Marina Chadeeva

The studies presented in this paper provide a first experimental test of the Particle Flow Algorithm (PFA) concept using data recorded in high granularity calorimeters. Pairs of overlaid pion showers from CALICE 2007 test beam data are reconstructed by the PandoraPFA program developed to implement PFA for a future lepton collider. Recovery of a neutral hadron's energy in the vicinity of a charged hadron is studied. The impact of the two overlapping hadron showers on energy resolution is investigated. The dependence of the confusion error on the distance between a 10 GeV neutral hadron and a charged pion is derived for pion energies of 10 and 30 GeV which are representative of a 100 GeV jet. The comparison of these test beam data results with Monte Carlo simulation is done for various hadron shower models within the GEANT4 framework. The results for simulated particles and for beam data are in good agreement thereby providing support for previous simulation studies of the power of Particle Flow Calorimetry at a future lepton collider.

The CALICE Semi-Digital Hadronic Calorimeter (SDHCAL) prototype, built in 2011, was exposed to beams of hadrons, electrons and muons in two short periods in 2012 on two different beam lines of the CERN SPS. The prototype with its 48 active layers, made of Glass Resistive Plate Chambers and their embedded readout electronics, was run in triggerless and power-pulsing mode. The performance of the SDHCAL during the test beam was found to be very satisfactory with an efficiency exceeding 90% for almost all of the 48 active layers. A linear response (within 5%) and a good energy resolution are obtained for a large range of hadronic energies (5-80GeV) by applying appropriate calibration coefficients to the collected data for both the Digital (Binary) and the Semi-Digital (Multi-threshold) modes of the SDHCAL prototype. The Semi-Digital mode shows better performance at energies exceeding 30GeV

The energy resolution of a highly granular 1 m3 analogue scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter is studied using charged pions with energies from 10 GeV to 80 GeV at the CERN SPS. The energy resolution for single hadrons is determined to be approximately 58%/sqrt(E/GeV}. This resolution is improved to approximately 45%/sqrt(E/GeV) with software compensation techniques. These techniques take advantage of the event-by-event information about the substructure of hadronic showers which is provided by the imaging capabilities of the calorimeter. The energy reconstruction is improved either with corrections based on the local energy density or by applying a single correction factor to the event energy sum derived from a global measure of the shower energy density. The application of the compensation algorithms to Geant4 simulations yield resolution improvements comparable to those observed for real data.

The ILD detector is proposed for an electron-positron collider with collision centre-of-mass energies from 90~\GeV~to about 1~\TeV. It has been developed over the last 10 years by an international team of scientists with the goal to design and eventually propose a fully integrated detector, primarily for the International Linear Collider, ILC. In this report the fundamental ideas and concepts behind the ILD detector are discussed and the technologies needed for the realisation of the detector are reviewed. The document starts with a short review of the science goals of the ILC, and how the goals can be achieved today with the detector technologies at hand. After a discussion of the ILC and the environment in which the experiment will take place, the detector is described in more detail, including the status of the development of the technologies foreseen for each subdetector. The integration of the different sub-systems into an integrated detector is discussed, as is the interface between the detector and the collider. This is followed by a concise summary of the benchmarking which has been performed in order to find an optimal balance between performance and cost. To the end the costing methodology used by ILD is presented, and an updated cost estimate for the detector is presented. The report closes with a summary of the current status and of planned future actions.

Abstract The upgrade of the CMS experiment for the high luminosity operation of the LHC comprises the replacement of the current endcap calorimeter by a high granularity sampling calorimeter (HGCAL). The electromagnetic section of the HGCAL is based on silicon sensors interspersed between lead and copper (or copper tungsten) absorbers. The hadronic section uses layers of stainless steel as an absorbing medium and silicon sensors as an active medium in the regions of high radiation exposure, and scintillator tiles directly read out by silicon photomultipliers in the remaining regions. As part of the development of the detector and its readout electronic components, a section of a silicon-based HGCAL prototype detector along with a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype was exposed to muons, electrons and charged pions in beam test experiments at the H2 beamline at the CERN SPS in October 2018. The AHCAL uses the same technology as foreseen for the HGCAL but with much finer longitudinal segmentation. The performance of the calorimeters in terms of energy response and resolution, longitudinal and transverse shower profiles is studied using negatively charged pions, and is compared to GEANT4 predictions. This is the first report summarizing results of hadronic showers measured by the HGCAL prototype using beam test data.

