M. Johnson

This paper describes the design and construction of the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber and associated systems. MicroBooNE is the first phase of the Short Baseline Neutrino program, located at Fermilab, and will utilize the capabilities of liquid argon detectors to examine a rich assortment of physics topics. In this document details of design specifications, assembly procedures, and acceptance tests are reported.

This paper describes the design, fabrication, installation and performance of the new inner layer called Layer 0 (L0) that was inserted in the existing Run IIa silicon micro-strip tracker (SMT) of the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron p¯p collider. L0 provides tracking information from two layers of sensors, which are mounted with center lines at a radial distance of 16.1 and 17.6 mm from the beam axis. The sensors and read-out electronics are mounted on a specially designed and fabricated carbon fiber structure that includes cooling for sensor and read-out electronics. The structure has a thin polyimide circuit bonded to it so that the circuit couples electrically to the carbon fiber allowing the support structure to be used both for detector grounding and a low impedance connection between the remotely mounted hybrids and the sensors.

We have observed six trimuon events produced by neutrinos in the new large-angle neutrino detector (NEULAND) at Fermilab with the momenta and charges of almost all muons determined. The properties of these events strongly suggest that their origin is not hadronic but may be in the lepton sector.

The characteristics of six trimuon events observed in the new large-angle neutrino detector at Fermilab are described. The leptonic system appears to take an inordinate fraction of the incident neutrino energy if new hadrons are presumed to be the origin of these events. A similar effect seems to be present in the dimuon events previously observed. The events find a natural interpretation as the products of cascade decay of a new lepton (the $M$ particle) through a lower-mass neutral lepton (the ${L}^{0}$ particle).

The appearance of this self-portrait by Patrick White is a literary event for which his readers and admirers have long hoped. He explains how on the very rare occasions when he re-reads a passage from one of his books, he recognizes very little of the self he knows. This 'unknown' is the man who interviewers and visiting students expect to find, but 'unable to produce him', he prefers to remain private - or as private as anyone who has been awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature can ever be. But in this book is the self Patrick White does recognize, the one he sees reflected in the glass. It is a remarkable book. In a shifting sequence we learn of youth in Australia; the 'expensive prison', his English boarding school; Cambridge with holiday trips to Germany; London in the Blitz; RAF wartime intelligence and compensations of life in Australia. There are journeys to cities and landscapes round the world which take on more reality than places one has actually visited. He tells us whom he has loved and hated and of his opinions - political and literary. He introduces us to a host of characters from Australian cousins to Stravinsky and Queen Elizabeth - and of course to Manoly Lascaris, who in 1942 'became the central mandala in my life's hitherto messy design.' He describes what he sees in the glass's reflection with such power that it seems no artist can have attempted or executed a self-portrait so lifelike before.

The results presented in this paper were obtained from a 105 000 frame exposure of the FNAL Hybrid Proportional Wire Chamber-30 inch Bubble Chamber System, in a tagged beam of 147 GeV/c negative particles. Elastic, total and topological cross sections were obtained for both π−p and K−p interactions. Comparisons with other data, taken with various beam particles over large momentum intervals, show good agreement with KNO scaling, and similarity in the scaling behavior of σn for the different beam particles.

This paper describes the mechanical design, the readout chain, the production, testing and the installation of the Silicon Microstrip Tracker of the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. In addition, we describe the performance and operational experience of the detector during the experiment data collection between 2001 and 2010.

THE PROBLEM of bridging a large gap in a major artery has long been one of importance to both the civilian and the military surgeon. Peirce and his co-workers1have recently reintroduced interest in the use of stored arterial homografts for this purpose. In their preliminary studies on dogs these workers demonstrated that such homografts, if taken aseptically within the first few hours after death of the donor animal, could be stored in a standard refrigerator when placed in buffered salt solution containing 10 per cent dog serum. When transplanted into a recipient animal after storage up to fifty days, these homografts would function successfully as a conduit of blood for periods longer than a year. A high percentage of successful takes could be obtained by careful anastomotic technics. In addition, it was shown by tissue culture methods that viable cells persisted in the stored vessels up to forty

Results are reported based on a study of π−p interactions at 147 GeV/c in the FERMILAB 30-inch Proportional Wire Hybrid Bubble Chamber System. We have measured the topological cross sections and separated two-prong elastic and inelastic channels. In addition, we have extracted leading particle cross sections using the increased momentum resolution of the downstream proportional wire chambers. We have compared our results with experiments and predictions of a simple fragmentation hyphothesis.

Measured energy-dependent rates of opposite-sign dimuons produced by neutrinos and antineutrinos are presented and used to determine the fraction of strange quarks. Experimental distributions are compared with those expected from charm production and decay.

We present data on inclusive and semi-inclusive ϱ0 production in 147 GeV/c π−p interactions. We find a total cross section of 7.3 ± 1.3 mb. Most of this cross section is found in the lower topology events (⩽ 10 prongs), and in the central and forward rapidity regions. The PT2 dependence of ϱ0 production, 〈:n>ϱ0 per event, and the ϱ0/π+ ratios are also discussed.

We have observed six additional trimuons in a neutrino beam and one trimuon in an antineutrino beam using the new large-angle neutrino detector (NEULAND) at Fermilab. One of the neutrino events has three very high-energy muons. The properties of the new trimuon events together with the earlier events suggest at least two qualitatively different origins for this phenomenon.

We report the observation of 46 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ events in high-energy neutrino-nucleon collisions at Fermilab. Measurement of the production rate of the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ events relative to that of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ events in targets of different hadronic absorption lengths give $\frac{{N}^{\mathrm{prompt}}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}{{N}^{\mathrm{prompt}}({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+})}=0.06\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ for ${p}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}>5$ GeV/c, and 0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 for ${p}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}>10$ GeV/c. The properties and possible origins of these events are discussed.

