Marco Cipriani

Abstract The upgrade of the CMS experiment for the high luminosity operation of the LHC comprises the replacement of the current endcap calorimeter by a high granularity sampling calorimeter (HGCAL). The electromagnetic section of the HGCAL is based on silicon sensors interspersed between lead and copper (or copper tungsten) absorbers. The hadronic section uses layers of stainless steel as an absorbing medium and silicon sensors as an active medium in the regions of high radiation exposure, and scintillator tiles directly read out by silicon photomultipliers in the remaining regions. As part of the development of the detector and its readout electronic components, a section of a silicon-based HGCAL prototype detector along with a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype was exposed to muons, electrons and charged pions in beam test experiments at the H2 beamline at the CERN SPS in October 2018. The AHCAL uses the same technology as foreseen for the HGCAL but with much finer longitudinal segmentation. The performance of the calorimeters in terms of energy response and resolution, longitudinal and transverse shower profiles is studied using negatively charged pions, and is compared to GEANT4 predictions. This is the first report summarizing results of hadronic showers measured by the HGCAL prototype using beam test data.

Cerium-doped Lutetium-Yttrium Oxyorthosilicate (LYSO:Ce)is one of the most widely used Cerium-doped Lutetium based scintillation crystals. Initially developed for medical detectors it rapidly became attractive for High Energy Particle Physics (HEP) applications, especially in the frame of high luminosity particle colliders. In this paper, a comprehensive and systematic study of LYSO:Ce ($[Lu_{(1-x)}Y_x]_2SiO_5$:$Ce$) crystals is presented. It involves for the first time a large number of crystal samples (180) of the same size from a dozen of producers.The study consists of a comparative characterization of LYSO:Ce crystal products available on the market by mechanical, optical and scintillation measurements and aims specifically, to investigate key parameters of timing applications for HEP.

This paper studies whether prosocial values are transmitted from parents to their children. We do so through an economic experiment, in which a group of Hispanic and African American families play a standard public goods game. The experimental data presents us with a surprising result. We find no significant correlation between the degree of cooperation of a child and that of his or her parents. Such lack of cooperation is robust across age groups, sex, family size and different estimation strategies. This contrasts with the typical assumption made by the theoretical economic literature on the inter-generational transmission of values. The absence of correlation between parents' and children's behavior, however, is consistent with part of the psychological literature, which emphasizes the importance of peer effects in the socialization process.

Hundreds of concurrent collisions per bunch crossing are expected at future hadron colliders. Precision timing calorimetry has been advocated as a way to mitigate the pileup effects and, thanks to their excellent time resolution, microchannel plates (MCPs) are good candidate detectors for this goal. We report on the response of MCPs, used as secondary emission detectors, to single relativistic particles and to electromagnetic showers. Several prototypes, with different geometries and characteristics, were exposed to particle beams at the INFN-LNF Beam Test Facility and at CERN. Their time resolution and efficiency are measured for single particles and as a function of the multiplicity of particles. Efficiencies between 50% and 90% to single relativistic particles are reached, and up to 100% in presence of a large number of particles. Time resolutions between 20 ps and 30 ps are obtained.

Maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) scheduling for airport pavement is supported by the scientific literature, while a specific tool for heliport pavements lacks. A heliport pavement management system (HPMS) allows the infrastructure manager to obtain benefits in technical and economic terms, as well as safety and efficiency, during the analyzed period. Structure and rationale of the APSM could be replicated and simplified to implement a HPMS because movements of rotary-wing aircrafts have less complexity than fixed-wing ones and have lower mechanical effects on the pavement. In this study, an innovative pavement condition index-based HPMS has been proposed and implemented to rigid and flexible surfaces of the airport of Vergiate (province of Varese, Italy), and two twenty-year M&R plans have been developed, where the results from reactive and proactive approaches have been compared to identify the best strategy in terms of costs and pavement level of service. The result obtained shows that although the loads and traffic of rotary-wing aircrafts are limited, the adoption of PMS is also necessary in the heliport environment.

As part of its HL-LHC upgrade program, the CMS collaboration is replacing its existing endcap calorimeters with a high-granularity calorimeter (CE). The new calorimeter is a sampling calorimeter with unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout for both electromagnetic and hadronic compartments. Due to its compactness, intrinsic time resolution, and radiation hardness, silicon has been chosen as active material for the regions exposed to higher radiation levels. The silicon sensors are fabricated as 20 cm (8") wide hexagonal wafers and are segmented into several hundred pads which are read out individually. As part of the sensor qualification strategy, 8" sensor irradiation with neutrons has been conducted at the Rhode Island Nuclear Science Center (RINSC) and followed by their electrical characterisation in 2020-21. The completion of this important milestone in the CE's R&D program is documented in this paper and it provides detailed account of the associated infrastructure and procedures. The results on the electrical properties of the irradiated CE silicon sensors are presented.