The CALICE collaboration is studying the design of high performance electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for future International Linear Collider detectors. For the hadronic calorimeter, one option is a highly granular sampling calorimeter with steel as absorber and scintillator layers as active material. High granularity is obtained by segmenting the scintillator into small tiles individually read out via silicon photo-multipliers (SiPM). A prototype has been built, consisting of thirty-eight sensitive layers, segmented into about eight thousand channels. In 2007 the prototype was exposed to positrons and hadrons using the CERN SPS beam, covering a wide range of beam energies and angles of incidence. The challenge of cell equalization and calibration of such a large number of channels is best validated using electromagnetic processes. The response of the prototype steel-scintillator calorimeter, including linearity and uniformity, to electrons is investigated and described.

Calorimeters with a high granularity are a fundamental requirement of the Particle Flow paradigm. This paper focuses on the prototype of a hadron calorimeter with analog readout, consisting of thirty-eight scintillator layers alternating with steel absorber planes. The scintillator plates are finely segmented into tiles individually read out via Silicon Photomultipliers. The presented results are based on data collected with pion beams in the energy range from 8 GeV to 100 GeV. The fine segmentation of the sensitive layers and the high sampling frequency allow for an excellent reconstruction of the spatial development of hadronic showers. A comparison between data and Monte Carlo simulations is presented, concerning both the longitudinal and lateral development of hadronic showers and the global response of the calorimeter. The performance of several GEANT4 physics lists with respect to these observables is evaluated.

We present measurements of the reduction of light output by plastic scintillators irradiated in the CMS detector during the 8 TeV run of the Large Hadron Collider and show that they indicate a strong dose rate effect. The damage for a given dose is larger for lower dose rate exposures. The results agree with previous measurements of dose rate effects, but are stronger due to the very low dose rates probed. We show that the scaling with dose rate is consistent with that expected from diffusion effects.

The high granularity of the CALICE Semi-Digital Hadronic CALorimeter (SDHCAL) provides the capability to reveal the track segments present in hadronic showers. These segments are then used as a tool to probe the behaviour of the active layers in situ, to better reconstruct the energy of these hadronic showers and also to distinguish them from electromagnetic ones. In addition, the comparison of these track segments in data and the simulation helps to discriminate among the different shower models used in the simulation. To extract the track segments in the showers recorded in the SDHCAL, a Hough Transform is used after being adapted to the presence of the dense core of the hadronic showers and the SDHCAL active medium structure.

Abstract The Compact Muon Solenoid collaboration is designing a new high-granularity endcap calorimeter, HGCAL, to be installed later this decade. As part of this development work, a prototype system was built, with an electromagnetic section consisting of 14 double-sided structures, providing 28 sampling layers. Each sampling layer has an hexagonal module, where a multipad large-area silicon sensor is glued between an electronics circuit board and a metal baseplate. The sensor pads of approximately 1.1 cm 2 are wire-bonded to the circuit board and are readout by custom integrated circuits. The prototype was extensively tested with beams at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron in 2018. Based on the data collected with beams of positrons, with energies ranging from 20 to 300 GeV, measurements of the energy resolution and linearity, the position and angular resolutions, and the shower shapes are presented and compared to a detailed Geant4 simulation.

A neural network for software compensation was developed for the highly granular CALICE Analogue Hadronic Calorimeter (AHCAL). The neural network uses spatial and temporal event information from the AHCAL and energy information, which is expected to improve sensitivity to shower development and the neutron fraction of the hadron shower. The neural network method produced a depth-dependent energy weighting and a time-dependent threshold for enhancing energy deposits consistent with the timescale of evaporation neutrons. Additionally, it was observed to learn an energy-weighting indicative of longitudinal leakage correction. In addition, the method produced a linear detector response and outperformed a published control method regarding resolution for every particle energy studied.