We present data on the production by neutrinos of a prompt ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ signal with a rate relative to the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}$ rate (single charm production) of 0.07\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04, 0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03, and 0.12\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 for ${p}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}>5, >10,\mathrm{and}>15$ GeV/c, respectively. The energy dependence of the ratio ${N}^{\mathrm{pr}}\frac{({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}{N({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}$ is also presented. Like-sign dimuon data from various experiments are summarized and discussed. Our observed ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ rate is roughly two orders of magnitude larger than that expected from leading-order quantum-chromodynamic calculations of associated charm production.

Short-lived particles produced in association with muons have been observed in the interactions of 350-GeV/c protons with neon in a high-resolution streamer chamber. The characteristics of these events are consistent with the expected properties of charmed particles if the average lifetime lies between ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ and 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ sec. With the assumption that the observed events are mainly ${D}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ mesons with lifetimes of approximately ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ sec, the production cross section is estimated to lie between 20 and 50 \ensuremath{\mu}b per nucleon.

SVX4 is the new silicon strip readout IC designed to meet the increased radiation tolerance requirements for Run IIb at the Tevatron collider. Devices have been fabricated, tested, and approved for production. The SVX4 design is a technology migration of the SVX3D design currently in use by CDF. Whereas SVX3D was fabricated in a 0.8-/spl mu/m radiation-hard process, SVX4 was fabricated in a standard 0.25-/spl mu/m mixed-signal CMOS technology using the "radiation tolerant by design" transistor topologies devised by the CERN RD49 collaboration. The specific cell layouts include digital cells developed by the ATLAS Pixel group, and full-custom analog blocks. Unlike its predecessors, the new design also includes the necessary features required for generic use by both the CDF and D0 experiments at Fermilab. Performance of the IC includes >20 MRad total dose tolerance, and /spl sim/2000 e-rms equivalent input noise charge with 40-pF input capacitance, when sampled at 132-ns period with an 80-ns preamp risetime. At the nominal digitize/readout rate of 106/53 MHz, the 9 mm/spl times/6.3 mm die dissipates /spl sim/2 mW/channel average at 2.5 V. A review of typical operation, details of the design conversion process, and performance measurements are covered.

The second workshop to discuss the development of liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) in the United States was held at Fermilab on July 8-9, 2014. The workshop was organized under the auspices of the Coordinating Panel for Advanced Detectors, a body that was initiated by the American Physical Society Division of Particles and Fields. All presentations at the workshop were made in six topical plenary sessions: $i)$ Argon Purity and Cryogenics, $ii)$ TPC and High Voltage, $iii)$ Electronics, Data Acquisition and Triggering, $iv)$ Scintillation Light Detection, $v)$ Calibration and Test Beams, and $vi)$ Software. This document summarizes the current efforts in each of these areas. It primarily focuses on the work in the US, but also highlights work done elsewhere in the world.

This paper presents the final results on charged-current neutrino and antineutrino interactions with nuclei from experiment E-310 at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The data sample, consisting of 21 578 neutrino-induced and 7358 antineutrino-induced events within the fiducial region in the energy range $20<E<325$ GeV, is exhibited first to demonstrate the basic properties and kinematic regions represented. The dependence of the nucleon structure functions on the dimensionless variable $x$ and on neutrino energy is then described. Lastly, the variations of the structure functions with $x$ and ${Q}^{2}$ are presented. The emphasis throughout has been to understand the effects on the final results of uncertainties in the systematic corrections required by the data. Comparisons with the results of other neutrino experiments are made.

An inductively resonated balanced stripline pickup has been constructed for observing tune spectra. The device is a sensitive betatron oscillation and Schottky noise pickup, providing a 25-dB gain over untuned detectors of like geometry. The electrodes are motorized, allowing remote adjustment of the device center and aperture. To tune the resonator onto the 21.4-MHz operating frequency, a motorized capacitor is employed. Quadrature signals from a pair of detectors have enabled observation of individual proton and antiproton coherent motions to nanometer levels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Analysis of 5180 $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ interactions shows a variation with energy of the inelasticity ($y$) distributions over the range 10 to 220 GeV and a dependence on the scaling variable $x$. From these data are obtained the approximate $x$ dependence of the sea quarks and a limit on the strength of right-handed coupling between the $u$ quark and a massive $b$ quark.

A study of charged particle production in 147 GeV/c π−p collisions yields no evidence for an electrically neutral central region or corresponding rapidity plateau. The results do indicate that electric charge and transverse momentum may be locally conserved over small intervals on the rapidity axis. These results support a picture in which the observed hadrons are emitted in clusters whose quantum numbers vary as a function of rapidity and reflect the incident channel quantum numbers at the extremes of the rapidity scale.

Carbon fiber support structures have become common elements of detector designs for high energy physics experiments. Carbon fiber has many mechanical advantages but it is also characterized by high conductivity, particularly at high frequency, with associated design issues. This paper discusses the elements required for sound electrical performance of silicon detectors employing carbon fiber support elements. Tests on carbon fiber structures are presented indicating that carbon fiber must be regarded as a conductor for the frequency region of 10–100 MHz. The general principles of grounding configurations involving carbon fiber structures will be discussed. To illustrate the design requirements, measurements performed with a silicon detector on a carbon fiber support structure at small radius are presented. A grounding scheme employing copper–kapton mesh circuits is described and shown to provide adequate and robust detector performance.

