M. Bozzo

We have investigated the above processes at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR). Results show a marked change of the slope parameter b(t, s) = (d/dt) ln (dσ/dt) around −t ≈ 0.10 GeV2. The s− and t− dependence of b(t, s) have been observed over the interval 460 GeV2 < s < 2900 GeV2 and 0.02 GeV2 < t < 0.40 GeV2.

TOTEM has measured the differential cross-section for elastic proton-proton scattering at the LHC energy of analysing data from a short run with dedicated large-β* optics. A single exponential fit with a slope B=(20.1±0.2stat±0.3syst) GeV−2 describes the range of the four-momentum transfer squared |t| from 0.02 to 0.33 GeV2. After the extrapolation to |t|=0, a total elastic scattering cross-section of (24.8±0.2stat±1.2syst) mb was obtained. Applying the optical theorem and using the luminosity measurement from CMS, a total proton-proton cross-section of (98.3±0.2stat±2.8syst) mb was deduced which is in good agreement with the expectation from the overall fit of previously measured data over a large range of center-of-mass energies. From the total and elastic pp cross-section measurements, an inelastic pp cross-section of was inferred.

At the LHC energy of , under various beam and background conditions, luminosities, and Roman Pot positions, TOTEM has measured the differential cross-section for proton-proton elastic scattering as a function of the four-momentum transfer squared t. The results of the different analyses are in excellent agreement demonstrating no sizeable dependence on the beam conditions. Due to the very close approach of the Roman Pot detectors to the beam center (≈5σbeam) in a dedicated run with β* = 90 m, |t|-values down to 5·10−3 GeV2 were reached. The exponential slope of the differential elastic cross-section in this newly explored |t|-region remained unchanged and thus an exponential fit with only one constant B = (19.9 ± 0.3) GeV−2 over the large |t|-range from 0.005 to 0.2 GeV2 describes the differential distribution well. The high precision of the measurement and the large fit range lead to an error on the slope parameter B which is remarkably small compared to previous experiments. It allows a precise extrapolation over the non-visible cross-section (only 9%) to t = 0. With the luminosity from CMS, the elastic cross-section was determined to be (25.4 ± 1.1) mb, and using in addition the optical theorem, the total pp cross-section was derived to be (98.6 ± 2.2) mb. For model comparisons the t-distributions are tabulated including the large |t|-range of the previous measurement (TOTEM Collaboration (Antchev G. et al), EPL, 95 (2011) 41001).

The TOTEM collaboration has measured the proton-proton total cross section at √s=8 TeV using a luminosity-independent method. In LHC fills with dedicated beam optics, the Roman pots have been inserted very close to the beam allowing the detection of ~90% of the nuclear elastic scattering events. Simultaneously the inelastic scattering rate has been measured by the T1 and T2 telescopes. By applying the optical theorem, the total proton-proton cross section of (101.7±2.9) mb has been determined, well in agreement with the extrapolation from lower energies. This method also allows one to derive the luminosity-independent elastic and inelastic cross sections: σ(el)=(27.1±1.4) mb; σ(inel)=(74.7±1.7) mb.

The TOTEM experiment at the LHC has performed the first luminosity-independent determination of the total proton-proton cross-section at . This technique is based on the optical theorem and requires simultaneous measurements of the inelastic rate – accomplished with the forward charged-particle telescopes T1 and T2 in the range 3.1 < |η| < 6.5 – and of the elastic rate by detecting the outcoming protons with Roman Pot detectors. The data presented here were collected in a dedicated run in 2011 with special beam optics (β* = 90 m) and Roman Pots approaching the beam close enough to register elastic events with squared four-momentum transfers |t| as low as 5·10−3 GeV2. The luminosity-independent results for the elastic, inelastic and total cross-sections are σel = (25.1 ± 1.1) mb, σinel = (72.9 ± 1.5) mb and σtot = (98.0 ± 2.5) mb, respectively. At the same time this method yields the integrated luminosity, in agreement with measurements by CMS. TOTEM has also determined the total cross-section in two complementary ways, both using the CMS luminosity measurement as an input. The first method sums the elastic and inelastic cross-sections and thus does not depend on the ρ parameter. The second applies the optical theorem to the elastic-scattering measurements only and therefore is free of the T1 and T2 measurement uncertainties. The methods, having very different systematic dependences, give results in excellent agreement. Moreover, the ρ-independent measurement makes a first estimate for the ρ parameter at possible: |ρ| = 0.145 ± 0.091.

The TOTEM experiment has made a precise measurement of the elastic proton–proton differential cross-section at the centre-of-mass energy s=8TeV based on a high-statistics data sample obtained with the β⁎=90m optics. Both the statistical and systematic uncertainties remain below 1%, except for the t-independent contribution from the overall normalisation. This unprecedented precision allows to exclude a purely exponential differential cross-section in the range of four-momentum transfer squared 0.027<|t|<0.2GeV2 with a significance greater than 7σ. Two extended parametrisations, with quadratic and cubic polynomials in the exponent, are shown to be well compatible with the data. Using them for the differential cross-section extrapolation to t=0, and further applying the optical theorem, yields total cross-section estimates of (101.5±2.1)mb and (101.9±2.1)mb, respectively, in agreement with previous TOTEM measurements.

DELPHI (DEtector with Lepton, Photon and Hadron Identication) is a detector for e + e physics, designed to provide high granularity o v er a 4 solid angle, allowing an eective particle identication.It has been operating at the LEP (Large Electron-Positron) collider at CERN since 1989.This article reviews its performance.

Weak isosinglet Neutral Heavy Leptons (v m) have been searched for using data collected by the DELPHI detector corresponding to 3.3 × 106 hadronic Z0 decays at LEP1. Four separate searches have been performed, for short-lived v m production giving monojet or acollinear jet topologies, and for long-lived v m giving detectable secondary vertices or calorimeter clusters. No indication of the existence of these particles has been found, leading to an upper limit for the branching ratio BR(Z0 → v m?) of about 1.3 × 10−6 at 95% confidence level for v m masses between 3.5 and 50 GeV/c2. Outside this range the limit weakens rapidly with the v m mass. The results are also interpreted in terms of limits for the single production of excited neutrinos.

The proton-antiproton total cross section was measured at the CM energy √s = 546 GeV. The result is σtot = 61.9± 1.5 mb. The ratio of the elastic to the total cross section is σeℓ/σtot = 0.215±0.005. A comparison to the lower energy data shows that the increase of the total cross section with energy is very close to a log2s behaviour.

First measurements of the mass and width of the Z0 performed at the newly commissioned LEP Collider by the DELPHI Collaboration are presented. The measuements are derived from the study of multihadronic final states produced in e+e− annihilations at several energies around the Z0 mass. The values found for the mass and width are M(Z0)=91.06±0.09 (stat) ±0.045 (syst.) GeV and Γ(Z0)=2.42±0.21 (stat.) GeV respectively, froma three-parameter fit to the line shape. A two-parameter fit in the framework of the standard model yields for the number of light neutrino species Nν=2.4±0.4 (stat.) ±0.5 (syst.).

Proton-antiproton elastic scattering was measured at the CERN SPS Collider at the centr-of-mass energy s=546 GeV in the Coulomb interference region. The data provide information on the phase of the hadronic amplitude in the forward direction. The conventional analysis gives for the ratio ϱ of the real to the imaginary part of the hadronic amplitude the result ϱ=0.24±0.04.

