M. Haranko

The high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC brings unprecedented requirements for real-time and precision bunch-by-bunch online luminosity measurement and beam-induced background monitoring. A key component of the CMS Beam Radiation, Instrumentation and Luminosity system is a stand-alone luminometer, the Fast Beam Condition Monitor (FBCM), which is fully independent from the CMS central trigger and data acquisition services and able to operate at all times with a triggerless readout. FBCM utilizes a dedicated front-end application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to amplify the signals from CO$_2$-cooled silicon-pad sensors with a timing resolution of a few nanoseconds, which enables the measurement of the beam-induced background. FBCM uses a modular design with two half-disks of twelve modules at each end of CMS, with four service modules placed close to the outer edge to reduce radiation-induced aging. The electronics system design adapts several components from the CMS Tracker for power, control and read-out functionalities. The dedicated FBCM23 ASIC contains six channels and adjustable shaping time to optimize the noise with regards to sensor leakage current. Each ASIC channel outputs a single binary high-speed asynchronous signal carrying time-of-arrival and time-over-threshold information. The chip output signal is digitized, encoded and sent via a radiation-hard gigabit transceiver and an optical link to the back-end electronics for analysis. This paper reports on the updated design of the FBCM detector and the ongoing testing program.

Abstract The high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC brings unprecedented requirements for real-time and precision bunch-by-bunch online luminosity measurement and beam-induced background monitoring. A key component of the CMS Beam Radiation, Instrumentation and Luminosity system is a stand-alone luminometer, the Fast Beam Condition Monitor (FBCM), which is fully independent from the CMS central trigger and data acquisition services and able to operate at all times with a triggerless readout. FBCM utilizes a dedicated front-end application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to amplify the signals from CO 2 -cooled silicon-pad sensors with a timing resolution of a few nanoseconds, which enables the measurement of the beam-induced background. FBCM uses a modular design with two half-disks of twelve modules at each end of CMS, with four service modules placed close to the outer edge to reduce radiation-induced aging. The electronics system design adapts several components from the CMS Tracker for power, control and read-out functionalities. The dedicated FBCM23 ASIC contains six channels and adjustable shaping time to optimize the noise with regards to sensor leakage current. Each ASIC channel outputs a single binary high-speed asynchronous signal carrying time-of-arrival and time-over-threshold information. The chip output signal is digitized, encoded, and sent via a radiation-hard gigabit transceiver and an optical link to the back-end electronics for analysis. This paper reports on the updated design of the FBCM detector and the ongoing testing program.

The Pixel Luminosity Telescope is a silicon pixel detector dedicated to luminosity measurement at the CMS experiment at the LHC. It is located approximately 1.75 m from the interaction point and arranged into 16 "telescopes", with eight telescopes installed around the beam pipe at either end of the detector and each telescope composed of three individual silicon sensor planes. The per-bunch instantaneous luminosity is measured by counting events where all three planes in the telescope register a hit, using a special readout at the full LHC bunch-crossing rate of 40 MHz. The full pixel information is read out at a lower rate and can be used to determine calibrations, corrections, and systematic uncertainties for the online and offline measurements. This paper details the commissioning, operational history, and performance of the detector during Run 2 (2015-18) of the LHC, as well as preparations for Run 3, which will begin in 2022.

The silicon strip readout ASIC (SSA) for the CMS Outer Tracker Pixel-Strip (PS) module was prototyped in a 65 nm CMOS technology and characterized utilizing a custom made test bench based on the FC7 µTCA FPGA card.The ASIC has been evaluated and characterised under different working temperatures and radiation levels up to 200 Mrad.Measurements show a frontend gain between 35 and 54 mV/fC and an average noise of < 330 e -, meeting the specification of noise performance.The measured peaking time for an injected charge between 0.5 fC and 8 fC is ≈ 19 ns allowing to detect consecutive particle events in combination with the zero dead-cycle binary readout.The embedded trimming circuit allows to obtain a measured threshold spread smaller than 55 e -between channels.The measured power consumption is ≈ 60 mW and thus within the strict power budget of the PS modules.The performance characterization results and radiation tolerance test results of the first SSA silicon prototype are presented.