We present a study of the response of the highly granular Digital Hadronic Calorimeter with steel absorbers, the Fe-DHCAL, to positrons, muons, and pions with momenta ranging from 2 to 60 GeV/c. Developed in the context of the CALICE collaboration, this hadron calorimeter utilises Resistive Plate Chambers as active media, interspersed with steel absorber plates. With a transverse granularity of 1×1 cm2 and a longitudinal segmentation of 38 layers, the calorimeter counted 350,208 readout channels, each read out with single-bit resolution (digital readout). The data were recorded in the Fermilab test beam in 2010–11. The analysis includes measurements of the calorimeter response and the energy resolution to positrons and muons, as well as detailed studies of various shower shape quantities. The results are compared to simulations based on Geant4, which utilise different electromagnetic and hadronic physics lists.

This paper presents results obtained with the combined CALICE Scintillator Electromagnetic Calorimeter, Analogue Hadronic Calorimeter and Tail Catcher & Muon Tracker, three high granularity scintillator-silicon photomultiplier calorimeter prototypes. The response of the system to pions with momenta between 4 GeV/c and 32 GeV/c is analysed, including the average energy response, resolution, and longitudinal shower profiles. Two techniques are applied to reconstruct the initial particle energy from the measured energy depositions; a standard energy reconstruction which is linear in the measured depositions and a software compensation technique based on reweighting individually measured depositions according to their hit energy. The results are compared to predictions of the GEANT 4 physics lists QGSP_BERT_HP and FTFP_BERT_HP.

A prototype module for an International Linear Collider (ILC) detector was built, installed, and tested between 2006 and 2009 at CERN and Fermilab as part of the CALICE test beam program, in order to study the possibilities of extending energy sampling behind a hadronic calorimeter and to study the possibilities of providing muon tracking. The "tail catcher/muon tracker" (TCMT) is composed of 320 extruded scintillator strips (dimensions 1000 mm x 50 mm x 5 mm) packaged in 16 one-meter square planes interleaved between steel plates. The scintillator strips were read out with wavelength shifting fibers and silicon photomultipliers. The planes were arranged with alternating horizontal and vertical strip orientations. Data were collected for muons and pions in the energy range 6 GeV to 80 GeV. Utilizing data taken in 2006, this paper describes the design and construction of the TCMT, performance characteristics, and a beam-based evaluation of the ability of the TCMT to improve hadronic energy resolution in a prototype ILC detector. For a typical configuration of an ILC detector with a coil situated outside a calorimeter system with a thickness of 5.5 nuclear interaction lengths, a TCMT would improve relative energy resolution by 6-16 % for pions between 20 and 80 GeV.

The spatial development of hadronic showers in the CALICE scintillator-steel analogue hadron calorimeter is studied using test beam data collected at CERN and FNAL for single positive pions and protons with initial momenta in the range of 10–80 GeV/c. Both longitudinal and radial development of hadron showers are parametrised with two-component functions. The parametrisation is fit to test beam data and simulations using the QGSP_BERT and FTFP_BERT physics lists from GEANT4 version 9.6. The parameters extracted from data and simulated samples are compared for the two types of hadrons. The response to pions and the ratio of the non-electromagnetic to the electromagnetic calorimeter response, h/e, are estimated using the extrapolation and decomposition of the longitudinal profiles.

We present a study of showers initiated by electrons, pions, kaons, and protons with momenta from 15 GeV to 150 GeV in the highly granular CALICE scintillator-tungsten analogue hadronic calorimeter. The data were recorded at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron in 2011. The analysis includes measurements of the calorimeter response to each particle type as well as measurements of the energy resolution and studies of the longitudinal and radial shower development for selected particles. The results are compared to Geant4 simulations (version 9.6.p02). In the study of the energy resolution we include previously published data with beam momenta from 1 GeV to 10 GeV recorded at the CERN Proton Synchrotron in 2010.

A highly granular electromagnetic calorimeter with scintillator strip readout is being developed for future linear collider experiments. A prototype of 21.5 X0 depth and 180×180mm2 transverse dimensions was constructed, consisting of 2160 individually read out 10×45×3mm3 scintillator strips. This prototype was tested using electrons of 2–32 GeV at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility in 2009. Deviations from linear energy response were less than 1.1%, and the intrinsic energy resolution was determined to be (12.5±0.1(stat.)±0.4(syst.))%∕E[GeV]⊕(1.2±0.1(stat.)−0.7+0.6(syst.))%, where the uncertainties correspond to statistical and systematic sources, respectively.

