M. Górski

Psychological science tends to treat subjective well-being and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective well-being is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: What is the ideal level of happiness? From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies but less so for others. Searching for an explanation for why "happiness maximization" might have emerged in these societies, we turn to studies linking cultures to their eco-environmental habitat. We discuss the premise that WEIRD cultures emerged in an exceptionally benign ecological habitat (i.e., faced relatively light existential pressures compared with other regions). We review the influence of the Gulf Stream on the Northwestern European climate as a source of these comparatively benign geographical conditions. We propose that the ecological conditions in which WEIRD societies emerged afforded them a basis to endorse happiness as a value and to idealize attaining its maximum level. To provide a nomological network for happiness maximization, we also studied some of its potential side effects, namely alcohol and drug consumption and abuse and the prevalence of mania. To evaluate our hypothesis, we reanalyze data from two large-scale studies on ideal levels of personal life satisfaction-the most common operationalization of happiness in psychology-involving respondents from 61 countries. We conclude that societies whose members seek to maximize happiness tend to be characterized as WEIRD, and generalizing this across societies can prove problematic if adopted at the ideological and policy level.

We explore paleo-detectors as an approach to the direct detection of weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter radically different from conventional detectors. Instead of instrumenting a (large) target mass in a laboratory in order to observe WIMP-induced nuclear recoils in real time, the approach is to examine ancient minerals for traces of WIMP-nucleus interactions recorded over timescales as large as 1 Gyr. Here, we discuss the paleo-detector proposal in detail, including background sources and possible target materials. In order to suppress backgrounds induced by radioactive contaminants such as uranium, we propose to use minerals found in marine evaporites or in ultrabasic rocks. We estimate the sensitivity of paleo-detectors to spin-independent and spin-dependent WIMP-nucleus interactions. The sensitivity to low-mass WIMPs with masses mχ≲10 GeV extends to WIMP-nucleon cross sections many orders of magnitude smaller than current upper limits. For heavier WIMPs with masses mχ≳30 GeV cross sections a factor of a few to ∼100 smaller than current upper limits can be probed by paleo-detectors.Received 27 November 2018DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.043014© 2019 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasCosmic ray & astroparticle detectorsParticle astrophysicsParticle dark matterGravitation, Cosmology & AstrophysicsCondensed Matter, Materials & Applied PhysicsParticles & Fields

A large experimental program is underway to extend the sensitivity of direct detection experiments, searching for interaction of Dark Matter with nuclei, down to the neutrino floor. However, such experiments are becoming increasingly difficult and costly due to the large target masses and exquisite background rejection needed for the necessary improvements in sensitivity. We investigate an alternative approach to the detection of Dark Matter-nucleon interactions: Searching for the persistent traces left by Dark Matter scattering in ancient minerals obtained from much deeper than current underground laboratories. We estimate the sensitivity of paleo-detectors, which extends far beyond current upper limits for a wide range of Dark Matter masses. The sensitivity of our proposal also far exceeds the upper limits set by Snowden-Ifft et al. more than three decades ago using ancient Mica in an approach similar to paleo-detectors.

Paleo-detectors are a recently proposed method for the direct detection of Dark Matter (DM). In such detectors, one would search for the persistent damage features left by DM--nucleus interactions in ancient minerals. Initial sensitivity projections have shown that paleo-detectors could probe much of the remaining Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) parameter space. In this paper, we improve upon the cut-and-count approach previously used to estimate the sensitivity by performing a full spectral analysis of the background- and DM-induced signal spectra. We consider two scenarios for the systematic errors on the background spectra: i) systematic errors on the normalization only, and ii) systematic errors on the shape of the backgrounds. We find that the projected sensitivity is rather robust to imperfect knowledge of the backgrounds. Finally, we study how well the parameters of the true WIMP model could be reconstructed in the hypothetical case of a WIMP discovery.

There is some evidence of tooth discoloration after regenerative endodontic procedures. The aim of this review is to determine which materials used in regenerative procedures induce tooth discoloration. The authors searched six digital databases in February 2018: PubMed, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Lilacs. As a result, 353 studies were found. Eleven studies that met the established criteria were selected. Analysis of the selected studies showed that most materials used in regenerative endodontic procedures have the potential to stain tooth tissues. To decrease tooth discoloration, sealing dentin with a dentin-bonding agent before the placement of a disinfectant paste and barrier materials should be considered. Only a small number of in vitro studies have been performed; therefore, further studies on this topic are warranted.

The average transverse momentum and the size of the particle emitting source (measured via Bose-Einstein correlations) have been studied as functions of the charged particle density in the central region inp-p interactions at $$\sqrt s $$ =62, 44 and 31 GeV. Both the average transverse momentum and the source size increase with increasing density at all three energies. This effect, very weak at $$\sqrt s $$ =31 GeV, becomes stronger with increasing energy.

A new medical imaging technique based on the precise 3D location of a radioactive source by the simultaneous detection of 3γ rays has been proposed by Subatech laboratory. To take advantage of this novel technique a detection device based on a liquid xenon Compton telescope and a specific (β+, γ) emitter radionuclide, 44Sc, are required. A first prototype of a liquid xenon time projection chamber called XEMIS1 has been successfully developed showing very promising results for the energy and spatial resolutions for the ionization signal in liquid xenon, thanks to an advanced cryogenics system, which has contributed to a high liquid xenon purity with a very good stability and an ultra-low noise front-end electronics (below 100 electrons) operating at liquid xenon temperature. The very positive results obtained with XEMIS1 have led to the development of a second prototype for small animal imaging, XEMIS2, which is now under development. To study the feasibility of the 3γ imaging technique and optimize the characteristics of the device, a complete Monte Carlo simulation has been also carried out. A preliminary study shows very positive results for the sensitivity, energy and spatial resolutions of XEMIS2.

Paleodetectors are a proposed experimental technique in which one would search for traces of recoiling nuclei in ancient minerals. Natural minerals on Earth are as old as $\mathcal{O}(1)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Gyr}$ and, in many minerals, the damage tracks left by recoiling nuclei are also preserved for timescales long compared to 1 Gyr once created. Thus, even reading out relatively small target samples of order 100 g, paleodetectors would allow one to search for very rare events thanks to the large exposure, $ϵ\ensuremath{\sim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}\text{ }\mathrm{Gyr}={10}^{5}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{t}\text{ }\mathrm{yr}$. Here, we explore the potential of paleodetectors to measure nuclear recoils induced by neutrinos from Galactic core collapse supernovae. We find that they would not only allow for a direct measurement of the average core collapse supernova rate in the Milky Way, but would also contain information about the time dependence of the local supernova rate over the past $\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Gyr}$. Since the supernova rate is thought to be directly proportional to the star formation rate, such a measurement would provide a determination of the local star formation history. We investigate the sensitivity of paleodetectors to both a smooth time evolution and an enhancement of the core collapse supernova rate on relatively short timescales, as would be expected for a starburst period in the local group.