The TOTEM Experiment will measure the total pp cross-section with the luminosity-independent method and study elastic and diffractive scattering at the LHC. To achieve optimum forward coverage for charged particles emitted by the pp collisions in the interaction point IP5, two tracking telescopes, T1 and T2, will be installed on each side in the pseudorapidity region 3.1 ⩽ |η| ⩽ 6.5, and Roman Pot stations will be placed at distances of ±147 m and ±220 m from IP5. Being an independent experiment but technically integrated into CMS, TOTEM will first operate in standalone mode to pursue its own physics programme and at a later stage together with CMS for a common physics programme. This article gives a description of the TOTEM apparatus and its performance.

Proton-antiproton elastic scattering was measured at the CM energy √s = 546 GeV in the four-momentum transfer range 0.03<−t<0.32GeV2 For −<0.15GeV2 the data are well described by a simple exponential form exp(bt) with slope parameter b=15.2±0.2GeV−2. This value is significantly larger than the one measured in the region 0.21<−t<0.50 GeV2.

Proton-proton elastic scattering has been measured by the TOTEM experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at in dedicated runs with the Roman Pot detectors placed as close as seven times the transverse beam size (σbeam) from the outgoing beams. After careful study of the accelerator optics and the detector alignment, |t|, the square of four-momentum transferred in the elastic scattering process, has been determined with an uncertainty of . In this letter, first results of the differential cross-section are presented covering a |t|-range from 0.36 to 2.5 GeV2. The differential cross-section in the range 0.36 < |t| < 0.47 GeV2 is described by an exponential with a slope parameter B = (23.6 ± 0.5stat ± 0.4syst) GeV−2, followed by a significant diffractive minimum at |t| = (0.53 ± 0.01stat ± 0.01syst) GeV2. For |t|-values larger than ∼1.5 GeV2, the cross-section exhibits a power law behaviour with an exponent of −7.8 ± 0.3stat ± 0.1syst. When compared to predictions based on the different available models, the data show a strong discriminative power despite the small t-range covered.

We have investigated the pp elastic scattering at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR). We report results for centre-of-mass scattering angles between 30 and 100 mrad and for centre-of-mass energies of 23.5,30.7, 44.9 and 53 GeV. The elastic differential cross-section shows a diffraction-like shape with a sharp minimum at about t = −1.4 GeV2.

The TOTEM experiment at the CERN LHC has measured elastic proton–proton scattering at the centre-of-mass energy $$\sqrt{s}=8\,$$ TeV and four-momentum transfers squared, |t|, from $$6\times 10^{-4}$$ to 0.2 GeV $$^{2}$$ . Near the lower end of the t-interval the differential cross-section is sensitive to the interference between the hadronic and the electromagnetic scattering amplitudes. This article presents the elastic cross-section measurement and the constraints it imposes on the functional forms of the modulus and phase of the hadronic elastic amplitude. The data exclude the traditional Simplified West and Yennie interference formula that requires a constant phase and a purely exponential modulus of the hadronic amplitude. For parametrisations of the hadronic modulus with second- or third-order polynomials in the exponent, the data are compatible with hadronic phase functions giving either central or peripheral behaviour in the impact parameter picture of elastic scattering. In both cases, the $$\rho $$ -parameter is found to be $$0.12 \pm 0.03$$ . The results for the total hadronic cross-section are $$\sigma _\mathrm{tot} = (102.9 \pm 2.3)$$ mb and $$(103.0 \pm 2.3)$$ mb for central and peripheral phase formulations, respectively. Both are consistent with previous TOTEM measurements.

The TOTEM collaboration has measured the proton–proton total cross section at $$\sqrt{s}=13~\hbox {TeV}$$ with a luminosity-independent method. Using dedicated $$\beta ^{*}=90~\hbox {m}$$ beam optics, the Roman Pots were inserted very close to the beam. The inelastic scattering rate has been measured by the T1 and T2 telescopes during the same LHC fill. After applying the optical theorem the total proton–proton cross section is $$\sigma _\mathrm{tot}=(110.6~\pm ~3.4$$ ) mb, well in agreement with the extrapolation from lower energies. This method also allows one to derive the luminosity-independent elastic and inelastic cross sections: $$\sigma _\mathrm{el}=(31.0~\pm ~1.7)~\hbox {mb}$$ and $$\sigma _\mathrm{inel}=(79.5~\pm ~1.8)~\hbox {mb}$$ .

Abstract The TOTEM experiment at the LHC has performed the first measurement at $$\sqrt{s} = 13\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>13</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mi>TeV</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> of the $$\rho $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> parameter, the real to imaginary ratio of the nuclear elastic scattering amplitude at $$t=0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> , obtaining the following results: $$\rho = 0.09 \pm 0.01$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.09</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> and $$\rho = 0.10 \pm 0.01$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.10</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.01</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> , depending on different physics assumptions and mathematical modelling. The unprecedented precision of the $$\rho $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> measurement, combined with the TOTEM total cross-section measurements in an energy range larger than $$10\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mi>TeV</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> (from 2.76 to $$13\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>13</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mi>TeV</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> ), has implied the exclusion of all the models classified and published by COMPETE. The $$\rho $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> results obtained by TOTEM are compatible with the predictions, from other theoretical models both in the Regge-like framework and in the QCD framework, of a crossing-odd colourless 3-gluon compound state exchange in the t -channel of the proton–proton elastic scattering. On the contrary, if shown that the crossing-odd 3-gluon compound state t -channel exchange is not of importance for the description of elastic scattering, the $$\rho $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi></mml:math> value determined by TOTEM would represent a first evidence of a slowing down of the total cross-section growth at higher energies. The very low-| t | reach allowed also to determine the absolute normalisation using the Coulomb amplitude for the first time at the LHC and obtain a new total proton–proton cross-section measurement $$\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}} = (110.3 \pm 3.5)\,\mathrm{mb}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mi>tot</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>110.3</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>3.5</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mspace /><mml:mi>mb</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> , completely independent from the previous TOTEM determination. Combining the two TOTEM results yields $$\sigma _{\mathrm{tot}} = (110.5 \pm 2.4)\,\mathrm{mb}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mi>tot</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>110.5</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>2.4</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mspace /><mml:mi>mb</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> .

We describe an analysis comparing the $p\overline{p}$ elastic cross section as measured by the D0 Collaboration at a center-of-mass energy of 1.96 TeV to that in $pp$ collisions as measured by the TOTEM Collaboration at 2.76, 7, 8, and 13 TeV using a model-independent approach. The TOTEM cross sections, extrapolated to a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=1.96\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$, are compared with the D0 measurement in the region of the diffractive minimum and the second maximum of the $pp$ cross section. The two data sets disagree at the $3.4\ensuremath{\sigma}$ level and thus provide evidence for the $t$-channel exchange of a colorless, $C$-odd gluonic compound, also known as the odderon. We combine these results with a TOTEM analysis of the same $C$-odd exchange based on the total cross section and the ratio of the real to imaginary parts of the forward elastic strong interaction scattering amplitude in $pp$ scattering for which the significance is between $3.4\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $4.6\ensuremath{\sigma}$. The combined significance is larger than $5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and is interpreted as the first observation of the exchange of a colorless, $C$-odd gluonic compound.