In special tests, the active layers of the CALICE Digital Hadron Calorimeter prototype, the DHCAL, were exposed to low energy particle beams, without being interleaved by absorber plates. The thickness of each layer corresponded approximately to 0.29 radiation lengths or 0.034 nuclear interaction lengths, defined mostly by the copper and steel skins of the detector cassettes. This paper reports on measurements performed with this device in the Fermilab test beam with positrons in the energy range of 1 to 10 GeV. The measurements are compared to simulations based on GEANT4 and a standalone program to emulate the detailed response of the active elements.

Abstract The scintillator tiles with direct readout by silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) have been studied. The SiPM is placed inside the dimple machined in the center of the big face of 30×30×3 mm3 tile. The different dimple geometries were studied. The tiles with the optimal dimple design show the uniformity of response comparable to the tiles with fiber readout. The direct-readout approach provides a reasonable way for the construction of supermultichannel calorimeters.

A detailed investigation of hadronic interactions is performed using π−-mesons with energies in the range 2–10 GeV incident on a high granularity silicon–tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. The data were recorded at FNAL in 2008. The region in which the π−-mesons interact with the detector material and the produced secondary particles are characterised using a novel track-finding algorithm that reconstructs tracks within hadronic showers in a calorimeter in the absence of a magnetic field. The principle of carrying out detector monitoring and calibration using secondary tracks is also demonstrated.

The CALICE Semi-Digital Hadron Calorimeter (SDHCAL) technological prototype is a sampling calorimeter using Glass Resistive Plate Chamber detectors with a three-threshold readout as the active medium. This technology is one of the two options proposed for the hadron calorimeter of the International Large Detector for the International Linear Collider. The prototype was exposed to beams of muons, electrons and pions of different energies at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. To be able to study the performance of such a calorimeter in future experiments it is important to ensure reliable simulation of its response. In this paper we present our prototype simulation performed with GEANT4 and the digitization procedure achieved with an algorithm called SimDigital. A detailed description of this algorithm is given and the methods to determinate its parameters using muon tracks and electromagnetic showers are explained. The comparison with hadronic shower data shows a good agreement up to 50 GeV. Discrepancies are observed at higher energies. The reasons for these differences are investigated.

The 2m hydrogen bubble chamber was exposed to a separated beam of α-particles from the ITEP synchrotron. The momentum of the 4He-nuclei beam averaged over the bubble-chamber fiducial volume was equal to 2.7 GeV/c (the kinetic energy of the initial protons in the nuclear rest frame was Tp = 220 MeV). The total and topological cross sections were measured as well as the cross section of separate 4He-p interaction channels and the differential cross sections dσdt of the elastic 4He-p scattering. The experimental results have been compared with the data of the previous experiments and with the theoretical predictions based on the Glauber-Sitenko multiple-scattering theory.

The CALICE collaboration conducts calorimeter R&D for highly granular calorimeters, mainly for their application in detectors for a future lepton collider at the TeV scale. The activities ranges from generic R&D with small devices up to extensive beam tests with prototypes comprising up to several 100000 calorimeter cells. CALICE has validated the performance of particle flow algorithms with test beam data and delivers the proof of principle that highly granular calorimeters can be built, operated and understood. The successes achieved in the past years allows the step from prototypes to calorimeter systems for particle physics detectors to be addressed.

The paper describes a novel neural-network-based approach to study the distributions of secondaries produced in hadronic showers using observables provided by highly granular calorimeters. The response is analysed of the highly granular scintillator-steel hadron calorimeter to negative pions with momenta from 10 to 80 GeV simulated with two physics lists from the Geant4 package version 10.3. Several global observables, which characterise different aspects of hadronic shower development, are used as inputs for a deep neural network. The network regression model is trained using a supervised learning and exploiting true information from the simulations. The trained model is applied to predict a number of neutrons and energy of neutral pions produced within a hadronic shower. The achieved performance and possible application of the model to validation of simulations are discussed.

The direct coupling of silicon photomultiplier to the scintillator tile is considered to be the main option for active elements of the highly granular hadron calorimeter developed for future linear collider experiments. In this study, the response of the scintillator-SiPM system to minimum ionising particles was simulated using the optical photon transport functionality available in the Geant4 package. The uniformity of response for both flat tile and tile with dimple was estimated from the simulations and compared to the experimental results obtained in the previous studies.