Zechstein (Upper Permian) reefs have long been known to occur along the margins of the Polish Zechstein Basin where they host important gas reserves. During the last decade, reefal build‐ups have also been found in the centre of the basin on pre‐Zechstein highs such as the Wolsztyn Ridge in Western Poland. Here, early 2D seismic and subsequent more detailed 3D seismic studies and integrated geophysical and geological interpretations have led to a number of major gas discoveries. The reef complexes in the Koscian– Wielichowo region are thought to have recoverable gas reserves of more than 32B cu m. The basin‐centre reefs have been identified on the basis of palaeogeographic analysis and from the seismo‐acoustic properties of the Zechstein Limestone of which they are composed. 3D seismic profiles show that the reefs have irregular shapes in map view. Drilling results indicate that their thickness may exceed 80m, but characteristically their thickness decreases sharply at their margins corresponding to a facies change. In the Wolsztyn Ridge area, the Zechstein Limestone can be divided into five lithological units which are capped by the Werra Anhydrite. Four of these units reflect deposition in subaqueous environments whereas the uppermost unit originated in a very shallow‐water or temporarily subaerial setting. Typical “ecological” bryozoan‐stromatolitic reefs occur in the middle and upper (but not the uppermost) parts of the Zechstein Limestone, while the lower parts are dominated by bioclastic packstones and grains tones. Average reservoir porosity is 10–20%. The permeability varies significantly (0–400 mD) but values of a few tens of mD are common. The occurrence of intraclastic breccia in many boreholes suggests that the reefs may have developed on local palaeoslopes which are generally of tectonic origin. Blocks of contemporaneously lithifiedZechstein Limestone as well as steeply‐dipping laminar sheets are common in the reefs of the Wolsztyn Ridge and have also previously been recorded in the English Zechstein. Palaeoslopes elsewhere in the Wolsztyn Ridge and possibly also in other parts of the Variscan externides may host similar reefal build‐ups which could be of exploration potential.

We present the first results on inclusive photo-production of prompt photons at high transverse momenta. The data were taken in an open spectrometer at CERN using a high intensity photon beam energy between 50 and 150 GeV. After subtracting the yield of photons from indirect sources, a clear excess is observed for transverse momenta above 2.5 GeVc Deep inelastic Compton scattering with appropriate QCD corrections account for this excess. The data disfavour the gauge integer charge quark models so far proposed.

We have measured the inclusive cross section for the reaction π−n→pX−− at 21, 205 and 360 GeV/c in the kinematic region |tnp|<1.0 (GeV/c)2. The differential cross sections can be described qualitatively by the reggeized one-pion-exchange amplitude at all momenta studied; however, there is evidence for the contribution of other amplitudes. The extracted π−π− total cross section for 4⪅sππ⪅340 GeV2 is of the order of 10–12 mb. The average number of charged particles and dispersion of the charged particle multiplicity distributions for various sππ intervals are compatible with results observed in hadron-proton interactions.

Data on the multiplicity of charged particles and π0 mesons in π−p and π−n interactions are presented and compared to various models. The average π0 multiplicity tends to increase with increasing number of charged particles.

A measurement of the Higgs boson Yukawa coupling to the top quark is presented using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$^{-1}$, recorded with the CMS detector. The coupling strength with respect to the standard model value, $Y_\mathrm{t}$, is determined from kinematic distributions in $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ final states containing ee, $μμ$, or e$μ$ pairs. Variations of the Yukawa coupling strength lead to modified distributions for $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ production. In particular, the distributions of the mass of the $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$ system and the rapidity difference of the top quark and antiquark are sensitive to the value of $Y_\mathrm{t}$. The measurement yields a best fit value of $Y_\mathrm{t} =$ 1.16 $^{+0.24}_{-0.35}$, bounding $Y_\mathrm{t}$ $\lt$ 1.54 at a 95% confidence level.

We analyse the variation of the average transverse momentum, 〈pT〉, with the multiplicity of charged particles produced in pp, p̄p, dd and αα collisions at ISR energies. An increase of 〈pT〉 with increasing particle density p=ΔnΔy for charged particles produced in the central region is observed. The energy dependence of this effect and its dependence on the type of colliding particles are discussed.

The multiplicity distributions of charged secondaries in proton-proton interactions at $$\sqrt s = 31$$ , 44 and 62 GeV have been measured with high statistics using the split field magnet (SFM) detector at the CERN ISR. The multiplicity distributions for narrow bins in rapidity depend on the rapidity variable. The validity of KNO scaling is discussed. The negative binomial function fits well the charged and negative multiplicity data for full phase space and for central rapidity windows. The energy and the rapidity dependence of the negative binomial parameters, $$\bar n$$ andk, are presented. We also analyse their implications for a cascade model in terms of the average number of «clans» and of the average number of particles per «clan».

The aim of this review is to evaluate of effectiveness of bleaching procedures used to treat discolored teeth subsequent to regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) based on the review of in vitro and in vivo studies. This literature review was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines. Four databases (PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases) were searched electronically, until 30 January 2020 without a year limit. The quality of studies was assessed using a modified methodological index for non-randomized studies. After analyzing 1405 studies, 6 in vitro and 9 in vivo studies were eligible for this review. In in vitro studies, effectiveness of bleaching was assessed in teeth discolored by antibiotic pastes, blood, and barrier materials in various combinations. In all analyzed studies, bleaching was effective in teeth discolored by antibiotic pastes as well as by blood and barrier materials. Of 26 treated teeth in the in vivo studies, 17 teeth were bleached successfully. In six cases, there was improvement of the shade. In three cases, bleaching was not sufficient. Bleaching material, techniques, and times differed between studies. Whitening of discolored teeth after REPs is achievable. However, to establish precise guidelines, further long-term clinical studies should be performed.

Exclusive and inclusive pp photoproduction (with ⩾ 2 accompanying charged particles) have been measured in the photon energy range 44–70 GeV. The exclusive process shows no prominent features; the inclusive process shows evidence for S(1936) production as a resonant-like structure with mass 1930 ± 2 MeV and width 12 ± 7 MeV.

Results on the charged multiplicity distribution in π−d interactions at 21 GeV/c are presented. The effects due to the two-nucleon structure of the deuteron target are analysed and the contribution of double scattering processes is estimated as a function of charged multiplicity. The evidence against simple cascade models is discussed.

Data are presented on the reactions K−p → Δ++ + anything at 10 and 16 GeV/c and π−p → Δ++ + anything at 16 GeV/c. In the K−p reaction, scaling is observed between 10 and 16 GeV/c in the variable M2/s. The scaling occurs at relatively low values of M in marked contrast to the reaction π+p → Δ++ + anything. This result can be explained by duality arguments on a triple Regge picture, since the exchanged reggeon-incident particle scattering is exotic. Comparison of the π−p reaction, which is similarly exotic, with the K−p reaction at the same energy gives further evidence for factorization in pomeron-dominated inclusive reactions.