Proton-antiproton elastic scattering was measured at the center-of-mass energy s=546 GeV in the four-momentum transfer range 0.45⩽−⩽1.55GeV2. The shape of the t-distribution is quite different from that observed in proton-proton scattering at the ISR. Rather than a dip-bump structure, a kink is present at − ≈0.9GeV2 followed by a shoulder. The cross section at the second maximum is more than one order of magnitude higher than at the ISR.

A precise measurement of p̄p elastic scattering in the Coulomb-strong interaction interference region was performed at the CERN Sp̄pS Collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 541 GeV. The ratio of the real to the imaginary part of the forward elastic scattering amplitude was found to be ρ = 0.135 ± 0.015. The slope of the exponential fall off of the strong interaction part was also measured to be b = 15.5 ± 0.1 GeV−2.

Single diffraction dissociation was measured in the reaction p¯p→p¯X at the centre-of-mass energy √s = 546 GeV. The mass M of the system X was deduced from the pseudorapidity distribution of the observed charged tracks. The cross section of single diffraction dissociation for M2/s⩽0.05isσsd=9.4 ± 0.7 mb. Comparison to the ISR data shows that σsd increases with energy less fast than the total and the elastic cross sections.

The TOTEM experiment at the LHC has measured the inelastic proton-proton cross-section at in a β* = 90 m run with low inelastic pile-up. The measurement was based on events with at least one charged particle in the T2 telescope acceptance of 5.3 < |η| < 6.5 in pseudorapidity. Combined with data from the T1 telescope, covering 3.1 < |η| < 4.7, the cross-section for inelastic events with at least one |η| ⩽ 6.5 final-state particle was determined to be (70.5 ± 2.9) mb. This cross-section includes all central diffractive events of which maximally 0.25 mb is estimated to escape the detection of the telescopes. Based on models for low mass diffraction, the total inelastic cross-section was deduced to be (73.7 ± 3.4) mb. An upper limit of 6.31 mb at 95% confidence level on the cross-section for events with diffractive masses below 3.4 GeV was obtained from the difference between the overall inelastic cross-section obtained by TOTEM using elastic scattering and the cross-section for inelastic events with at least one |η| ⩽ 6.5 final-state particle.

Abstract The TOTEM collaboration has measured the elastic proton-proton differential cross section $$\mathrm{d}\sigma /\mathrm{d}t$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> at $$\sqrt{s}=13$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>13</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> TeV LHC energy using dedicated $$\beta ^{*}=90$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow /><mml:mo>∗</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>90</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> m beam optics. The Roman Pot detectors were inserted to 10 $$\sigma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi></mml:math> distance from the LHC beam, which allowed the measurement of the range [0.04 GeV $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math> ; 4 GeV $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math> $$]$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:math> in four-momentum transfer squared | t |. The efficient data acquisition allowed to collect about 10 $$^{9}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>9</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math> elastic events to precisely measure the differential cross-section including the diffractive minimum (dip), the subsequent maximum (bump) and the large-| t | tail. The average nuclear slope has been found to be $$B=(20.40 \pm 0.002^{\mathrm{stat}} \pm 0.01^{\mathrm{syst}})~$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>20.40</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>002</mml:mn><mml:mi>stat</mml:mi></mml:msup><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>01</mml:mn><mml:mi>syst</mml:mi></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mspace /></mml:mrow></mml:math> GeV $$^{-2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math> in the | t |-range 0.04–0.2 GeV $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math> . The dip position is $$|t_{\mathrm{dip}}|=(0.47 \pm 0.004^{\mathrm{stat}} \pm 0.01^{\mathrm{syst}})~$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>dip</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.47</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>004</mml:mn><mml:mi>stat</mml:mi></mml:msup><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>01</mml:mn><mml:mi>syst</mml:mi></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mspace /></mml:mrow></mml:math> GeV $$^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msup><mml:mrow /><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math> . The differential cross section ratio at the bump vs. at the dip $$R=1.77\pm 0.01^{\mathrm{stat}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.77</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>01</mml:mn><mml:mi>stat</mml:mi></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> has been measured with high precision. The series of TOTEM elastic pp measurements show that the dip is a permanent feature of the pp differential cross-section at the TeV scale.

Abstract The proton–proton elastic differential cross section $${\mathrm{d}}\sigma /{\mathrm{d}}t$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> has been measured by the TOTEM experiment at $$\sqrt{s}=2.76\hbox { TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>2.76</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mtext>TeV</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math> energy with $$\beta ^{*}=11\hbox { m}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>β</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow /><mml:mo>∗</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>11</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mtext>m</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math> beam optics. The Roman Pots were inserted to 13 times the transverse beam size from the beam, which allowed to measure the differential cross-section of elastic scattering in a range of the squared four-momentum transfer (| t |) from 0.36 to $$0.74\hbox { GeV}^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.74</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:msup><mml:mtext>GeV</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> . The differential cross-section can be described with an exponential in the | t |-range between 0.36 and $$0.54\hbox { GeV}^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.54</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:msup><mml:mtext>GeV</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> , followed by a diffractive minimum (dip) at $$|t_{\mathrm{dip}}|=(0.61\pm 0.03)\hbox { GeV}^{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>t</mml:mi><mml:mi>dip</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>|</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.61</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.03</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mspace /></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mtext>GeV</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> and a subsequent maximum (bump). The ratio of the $${\mathrm{d}}\sigma /{\mathrm{d}}t$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>σ</mml:mi><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mi>t</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> at the bump and at the dip is $$1.7\pm 0.2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1.7</mml:mn><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> . When compared to the proton–antiproton measurement of the D0 experiment at $$\sqrt{s} = 1.96\hbox { TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msqrt><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msqrt><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.96</mml:mn><mml:mspace /><mml:mtext>TeV</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math> , a significant difference can be observed. Under the condition that the effects due to the energy difference between TOTEM and D0 can be neglected, the result provides evidence for the exchange of a colourless C-odd three-gluon compound state in the t -channel of the proton–proton and proton–antiproton elastic scattering.

Hadronic decays of Z0 bosons are studied in the Delphi detector. Global event variables and singel particles inclusive distributions are compared with QCD-based predictions. The mean charged multiplicity is found to be 20.6±1.0 (stat+syst). The mean values of the sphericity, aplanarity, thrust, minor value, pinT and poutT are compared with values found at lower energy e+e− colliders.

This paper presents an analysis of the multiplicity distributions of charged particles produced inZ 0 hadronic decays in the DELPHI detector. It is based on a sample of 25364 events. The average multiplicity is <n ch>=20.71±0.04(stat)±0.77(syst) and the dispersionD=6.28±0.03(stat)±0.43(syst). The data are compared with the results at lower energies and with the predictions of phenomenological models. The Lund parton shower model describes the data reasonably well. The multiplicity distributions show approximate KNO-scaling. They also show positive forward-backward correlations that are strongest in the central region of rapidity and for particles of opposite charge.

At the CERN SPS we have measured a deep inelastic μ± cross section asymmetry at momentum transfers Q2 ranging from 15 to 180GeV2. The result is in quantitative agreement with the WS/GIM standard electroweak model and allows to determine the muon neutral current couplings.

First results on the measurement of the elastic and total cross section at the CERN pp̄ Collider are presented. Combining the measurement of elastic scattering at low momentum transfer with the rate of inelastic interactions, a value of the total cross section of 66 mb with a 10% statistical error was obtained.

This work extends our previous investigations at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings, with improved statistics at three different energies, wider angular range and a better control over systematic errors. Values for the (diffraction) shape parameter b are given.