A new pixel detector for the CMS experiment was built in order to cope with the instantaneous luminosities anticipated for the Phase~I Upgrade of the LHC. The new CMS pixel detector provides four-hit tracking with a reduced material budget as well as new cooling and powering schemes. A new front-end readout chip mitigates buffering and bandwidth limitations, and allows operation at low comparator thresholds. In this paper, comprehensive test beam studies are presented, which have been conducted to verify the design and to quantify the performance of the new detector assemblies in terms of tracking efficiency and spatial resolution. Under optimal conditions, the tracking efficiency is $99.95\pm0.05\,\%$, while the intrinsic spatial resolutions are $4.80\pm0.25\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ and $7.99\pm0.21\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ along the $100\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ and $150\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ pixel pitch, respectively. The findings are compared to a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of the pixel detector and good agreement is found.

More than twenty-five thousand hybrids will be produced for the CMS Outer Tracker Phase-2 Upgrade.The hybrids are assembled with flip-chips, passives and carbon-fibre stiffeners.They will be glued to their module supports, together with powering and optical transmission hybrids, making repairs almost impossible.Due to the complexity of the hybrid circuits and the circuit assembly, production scale testing is a very important aspect.A crate-based scalable test system was designed to enable a multiplexed test of front-end hybrids.A test card was produced for the 2S hybrids and two different hybrid test cards are under development.

Abstract The CMS BRIL project upgrades its instrumentation for the Phase-2 detector to provide high-precision luminosity and beam-induced background measurements. A part of the CMS Inner Tracker — the Tracker Endcap Pixel Detector (TEPX) — will allocate a fraction of the read-out bandwidth for luminometry. The implications of the proposed approach are highlighted. A dedicated luminosity trigger and clock distribution system is introduced and a test implementation on a demonstrator system is described. A demonstrator of the real-time on-FPGA pixel cluster counting algorithm is also described.

The CMS detector at the LHC is foreseen to experience a major upgrade in order to cope with increased radiation flux due to the high-luminosity operation phase of the accelerator. The CMS tracker will be replaced completely, introducing a new module concept in the outer part of the subsystem, which will exploit the strong magnetic field inside the CMS detector to select high transverse momentum particles locally and send the corresponding information to the triggering system thus enhancing the efficiency of the latter.In order to allow for module prototyping and production testing, an intermediate DAQ system, referred to as μDTC, was developed in the scope of this thesis. The system allows for prototype configuration, control, monitoring and read-out, and provides all the necessary infrastructure for the module qualification. This thesis describes the upgrade project with a focus on the existing module prototypes and the structure of the FPGA firmware developed for the μDTC. A sequence of test beam measurement campaigns was carried out using the aforementioned DAQ system, and the results obtained from two of them are described in detail in the text.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment plans to replace its strip tracker system with a completely new Outer Tracker system to cope with the higher luminosity, compared to Run 2 operation, provided by the HL-LHC.This CMS Phase-2 Outer Tracker will be build up from two types of modules both consisting out of two parallel silicon sensors separated by a few millimetres.To read out the two types of modules four Outer Tracker specific custom chips are required.This proceeding introduces the module concept, goes into more detail on the data path, discusses the test system (OT-µDTC) designed for testing prototypes based on these ASICs and gives examples of test results obtained with this test system.

The High-Luminosity upgrade of the LHC (HL-LHC) places unprecedented requirements for background monitoring and luminosity measurements. The CMS Tracker Endcap Pixel Detector (TEPX) will be adapted to provide high-precision online measurements of bunch-by-bunch luminosity and beam-induced background. The implementation of dedicated triggering and readout systems, the real-time clustering algorithm on an FPGA and the expected performance are discussed.

Insert your english abstract here.A new versatile facility LEETECH for detector R&amp;D, tests and calibration is designed and constructed. It uses electrons produced by the photoinjector PHIL at LAL, Orsay and provides a powerful tool for wide range R&amp;D studies of different detector concepts delivering “monochromatic” samples of low energy electrons with adjustable energy and intensity. Among other innovative instrumentation techniques, LEETECH will be used for testing various gaseous tracking detectors and studying new Micromegas/InGrid concept which has very promising characteristics of spatial resolution and can be a good candidate for particle tracking and identification. In this paper the importance and expected characteristics of such facility based on detailed simulation studies are addressed.