We propose a nanodevice based on a typical planar semiconductor heterostructure with lateral confinement potential created by voltages applied to local gates. We show how to obtain near parabolical confinement along the nanodevice, and how to use coherent states of the harmonic oscillator for spatial separation of electron densities corresponding to opposite spin directions. In such a way, an entangled state of Schr\"odinger's cat type is created. We have performed simulations of a realistic nanodevice model by numerically solving the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation together with simultaneous tracking of the controllable confinement potential via solution of the Poisson's equation at every time step.

The general scheme for the fast, pipelined first level trigger on high pt muons in the CMS detector at LHC is presented. The prototype PACT system was tested in the high momentum muon beams in the RD5 experiment during 1993/94 runs. The obtained efficiency curves are shown.

Evidence is presented for inclusive photoproduction of F± mesons in three decay modes, ηπ±, ηπ±π+π− and ηπ±π+π+π−π−. The average mass of the F± is found to be 2.020±0.010 GeV.

During the summer 2006, a first integrated test of a part of the CMS experiment was performed at CERN collecting a data sample of several millions of cosmic rays events. A fraction of the Resistive Plate Chambers system was successfully operated. Results on the RPC performance are reported.

The paper presents the concept of the Overlap Muon Track Finder (OTF) trigger for the CMS experiment in CERN as a system implemented in the modern FPGA device. The parametrized description of the complex data processing system, allowing further optimization by iterative simulations and recompilations, is presented. Problems associated with synthesis of such complex systems with currently available synthesis tools, and their workarounds are described.

The Overlap Muon Track Finder (OMTF) is the new system developed during the upgrade of the CMS experiment which includes the upgrade of its Level-1 trigger. It uses the novelty approach to finding muon candidates based on data received from three types of detectors: RPC, DT, and CSC . The upgrade of the trigger system requires also upgrade of the associated Data Acquisition (DAQ) system. The OMTF DAQ transmits the data from the connected detectors that were the basis for the Level-1 trigger decision. To increase its diagnostic potential, it may also transmit the data from a few bunch crossings (BXes) preceding or following the BX, in which the L1 trigger was generated. The paper describes the technical concepts and solutions used in the OMTF DAQ system. The system is still under development. However, it successfully passed the first tests.

A search for exclusive two-photon production via photon exchange in proton-proton collisions, pp $\to$ p$γγ$p with intact protons, is presented. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 9.4 fb$^{-1}$ collected in 2016 using the CMS and TOTEM detectors at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the LHC. Events are selected with a diphoton invariant mass above 350 GeV and with both protons intact in the final state, to reduce backgrounds from strong interactions. The events of interest are those where the invariant mass and rapidity calculated from the momentum losses of the forward-moving protons matches the mass and rapidity of the central, two-photon system. No events are found that satisfy this condition. Interpreting this result in an effective dimension-8 extension of the standard model, the first limits are set on the two anomalous four-photon coupling parameters. If the other parameter is constrained to its standard model value, the limits at 95% CL are $\lvertζ_1\rvert$ $\lt$ 2.9 $\times$ 10$^{-13}$ GeV$^{-4}$ and $\lvertζ_2\rvert$ $\lt$ 6.0 $\times$ 10$^{-13}$ GeV$^{-4}$.

The reaction γp → K+K− p has been investigated with tagged photons in the energy range of 20 < Eγ < 70 GeV. A structure in the 1.7 GeV mass region is observed and interpreted in terms of a recurrence of the ø.

Data on inclusive reactions π−p → π± + … and π−n → π± + … at 40 GeV/c are presented. Inclusive cross sections of the reactions π−p → π± + … at x = 0 normalized to the inelastic cross section coincide with the ISR results for pp interactions at 500 – 1500 GeV. A similar result has been obtained for the inclusive process π−p → γ + … as well.

"Pi of the Sky" is a detector designed for search for optical flashes of cosmic origin in the sky. Its primary goal is to look for optical afterglows associated with the gamma ray bursts (GRB) but it is capable to detect also other optical transients of extragalactic origin. The apparatus consists of two arrays of 16 cameras each, which allow for simultaneous observation of large part of the sky. Thanks to on-line data analysis in real time, it has self-triggering capability and can react to external triggers with negative time delay. The prototype with two cameras has been installed at Las Campanas (Chile) and is operational from July 2004. General idea of experiment, the apparatus and its performance will be presented.

LNCMI is one of the unique worldwide laboratories offering the scientific community access to various experimental conditions with continuous magnetic fields well above 20 T. LNCMI is currently developing a large field flexible experimental platform. One configuration will produce a continuous magnetic field of 43 T in a 34 mm warm bore aperture from the combination of homemade resistive electromagnet inserts and a large bore outer superconducting magnet (1.1 m internal cold dia.), the latter being built in close collaboration with CEA-IRFU Saclay. The superconducting magnet with its mechanical structure and its helium vessel will represent a mass of 22 tons to cool down to 1.8 K and maintain at this temperature 10 months per year. An overview of the project will be given focusing on the cryogenics and particularly on the helium liquefier designed and manufactured by Air Liquide Advanced Technologies. This system - the most powerful even produced in the Helial ML range - and its ancillaries has been integrated and commissioned as a turnkey system in the existing site of LNCMI.

The CMS detector will have a dedicated subdetector (RPC chambers) to identify muons, measure their transverse momenta pt, and determine the bunch crossings from which they originate. The trigger algorithm is based on muon track search and classification in raw data from the RPC chambers grouped in the four muon stations in the CMS magnet yoke. A huge interconnection network is needed to fulfill this task. It can be built in the control room only, approximately 120 m away from the detector. The data compression/decompression system is proposed to reduce the number of links needed to transfer the data from detector to control room. The idea of such a system and results of first tests will be presented.

Events are analyzed in which a high transverse momentum proton was produced at polar angles of 10°, 20° and 45°. The experiment was performed with the Split Field Magnet detector at the CERN ISR at $$\sqrt s $$ =62 GeV. A 4-jet structure of these events is found [1]. The measured charge structure of spectator jets is compatible with proton production from hard diquark scattering. This is supported by a study of baryon number compensation in the towards jets. The observed charge compensation in the towards jets suggests dominance of hard (ud) scattering. Evidence forΔ ++ production at high transverse momentum indicates the presence of an additional (uu) scattering component. The properties of the recoiling away jets are compatible with the fragmentation of a valence quark and/or of a gluon as in the case of meson triggers.

In a high-statistics experiment at the CERN-ISR we analyze the variation of the average transverse momentum in fixed rapidity intervals as a function of the multiplicity density of charged particles produced in proton-proton collisions at √s = 31, 44 and 62 GeV. The average transverse momentum depends on both rapidity y and charged multiplicity density, ρ = Δn/Δy. The dependence on ρ changes gradually from an increase at low y, constancy at intermediate y and decrease at large y.