Experimental evidence for the existence of orbitally excited B meson states is presented in an analysis of the Bπ and B∗π distribution of Q= m(B∗∗) − m(B(∗)) − m(π) using Z0 decay data taken with the DELPHI detector at LEP. The mean Q-value of the decays B∗∗→ B(∗)π is measured to be 284 ± 5 (stat.) ± 15 (syst.) MeV/c2, and the Gaussian width of the signal is 79 ± 5 (stat.) ± 8 (syst.) MeV/c2. This signal can be described as a single resonance of mass m = 5732 ± 5 (stat.) ± 20 (syst.) MeV/c2 and full width Γ = 145 ± 28 MeV/c2. The observed shape is also consistent with the production of several broad and narrow states as predicted by the quark model and partly observed in the D-meson sector. The production rate of B∗∗ per b-jet is found to be 0.27 ± 0.02 (stat.) ± 0.06 (syst.).

The correlations in rapidity in hadron production from e+e− annihilation near the Z0 resonance were studied by means of the method of factorial moments, using data taken with the DELPHI detector at LEP. The parton shower hadronization model was found to be in quantitative agreement with the data, in contrast with previous results at lower energies.

Bose-Einstein correlation between pairs of like-sign charged particles produced in e+e− annihilations near the Z0 peak have been studied using data taken with the DELPHI detector at LEP. An enhancement is found in the production of pairs of identical pions of similar moments, with respect to a reference sample. Under the hypothesis that the pions are emitted by a spherically symmetrical source with gaussian density, the data indicate a radius of the source of r = 0.62±0.04(stat.)±0.20(syst.) fm. The large systematic uncertainty reflects the sensitivity of r to the choice of the reference sample.

We present results from a high statistics study of the nucleon structure function F2(x,Q2) measured in deep inelastic scattering of muons on carbon in the kinematic range 0.25⩽x⩽0.80 and Q2⩾25 GeV2. The analysis is based on 1.5×106 reconstructed events recorded at beam energies of 120, 200 and 280 GeV. R=σL/σT is found to be independent of x in the range 0.25⩽x⩽0.07 and 40 GeV2⩽Q2⩽200 GeV2 with a mean value R=0.015±0.013 (stat) ±0.026 (syst.).

From measurements of the cross sections for e+e−→ hadrons and the cross sections and forward-backward charge-asymmetries for ee−→e+e−, μ+μ− and π+π− at several centre-of-mass energies around the Z0 pole with the DELPHI apparatus, using approximately 150 000 hadronic and leptonic events from 1989 and 1990, one determines the following Z0 parameters: the mass and total width MZ = 91.177 ± 0.022 GeV, ΓZ = 2.465 ± 0.020 GeV, the hadronic and leptonic partial widths Γh = 1.726 ± 0.019 GeV, Γl = 83.4 ± 0.8 MeV, the invisible width Γinv = 488 ± 17 MeV, the ratio of hadronic over leptonic partial widths RZ = 20.70 ± 0.29 and the Born level hadronic peak cross section σ0 = 41.84±0.45 nb. A flavour-independent measurement of the leptonic cross section gives very consistent results to those presented above (Γl = 83.7 ± 0.8rmMeV). From these results the number of light neutrino species is determined to be Nv = 2.94 ±0.10. The individual leptonic widths obtained are: Γe = 82.4±_1.2 MeV, Γu = 86.9±2.1 MeV and Γτ = 82.7 ± 2.4 MeV. Assuming universality, the squared vector and axial-vector couplings of the Z0 to charged leptons are: V̄l2 = 0.0003±0.0010 andĀl2 = 0.2508±0.0027. These values correspond to the electroweak parameters: ϱeff = 1.003 ± 0.011 and sin2θWeff = 0.241 ± 0.009. Within the Minimal Standard Model (MSM), the results can be expressed in terms of a single parameter: sin2θWM̄S = 0.2338 ± 0.0027. All these values are in good agreement with the predictions of the MSM. Fits yield 43<mtop < 215 GeV at the 95% level. Finally, the measured values of ΓZ and Γinv are used to derived lower mass bounds for possible new particles.

The production rates for 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-jet hadronic final states have been measured with the DELPHI detector at the e+e− storage ring LEP at centre of mass energies around 91.5 GeV. Fully corrected data are compared to O(α2s) QCD matrix element calculations and the QCD scale parameter ΛMS is determined for different parametrizations of the renormalization scale ω2. Including all uncertainties our result is αs(M2Z)=0.114±0.003[stat.]±0.004[syst.]±0.012[theor.].

Proton-antiproton elastic scattering was measured at the centre-of-mass energy s = 630 GeV in the four-momentum transfer range 0.7 ⩽ − t ⩽ 2.2 GeV2. The new data confirm our previous results at s = 546 GeV on the presence of a break in the t-distribution at −t ≃ 0.9 GeV2 which is followed by a shoulder, and extend the momentum transfer range to larger values. The t-dependence of the differential cross section beyond the break is discussed.

Using a data sample corresponding to 10 000 hadronic Z0 decays, we have searched for the production of sleptons and gauginos in the two-prong decays of Z0. No candidate remains after straightforward selections. For neutralinos, we use selection methods developed in our previous search for neutral Higgs particles. The negative results are translated into improved mass limits and parameter constraints on the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model.

The reaction pp → pX was studied at a centre-of-mass energy s = 540 GeV by measuring the momentum spectrum of the antiproton. Data are presented in the four-momentum transfer range 05 < −t < 1.2GeV2. The shape of the mass distribution of the system X shows a diffractive component as already observed at lower energies. The differential cross section scales approximately with energy when compared to the ISR data.

The single diffraction dissociation process pp → (pπ+π−)p has been studied at the CERN ISR at √s = 45 GeV and 0.1 < −t < 0.6 GeV2. The reaction is dominated by nucleon resonance production: pp → pN (1520) and pp → pN(1688) with cross-sections (0.25 ± 0.08) mb and (0.56 ± 0.19) mb respectively.

The first double diffractive cross-section measurement in the very forward region has been carried out by the TOTEM experiment at the LHC with center-of-mass energy of sqrt(s)=7 TeV. By utilizing the very forward TOTEM tracking detectors T1 and T2, which extend up to |eta|=6.5, a clean sample of double diffractive pp events was extracted. From these events, we measured the cross-section sigma_DD =(116 +- 25) mub for events where both diffractive systems have 4.7 <|eta|_min < 6.5 .

Searches for the Standard Model Higgs boson have been performed in the data collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP in the year 2000 at centre-of-mass energies between 200 and 209 GeV corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 224 pb−1. No evidence for a Higgs signal is observed in the kinematically accessible mass range, and a 95% CL lower mass limit of 114.3 GeV/c2 is set, to be compared with an expected median limit of 113.5 GeV/c2 for these data.

During the 1992 running period of the LEP e+e− collider, the DELPHI experiment accumulated approximately 24 pb− of data at the Z0 peak. The decays into hadrons and charged leptons have been analysed to give values for the cross sections and leptonic forward-backward asymmetries which are significantly improved with respect to those previously published by the DELPHI collaboration. Incorporating these new data, more precise values for the Z0 resonance parameters are obtained from model-independent fits. The results are interpreted within the framework of the Standard Model, yielding for the top quark mass mt = 157−48+36(expt.)−20+19(Higgs) GeV, and for the effective mixing angle sin2 θefflept = 0.2328 ± 0.0013 (expt.)−0.0003+0.0001(Higgs), where (Higgs) represents the variation due to Higgs boson mass in the range 60 to 1000 GeV, with central value 300 GeV.