The CALICE Semi-Digital Hadronic CALorimeter (SDHCAL) prototype using Glass Resistive Plate Chambers as a sensitive medium is the first technological prototype of a family of high-granularity calorimeters developed by the CALICE collaboration to equip the experiments of future leptonic colliders. It was exposed to beams of hadrons, electrons and muons several times in the CERN PS and SPS beamlines between 2012 and 2018. We present here a new method of particle identification within the SDHCAL using the Boosted Decision Trees (BDT) method applied to the data collected in 2015. The performance of the method is tested first with Geant4-based simulated events and then on the data collected by the SDHCAL in the energy range between 10 and 80~GeV with 10~GeV energy steps. The BDT method is then used to reject the electrons and muons that contaminate the SPS hadron beams.

The CALICE collaboration pioneered the new trend in calorimetry—highly granular devices for high energy and particle physics applications. During the last fifteen years, several highly granular electromagnetic and hadron calorimeters based on different technologies were constructed and successfully tested. The technologies comprise optical readout, signal collection with semi-conducting devices and gaseous detectors. All current CALICE prototypes address technological aspects such as embedded electronics. Dedicated tools are developed for the analysis of test beam data collected with the standalone and combined setups of both physics and technological prototypes of highly granular calorimeters. The tools are described, which help to improve the precision of hadronic shower analysis including the implementation of a calorimeter-based particle identification.

The hadron energy resolution of a highly granular CALICE analogue scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter was studied using pion test beam data. The stochastic term contribution to the energy resolution was estimated to be 58%/sqrt(E/GeV). To improve an energy resolution, local and global software compensation techniques were developed which exploit an unprecedented granularity of the calorimeter and are based on event-by-event analysis of the energy density spectra. The application of either local or global software compensation technique results in reducing of stochastic term contribution down to 45%/sqrt(E/GeV). The achieved improvement of single particle energy resolution for pions is about 20% in the energy range from 10 to 80 GeV.

As part of its HL-LHC upgrade program, the CMS collaboration is replacing its existing endcap calorimeters with a high-granularity calorimeter (CE). The new calorimeter is a sampling calorimeter with unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout for both electromagnetic and hadronic compartments. Due to its compactness, intrinsic time resolution, and radiation hardness, silicon has been chosen as active material for the regions exposed to higher radiation levels. The silicon sensors are fabricated as 20 cm (8") wide hexagonal wafers and are segmented into several hundred pads which are read out individually. As part of the sensor qualification strategy, 8" sensor irradiation with neutrons has been conducted at the Rhode Island Nuclear Science Center (RINSC) and followed by their electrical characterisation in 2020-21. The completion of this important milestone in the CE's R&D program is documented in this paper and it provides detailed account of the associated infrastructure and procedures. The results on the electrical properties of the irradiated CE silicon sensors are presented.

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The hadron energy reconstruction in the CALICE analog scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter prototype was studied using pion test beam data. The stochastic term contribution to the intrinsic energy resolution was estimated to be ~58%/√E/GeV. Two software compensation techniques were developed based on an event-by-event analysis of the energy density spectra. The application of either local or global software compensation technique results in reducing of stochastic term contribution down to ~45%/√E/GeV. The achieved improvement of hadronic energy resolution is ~20% in the energy range from 10 to 80 GeV. CALICE test beam data were also used to test the particle flow approach. The results of application of the PandoraPFA particle flow algorithm to test beam data and to GEANT4 simulated samples are shown to be in good agreement, supporting the simulation-based estimations made for the full detector system.

We study the light output, light collection efficiency and signal timing of a variety of organic scintillators that are being considered for the upgrade of the hadronic calorimeter of the CMS detector. The experimental data are collected at the H2 test-beam area at CERN, using a 150 GeV muon beam. In particular, we investigate the usage of over-doped and green-emitting plastic scintillators, two solutions that have not been extensively considered. We present a study of the energy distribution in plastic-scintillator tiles, the hit efficiency as a function of the hit position, and a study of the signal timing for blue and green scintillators.