The charged multiplicity distribution is presented for K−p interactions produced in the hydrogen bubble chamber, BEBC, using an r.f. separated, tagged K− beam of 110 GeV/c momentum. A comparison with K+p, πp and pp data at lower energies shows that the main features of the multiplicity distributions depend on energy and charge of the incident particles, but not on their strangeness. At high energies, only the energy is important.

We propose a nanodevice for single-electron spin initialization. It is based on a gated planar semiconductor heterostructure with a quantum well and with potentials generated by voltages applied to local gates. Initially we insert an electron with arbitrary spin into the nanodevice. Next we perform a sequence of spin manipulations, after which the spin is set in a desired direction (e.g., the growth direction). The operations are done all-electrically, do not require any external fields and do not depend on the initial spin direction.

A gas detector with parallel resistive electrodes has intrinsic capability of efficient detection at high particle fluxes. An inverted Double Gap Resistive Plate Chamber made of special bakelite of low resistivity −ρ=5·108Ω cm, reaches full efficiency with a plateau exceeding 500 V for radiation rates as high as 7 kHz/cm2 measured with a periodic beam. A gas mixture containing a majority of so called “green freon” – C2H2F4 assures stable avalanche amplification with a time resolution of about 2 ns, only slightly dependent on the particle flux. Measurements with a strong 137Cs source confirm stability of parameters in continuous radiation flux up to 5 kHz/cm2/gap. The results demonstrate the usefulness of an RPC as a muon trigger detector in a high radiation background environment, expected in the CMS experiment in the highest rapidity region.

Measurements are presented of short range three-particle rapidity correlation in pp interactions at c.m. energies [Formula: see text], 44 and 62 GeV. The data were obtained at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) using the Split Field Magnet Detector (SFM) with a minimum bias trigger. Three-particle short range rapidity correlations are observed for the (-+-) and (+-+) combinations; no short-range correlation is observed for the (---) and (+++) configurations. The rapidity range of the three-particle correlations is approximately the same as for the two-particle correlations.

In the 1970s and 1980s exploration performed within the Polish part of the Permian Basin, particularly in the Gorzow region, found the Main Dolomite (the Upper Permian-Zechstein) formation to be very prospective, as proved by the discovery of many oil and gas fields. In the early 1990s exploration based on 2D seismic intensified and resulted in the definition of three separate structures: Barnowko, Mostno and Buszewo. The exploration wells located on these structures found the first two to be gas-bearing and the third to be oil-filled. Subsequent interpretation of the 3D seismic showed that, in reality, the three discoveries are a single field. This conclusion was based on the analysis of geometry and distribution of the reservoir parameters. It has been proved by the results of eleven consecutive wells (since writing this paper a further 6 wells have been drilled which confirm the interpretation). All of the above shows this field to be the largest oil field of the Polish part of the Permian Basin, as well as the largest in Poland.

The total punchthrough probability of showers produced by negatively charged pions of momenta 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 200 and 300 GeV/c, has been measured in the RD5 experiment at CERN using a toroidal spectrometer. The range of the measurement extends to 5.3 m of equivalent iron. Our results have been obtained by two different analysis methods and are compared with the resutls of a previous experiment.

This paper presents the implementation of the data acquisition system of the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) subdetector in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in CERN. The described readout system connects with the RPC detector, the RPC link system, the RPC trigger system and the CMS data acquisition system and creates one of multiple metrological systems in CMS experiment. The readout system receives the data provided by the multiple channels of the link system, filters out the non-triggered data, encapsulates the data into the standard CMS common data format events and sends them to the global data acquisition system. The main problem in the readout system design was to provide a sufficiently large throughput to reliably transfer the data. The implemented system is the scalable solution based on advanced Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) technology.

The Loss-DiVincenzo quantum computer, introduced two decades ago, still has not been fully realized, due in part to the lack of an effective method for qubit initialization. Here the authors propose a method for very fast initialization of qubits defined on electron spins trapped in electrostatic quantum dots. This method is significantly faster than others currently in use, and offers an initialization time two orders of magnitude shorter than the decoherence time. The proposed nanodevice should be easy to implement, since it is based on the mature technology of gated quantum wires.

This paper describes firmware architecture of a new part of muon trigger system of the CMS detector – one of four detectors installed along LHC accelerator in CERN. Overlap Muon Track Finder (OMTF) is a new trigger subsystem designed to work in difficult barrel-endcap region of CMS detector. OMTF is designed to receive data from different detector types and process it to select 3 best muon candidates. These muon candidates are then forwarded to Global Muon Trigger (GMT). Performance requirements demanded usage of custom designed hardware. All the data reception and processing takes part in modern, large FPGA device. The IPBus module allows easy firmware control and diagnostics via Ethernet connection.

The experiments at the planned 14 TeV proton-proton collider LHC will need a good identification and measurement of muons with energies of up to about 800 GeV. The production of electromagnetic secondaries by muons of energy from 10 to 300 GeV has been measured at the RD5 experiment at CERN using various detector types proposed for LHC experiments. It is demonstrated that the detectors can recognize the presence of individual hits from em secondaries, and that the muon measurement would be seriously compromised if these hits are not suppressed.

The contribution of single diffraction dissociation to highp T particle production has been determined with the split field magnet detector. For transverse momentap T >2 GeV/c and production angles θ>10° it is found to be less than 5% for all types of trigger particles. Specifically, a diffractive origin of the large production cross section for highp T protons can be excluded. The contributions found to highp T production are found to be in good agreement with extrapolations of the relative particle yields from single diffraction dissociation observed in inelastic minimum bias events.

We have studied π−d interactions at 21 GeV/c with charged multiplicities of 9 or more. Cross sections, single-particle distributions and two-particle correlations are discussed. The evidence for double scattering effects is confirmed and analysed.

The CMS muon system is conceived for trigger and muon track reconstruction. The redundancy and robustness of the system are guaranteed by three complementary subsystems: drift tube in the barrel, cathode strip chamber in the end-cap and resistive plate chamber in barrel and end-cap. The installation of muon stations and read-out trigger electronic has been completed in middle 2007. Since than, a remarkable effort has been addressed to the detector commissioning in order to ensure the readiness of the hardware/software chain for the LHC start up operation. At the end of 2007, a test of an entire CMS slice has been performed, involving about 5% of muon stations. Several thousand cosmic muons events have been collected. Performance of the barrel chambers are reported.

The production of ρ(770)0,K *(892)0, $$\bar K^* (892)^0 $$ andf 2(1270) mesons as leading particles in hadron jets (<z>∼0.7) has been measured in deep inelasticpp interactions at the CERN ISR at $$\sqrt s = 62$$ GeV. The comparison of vector and pseudoscalar meson production at the same transverse momentum provides a rather model independent way to determine the fragmentation parameterV/P. We determine(V/P) u,d =1.66±0.18±0.63 from the ρ/π ratio and(V/P) s =0.90±0.13±0.27 from theK */K ratio. For thef 2(1270) production we findf 2/ρ0=0.30±0.08.