We introduce the WELL detector, a new type of position-sensitive gas proportional counter produced using advanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology. The WELL is based on a thin kapton foil, copper-clad on both sides. Charge amplifying micro-wells are etched into the first metal and kapton layers. These end on a micro-strip pattern which is defined on the second metal plane. The array of micro-strips is used for read-out to obtain 1-D positional information. First results from our systematic assessment of this device are reported.

A measurement of the cross section for e+e- → hadrons using 11 000 hadronic decays of the Z boson at ten different center-of-mass energies is presented. A three-parameter fit gives the following values for the Z mass Mz, the total width Γz, the product of the electronic and hadronic partial widths ΓeΓh, and the unfolded pole cross section σ0: MZ=91.171±0.030(stat)±0.030 (beam) GeV, ΓZ=2.511±0.065 GeV, ΓeΓh=0.148±0.006 (stat.)±0.004 (syst.) GeV2, σ0=41.6±0.7(stat.)±1.1 (syst.) nb, Good agreement with the predictions of the standard model is observed. From a two-parameter fit the number of massless neutrino generations is found to be Nν = 2.97±0.26. Thus the hypothesis of a fourth neutrino with mass less than 40 GeV is excluded with 95% confidence level. Combining the cross section measurements with the ratio ΓℓΓh reported in another DELPHI paper [Phys. Lett. B 241 (1990) 425], the hadronic, leptonic and invisible widths are found to be Γh=1741±61 MeV, Γℓ=85.1±2.9 MeV, ΓhΓℓ=20.45±0.98, Γinv=515±54 MeV, in good agreement with the standard model.

The multiplicity distributions of charged particles in restricted rapidity intervals inZ 0 hadronic decays measured by the DELPHI detector are presented. The data reveal a shoulder structure, best visible for intervals of intermediate size, i.e. for rapidity limits around ±1.5. The whole set of distributions including the shoulder structure is reproduced by the Lund Parton Shower model. The structure is found to be due to important contributions from 3-and 4-jet events with a hard gluon jet. A different model, based on the concept of independently produced groups of particles, "clans", fluctuating both in number per event and particle content per clan, has also been used to analyse the present data. The results show that for each interval of rapidity the average number of clans per event is approximately the same as at lower energies.

The reaction pp → pX was studied as a function of the mass M of the system X at the centre-of-mass energy s = 546 GeV in the kinematical region where diffraction dissociation dominates. The pseudorapidity distribution of charged tracks, produced in the fragmentation of the system X, is well described within the limits of cylindrical phase space. The fragments of the X-system behave very similarly to the products of non-diffractive inelastic collisions at s = M.

Deep inelastic scattering cross sections have been measured with the CERN SPS muon beam at incident energies of 120 and 200 GeV. Approximately 100 000 events at each energy are used to obtain the structure function F2(x, Q2) in the kinematic region 0.3<x<0.7 and 25 GeV2 <Q2<200 GeV2.

Proton-antiproton elastic scattering was measured at a centre of mass energy s = 540 GeV. In the four-momentum transfer range 0.21 < −t < 0.50 GeV2 the t-distribution of about 7000 events is well represented by the exponential shape exp (bt) with slope parameter b = 13.7 ± 0.3 GeV−2. A new measurement of the slope for −t < 0.19 GeV2 confirms our earlier result, giving evidence for a change of slope of about 4 GeV−2 around −l̷ ≈ 0.15 GeV2.

The TOTEM experiment has measured the charged-particle pseudorapidity density dNch/dη in pp collisions at for 5.3<|η|<6.4 in events with at least one charged particle with transverse momentum above 40 MeV/c in this pseudorapidity range. This extends the analogous measurement performed by the other LHC experiments to the previously unexplored forward η region. The measurement refers to more than 99% of non-diffractive processes and to single and double diffractive processes with diffractive masses above ∼3.4 GeV/c2, corresponding to about 95% of the total inelastic cross-section. The dNch/dη has been found to decrease with |η|, from 3.84 ± 0.01(stat) ± 0.37(syst) at |η|=5.375 to 2.38±0.01(stat)±0.21(syst) at |η|=6.375. Several MC generators have been compared to data; none of them has been found to fully describe the measurement.

An analysis of the data collected in 1997 and 1998 with the DELPHI detector at e+e− collision energies close to 183 and 189 GeV was performed in order to extract the hadronic and leptonic fermion-pair cross-sections, as well as the leptonic forward–backward asymmetries and angular distributions. The data are used to put limit on contact interactions between fermions, the exchange of R-parity violating SUSY sneutrinos, Z′ bosons and the existence of gravity in extra dimensions.

The pair production of the lightest scalar Higgs boson, h, and a pseudoscalar Higgs boson, A, was searched for in a data sample containing 10 000 hadronic Z0 decays. The search involved both leptonic and purely hadronic decay channels of each Higgs boson. No signal was found, and limits on the Higgs boson masses, in the framework of the minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model, ar reported up to 35 GeV/c2 at 95% CL, for both tan β1 and tan β<1, where tan β is the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two Higgs doublets.

A search for the neutral Higgs boson in Z0-decays has been performed using the DELPHI detector at the large Electron Positron collider (LEP) at CERN. We looked for the decay of Z0 into a neutral Higgs particle and a pair of fermions. No events fulfilled the criteria for H0-production. Our results, which are based on an integrated luminosity of 530 nb−1, exclude a minimal Standard Model Higgs boson with a mass in the range 210 MeV/c2 to 14 GeV/c2 at 95% confidence level.

Infrared and collinear safe event shape distributions and their mean values are determined using the data taken at five different centre of mass energies above MZ with the DELPHI detector at LEP. From the event shapes, the strong coupling αs is extracted in O(αs2), NLLA and a combined scheme using hadronisation corrections evaluated with fragmentation model generators as well as using an analytical power ansatz. Comparing these measurements to those obtained at MZ, the energy dependence (running) of αs is accessible. The logarithmic energy slope of the inverse strong coupling is measured to bedα−1sdlog(Ecm)=1.39±0.34(stat)±0.17(syst),in good agreement with the QCD expectation of 1.27.

An update of the searches for charginos and neutralinos in DELPHI is presented, based mainly on recent data collected at centre-of-mass energies of 161 GeV and 172 GeV. No signal is found. For a sneutrino with mass above 300 GeV/c 2 and a mass difference between the chargino and the lightest neutralino above 10 GeV/c 2, the lower limit at 95% confidence level on the chargino mass ranges from 84.3 GeV/c 2 to the kinematical limit (86.0 GeV/c 2), depending on the mixing parameters. The limit decreases for lower chargino-neutralino mass differences. The limit in the case of a light sneutrino is 67.6 GeV/c 2, provided that that there is no light sneutrino with a mass within 10 GeV/c 2 below the chargino mass. Upper limits on neutralino pair production cross-sections of about a picobarn are derived. The (μ,M 2) domain excluded in the MSSM-GUT scenario is determined by combining the neutralino and chargino searches. These results imply a limit on the mass of the lightest neutralino which, for a heavy sneutrino, is constrained to be above 24.9 GeV/c 2 for tanß >- 1. The search has also been extended to the case where the lightest neutralino is unstable and decays into a photon and a gravitino. imply a limit on the mass of the lightest neutralino which, for a heavy sneutrino, is constrained to be above 24.9 GeV/c 2 for tanß >- 1. The search has also been extended to the case where the lightest neutralino is unstable and decays into a photon and a gravitino.