Measurements of the $x$ distributions from inclusive ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ (${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$) reactions are interpreted in the quark-parton model to yield absolutely normalized momentum distributions of valence and sea quarks in the nucleon. The $x$ distributions exhibit a small but significant dependence on energy. From the $y$ distributions we also determine a value of $R=[\frac{\ensuremath{\int}2x{F}_{1}(x)\mathrm{dx}}{\ensuremath{\int}{F}_{2}(x)\mathrm{dx}}]\ensuremath{-}1$, averaged over the energy interval 20 to 220 GeV.

An overview of the system architecture and algorithms used for the DO Central Track Trigger (CTT) in the Run 2 of the Fermilab Tevatron Proton-Antiproton Collider is presented. This system uses information from the newly commissioned Central Fiber Tracker and Preshower Detectors to generate Level 1 trigger decisions. It also generates lists of seed tracks and preshower clusters that are sent to the Level 1 Muon Trigger, L2 Silicon Track Trigger, and Central and Forward Preshower Level 2 preprocessors. The system consists of modular boards which utilize field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to implement trigger algorithms. The system delivers trigger decisions every 132 ns, based on input data flowing at a maximum sustained rate of 475 gigabits per second. The first results of trigger efficiency studies are presented.

The DZERO experiment began RunII datataking operation at Fermilab in spring 2001. The physics program of the experiment requires the Level 3 data acquisition (DAQ) system system to handle average event sizes of 250 kilobytes at a rate of 1 kHz. The system routes and transfers event fragments of approximately 1-20 kilobytes from 63 VME crate sources to any of approximately 100 processing nodes. It is built upon a Cisco 6509 Ethernet switch, standard PCs, and commodity VME single board computers (SBCs). The system has been in full operation since spring 2002.

Adding a silicon based tracker to the level 1 trigger systems for LHC detectors can substantially increase the ability of these systems to find events with patterns of high Pt tracks. This is especially true for high luminosity running where there may be several hundred interactions per crossing. Cooling and mass constraints require that the readout chips have low power and generate little electrical noise. The LHC crossing clock and experiment trigger latency requires that a trigger be able to be made in less than 100 LHC crossings of 25 ns each. One way to minimize power and noise is to use asynchronous logic. We present a readout chip design for both level 1 trigger and event readout that is entirely asynchronous. The only clock used is the LHC crossing clock.

We present an electronics design for a tracking trigger for the CERN SLHC. The on detector part uses asynchronous logic so the only clock required is the LHC crossing clock. High Pt tracks are identified with a hierarchical method that finds track stubs using closely spaced pairs of detectors. Track segments (called tracklets) are then formed from pairs of stubs that are separated by 40 mm. This separation is close enough so that matching stubs is relatively easy but far enough apart so that the tracklets can be projected to another layer with mm accuracy. Matching segments in two or more layers then define a track.

Confidence levels against the hypothesis that the trimuon events observed with the large-angle neutrino detector (NEULAND) at Fermilab were induced by new kinds of neutrinos associated with short-lived particles were estimated to be 99.9%, 99%, and 85%, respectively, for the trimuon events in the three categories in which the momentum of the lowest energy muon is greater than 5, 10, and 20 GeV/c.

The increase in instantaneous luminosity anticipated in Run IIb of the Tevatron collider at Fermilab requires increased background rejection capabilities from the trigger system of the DO detector. A set of upgrades is under way to improve triggering at level 1 in the calorimeter and tracker, and at level 2 in the silicon track trigger and software triggers. Reductions of up to a factor of ten on the rates of high transverse momentum triggers are anticipated with the upgrades described.

The characterization of electromagnetic noise emissions of DC-DC converters is a critical issue that has been analyzed during the desing phase of CMS tracker upgrade. Previous simulation studies showed important variations in the level of conducted emissions when DC-DC converters are loaded/driven by different impedances and power network topologies. Several tests have been performed on real DC-DC converters to validate the Pspice model and simulation results. This paper presents these test results. Conducted noise emissions at the input and at the output terminals of DC-DC converters has been measured for different types of power and FEE impedances. Special attention has been paid to influence on the common-mode emissions by the carbon fiber material used to build the mechanical structure of the central detector. These study results show important recommendations and criteria to be applied in order to decrease the system noise level when integrating the DC-DC.

Diffraction dissociation of both the beam and target particles has been observed in 150-GeV/c π−p interactions in the Fermilab 30-in.-bubble-chamber-proportional-wire-chamber hybrid spectrometer. The dissociations are observed as recoil systems opposite leading particles, the signals of which are separated from background where appropriate by a variant of the Van Hove sector cut, thus allowing the high-mass portion of the spectrum to be observed. Pion dissociation has a cross section of 1758±105 μb, divided among two-, four-, and six-prong events; some ρ0 production is seen and comes primarily from the π−→2π−π+ channel. The proton dissociation cross section is 1726±100 μb, again divided among two-, four-, and six-prong events. The final state contains a neutron more frequently than a proton in the two-and six-prong events, a proton more frequently in the four-prong events. Production of Δ++ is observed in the p→pπ+π− dissociations.Received 15 March 1979DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.21.1726©1980 American Physical Society

The production of ${K}_{S}$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, $\overline{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$, and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ collisions at 147 GeV/c is analyzed. Cross sections, rapidity, Feynman-$x$, and ${{p}_{T}}^{2}$ distributions are presented and compared to charged-particle production. The energy dependence of multiplicities in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ and $\mathrm{pp}$ collisions is shown. A new scaling form for the correlation of neutral- and charged-particle multiplicities is presented for compilations of $\ensuremath{\pi}p$ and $\mathrm{pp}$ data.