A search for photoproduction of F mesons in decay modes containing a φ meson gives upper limits for B·σ, at the three standard deviation level, of 4.0 nb for σπ± and 15 nb for φπ+π−π±. A three standard deviation signal observed in the φϱ± mode corresponds to a B·σ of 33 ± 10 nb.

Data on the average multiplicity of neutral pions are presented for π−p, π−n and π−C interactions at 40 GeV/c, based on the statistics of 9 432 γ-quanta. A significant increase was found in the average number of π0s per inelastic event as a function of the number of charged particles for these interactions. Average momenta and angular characteristics of the γ-quanta are presented in both the lab. and the c.m. systems. It can be concluded that there is a plateau [in the −1<y∗<1 interval] in the (1σin)dσdy∗=f(y)∗distribution of γ-quanta for π−p interactions and the value of the π−p cross section at y∗=0 agrees quite well with the pp cross section at p=500−1500 GeV/c. This is in favour of the scaling hypothesis in the central region y∗=0 for 40 GeV/c π−p interactions.

This article presents a clinical protocol to reconstruct two accidentally damaged maxillary central incisors using composite resin material and a fractured tooth component. A patient was referred to the clinic with fracture of the two maxillary central incisors. Clinical examination revealed that both teeth were fractured in the middle third of the crown and that the fractures involved enamel and dentin with no pulp exposure. The patient had also suffered a lower lip laceration. When the lip was evaluated, a fractured fragment of the maxillary right central incisor was found inside the wound. The missing part of the tooth was replaced via adhesive attachment. Due to the damage of the fractured part of the maxillary left central incisor, direct composite restoration of this tooth was performed. With the advent of adhesive dentistry, the process of fragment reattachment has become simplified and more reliable. This procedure provides improved function, is faster to perform, and provides long-lasting effects, indicating that reattachment of a coronal fragment is a realistic alternative to placement of conventional resin composite restorations.

Cleft palate/lip is a frequently occurring congenital anomaly; one in every 800 births results in such a problem. Different treatment options are available for replacing missing soft and hard tissues, including removable dental prostheses, fixed dental prostheses (FDPs), and implant prostheses. In the literature, according to different authors, there are different option standard for prosthetic treatment of cleft palate/lip. Some authors report that removable prosthesis is the choice in such cases, some of them regard conventional tooth-supported FDPs as a standard of care. In this case report, the prosthetic treatment of congenital cleft palate/lip was described. Upon the choice of the patient and patient’s agreement, the direct construction Fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) adhesive bridge with pink composite gingival epithesis was performed.

In this paper, some results on inclusive γ and π0 spectra in π−p and π−12C interactions at 40 GeV/c are reported. It is shown that there is no factorization of the structure function f(q⊥, x) in π−p→γ + anything reactions for q⊥⩽0.4 GeV/c and |x|⩽0.16. The π0 meson longitudinal momentum spectrum in the cms is obtained by applying the method of statistical regularization to the measured γ spectrum. In the range |x|⩽0.02, Nπ+ = Nπ− = Nπ0 within the error limits (±7%). The inclusive γ spectra in π−p and π−12C interactions indicate that the normalized structure function is the same for both reactions over the central and the π− meson fargmentation regions.

BARNOWKO-MOSTNO-BUSZEWO (BMB) - THE GREATEST OIL FIELD IN POLAND: GEOMETRY AND RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION BASED ON 3D SEISMIC SURVEY Summary The greatest oil field in Poland was discovered on the western part of the Zechstein Main Dolomite barrier zone. Proven geological reserves were estimated as 64.4.106 T (498.2 million barrels) of crude oil & condensat and 29.4.10 9 m3 (1038.3.109 cubic feet) of natural gas. Estimated exploitable reserves are 10.1.106 T (76.6 million barrels) and 9.9.10 9 m3 (349.6.109 cubic feet). The objects of analysis were trap geometrical aspects (structural and thickness maps). Seismic amplitude examination were carried out in comparison with well data in order to analyse reservoir characteristics. Based on 3D seismic survey data, the paleotopographic reconstructions were undertaken for Zechstein deposits. Inverted seismic data and porosity values from well logs were used to generate pseudoporosity reservoir map.

The Resistive Plate Chambers [M. Abbrescia, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 550 (2005) 116] are used in the CMS experiment [CMS Collaboration, The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC 2008, J. Inst. 3 (2008) S08004] as a dedicated muon trigger both in barrel and endcap system. About 4000m2 of double gap RPCs have been produced and have been installed in the experiment since more than one and half Years. The full barrel system and a fraction of the endcaps have been monitored to study dark current behaviour and system stability, and have been extensively commissioned with Cosmic Rays collected by the full CMS experiment.

Proton-proton collisions in the LHC accelerator will occur every 25 ns. The muon trigger of the CMS experiment will have to analyze data from 200 000 channels of RPC chambers every bunch crossing. Special compression algorithm has been developed to transmit the data from the chambers to the trigger electronics through optical fibers. The data flow has been simulated, and the data loss estimate is presented.

"Pi of the Sky" is a detector designed for search for optical flashes of the cosmic origin in the sky. Its primary goal is to look for optical afterglows associated with the gamma ray bursts (GRB), but it is capable to detect also other optical transients of extragalactic origin. The apparatus consists of two arrays of 16 cameras each, which allow for simultaneous observation of the whole sky. Due to on-line data analysis in the real time, it has self-triggering capability and can react to external triggers with negative time delay. The prototype with two cameras has been installed at Las Campanas (Chile) and is operational from July 2004. General idea of experiment, the apparatus and its performance will be presented. Physical results will be reviewed and perspectives for the future will be outlined.

A search for long-lived particles (LLPs) produced in association with a Z boson is presented. The study is performed using data from proton-proton collisions with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded by the CMS experiment during 2016-2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 117 fb$^{-1}$. The LLPs are assumed to decay to a pair of standard model quarks that are identified as displaced jets within the CMS tracker system. Triggers and selections based on Z boson decays to electron or muon pairs improve the sensitivity to light LLPs (down to 15 GeV). This search provides sensitivity to beyond the standard model scenarios which predict LLPs produced in association with a Z boson. In particular, the results are interpreted in the context of exotic decays of the Higgs boson to a pair of scalar LLPs (H $\to$ SS). The Higgs boson decay branching fraction is constrained to values less than 6% for proper decay lengths of 10-100 mm and for LLP masses between 40 and 55 GeV. In the case of low-mass ($\approx$15 GeV) scalar particles that subsequently decay to a pair of b quarks, the search is sensitive to branching fractions $\mathcal{B}$(H $\to$ SS) $\lt$ 20% for proper decay lengths of 10-50 mm. The use of associated production with a Z boson increases the sensitivity to low-mass LLPs of this analysis with respect to gluon fusion searches. In the case of 15 GeV scalar LLPs, the improvement corresponds to a factor of 2 at a proper decay length of 30 mm.