Abstract A multi-channels poloidal interferometer/polarimeter is under development for the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility, a new tokamak device whose construction is starting in Italy. The aim of the diagnostics is the simultaneous measurement of the line integrated electron density, Faraday rotation and Cotton Mouton effect. The measurement of two polarimetric signals together with the interferometric one would allow for a robust electron density estimate, for the internal magnetic field measurement as well as for the magnetic equilibrium reconstruction. In this work, we present the advances in the diagnostics design whose characteristics are constrained by scientific requirements as well as the DTT structural aspects. In this regards, we have analyzed the possibility of accommodating up to 16 lines of sight in the available space and the contribution of different chords positions in the magnetic equilibrium reconstruction. In particular, we have used the VMEC and V3FIT codes to evaluate the expected interferometric/polarimetric signals and their contribution in the reconstruction of the q profile. These results have been used to optimize the chords positions. Eventually, we present a realistic CAD-driven design of the diagnostic, with details of the most critical components (e.g. the corner cube retroreflectors in the high field side), which would allow for the selected chords configurations implementation.

The large amount of data collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC provides unprecedented opportunities to perform precision measurements of the standard model, which allow an accurate validation of the theory and might potentially reveal hints of new physics.Thanks to their leptonic decays, W and Z bosons guarantee a clean final state, and their relatively high production cross section permits the measurement of their properties with low systematic uncertainties and usually negligible statistical uncertainty.This talk presents an overview of recent precision measurements of electroweak bosons' properties and cross sections, carried out by CMS using Run 2 data.In addition, prospects for future physics results expected from the High-Luminosity phase of the LHC, and fostered by the planned detector upgrade, are also discussed.

Many physics analyses using the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector at the LHC require accurate, high resolution electron and photon energy measurements. Particularly important are the decays of the Higgs boson resulting in electromagnetic particles in the final state, as well as the searches for very high mass resonances decaying into energetic photons or electrons. Following the excellent performance achieved in Run I at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV, the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is operating at the LHC with proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV center-of-mass energy. The instantaneous luminosity delivered by the LHC during Run II has achieved unprecedented values, using 25 ns bunch spacing. High pileup levels necessitate a retuning of the ECAL readout and trigger thresholds and reconstruction algorithms, to maintain the best possible performance in these more challenging conditions. The energy response of the detector must be precisely calibrated and monitored to achieve and maintain the excellent performance obtained in Run I in terms of energy scale and resolution. A dedicated calibration of each detector channel is performed with physics events exploiting electrons from W and Z boson decays, photons from $\pi^0$/$\eta$ decays, and from the azimuthally symmetric energy distribution of minimum bias events. This contribution describes the calibration strategies and the performance of the CMS ECAL throughout Run II and its role in precision physics measurements with CMS involving electrons and photons.

The production of W and Z bosons is one of the most prominent examples of hard scattering processes at hadron colliders.The measurements of the corresponding inclusive and differential cross sections provide important tests of perturbative quantum chromodynamics and parton distribution functions.Moreover, these processes constitute the main source of background for the searches for dark matter or other exotic final states, making the precise knowledge of W and Z boson kinematic spectra a fundamental tool to search for new physics.This paper reports a summary of the latest measurements of single electroweak boson production carried out by the CMS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider.They are based on data collected at a centre-ofmass energy of 8 or 13 TeV.The measurements are performed exploiting the decay of W and Z bosons into electrons or muons, which provide a clean experimental final state with a low level of background.Results are corrected to the stable-particle level through unfolding techniques and compared with theoretical predictions obtained using several generators, allowing to validate different models for the parton shower and hard scattering processes.The main features of the selected analyses are illustrated and their role in the consolidation and development of our current knowledge of the electroweak sector is highlighted.Finally, the prospects for new measurements using the full dataset collected by CMS at 13 TeV by the end of 2018 are briefly discussed as well.

The mass of the W-boson, mW , is a fundamental parameter of the Standard Model of particle physics. Its value is correlated with other observables of the theory and any deviation from the expectation would provide a striking hint of the possible existence of new physics. The measurement of mW represents an outstanding experimental challenge, requiring a deep understanding of both the detector and the theoretical uncertainties. In a proton-proton collider, such as the LHC, the uncertainty is dominated by the parton distribution functions (PDFs). This paper describes the potential and prospects of an ancillary measurement that is being carried out by the CMS Collaboration to constrain the PDF uncertainty on mW , namely the W-boson rapidity distribution as a function of its helicity state.

Precision measurements of the properties of W and Z bosons at hadron colliders are a powerful tool to test the internal consistency of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics.Theoretical predictions of their total production cross section, as well as differential distributions, are often available with next-to-leading order accuracy or beyond in both the strong and electroweak (EW) coupling constants with sub-percent precision.The large amount of data collected at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 8 and 13 TeV provides an unprecedented opportunity to perform precision measurements of the EW sector of the SM with negligible statistical uncertainty.These measurements allow to test perturbative quantum chromodynamics and EW calculations, and are extremely valuable to set stringent constraints on the parton distribution functions.The deep understanding of the production of EW bosons at the LHC is a fundamental ingredient to perform precision measurements of the SM, and is also mandatory to discover new physics.Indeed, the largest source of irreducible background in many searches for new phenomena is represented by the production of undetected neutrinos from decays of W and Z bosons, and the typical experimental signature for a new physics signal is given by deviations from the precise SM prediction of kinematics distributions.This paper describes some of the most recent EW precision measurements performed by the CMS Collaboration at the LHC.These measurements provide the theoretical community with precious information that will support the development of more accurate predictions.In addition, these results improve the current knowledge of the EW sector and will help chart the course for future measurements.