The value of the b quark mass at the MZ scale defined in the MS renormalization scheme, mb(MZ), was determined using 2.8 million hadronic Z decays collected during 1992-1994 by the DELPHI detector to bemb(MZ)=2.67±0.25(stat.)±0.34(frag.)±0.27(theo.)GeV/c2.The analysis considers NLO corrections to the three-jet production rate including mass effects, and the result obtained agrees with the QCD prediction of having a running b quark mass at an energy scale equal to MZ. This is the first time that such a measurement is performed far above the bb production threshold. The study also verifies the flavour independence of the strong coupling constant for b and light quarks within 1% accuracy.

An overall fit to the data on the total cross section and on the real part of the forward amplitude for pp and pp was performed using dispersion relations. The energy dependence of the total cross section was studied up to s = 100 TeV. Numerical predictions are presented for LHC and SSC energies.

An analysis of the production of the Λ baryon in the hadronic decays of the Z0 is presented, based on about 993K multihadronic events collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP during 1991 and 1992. The differencial cross section of the Λ and the correlations between Λ and Λ produced in the same event are compared to current models, based both on string fragmentation and on cluster decay. The predictions of the string fragmentation model are found to give satisfactory agreements with the data, clearly better than those of the cluster model.

An analysis of inclusive production of K0 and the meson resonances K*±(892), ρ0(770),f 0(975) andf 2(1270) in hadronic decays of the Z0 is presented, based on about 973,000 multihadronic events collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP during 1991 and 1992. Overall multiplicities have been determined as 1.962±0.060 K0 mesons, 0.712±0.067 K*±(892) and 1.21±0.15ρ0(770) per hadronic Z0 decay. The average multiplicities off 0(975) for scaled momentum,x p , in the range 0.05≤x p ≤0.6 and off 2(1270) for 0.05≤x p ≤1.0 are 0.098±0.016 and 0.170±0.043 respectively. Thef 0(975) and ρ0(770)x p -spectra have similar shapes. Thef 2(1270)/ρ0(770) ratio increases withx p . The average multiplicities and the differential cross sections are compared with the JETSET Parton Shower model. The model with default parameters fails to reproduce the experimental K0 momentum spectrum at low momentum, describes the K*±(892) and ρ0(770)x p -spectrum shapes, but significantly overestimates their production rates.

This analysis, based on a sample of 170000 hadronic Z0 decays, provides a measurement of the K± and p/p differential cross sections which is compared to string- and cluster fragmentation models. The total multiplicities for K± and p/p per hadronic event were found to be: NK = 2.26 ± 0.18 and Np = 1.07 ± 0.14. The positions ξ* of the maxima of the differential cross sections as a function of ξ = ln(1/xp) for K± and p/p were determined to be 2.63 ± 0.07 and 2.96 ± 0.16 respectively. A comparison of the ξ* values for various identified particles measured at LEP with the prediction of the Modified Leading Logarithm Approximation with Local Parton Hadron Duality model has been performed. The measured ξ* position as a function of the hadron mass, after corrections due to particle decays, is in agreement with the model calculation.

In 1996 LEP ran at a centre-of-mass energy of 161 GeV, just above the threshold of W-pair production. DELPHI accumulated data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 9.93 pb−1, and observed 29 events that are considered as candidates for W-pair production. From these, a cross-section for the doubly resonant e+e− → WW process of 3.67−0.85+0.97 ± 0.19 pb has been measured. Within the Standard Model, this cross-section corresponds to a mass of the W-boson of 80.40 ± 0.44 (stat.) ± 0.09 (syst.) ± 0.03 (LEP) GeV/c2. Alternatively, if mW is held fixed at its current value determined by other experiments, the observed cross-section is used to obtain limits on trilinear WWV (V ≡ γ, Z) couplings.

Using D∗+ mesons exclusively reconstructed in the DELPHI detector at LEP, an excess of 66±14(stat.) events is observed in the D∗+π+π− final state with a mass of 2637±2(stat.)±6(syst.) MeV/c2 and a full width smaller than 15 MeV/c2 (95% C.L.). This signal is compatible with the expected decay of a radially excited D∗′ (JP=1−) meson.

In four-jet events from e+e− →Z0 →multihadrons one can separate the three principal contributions from the triple-gluon vertex, double gluon-bremsstrahlung and the secondary quark-antiquark production, using the shape of the two-dimensional angular distributions in the generalized Nachtmann-Reiter angle θNR∗ and the opening angle of the secondary jets. Thus one can identify directly the contribution from the triple-gluon vertex without comparison with a specific non-QCD model. Applying this new method to events taken with the DELPHI-detector we get for the ratio of the colour factor Nc to the fermionic Casimir operator CF: NcCF= 2.55 ± 0.55 (stat.) ± 0.4 (fragm. + models) ± 0.2 (error in bias) in agreement with the value 2.25 expected in QCD from Nc=3 and CF=43.

A determination of the hadronic fragmentation functions of the Z0 boson is presented from a study of the inclusive hadron production with the DELPHI detector at LEP. These fragmentation functions were compared with the ones at lower energies, thus covering data in a large kinematic range: 196 ⩽ Q2 ⩽ 8312 GeV2 and x (= PhEbeam) > 0.08. A large scaling violation was observed, which was used to extract the strong coupling constant in second order QCD: αs(MZ) = 0.118 ± 0.005. The corresponding QCD scale for five quark flavours is: Λ(5)MS = 230 ± 60 MeV.

An analysis of the production of strange particles from the decays of the Z0 boson into multihadronic final states is presented. The analysis is based on about 90 000 selected hadronic Z0 decays collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP in 1990. Ks0, K∗±, Λ(Λ) and Ξ− (Ξ+) have been identified by their characteristic decays. The measured production cross sections are compared with predictions of the Lund Monte Carlo tuned to data at PEP/PETRA energies.

We have studied the energy-energy angular correlations in hadronic final states from Z0 decay using the DELPHI detector at LEP. From a comparison with Monte Carlo calculations based on the exact second order QCD matrix element and string fragmentation we find that Λ(5)MS=104+25-20(stat.)+25-20(syst.)+3000)theor.). MeV, which corresponds to αs(91 GeV)=0.106±0.003(stat.)±0.003(syst.)+0.003-0.000(theor). The theoretical error stems from different choices for the renormalization scale of αs. In the Monte Carlo simulation the scale of αs as well as the fragmentation parameters have been optimized to described reasonably well all aspects of multihadron production.

Using a sample of Z0's corresponding to about 12 000 events, we have searched for the production of charged scalars, primarily charged Higgs particles, decaying into cscs, τν + jets, and τντν. The average detection efficiency is 20%. No candidate was found in the leptonic modes. Masses in the range up to 30–36 GeV/c2 are excluded, extending the mass domain covered by previous e+e− machines.

Proton-antiproton elastic scattering at a centre-of-mass energy of 540 GeV was measured in the four-momentum transfer range 0.05 < −t < s.19 GeV2. The t-distribution can be fitted by the exponential exp(b) with b=17.2±1.0 GeV−2. This result indicates a rapid decrease of the width of the diffraction peak between ISR and Collider energies.