Various calibration techniques for the CMS Hadron calorimeter in Run 2 and the results of calibration using 2016 collision data are presented. The radiation damage corrections, intercalibration of different channels using the phi-symmetry technique for barrel, endcap and forward calorimeter regions are described, as well as the intercalibration with muons of the outer hadron calorimeter. The achieved intercalibration precision is within 3%. The in situ energy scale calibration is performed in the barrel and endcap regions using isolated charged hadrons and in the forward calorimeter using the Zarrow ee process. The impact of pileup and the developed technique of correction for pileup is also discussed. The achieved uncertainty of the response to hadrons is 3.4% in the barrel and 2.6% in the endcap region (at the pseudorapidity range |η|<2) and is dominated by the systematic uncertainty due to pileup contributions.

This paper presents results obtained with the combined CALICE Scintillator Electromagnetic Calorimeter, Analogue Hadronic Calorimeter and Tail Catcher & Muon Tracker, three high granularity scintillator-SiPM calorimeter prototypes. The response of the system to pions with momenta between 4 GeV/c and 32 GeV/c is analysed, including the energy response, resolution, and longitudinal shower profiles. The results of a software compensation technique based on weighting according to hit energy are compared to those of a standard linear energy reconstruction. The results are compared to predictions of the GEANT4 physics lists QGSP_BERT_HP and FTFP_BERT_HP.

The spatial development of showers induced by positive hadrons with momenta 10-80 GeV in the highly granular CALICE scintillator-steel analogue hadronic calorimeter is analysed. The parametrisation of both longitudinal and radial shower profiles with the two- component functions are fit to the test beam data and simulations using the physics lists QGSP_BERT and FTFP_BERT from GEANT4 version 9.6 patch 01. The shower parameters, describing the longitudinal tail and radial halo, are in good agreement between data and simulations and are similar for pions and protons. For the longitudinal development, the most significant difference between data and simulations is in the relative containment of the separated components. For the radial development, the core slope parameter is underestimated by simulations. The physics list FTFP_BERT gives a very good description of proton showers in the studied energy range and gives better predictions of the pion shower development than QGSP_BERT.

The highly granular analogue hadron calorimeter was developed and constructed by the CALICE collaboration. The active layers of the calorimeter are assembled from scintillator tiles with individual readout by silicon photomultipliers and are interleaved with absorber plates. The response and resolution of the calorimeter equipped with steel absorber was intensively tested in single particle beams. The application of software compensation techniques developed for the scintillator-steel prototype allows for reduction of the stochastic term of the single particle resolution from 58%/ √E/GeV to 45%/ √E/GeV. The detailed study and decomposition of the longitudinal and radial profiles of hadron-induced showers in the energy range from 10 to 80 GeV are presented and compared to GEANT4 simulations.

The research of the light yield from the scintillator tiles with direct readout by silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) has been performed. The tile size is 30 x 30 x 3 mm3 as planned for the AHCAL of the ILD at the ILC. The different tile geometries were studied. The uniformity of light yield has been optimized and one geometry has been selected. The results are compared to the studies on the same topic, performed by another groups.

The deuteron momentum distribution ϱdd(q) in the 4He nucleus has been obtained for the first time from the data on the reaction 4Hep → pdd for an incident 4He momentum of 2.7 GeV/c at values of the deuteron spectator momentum q ⩽ 0.3 GeV/c using the 2 m hydrogen bubble chamber of ITEP. The criteria of pole dominance are analysed. A lower bound is given on the value of the nuclear vertex constant Gαdd2 = (5.97 ± 1.09) fm. The experimental data are compared with the theoretical calculations.

The Phase I upgrade of the CMS Hadron Endcap Calorimeters consists of new photodetectors (Silicon Photomultipliers in place of Hybrid Photo-Diodes) and front-end electronics. The upgrade will eliminate the noise and the calibration drift of the Hybrid Photo-Diodes and enable the mitigation of the radiation damage of the scintillators and the wavelength shifting fibers with a larger spectral acceptance of the Silicon Photomultipliers. The upgrade also includes increased longitudinal segmentation of the calorimeter readout, which allows pile-up mitigation and recalibration due to depth-dependent radiation damage. As a realistic operational test, the responses of the Hadron Endcap Calorimeter wedges were calibrated with a 60Co radioactive source with upgrade electronics. The test successfully established the procedure for future source calibrations of the Hadron Endcap Calorimeters. Here we describe the instrumentation details and the operational experiences related to the sourcing test.