Three dimensional integrated circuit technologies offer the possibility of fabricating large area arrays of sensors integrated with complex electronics with minimal dead area, which makes them ideally suited for applications at the LHC upgraded detectors and other future detectors. We describe ongoing R&D efforts to demonstrate functionality of components of such detectors. This includes the study of integrated 3D electronics with active edge sensors to produce "active tiles" which can be tested and assembled into arrays of arbitrary size with high yield.

A fast tracking trigger system based on a new scintillating fiber tracker is being built for the upgraded DO detector for the Collider Run II at Fermilab. This fiber tracker trigger provides a first level hardware trigger, supplies track seeds for the first level muon trigger and for the second level trigger. The physics requirements and the corresponding algorithms for the hardware trigger will be described. Particularly, PLD (programmable logical device) chips are used to implement our trigger algorithms to achieve pattern recognition from scintillating fiber hits and to format that information for delivery to other trigger systems. Detector trigger efficiency studies will also be presented.

A bunch-by-bunch beam damper has been developed for the Fermilab Tevatron. The system reduces betatron oscillation amplitudes and incorporates some useful machine diagnostics. The device is programmable via look-up tables so the output is an arbitrary function, on a bunch-by-bunch basis, of the beam displacement. We are presently using this feature to measure the betatron tune throughout the acceleration cycle.

The inclusive production of the Δ++(1232) resonance in π−p collisions at 147 GeV/c has been studied. The Δ++ is found to be produced in comparable amounts in four-, six-, eight-, and ten-prong events. The Feynman-x, t′, PT2, and the decay angular distributions of the Δ++ are found to be consistent with the predictions of a one-pion-exchange model with absorption. Essentially all of the Δ++ are found to be associated with a Δ++π− low-mass enhancement. The Δ++ cross section is approximately constant from 11 to 205 GeV/c, which could indicate that the Δ++ is a decay product of a target-fragmentation object. While the one-pion-exchange character of the Δ++ production and the target-fragmentation character of the Δ++π− low-mass enhancement can both be described in terms of a Deck-type diagram, a Monte Carlo study indicates that any mechanism that produces particles with limited transverse momentum will yield a Δ++π− low-mass enhancement.Received 30 June 1977DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.18.3099©1978 American Physical Society

The luminosity goal for the Super-LHC is 1035/cm2/s. At this luminosity the number of proton-proton interactions in each beam crossing will be in the hundreds. This will stress many components of the CMS detector. One system that has to be upgraded is the trigger system. To keep the rate at which the level 1 trigger fires manageable, information from the tracker has to be integrated into the level 1 trigger. Current design proposals foresee tracking detectors that perform on-detector filtering to reject hits from low-momentum particles. In order to build a trigger system, the filtered hit data from different layers and sectors of the tracker will have to be transmitted off the detector and brought together in a logic processor that generates trigger tracks within the time window allowed by the level 1 trigger latency. This paper describes a possible architecture for the off-detector logic that accomplishes this goal.

An R/spl phi/ trigger was developed using the eight doublet layers of axial fibers in the new Central Fiber Tracker for the DO Upgrade Detector at Fermilab. This trigger must be formed in less than 500 nsec and distributed to other parts of the detector for a level 1 trigger decision. The high speed is achieved by using massively parallel AND/OR logic realized in state-of-the-art field programmable gate arrays, FPGAs. The programmability of the FPGAs allows corrections to the track roads for the as-built detector and for dynamically changing the transverse momentum threshold. To reduce the number of fake tracks at high luminosity, the narrowest possible roads must be used which pushes the total number of roads into the thousands. Monte Carlo simulations of the track trigger were run to develop the trigger algorithms and a vendor specific commercially available simulator was used to develop and test the FPGA programming.

The DO central tracking system produces a wide range of waveforms that must be digitized at a rate greater than 80 MHz. The 8,224 channels in this system create over two megabytes of data for every p-p crossing. Such a data rate can be tolerated if the null data is removed before it reaches the first data bus. We describe the tracking systems's 8 bit, 100 megasample per second digitizer and a channel-level, data reduction device implemented in a semi-custom integrated circuit.

The experimentally determined average charged-particle multiplicities, $〈{n}_{X}〉$, of the systems, $X$, produced in the following reactions for 147 GeV/c incident pion momentum are presented as functions of the square of the invariant mass of $X$, ${{M}_{X}}^{2}$, and of $|t|:{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{\mathrm{fast}}^{\ensuremath{-}}X$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{pX}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}X$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})}_{{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}}X$, and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}X$. Details of the analysis are discussed. These data can be fit by the expression $〈{n}_{X}〉=A+B \mathrm{ln} {{M}_{X}}^{2}+C|t|$ and the coefficients obtained for $B$ are equal within their uncertainties. $C$ is significantly different from zero only for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}_{\mathrm{fast}}^{\ensuremath{-}}X$. These results and $〈{n}_{X}〉$ data from other inclusive and total-inelastic-reaction studies are discussed in terms of a simple model which assumes contributions to $〈{n}_{X}〉$ from the target-fragmentation, the central, and the beam-fragmentation regions in the case of total-inelastic reactions. For inclusive reactions, either the beam or target fragmentation is replaced by an exchange-particle-fragmentation contribution. The $s$, $t$, and ${{M}_{X}}^{2}$ dependence of the parameters of the model are deduced from triple-Regge considerations. The data are found to be consistent with the model and values are presented for the parameters.

The performance of an electromagnetic shower detector comprised only of active elements was evaluated using a tagged electron beam at various momenta from 30–100 GeV/c. Čerenkov light from three sections of lead glass blocks provides measurements of total shower energy with a resolution of σ = (0.114±0.008)EGeV/c2. A plastic scintillator hodoscope situated behind the first two lead glass layers samples the transverse development of the shower, allowing position determination of the incident electron with σ = 1.4 mm resolution.