The angular distribution of charged particles emitted between 47° and 90° in the centre of mass has been measured at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings with a hodoscope of scintillation counters and for centre-of-mass energies Ecm = 30.2, 44.7 and 52.7 GeV. Data are compatible with distributions of the type 1/σinel × dσ/dΩ(θcm) = A(Ecm) sin−2 θcm. The values of A(Ecm) are about a factor of two greater than the predictions of scaling from data at Ecm=6.0 GeV. The shape of the angular distribution provides evidence for a flat distribution in the “rapidity” variable y = artanh(pL/E).

Proton-proton elastic scattering has been measured by the TOTEM experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider at √s = 7 TeV in special runs with the Roman Pot detectors placed as close to the outgoing beam as seven times the transverse beam size. The differential cross-section measurements are reported in the |t|-range of 0.36 to 2.5 GeV2. Extending the range of data to low t values from 0.02 to 0.33 GeV2, and utilizing the luminosity measurements of CMS, the total proton-proton cross section at √s = 7 TeV is measured to be (98.3 ±0.2stat ±2.8syst) mb.

The TOTEM Experiment is designed to measure the total proton-proton cross-section with the luminosity-independent method and to study elastic and diffractive pp scattering at the LHC. To achieve optimum forward coverage for charged particles emitted by the pp collisions in the interaction point IP5, two tracking telescopes, T1 and T2, are installed on each side of the IP in the pseudorapidity region 3.1 < = |eta | < = 6.5, and special movable beam-pipe insertions - called Roman Pots (RP) - are placed at distances of +- 147 m and +- 220 m from IP5. This article describes in detail the working of the TOTEM detector to produce physics results in the first three years of operation and data taking at the LHC.

This paper describes the design and the performance of the timing detector developed by the TOTEM Collaboration for the Roman Pots (RPs) to measure the Time-Of-Flight (TOF) of the protons produced in central diffractive interactions at the LHC . The measurement of the TOF of the protons allows the determination of the longitudinal position of the proton interaction vertex and its association with one of the vertices reconstructed by the CMS detectors. The TOF detector is based on single crystal Chemical Vapor Deposition (scCVD) diamond plates and is designed to measure the protons TOF with about 50 ps time precision. This upgrade to the TOTEM apparatus will be used in the LHC run 2 and will tag the central diffractive events up to an interaction pileup of about 1. A dedicated fast and low noise electronics for the signal amplification has been developed. The digitization of the diamond signal is performed by sampling the waveform. After introducing the physics studies that will most profit from the addition of these new detectors, we discuss in detail the optimization and the performance of the first TOF detector installed in the LHC in November 2015.

We introduce the Micro-Groove Detector (MGD), a new type of two-dimensional position-sensitive gas proportional counter produced using advanced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology. The MGD is based on a thin kapton foil, clad with gold-plated copper on both sides. An array of micro-strips at a typical pitch of 200 μm is defined on the top metal layer. Using as a protection mask the metal left after the patterning, charge amplifying micro-grooves are etched into the kapton layer. These end on a second micro-strip pattern defined on the bottom metal plane. The two arrays of micro-strips can have an arbitrary relative orientation and so can be used for read-out to obtain 2-D positional information. First results from our systematic assessment of this device are reported: gas gain >15000, rate capability above 106 mm−2 s−1, energy resolution 22% at 5.4 keV, no significant charging or aging effects up to 5 mC/cm and full primary charge collection efficiency even at high drift fields.

A sample of 2.2 million hadronic Z decays, selected from the data recorded by the Delphi detector at Lep during 1994–1995 was used for an improved measurement of inclusive distributions of $\pi^+, K^+$ and p and their antiparticles in gluon and quark jets. The production spectra of the individual identified particles were found to be softer in gluon jets compared to quark jets, with a higher multiplicity in gluon jets as observed for inclusive charged particles. A significant proton enhancement in gluon jets is observed indicating that baryon production proceeds directly from colour objects. The maxima, $\xi^*$ , of the $\xi$ -distributions for kaons in gluon and quark jets are observed to be different.

A classifier based on a feed-forward neural network has been used for separating a sample of about 123 500 selected hadronic decays of the Z0, collected by DELPHI during 1991, into three classes according to the flavour of the original quark pair: uu+dd+ss (unresolved), cc and bb. The classification has been used to compute the partial widths of the Z0 into b and c quark pairs. This gave Γcc/Γh= 0.151 ± 0.008 (stat.) ± 0.041 (syst.), Γbb/Γh= 0.232±0.005 (stat.)±0.017 (syst.).

Glueballs, hybrids and multiquark states are predicted as bound states in models guided by quantum chromo dynamics (QCD), by QCD sum rules or QCD on a lattice. Estimates for the (scalar) glueball ground state are in the mass range from 1000 to 1800 MeV, followed by a tensor and a pseudoscalar glueball at higher mass. Experiments have reported evidence for an abundance of meson resonances with 0-+,0++ and 2++ quantum numbers. In particular, the sector of scalar mesons is full of surprises starting from the elusive σ and κ mesons. The a0(980) and f0(980), discussed extensively in the literature, are reviewed with emphasis on their Janus-like appearance as KK¯ molecules, tetraquark states or qq¯ mesons. Most exciting is the possibility that the three mesons f0(1370), f0(1500), and f0(1710) might reflect the appearance of a scalar glueball in the world of quarkonia. However, the existence of f0(1370) is not beyond doubt and there is evidence that both f0(1500) and f0(1710) are flavour octet states, possibly in a tetraquark composition. We suggest a scheme in which the scalar glueball is dissolved into the wide background into which all scalar flavour-singlet mesons collapse.There is an abundance of meson resonances with the quantum numbers of the η. Three states are reported below 1.5GeV/c2 whereas quark models expect only one, perhaps two. One of these states, ι(1440), was the prime glueball candidate for a long time. We show that ι(1440) is the first radial excitation of the η meson.Hybrids may have exotic quantum numbers which are not accessible by qq¯ mesons. There are several claims for JPC=1-+ exotics, some of them with properties as predicted from the flux tube model interpreting the quark–antiquark binding by a gluon string. The evidence for these states depends partly on the assumption that meson–meson interactions are dominated by s-channel resonances. Hybrids with non-exotic quantum numbers should appear as additional states. Light-quark mesons exhibit a spectrum of (squared) masses which are proportional to the sum of orbital angular momentum and radial quantum numbers. Two states do not fall under this classification. They are discussed as hybrid candidates.The concept of multiquark states has received revived interest due to new resonances in the spectrum of states with open and hidden charm. The new states are surprisingly narrow and their masses and their decay modes often do not agree with simple quark-model expectations.Lattice gauge theories have made strong claims that glueballs and hybrids should appear in the meson spectrum. However, the existence of a scalar glueball, at least with a reasonable width, is highly questionable. It is possible that hybrids will turn up in complex multibody final states even though so far, no convincing case has been made for them by experimental data. Lattice gauge theories fail to identify the nonet of scalar mesons. Thus, at the present status of approximations, lattice gauge theories seem not to provide a trustworthy guide into unknown territory in meson spectroscopy.