A measurement of inclusive four-jet production in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13\TeV is presented. The transverse momenta of jets within $\lvert\eta\rvert \lt$ 4.7 reach down to 35, 30, 25, and 20 GeV for the first-, second-, third-, and fourth-leading jet, respectively. Differential cross sections are measured as functions of the jet transverse momentum, jet pseudorapidity, and several other observables that describe the angular correlations between the jets. The measured distributions show sensitivity to different aspects of the underlying event, parton shower, and matrix element calculations. In particular, the interplay between angular correlations caused by parton shower and double-parton scattering contributions is shown to be important. The double-parton scattering contribution is extracted by means of a template fit to the data, using distributions for single-parton scattering obtained from Monte Carlo event generators and a double-parton scattering distribution constructed from inclusive single-jet events in data. The effective double-parton scattering cross section is calculated and discussed in view of previous measurements and of its dependence on the models used to describe the single-parton scattering background.

Discolouration resulting from regenerative endodontic procedures may have a negative impact on the quality of life of treated patients; therefore, it is recommended to minimize this risk by selecting appropriate scaffolds and barrier materials, and if discolouration occurs, the use of a simple, cost-effective and minimally invasive technique, such as whitening, should be considered. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate tooth discolouration after two- and single-visit regenerative endodontic procedures and the effectiveness of subsequent whitening procedures with carbamide peroxide. Two hundred bovine incisors were included in this study and divided into twenty groups based on the tested material combinations. Two groups were control groups, one with saline and the other group with blood. In the 12 groups, the experiment was designed to be consistent with the two-visit regenerative endodontic procedures. Triple antibiotic paste or calcium hydroxide were placed in the root canal, and then scaffolds (e.g., blood or platelet-rich fibrin) and barrier materials (Biodentine, OrthoMTA or MTA Repair HP) were applied after rinsing the disinfectant pastes. In the six groups that corresponded to the single-visit regenerative endodontic procedure, the use of a disinfectant paste was omitted. Subsequently, the specimens were bleached twice with carbamide peroxide at a 7-day interval. Colour change measurements were performed using a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade Compact 5.0, VITA Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany). Statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal−Wallis H test, the independent t-test and t-test for related samples. Tooth discolouration was noticed after two- and single-visit regenerative endodontic procedures, except for the platelet-rich fibrin+MTA Repair HP group. After the first and second whitening procedures, all of the tested two- and single-visit regenerative endodontic procedures groups showed a change in the colour of the crown, which was noticeable to the naked eye (∆E > 3.3). When analysing the ∆E value between the first and second bleaching procedures, no changes in the colour of teeth were visually noticed in the calcium hydroxide and platelet-rich fibrin +MTA Repair HP groups (∆E < 3.3). Single-visit regenerative endodontic procedures are suggested if possible; however, if two-visit regenerative endodontic procedures are performed, it is recommended to use calcium hydroxide as the disinfectant paste because of the lower staining potential. In the context of discolouration, platelet-rich fibrin is advisable for use as a scaffold. The whitening procedure is worth considering, but does not guarantee a return to the original tooth colour, especially when triple antibiotic paste is used.

Gluon scattering processes are studied in hadronic highp T events using data obtained with the Split Field Magnet detector (SFM) at the CERN ISR. The experimental set-up allowed the scanning of a wide range of parton energies and scattering angles. It is shown that for positive pions as trigger particles, the parton composition of the recoil jet is correlated with the polar angle and transverse momentum of the triggering pion. Over the kinematical region studied, the recoil jet originates predominantly from scatered gluons, with an increasing prevalence of the gluon component towards forward triggering angles. The variation of the momentum structure of the recoil jet with the trigger angle indicates that the fragmentation function of gluons is softer than that of quarks.

Production of jets with fast leading fragments has been studied in deep inelastic proton-proton interactions using the Split Field Magnet detector at the CERN ISR. The kinematics of the underlying parton processes is determined on an event-by-event basis. Parton scattering amplitudes are extracted for scattering angles, Θ∗, in the interval −0.4 < cos Θ∗ < 0.9. The data which are known to be dominated by quark gluon scattering, agree with predictions from lowest order QCD, while e.g. an abelian theory can be excluded.

Poziom wapienia cechsztynskiego stal sie jednym z najbardziej perspektywicznych poziomow zbiornikowych z punktu widzenia poszukiwan w Polsce. Rejon paleoelementu zwanego walem wolsztynskim byl na początku transgresji morza cechsztynskiego naturalnym miejscem sedymentacji typu rafowego na lokalnych paleopodniesieniach szelfu. Rafy te w wyniku gry naftowej staly sie pulapkami akumulującymi gaz migrujący z utworow wieku karbonskiego. Dane sejsmiki 3D integrowane z pozostalymi rodzajami danych pozwalają na wydzielenie cial rafowych–pulapek w procesie interaktywnej, komputerowej interpretacji opartej na czynniku litofacjalnym. Wykorzystuje ona informacje dostarczane przez geofizyke otworową i elementy paleogeografii mozliwe do pozyskania z danych sejsmiki 3D. Wydzielenie pulapek umozliwia przejście do nastepnego etapu, polegającego na określeniu ich geometrii i porowatości. Pozwala to obliczyc zasoby zloza. Zastosowane procedury interpretacyjne zostaly potwierdzone rezultatami 12 otworow odwierconych na rafie Kościan i czteroma nastepnymi na rafach Bonikowo, Bialcz, Bronsko i Kokorzyn. Ich efektem jest osiągniecie, niespotykanej w polskiej praktyce poszukiwan weglowodorow, skuteczności wiercen. LITHOFACIES INTERPRETATION OF 3D SEISMIC DATA: KEY TO SUCCESS IN THE ZECHSTEIN LIMESTONE REEFS DETECTION IN THE PERMIAN BAS IN (ON EXAMPLE OF THE KOŚCIAN REEF- WESTERN POLAND) Summary The Zechstein Llimestone formation became one of the most perspective reservoirs as far as the to exploration carried out in Poland is concerned. The region of palaeoelement, referred to as the Wolsztyn ridge, used to be a natural sedimentation place of the reef type on the local palaeoelevation ofthe shelf at the beginning ofthe Zechstein sea transgression. As a result of hydrocarbon play, these reefs became accumulation traps for the migrating gas that takes it origin in the strata of the Carboniferous age. The 3Dseismic data integrated with other types of data allow for the selection of reefs-traps in the process of interactive, computer analysisbased on the lithofacies factor.lt makes use ofthe information supplied by welllogging and elements of palaeogeography which can beacquiredfrom 3D seismic data. The selection oftraps open the possibility ofpassing to the next stage which consists in determininggeometry and porosity. The determination ofthe said allows to calculate reservoir reserves. The applied interpretation procedureshave been confirmed by the results received in 12 wells in the Kościan reef and four others in the Bonikowo, Bialcz, Bronska andKokorzyn reefs. The effect is the efficiency of drilling unprecedented so far in Polish practice of exploration.

