sqrt{s}=1.96\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ is set, corresponding to 33 times the expected standard-model cross section, or $\ensuremath{\sigma}=40.6\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pb}$, at the 95% confidence level.

The CDF II level 1 track trigger system reconstructs charged tracks in the plane transverse to the beam direction. The track trigger electronics uses the hit data from the 4 axial layers of the CDF II central outer tracking chamber, and has been recently upgraded to include the complementary information from the 3 stereo layers. Together with the existing system it provides improved fake track rejection at level 1. In addition, the high resolution segment information is delivered to the Level 2 processors, where software algorithms perform three-dimensional stereo track reconstruction. The 3D-tracks are further extrapolated to the electromagnetic calorimeter towers and muon chambers to generate trigger electron and muon candidates. The invariant mass of track pairs and track isolations are also calculated and used in the level 2 trigger decision. We describe the hardware and software for the level 2 part of the track trigger upgrade as well as the performance of the new track trigger algorithms.

Cellular automata are interacting classical bits that display diverse behaviors, from fractals to random-number generators to Turing-complete computation. We introduce entangled quantum cellular automata subject to Goldilocks rules, tradeoffs of the kind underpinning biological, social, and economic complexity. Tweaking digital and analog quantum-computing protocols generates persistent entropy fluctuations; robust dynamical features, including an entangled breather; and network structure and dynamics consistent with complexity. Present-day quantum platforms---Rydberg arrays, trapped ions, and superconducting qubits---can implement Goldilocks protocols, which generate quantum many-body states with rich entanglement and structure. Moreover, the complexity studies reported here underscore an emerging idea in many-body quantum physics: some systems fall outside the integrable/chaotic dichotomy.

System-level audit logs often play a critical role in computer forensics. They capture low-level interactions between programs and users in much detail, making them a rich source of insight and provenance on malicious user activity. However, using these logs to discover and understand malicious activities when a typical computer generates more than 2.5 million system events hourly is both compute and time-intensive. We introduce a graphical system called GrAALF for efficiently loading, storing, processing, querying, and displaying system events to support computer forensics. In comparison to other related systems such as AIQL [13] and SAQL [12], GrAALF offers the flexibility of multiple backend storage solutions, easy-to-use and intuitive querying of logs, and the ability to trace back longer sequences of system events in (near) real-time to help identify and isolate attacks. Equally important, both AIQL and SAQL are not available for public use, whereas GrAALF is open-source. GrAALF offers the choice of compactly storing the logs in main memory, in a relational database system, in a hybrid main memory-database system, and a graph-based database. We compare the responsiveness of each of these options, using multiple huge system-call log files. Next, in multiple real-world attack scenarios, we demonstrate the efficacy and usefulness of GrAALF in identifying the attack and discovering its provenance. Consequently, GrAALF offers a robust solution for analysis of audit logs to support computer forensics.

A luminous interaction region can be described by the distribution in (x, y, z) over which p{bar p} interactions are observed in a detector. The spatial size of this distribution can be written in terms of expressions that involve only combinations of the proton and anti-proton bunch sizes. Hence, it is not possible to determine the sizes of the proton and anti-proton bunches independently by fitting the distribution of (x, y, z) from the recorded events. If, in addition to the coordinates (x, y, z) at which p{bar p} interactions occur, the times at which the interactions took place are also measured, then it becomes possible to measure the lengths of the proton and anti-proton bunches separately. This sensitivity is due to a correlation between z and t that arises from the fact that the proton and anti-proton bunches travel in opposite directions. The derivation presented in section 2 quantifies this correlation, resulting in an expression for the probability density as a function of z and t for p{bar p} interactions. By fitting the distributions observed at CDF using this model, we measure the lengths of the proton and anti-proton bunches at times throughout several Tevatron stores. From this analysis the evolution of the bunch lengths can be studied. We attempt to correlate these with other measures of the bunch length obtained using different experimental techniques.

We present an improved measurement of the standard model CP violation parameter sin2phi_1 (also known as sin2beta) based on a sample of 85 times 10^6 B Bbar pairs collected at the Upsilon(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e+e- collider. One neutral B meson is reconstructed in a J/psi K_S, psi(2S) K_S, chi_{c1} K_S, eta_c K_S, J/psi K^{*0}, or J/psi K_L CP-eigenstate decay channel and the flavor of accompanying B meson is identified from itsdecay products. From the asymmetry in the distribution of the time intervals between the two B meson decay points, we obtain sin2phi_1 = 0.719 +/- 0.074(stat) +/- 0.035(syst). We also report measurements of CP violation parameters for the related B^0 -&gt; J/psi pi^0 decay mode and the penguin-dominated processes B^0 -&gt; eta' K_S, phi K_S and K^+K^- K_S.

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This chapter focuses on the archetypal image of the necromancer: the black-robed creator and master of the undead. The necromancer is often depicted as a mere cackling villain, using her power over death to forward her evil agenda. In this way, necromancy has been philosophically maligned. Although necromancers were traditionally considered to be evil in Dungeons Dragons (DD), the game came to accommodate the idea that necromancers, in theory, could be neutral, or even good-aligned, with their powers used for the greater good. The distaste for necromancy and its mindless minions is instead a relic of “pre-theoretical intuition” a common-sense belief that may not hold up to philosophical scrutiny. Films and TV series depict the walking dead as ravenous, brain-eating monstrosities. Next to such depictions, the relatively harmless nature of Dungeons Dragons’ mindless undead is easy to overlook.

Reliable and accurate travel time data can provide valuable performance measures to support operational applications in areas of congestion management and routing analysis. The travel time information is also essential to the calibration and validation of travel demand models in order to better model current and future travel for congested area. Historically, the ability to collect travel time data in sufficient quantity to provide reliable, robust evidence has been severely limited, almost to the point of being unattainable. Indeed, to take it further, any aspirations of addressing travel time variability are almost inconceivable. Recent developments with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) data have shed new light in this field. The ability to collect large volumes of data from GPS devices has provided a wealth of data for use in this area. Such data collected and processed by Intelematics for a large proportion of the Greater Metropolitan strategic road network has been reviewed and analysed to examine time of day and day of week variations in travel times by traffic conditions for individual sections of road. Findings from this research could significantly influence the guidelines, processes and procedures for future model validation.