The general purpose DO collider detector, located at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, is operated in the high luminosity (L=2/spl times/10/sup 32/ cm/sup -2//spl middot/s/sup -1/) and high-collision-rate environment (396 ns between beam crossings) of the upgraded Tevatron proton anti-proton accelerator. DO uses a three-tiered trigger system to select events for offline storage and analysis. This paper describes the architecture and performance of the DO central track trigger (CTT) system based on the new central fiber tracker, central preshower and forward preshower detectors, with emphasis on the interface to and integration with the second tier L2 Trigger system.

The Silicon Micro-strip Tracker (SMT) at the DØ experiment in the Fermilab Tevatron collider has been operating since 2001. In 2006, an additional layer, referred to as ‘Layer 0’, was installed to improve impact parameter resolution and compensate for detector degradation due to radiation damage to the original innermost SMT layer. The SMT detector provides valuable tracking and vertexing information for the experiment. This contribution will highlight aspects of the long term operation of the SMT, including the impact of the silicon readout test-stand. Due to the full integration of the test-stand into the DØ trigger framework, this test-stand provides an advantageous tool for training of new experts and studying subtle effects in the SMT while minimizing impact on the global data acquisition.

During the latter months of 2006 and the first half of 2007, the CMS Tracker was assembled and operated at the Tracker Integration Facility at CERN. During this period the performance of the tracker at trigger rates up to 100 kHz was assessed, and a source of high occupancy events was uncovered, diagnosed, and mitigated.

We describe a project to demonstrate fully active sensor/readout chip tiles which can be assembled into large area arrays with good yield and minimal dead area. Such tiles can be used as building blocks for next generation trackers, such as the tracking trigger system for CMS in LHC, or for precise, low mass pixelated sensors.

A new VME-based high-voltage power supply has been developed for the D0 experiment at Fermilab. There are three types of supplies delivering up to +or-5.6 kV at 1.0 mA or +2.0 kV at 3.0 mA with a set accuracy of 1.5 V and extremely low voltage ripples. Complete computer control has allowed many special features to be developed for the supply, including user-defined control and monitor groups, variable ramp rates, and advanced histogram and graphic functions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

In this paper we present new data for the reactions π−p→pslow+X− and π−p→πfast− + X+ at 147 GeV/c. This is the first time that experimental information on these two processes has been obtained using the same apparatus at Fermilab energies. The triple-Regge formalism is applied to the differential cross sections dσ/dMx2 of both reactions using all the data at present available in the literature. A good description of the data is obtained when parameters from a triple-Regge fit of the reaction pp → p + X are used, together with the assumption of factorization of the pomeron and the reggeons. The equality of the dσ/dMx2 distributions of the two reactions may be explained in terms of an interesting assumption in the framework of the independent quark model and imposes an additional relation between the triple-Regge terms.

The sharp differences of opinions that are emerging about the subjects of continuing medical education (CME), recertification, and reregistration of a physician's license may be partially rooted in the differences of opinion concerning what constitutes a continuum of education. Perhaps the dictionary itself is contributing to the misunderstandings.<i>Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary</i>gives as the first definition of the word continuum the following: 1: something absolutely continuous and homogenous of which no distinction of content can be affirmed except by reference to something else (as duration and extension). The advocates of a continuum of education in which the undergraduate, graduate, and CME segments look exactly alike are apparently taking this definition literally. The basic format suggested for each of these three traditional educational periods would contain much formalized learning followed by periodic written examinations, which serve as a short-term disciplinary function and as a long-term gate to allow or prevent

The DØ experiment at the Fermilab pp¯ Tevatron collider (Batavia, IL, USA) has undergone significant upgrades in anticipation of high luminosity running conditions. As part of the upgrade, the capabilities of the Central Track Trigger (CTT) to make trigger decisions based on hit patterns in the Central Fiber Tracker (CFT) have been much improved. We report on the implementation, commissioning and operation of the upgraded CTT system.

The time resolution for a charged particle detection is reported for a typical scintillating fiber detector instrumented with Rockwell HISTE-IV Visible Light Photon Counters. The resolution measurements are shown to agree with a simple Monte Carlo model, and the model is used to make recomendations for improved performance. In addition, the gain linearity of a sample of VLPC devices was measured. The gain is shown to be linear for incident light intensities which produce up to approximately 600 photoelectrons per event.

A data acquisition system for the tracking detectors of the D0 colliding beam detector has been built and is operational, taking cosmic ray data. It is composed of 8200 channels of 106-MHz 8-b flash analog-to-digital converters (FADCs). These are configured as 16 channels per FADC module, up to 16 FADC modules per crate, and a total of 36 9U VME crates. A crate controller module, the control system interface, and a high speed data buffer/driver complete the FADC crate. Design and operation details are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

This paper gives an overview of the present state of the experimental area controls system at Fermilab. Both hardware and software systems are covered.

An overview of the DO Central Track Trigger (CTT) for the Tevatron Run 2 program is presented. This newly commissioned system uses information from the DO Central Fiber Tracker and Preshower Detectors to generate trigger information for the first level of the three-tiered DO Trigger. The system delivers tracking detector trigger decisions every 132 ns, based on input data flowing at a rate of 475 Gbit per second. Initial results indicate excellent performance of the CTT. First studies of efficiency and trigger performance of the CTT are presented.

Hadronic production of charmed particles in association with muons from their semileptonic decay has been observed in a high-resolution streamer-chamber experiment performed at Fermilab. A miss-distance analysis of the pictures gives a signal of 17.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.7 events. Depending on the production model this corresponds to a range of neutron-nucleon cross sections from 8 to 50 \ensuremath{\mu}b, assuming an ${A}^{\frac{2}{3}}$ dependence.