Abstract Three medium-size Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) with bakelite electrodes having resistivity of 5×10 8 , 5×10 9 and 3×10 10 Ω cm were tested in the Gamma Irradiation Facility at CERN in 1997, 1998 and 1999. The 2 mm gap modules working in an Inverted Double Gap configuration filled with gas mixtures containing freon C 2 H 2 F 4 and operated in avalanche mode exhibit wide efficiency plateau, good time resolution and small time walk due to rate variation even at intensities as high as 1 kHz / cm 2 / gap of a continuous radiation flux.

An Inverted Double Gap Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) made of bakelite of 5×109Ωcm volume resistivity was tested at avalanche rates up to 1kHz/cm2/gap in the Gamma Irradiation Facility at CERN in 2001. The inner surfaces of the chamber electrodes were cladded using linseed oil varnish. Dependence of the intrinsic RPC noise and the stability of the gas gain on the gas temperature and the gas composition are discussed.

Results of the investigation of some correlation effects in π−p interactions at 40 GeV/c incident momentum are given. On the basis of 2 000 events the dependence of the transverse momenta of π+ and π− mesons on the longitudinal momenta was obtained, as well as two- particle distributions for various pion pairs, and correlation functions C(y1, y2) and R(y1, y2). For π+π− pairs R(0,0) = 0.65 ± 0.07 and the correlation length is L = 1.8 ± 0.2 for −1 ⩽ y1, y2 ⩽ 1. For π+π+ and π−π− pairs R(0,0) = 0.26 ± 0.10. Comparison of these results with proton-proton data at 200 GeV and at ISR energies suggests that limiting behaviour in two- particle distributions R(y1,y2) for π−p interactions is already reached at 40 GeV.

The Muon System of the CMS experiment at CERN employees three different detector technologies—Drift Tube Chambers (DT) in the barrel part, Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) in the endcaps and Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) both in the barrel and the endcaps. TDs and CSCs serve as precise muon trajectory measurement devices. The RPCs are responsible for the bunch crossing identification and for a fast muon transverse momentum measurement. The total number of RPCs is 480 in the barrel and 756 in the endcaps, covering an area of about 3500 square meters. A brief overview of the system will be presented as well as some recent results about the system stability and performance.

INTRODUCTION Therapeutic procedure for the treatment of tooth pulp exposure or pulp injury is a conservative treatment using direct pulp capping. MATERIAL AND METHODS Achievements to date in biological pulp treatment and the case of treatment of tooth pulp injury by odontotropic preparation Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (ProRoot MTA, Dentsply Maillefer, U.S.A.) has been presented in this paper. Applied treatment consisted in total processing of cariotic cavity, covering the place of cavity with compomer Dyract and composite Herculite (SDS, Kerr, U.S.A.) material. Pulp of a treated tooth remained its vitality during control study and pathological changes of pulp and within adjacent periapical tissues were not detected by means of an X-ray photography. RESULTS After 12 months of observation a positive therapeutic result of pulp vitality preservation in a tooth was achieved.

We examine spin-dependent displacement of a single electron, resulting in separation and relocation of the electron wavefunction components, and thus charge parts, corresponding to opposite spins. This separation is induced by a pulse of an electric field which generates varying Rashba type spin-orbit coupling. This mechanism is next implemented in a nanodevice based on a gated quantum dot defined within a quantum nanowire. The electric field pulse is generated by ultrafast changes of voltages, of the order of several hundred mV, applied to nearby gates. The device is modeled realistically with appropriate material parameters and voltages applied to the gates, yielding an accurate confinement potential and Rashba coupling. At the end, we propose a spin-to-charge conversion device, which with an additional charge detector will allow for electron spin state measurement.

The aim of the study was the evaluation of teeth, parodontium and oral hygiene status in non-institutional moderately mentally retarded people. The aspects of dental prophylaxis and dental care of mentally retarded children as well as their practical introduction by the parents of examined children were assessed.41 mentally retarded people aged 15-18 years old were clinically examined to assess their teeth status (DMF), parodontium status (CPI) and oral hygiene (PI). The parents of these children were surveyed by a questionnaire (39 questions).The results showed a low treatment index, significantly higher number of teeth missing and those to be extracted because of caries. The knowledge of dental prophylaxis and dental treatment aspects of the parents of mentally retarded children did not reveal any significant impact on the teeth and parodontium status as well as oral health of the examined children.

Ratios of inclusive cross sections σ(π+)/σ(π++K ++p) and $$\sigma (\pi ^ - )/\sigma (\pi ^ - + K^ - + \bar p)$$ were measured for proton-proton interactions with a highp T hadron in the final state around c.m.s. scattering angles θ≅20°, 20° and 45° at two ISR energies $$\sqrt s = 31$$ Gev and 62 GeV. Results are shown as functions of transverse and longitudinal momentum and are compared with parton model predictions. The different dependences of positive and negative pion fractions atp T ≅2–3 GeV/c on longitudinal momenta is similar to that observed in soft hadronic interactions at low values ofp T where the leading proton effect (diquark fragmentation) is known to contribute. The quantitative agreement of the data with diquark model predictions indicates the presence of diquark fragmentation also in highp T jets.

The full scale prototype of an Inverted Double Gap RPC module for ME-1/1 station of the CMS detector was tested in the Gamma Irradiation Facility at the CERN SPS muon beam. The chamber made of medium resistivity bakelite and filled with “green gas” mixture of C2H2F4/iso-butane/SF6 has wide efficiency plateau and good timing properties when operated in avalanche mode under continuous irradiation with strong 137Cs source for rates up to about 5 kHz/cm2/gap.

The effect of double scattering is extracted from experimental data on π−D interactions at 12 GeV/c. Multiplicity, rapidity y, xF and p⊥ distributions for double scattering process are presented. It is found that double scattering occurs in 16% of π−D interactions at this energy: its relative importance increases with the charged multiplicity N, and the largest absolute contribution is at N = 4 and 6. The multiplicity distribution for double scattering has mean value 〈N−〉 = 1.76 ± 0.03 and dispersion D− = 0.88 ± 0.04. The distributionsin rapidity, xF and p⊥ are similar to those of single scattering processes, but the relative importance of double scattering increases at large p⊥ and low xF or y. The distributions are similar at all multiplicities, and for π+ and π−.