The highly granular calorimeters developed and tested by the CALICE collaboration have provided large data samples with precise three-dimensional information on hadronic showers with steel and tungsten absorbers and silicon, scintillator and gas detector readout.The calorimeters have been operated in extensive test beam campaigns at DESY, CERN and FNAL in the energy range from 1 GeV to 300 GeV.The selected results are presented obtained with the highly granular hadron calorimeter prototypes with semi-digital and analogue readout.The performance of the RPC-based semi-digital hadron calorimeter in terms of pattern recognition and the comparison with GEANT4 simulations including a detailed modelling of the RPC response are discussed.We also present the results of spatial shower development studies in the scintillator-steel analogue hadron calorimeter.The component of hadronic showers related to π 0 production is analysed using the shower decomposition technique.The influence of granularity on the resolution obtained with digital, semi-digital and analogue reconstruction methods is demonstrated based on the analogue hadron calorimeter data and simulations.We also show the results of the performance studies of the combined scintillator-based calorimeter system (scintillator electromagnetic, hadronic and tail catcher calorimeters), including the study of the single hadron energy resolution using both classical energy reconstruction and software compensation techniques in comparison with the predictions of GEANT4 simulations.

A detailed investigation of hadronic interactions is performed using $\pi^-$ data with energies in the range 2-10 GeV, recorded at FNAL in 2008, incident on a high granularity silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. The region in which primary $\pi^-$ interact with the detector material and the secondary particles produced are characterised using a novel track-finding algorithm that reconstructs tracks within hadronic showers in a calorimeter in the absence of a magnetic field. The principle of carrying out detector monitoring and calibration using MIP-like tracks is also demonstrated.

The physics and technological prototypes of imaging electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters developed and operated by the CALICE collaboration have provided an unprecedented wealth of highly granular data of hadronic showers for a variety of active sensor elements and different absorber materials. The main goal of the CALICE research and development activities is to validate the performance of high-granular systems and study different reconstruction schemas. The very high longitudinal and transverse granularity of the constructed calorimeter prototypes opens the possibility to study the hadronic shower development and substructure and perform a detailed validation of the Geant4 simulations. In this paper, the energy reconstruction and resolution for single hadrons in the analog and semi-digital hadron calorimeters is discussed. A comparison is provided of the standard and software compensation reconstruction in individual detectors and combined electromagnetic and hadronic systems. Several observables from test beam measurements, which characterise hadronic shower development, are confronted with the predictions of the simulations using Geant4 hadronic physics models

Abstract The CALICE collaboration develops and tests highly granular calorimeter prototypes for future collider experiments. The scintillator-SiPM-based prototypes of hadron calorimeters with steel and tungsten absorbers were exposed to test beams from the CERN SPS in 2007-2011. The paper presents a comparison of hadronic shower properties observed in the test beam data. The application of software compensation technique is discussed for the energy reconstruction in calorimeters with different level of compensation. It was observed from the experimental data that the achieved improvement of relative energy resolution is about 20% for the noncompensating calorimeter, while it is less than 5% for the compensating one.

The International Large Detector, ILD, is a detector concept which has been developed for the electron-positron collider ILC. The detector has been optimized for precision physics in a range of energies between 90 GeV and 1 TeV. ILD features a high precision, large volume combined silicon and gaseous tracking system, together with a high granularity calorimeter, all inside a 3.5 T solenoidal magnetic field. The paradigm of particle flow has been the guiding principle of the design of ILD. In this document the required performance of the detector, the proposed implementation and the readiness of the different technologies needed for the implementation are discussed. This is done in the framework of the ILC collider proposal, now under consideration in Japan, and includes site specific aspects needed to build and operate the detector at the proposed ILC site in Japan.

The International Large Detector, ILD, is a detector concept which has been developed for the electron-positron collider ILC. The detector has been optimized for precision physics in a range of energies between 90 GeV and 1 TeV. ILD features a high precision, large volume combined silicon and gaseous tracking system, together with a high granularity calorimeter, all inside a 3.5 T solenoidal magnetic field. The paradigm of particle flow has been the guiding principle of the design of ILD. In this document the required performance of the detector, the proposed implementation and the readiness of the different technologies needed for the implementation are discussed. This is done in the framework of the ILC collider proposal, now under consideration in Japan, and includes site specific aspects needed to build and operate the detector at the proposed ILC site in Japan.