The Silicon Microstrip Tracker (SMT) at the D0 experiment in the Fermilab Tevatron collider has been operating since 2001. In 2006, an additional layer, referred to as Layer 0, was installed to improve impact parameter resolution and compensate for detector degradation due to radiation damage to the original innermost SMT layer. The SMT detector provides valuable tracking and vertexing information for the experiment. This talk will highlight aspects of the long term operation of the SMT, including the impact of the silicon readout test stand. Due to the full integration of the test stand into the D0 trigger framework, this test stand provides a valuable tool for training new experts and studying subtle effects in the SMT while minimizing impact on the global data acquisition.

INVESTIGATION in recent years has shown that the symptom complex previously known as Cushing's disease 1 is not a distinct pathological entity but rather a clinical picture better termed Cushing's syndrome because it most probably can originate from multiple primary etiologies. The existent disorders are metabolic and somatic, the latter being quite striking as a general rule. The syndrome commonly consists of hypertension, diabetes, facial and body contour changes, hirsutism, acne, and amenorrhea or loss of libido. The direct cause of the symptoms is hormonal overproduction by the cortical cells of the adrenal gland or adrenal cortex tumor cells. We have had experience with one particular case which illustrates well the complexities of treating this entity, and we believe that its report will aid in standardizing treatment. REPORT OF CASE The patient (Fig. 1), a 25-year-old woman, delivered a normal child on April 13, 1950, after a pregnancy complicated only

This article addresses a growing trend in ADR -- the blurring of boundaries between various ADR processes. This blurring of boundaries raises crucial issues to the further development of the field, particularly regarding fundamental distinctions between ADR processes that encourage cooperative behavior versus those that encourage competitive behavior. The loss of these distinctions is having the collateral consequence of increasing litigation regarding ADR. The intention of this article is to raise questions designed to clarify more principled boundaries between various ADR processes in order to assist the public and the practitioner to understand truly what the profession is offering and to protect consumer choice. The authors set forth what they believe are principled boundary distinctions between more cooperative/problem solving ADR processes and more competitive/adjudicative ADR processes to enable parties to understand the fundamental principles guiding each approach and to make better choices about which approach will better meet their goals in particular cases.

The SiliconMicro-strip Tracker (SMT) at the D{\O} experiment in the Fermilab Tevatron collider has been operating since 2001. In 2006, an additional layer, referred to as 'Layer 0', was installed to improve impact parameter resolution and compensate for detector degradation due to radiation damage to the original innermost SMT layer. The SMT detector provides valuable tracking and vertexing information for the experiment. This contribution will highlight aspects of the long term operation of the SMT, including the impact of the silicon readout test-stand. Due to the full integration of the test-stand into the D{\O} trigger framework, this test-stand provides an advantageous tool for training of new experts and studying subtle effects in the SMT while minimizing impact on the global data acquisition.

AC coupled silicon detectors, being used for the D/spl phi/ upgrade, may have substantial voltage across the coupling capacitor. Failed capacitors can present /spl sim/50 V to the input of the SVX, Silicon Vertex, device. We measured the effects that failed detector coupling capacitors have on the SVXD (rad soft 3 /spl mu/m), SVXH (rad hard 1.2 /spl mu/m), and SVXIIb (rad soft 1.2 /spl mu/m) amplifier/readout devices. The test results show that neighboring channels saturate when an excessive voltage is applied directly to a SVX channel. We believe that the effects are due to current diffusion within the SVX substrate rather than surface currents on the detectors. This paper discusses the magnitude of the saturation and a possible solution to the problem.

The sharp differences of opinions that are emerging about the subjects of continuing medical education (CME), recertification, and reregistration of a physician's license may be partially rooted in the differences of opinion concerning what constitutes a continuum of education. Perhaps the dictionary itself is contributing to the misunderstandings.Webster's New Collegiate Dictionarygives as the first definition of the word continuum the following: 1: something absolutely continuous and homogenous of which no distinction of content can be affirmed except by reference to something else (as duration and extension). The advocates of a continuum of education in which the undergraduate, graduate, and CME segments look exactly alike are apparently taking this definition literally. The basic format suggested for each of these three traditional educational periods would contain much formalized learning followed by periodic written examinations, which serve as a short-term disciplinary function and as a long-term gate to allow or prevent

This issue ofThe Journalcarries a highly important article with the disarmingly modest title "Determining Educational Needs in the Physician's Office" (p 1112). This article deals with a well-designed study that simultaneously addresses the following three highly important subjects: the ordering of medications, peer review, and continuing medical education (CME). Through an ingenious combination of peer review of copies of a physician's office prescriptions for medication, based on established criteria, the process has become the basis for an effective technique for individualizing CME. Such an innovative technique for linking CME to the demonstrated needs of the individual physician in the office setting is deserving of analysis from several standpoints. The selection of office prescriptions for medication as the subject for inquiry was clever. Nothing is more basic to the practice of medicine, more personalized by the individual physician, or potentially beneficial or harmful to the patient. The prescribing of

Much of the software effort over the last year has been concentrated on addressing. The concern has not so much been on how the address is divided up between segments and modules, but on making certain that enough control space and enough types of control space are available. This allows standard bit assignments for functions such as test, and also provides protection for such things as a computer's program memory. Our goal is to provide a standard set of control space register assignments of the most frequently used functions so that one need only generate a software driver for the FASTBUS - not a software driver for each module on the bus. Finally, much effort the addressing symmetric. to control space and a almost identical software. has gone into making For example, broadcast normal write can use In order to achieve this goal we are developing a standard set of register assignments for commonly used function. A tentative set is listed in a table along with a brief description of each operation.