Koniec lat 80. i pierwsza polowa lat 90. przyniosly interesujące wyniki wiercen w rejonie Gorzowa. Dotyczyly one eksploracji poziomu dolomitu glownego w basenie permskim. Trend ten, wsparty przelomem technologicznym w pracach sejsmicznych i pomiarach geofizycznych w otworach, przyniosl znaczące w polskiej skali odkrycia zloz weglowodorow. Za najbardziej spektakularne mozna uznac odkrycie zloza ropno-gazowego BMB bedącego najwiekszą akumulacją ropy w Polsce. Początkowe sukcesy zachecily inwestora, PGNiG S.A., do systematycznej eksploracji strefy bariery i wewnetrznej laguny w osadach weglanowych wieku dolomitu glownego. Za podstawową przyczyne wzrostu efektywności poszukiwan nalezy uznac nową technologie akwizycji danych sejsmicznych — sejsmike 3D. Wysoka jakośc danych umozliwia zastosowanie nowych procedur interpretacji pozwalających wydzielic pulapki naftowe i określic ich geometrie i wlaściwości. Kluczem do sukcesu jest interpretacja litofacjalna integrująca dane sejsmiczne i pomiary geofizyki wiertniczej. Wyniki tych prac pozwolily na ponowną ewaluacje niektorych obiektow (Dzieduszyce, Stanowice, Marwice, Bogdaniec) i udokumentowanie nowych (Baczyna, Lubno, Marwice w poziomie Ca1). Potwierdzeniem poprawności stosowanych metod detekcji pulapek są pozytywne wyniki wiercen i niespotykana w polskich poszukiwaniach weglowodorow ich efektywnośc. HYDROCARBON TRAPS DETERMINATION IN THE MAIN DOLOMITE BY MEANS OF IDENTIFYING LITHOFACIAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES BY INTEGRATED INTERPRETATION OF 3D SEISMIC AND WELL DATA IN THE GORZOW AREA (WESTERN POLAND) Summary The late 80-ies and early 90-ies brought interesting results of drillings carried out in the Gorzow area. They concerned the exploration of the Main Dolomite formation in the Permian Basin. The research, backed by technological breakthrough in seismic and well logs, resulted in the significant discovery of hydrocarbon deposits in Poland. The most spectacular being BMB oil-gas deposit which reveals the biggest accumulation of oil in the country. The initial successes encouraged PGNiG S.A., who acted as an investor, to commence systematic exploration of barrier and inner lagoon zone in carbonate deposits of the Main Dolomite age. A new technology in acquisition of seismic data, i.e. 3D seismic should be regarded as the basic factor that brought about the increase in exploration effectiveness. High quality of data made the application of new interpretation procedures possible, which in turn allowed for the determination of hydrocarbon traps, their geometry and properties. Lithofacial interpretation, which integrates seismic data and well logs, seems to be the key to the success. The results acquired in consequence of the said operation facilitated the re-evaluation of some structures (Dzieduszyce, Stanowice, Marwice, Bogdaniec) and documentation of new ones (Baczyna, Lubno, Marwice in Cal). The positive results in exploration and the efficiency of drilling unprecedented in Poland confirms the accuracy of the applied method.

We report on the search of composite organic materials with the volume resistivity ranging from 108 to 1011Ωcm. Materials having resistivity in this range may be used for electrodes of thin gap Parallel Plate Avalanche Chambers. Gas detectors of such structure and operated at increased gas pressure allow, potentially, a sub-nanosecond time resolution. Using bakelite-like material with electrical properties well tuned during manufacturing opens the possibility to overcome limitations related to the semi-conductive glass employed usually for ultrafast gas detectors of parallel plate structure for time-of-flight technique.

The Permian Basin is the main target of exploration in western Poland. Porous Rotliegendes sandstone and two Zechstein carbonate formations are the most important reservoirs. Every depositional system includes different lithofacies, and interrelations create patterns of trap/reservoir and sealing horizons. Combination traps, with both structural and facial elements involved in their closure, create a comparatively high risk for exploration. Palaeogeographic analysis based on 3D seismic data presents opportunities for improved interpretation leading to a significant reduction of risk in exploration and development drilling. There is no direct information in 3D seismic data, but they allow us to reproduce the palaeogeography and successive stages of structural redevelopment by means of flattened seismic sections and construction of the corresponding maps, i.e. pseudo-palaeogeographical maps.

In this paper the object oriented hardware-software model and its sample implementation of diagnostics for the Overlap Muon Track Finder trigger for the CMS experiment in CERN is described. It presents realization of test-bench for control and diagnosis class of multichannel, distributed measurement systems based on FPGA chips. The test-bench fulfills requirements for system’s rapid changes, configurability and efficiency. This ability is very significant and desirable by expanded electronic systems. The solution described is a software model based on a method of address space management called the Component Internal Interface (CII). Establishment of stable link between hardware and software, as a purpose of designed and realized programming environment, is presented. The test-bench implementation and example of OMTF algorithm test is presented.

In the context of medical imaging system, we develop an innovative technique, called 3 gamma. It consists in a direct 3D reconstruction of each decays of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">44</sup> Sc radionuclide with a resolution below the centimeter. This breakthrough in instrumentation technique is only possible by the use of a new detection medium (liquid xenon) and a new detection structure compared with conventional imaging technique. Thanks to an ultra-low noise front-end electronics (below 100 electrons ENC) operating at liquid xenon temperature and a fast UV sensitive PMT, high spatial resolution and high energy resolution are achievable in 3D. This is particularly important for Compton imaging since all interactions in the medium have to be identified to derive the incoming gamma ray direction. A prototype (XEMIS1) is now in test at Subatech and shows promising results. We achieve an energy resolution of 8.9 % (FWHM) at 1.2 MeV with an electric field of 1kV/cm. All the cryogenic system is fully operational with a high purification rate and shows a very good stability. I will review all these aspects and introduce the next step of the project, XEMIS2, a larger prototype dedicated to the 3 gamma imaging of small animals.

The aim of this article is to describe the differences between the investors ofdifferent nationalities that have participated in an international competition. Thefollowing hypothesis was tested: do investors of different nationalities differ fromone another in their style of investing? The conducted analysis confirmed thatinvestors of different nationalities have different understanding and sense of risk.

A comparison of QCD parton models with events including a high transverse momentum trigger particle is performed. The data were obtained with the Split Field Magnet (SFM) detector at the CERN ISR. The effective intrinsic transverse momentum, 〈k T 〉, of a parton is found to be about 1 GeV/c from an analysis of inclusive cross sections based upon lowest order parton-parton scattering. Large values of 〈k T 〉 are also needed to obtain a good description of the particle density in the azimuthal hemisphere opposite to the trigger. The measured recoil of the spectator jets tends to require much smaller values of 〈k T 〉. The model is improved by including higher-order QCD effects. Thus, starting from 〈k T 〉=0.45 GeV/c, an effective 〈k T 〉 of about 1 GeV/c at hard scattering is generated through perturbative parton showers, which provides a consistent description of the measurements in full phase space. This analysis shows therefore that well-known problems of lowest-order QCD calculations can be resolved by inclusion of higher-order effects.