We describe a module which enables several independent computer systems to share the peripherals (graphics display and line printer) of a PDP-11 computer. The module requires no software support in the PDP-11.

There is widespread agreement that a racially diverse and inclusive mediation field is of paramount importance for everyone: Practitioners, users, and the public. More so than many other fields, it is important that mediation is seen as a process where its practitioners bring different lived experience and all participants feel welcome. The well-known approaches used by other fields to achieve racial diversity and inclusion are not readily replicable for mediation since it does not have features present elsewhere like pipelines, clearly defined career pathways, media access, compensated opportunities, among others. Confidentiality, neutrality, and voluntarism are so embedded, internalized, and normalized that they are taken for granted and have become invisible. For the mediation field, its structures, policies, practices, and values create barriers to addressing and expanding diversity and inclusivity. New approaches are needed to tackle mediation's unique characteristics so that it can showcase a racially diverse and inclusive field.

<h3>Technology and Continuing Medical Education (CME)</h3> The past year marked the entrance of the American Medical Association into the field of electronic transmission of medical information and education. A system of computer-based medical data bases, accessible by way of a nationwide packet-switching network, was designed by Marvin E. Johnson, MD. Through the joint efforts of the AMA staff and General Telephone and Electronics (GTE), this system became operational. The computerized information bases were established in GTE computers in Vienna, Va, and became accessible through any telephone handset using an acoustic coupler (modem) and a computer terminal. A local, rather than a long-distance, telephone call is usually sufficient in many areas because the Telenet network has 250 local nodes located throughout the country. The impact of microelectronics and telecommunication technologies on education will be great qualitatively and quantitatively. The system can furnish specific information to the physician at the location where

A new inner detector called Layer 0 has been added to the existing silicon detector for the DZero colliding beams experiment [V.M. Abazoz et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 565 (2006) 463]. This detector has an all carbon fiber support structure that employs thin copper clad Kapton sheets embedded in the surface of the carbon fiber structure to improve the grounding of the structure and a readout system that fully isolates the local detector ground from the rest of the detector. Initial measurements show efficiencies greater than 90% and 0.3 ADC count (240 e) common mode contribution to the signal noise. The total detector capacitance is 24 pF so this corresponds to 2 μV of common mode voltage.

The working group explored the feasibility of building a trigger and an electronics data acquisition system for both collider and fixed target experiments. There appears to be no fundamental technical limitation arising from either the rate or the amount of data for a collider experiment. The fixed target experiments will likely require a much higher rate because of the smaller cross section. Rates up to one event per RF bucket (50 MHz) appear to be feasible. Higher rates depend on the details of the particular experiment and trigger. Several ideas were presented on multiplicity jump and impact parameter triggers for fixed target experiments. 14 refs., 3 figs.

Abstract The Fermilab D0 Detector is a collaborative effort that includes seventeen universities and national laboratories. The monitoring and control system for this detector will be separate from the online detector data system. A distributed, stand-alone, microprocessor-based system is being designed to allow monitoring and control functions to be available to the collaborators at their home institutions during the design, fabrication, and testing phases of the project. Individual stations are VMEbus-based 68000 systems that are networked together during installation using an ARCnet (by Datapoint Corporation) Local Area Network. One station, perhaps a MicroVAX, would have a hard disk to store a backup copy of the distributed database located in non-volatile RAM in the local stations. This station would also serve as a gateway to the online system, so that data from the control system will be available for logging with the detector data. Apple Macintosh personal computers are being developed for use as the local control consoles. Each would be interfaced to ARCnet to provide access to all control system data. Through the use of bit-mapped graphics with multiple windows and pull-down menus, a cost effective, flexible display system can be provided, taking advantage of familiar modern software tools to support the operator interface.

We have designed and prototyped a new VME based high voltage system for the D-Zero experiment at Fermilab [1,2]. The power supply and control system are both new designs and combined have more flexibility and dynamic range than anything available on the commercial market.

The work presents a system which uses a commercial spreadsheet program and commercial hardware on an IBM PC to develop and test a track finding system for the D Zero Level 1 scintillating fiber trigger. The trigger system resides in a VME crate. This system allows the user to generate test input, write the pattern to the hardware, simulate the results in software, read the hardware result, compare the results and inform the user of any differences.

Abstract

We describe upgrades to the readout system for the DOslash luminosity monitor. The DOslash luminosity monitor consists of plastic scintillation detectors with fine-mesh photomultiplier readout that cover the pseudorapidity range 2.7 < |eta| < 4.4. The detector is designed to provide a precise measurement of the rate for non-diffractive inelastic collisions that is used to calculate the TeVatron luminosity at DOslash. The new readout system is based on custom VME electronics that make precise time-of-flight and charge measurements for each luminosity counter. These measurements are used to identify beam crossings with non-diffractive interactions by requiring in-time hits in both the forward and backward luminosity counters. We have also significantly increased signal/noise for the photomultiplier signals by developing a new front-end preamplifier and improving the grounding scheme.

This paper describes a method of calculating triggers for a cylindrical multilayer tracking detector in a solenoidal magnetic field. The method is serial and requires one clock cycle per layer. It has two main advantages over a logical equation approach. First, missing track elements have no effect on the amount of calculation required and the resolution degrades in a predictable manner. Second, this method allows implementing information from the third (nonbend) coordinate as a simple extension to the basic algorithm.

The DOslash experiment was upgraded in spring 2006 to harvest the full physics potential of the Tevatron accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois, USA. It is expected that the peak luminosity delivered by the accelerator will increase to over 300 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">30</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> . One of the upgraded systems is the central track trigger (CTT). The CTT uses the central fiber tracker (CFT) and preshower detectors to identify central tracks with p <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> > 1.5 GeV at the first trigger level. Track candidates are formed by comparing fiber hits to predefined track equations. In order to minimize latency, this operation is performed in parallel using combinatorial logic implemented in FPGAs. Limited hardware resources prevented the use of the full granularity of the CFT. This leads to a high fake track rate as the occupancy increases. In order to mitigate the problem, new track-finding hardware was designed and commissioned. We report on the upgrade and the improved performance of the CTT system.

This article, which appeared in the Fall 2003 issue of ACR Resolution, discusses the major issues and stakeholders involved in the dispute over racial profiling. It describes the issue as classic conflict in which the parties - political leaders, police executives, line officers, civil rights leaders, and residents - are entrenched in opposing positions. They also have shared values and interests that can only be advanced by cooperation and trust. Existing legal strategies - politically charged class action lawsuits leading to negotiated consent decrees supervised by plaintiffs' attorneys - have not proven successful. The tools of conflict resolution could help improve these outcomes. The authors, one White and one African-American, suggest that Americans should not expect to become color-blind when discussing issues such as racial profiling, but rather to become more conscious of the ways that race distorts and colors what we see. So that we can hear.

The Level 3 Trigger/Data Acquisition system (L3DAQ) for the DZERO detector was redesigned from scratch for the Fermilab Tevatron's RunII. The L3DAQ moves data at a rate of 250 MB/sec from 63 readout crates to one of 82 Level 3 Trigger farm nodes over Ethernet. The readout crates are VME based, and each consists of a number of detector specific digitizer cards and a controller. The readout crates also contain a single L3DAQ Single Board Computer (SBC). Crate data size per event ranges from several kilobytes up to 24 kilobytes for the largest; and the data must he collected from each of the VME cards at an event readout rate of 1 kHz. The SBC, a VMIC 7750, is an off-the-shelf component and runs Linux with several common and custom patches. This paper will describe the custom driver we've written to control the VME readout, modifications to the Linux kernel, and the user level readout code.

The DO level 1 tracking trigger uses data from the scintillating fiber tracker, the central and forward preshower detectors, the muon system and the calorimeter. Tracks are found in the scintillating fiber tracker with transverse momentum greater than 1.5 GeV/c. The tracks are matched with hits in the central preshower detector and the muon system for electron and muon tagging. Preshower dusters are also used for identifying photon candidates. These multi detector triggers are then sent to the level 1 Trigger Framework where they are further combined with the calorimeter to create the final level 1 trigger. This paper presents an overview of the level trigger system with emphasis on the use of large programmable logic devices (PLD's) in an extensible system architecture that allows complex, multi detector triggers.

This is the course manual for a laboratory course that was designed to demonstrate a basic technique employed in data acquisition systems for the purpose of reducing deadtime and thereby increasing throughput. A custom CAMAC module was designed and built at Fermilab for use in these measurements. The use of queueing theory to predict the performance of the system is discussed, including some equations which can be used for that purpose.

The new D0 tracking system uses the radiation-hard SVX-IIe integrated circuit as the ADC for all detectors. We report on the performance of the production version of the chip and some of its associated electronics.

This paper describes a relatively simply and inexpensive scheme to make phase space measurements of particles with time separations on the order of 130 nsec and greater.

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation D. G. Fong, M. Heller, A. M. Shapiro, M. Widgoff, D. Bogert, M. Johnson, C.‐Y. Chien, P. Lucas, A. Pevsner, R. A. Zdanis, R. A. Burnstein, C. Fu, D. V. Petersen, R. M. Robertson, H. A. Rubin, R. D. Sard, A. E. Snyder, J. Tortora, E. D. Alyea, F. Bruyant, J. Grunhaus, E. Hafen, R. I. Hulsizer, U. Karshon, V. Kistiakowsky, A. Levy, A. Napier, I. A. Pless, P. Trepagnier, J. Wolfson, R. K. Yamamoto, H. O. Cohn, T. C. Ou, R. J. Plano, T. L. Watts, E. B. Brucker, E. L. Koller, P. Stamer, S. Taylor, W. M. Bugg, G. T. Condo, E. L. Hart, W. Barletta, D. Dauwe, M. Kenton, H. Kraybill, D. Ljung, T. Ludlam, H. Taft; Topological and Leading Particle Cross Sections for 147 GeV/c π− − p Interactions. AIP Conf. Proc. 1 November 1975; 23 (1): 332–343. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2947436 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioAIP Conference Proceedings Search Advanced Search |Citation Search

We propose a high statistics study of two, four, six, and eight charged particle final state channels in which a single forward going π0 is also produced in 150 GeV/c π– p interactions. We will also perform high statistics studies of the four, six, and eight charged particle channels without neutrals and inclusive studies of π0 production as a function of rapidity. We will also study the forward going electromagnetic energy associated with the two-charged prong topology in 150 GeV/c π– p interactions. We believe that there is evidence of a new phenomenon associated with these photons based on previous data (E-154) which cannot be explained on the basis of known reactions with known particles. We propose adding a gamma ray detector behind the last PWC plane in the Fermlab 30" hybrid system. This gamma ray detector should have an energy resolution $\frac{Δ\text{E}}{\text{E}}$ < 1% and a spatial resolution of less than ± 3mm. We request 106 frames taken in the 30" hybrid system with an incident π– beam of 150 GeV/c. In this exposure there will be ~9000 two prong events with electromagnetic energy greater than 20 GeV of which 3000 will be the events associated with the new phenomenon. The precise information on the photons should allow us to determine what is the character of the beam diffraction reaction and whether or not it represents a new phenomenon. This part of the experiment will be performed first and a quick answer should be possible.