The search in DELPHI data for neutral Higgs bosons is described. No candidate for the Standard Model Higgs is seen in Z0 decays to H0νν, H0μ+μ− or H0τ+τ− after selections that proved efficient for finding simulated H0. One remaining candidate for Z0 → H0e+e− is consistent with background. Together with our earlier studies, these results restrict the H0 mass to be above 38 GeV/c2 at the 95% confidence level. No signal is found for decays of Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model neutral Higgs bosons to τ+τ−. Limits are obtained for their decays to produce four jets.

Distributions of event shape variables obtained from 120600 hadronicZ decays measured with the DELPHI detector are compared to the predictions of QCD based event generators. Values of the strong coupling constant αs are derived as a function of the renormalization scale from a quantitative analysis of eight hadronic distributions. The final result, αs(M Z), is based on second order perturbation theory and uses two hadronization corrections, one computed with a parton shower model and the other with a QCD matrix element model.

Silicon detectors for the Roman Pots of the large hadron collider TOTEM experiment aim for full sensitivity at the edge where a terminating structure is required for electrical stability. This work provides an innovative approach reducing the conventional width of the terminating structure to less than 100 microns, still using standard planar fabrication technology. The objective of this new development is to decouple the electric behaviour of the surface from the sensitive volume within tens of microns. The explanation of the basic principle of this new approach together with the experimental confirmation via electric measurements and beam test are presented in this paper, demonstrating that silicon detectors with this new terminating structure are fully operational and efficient to under 60 microns from the die cut.

The pseudorapidity density of charged particles dN $$_{ ch }$$ /d $$\eta $$ is measured by the TOTEM experiment in proton–proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 8$$ TeV within the range $$3.9<\eta <4.7$$ and $$-6.95<\eta <-6.9$$ . Data were collected in a low intensity LHC run with collisions occurring at a distance of 11.25 m from the nominal interaction point. The data sample is expected to include 96–97 % of the inelastic proton–proton interactions. The measurement reported here considers charged particles with $$p_T>0$$ MeV/c, produced in inelastic interactions with at least one charged particle in $$-7<\eta <-6$$ or $$3.7<\eta <4.8$$ . The dN $$_{ ch }$$ /d $$\eta $$ has been found to decrease with $$|\eta |$$ , from 5.11 $$\pm $$ 0.73 at $$\eta =3.95$$ to 1.81 $$\pm $$ 0.56 at $$\eta =-$$ 6.925. Several Monte Carlo generators are compared to the data and are found to be within the systematic uncertainty of the measurement.

The spin density matrix elements for the ϱ0, K∗0(892) and F produced in hadronic Z0 decays are measured in the DELPHI detector. There is no evidence for spin alignment of the K∗0(892) and F in the region xp ≤ 0.3 (xp = ppbeam), where ϱ00 = 0.33 ± 0.05 and ϱ00 = 0.30 ± 0.04, respectively. In the fragmentation region, xp ≥ 0.4, there is some indication for spin alignment of the ϱ0 and K∗0(892), since ϱ00 = 0.43 ± 0.05 and ϱ00 = 0.46 ± 0.08, respectively. These values are compared with those found in meson-induced hadronic reactions. For the F, ϱ00 = 0.30 ± 0.04 for xp ≥ 0.4 and 0.55 ± 0.10 for xp ≥ 0.7. The off-diagonal spin density matrix element ϱ1-1 is consistent with zero in all cases.

A new precise measurement of |Vcb| and of the branching ratio BR(B̄0→D∗+ℓ−ν̄ℓ) has been performed using a sample of about 5000 semileptonic decays B̄0→D∗+ℓ−ν̄ℓ, selected by the DELPHI detector at LEP I by tagging the soft pion from D∗+→D0π+. The results are: Vcb=(39.0±1.5(stat.)+2.5−2.6(syst. exp.)±1.3(syst. th.))×10−3, BR(B̄0→D∗+ℓ−ν̄ℓ)=(4.70±0.13(stat.)+0.36−0.31(syst. exp.))%. The analytic dependencies of the differential cross-section and of the Isgur–Wise form factor as functions of the variable w=vB0·vD∗ have also been obtained by unfolding the experimental resolution.

A sample of events enriched in bb̄ quark pairs was selected in the data recorded by the DELPHI experiment at LEP during 1992 and 1993, by the presence of secondary decay vertices from short-lived particles. Using this sample, the average multiplicities of Ks0, K±, p(p̄), Λ(Λ) and of charged particles in bb̄ events have been measured, distinguishing the component from fragmentation and the component coming from the decay of b-hadrons. The measurement of the average charge multiplicity in bb̄ events was used to compute the mean fractional beam energy carried by the primary b-hadron, and the difference in charged particle multiplicity between bb̄ events and light quark (uū, dd̄, ss̄) events.

From the combined data of 1990 and 1991 of the DELPHI experiment at LEP, 13057 4-jet events are obtained and used for determining the contribution of the triple-gluon vertex. The relevant variables are the generalized Nachtmann Reiter angle θ * and the opening angle of the two least energetic jets. A fit to their two-dimensional distribution yields $$C_A /C_F = 2.12 \pm 0.35 and N_C /N_A = 0.46 \pm 0.19,$$ whereC A/C F is the ratio of the coupling strength of the triple-gluon vertex to that of gluon bremsstrahlung from quarks, andN C/N A, the ratio of the number of quark colours to the number of gluons. This constitutes a convincing model-independent proof of the existence of the triple-gluon vertex, since its contribution is directly proportional toC A/C F. The results are in agreement with the values expected from QCD:C A/C F=2.25, andN C/N A=3/8.

The multiplicity distributions of charged particles in full phase space and in restricted rapidity intervals for events with a fixed number of jets measured by the DELPHI detector are presented. The data are well reproduced by the Lund Parton Shower model and can also be well described by fitted negative binomial distributions. The properties of these distributions in terms of the clan model are discussed. In symmetric 3-jet events the candidate gluon jet is found not to be significantly different in average multiplicity than the mean of the other two jets, thus supporting previous results of the HRS and OPAL experiments. Similar results hold for events generated according to the LUND PS and to the HERWIG models, when the jets are defined by the JADE jet finding algorithm. The method seems to be insensitive for measuring the color charge ratio between gluons and quarks.

J/ψ mesons have been reconstructed from their decay to μ+μ− and e+e−, using the data collected by the DELPHI experiment during 1991 and 1992 at the LEP collider. From about 1 million hadronic Z decays 153 ± 17 J/ψ were found, 5.4 ± 2.3 ψ′ were obtained in the channel J/ψ (→μ+μ−)π+π− and 6.4 ± 2.7 χc in the channel J/ψ ( → μ+μ−)γ. As the dominant source of Jψ mesons is from bquarks, the following branching ratios: Br(b → J/ψ X) = (1.12 ± 0.12 (stat) ± 0.10 (syst.))%, Br(b → ψ′ X) = (0.48 ± 0.22 (stat.± 0.10 (syst.))%, Br(b → χc1 X) = (1.4 ± 0.6 (stat.)−0.2+0.4 (syst.))% were measured. From the proper time distribution of the J/ψ sample, the average lifetime of b-hadrons decaying into J/ψ was found to be: τB = 1.50−0.21+0.24 (stat.) ± 0.03 (syst.) ps. A search for completely reconstructed B meson decays to final states including a J/ψ gave a signal of 15 ± 5 events.

An analysis is reported on the channele + e −→μ+μ−(nγ), n=1,2..., using data taken with the DELPHI detector at LEP from 1990 to 1992. Differential cross sections of the radiative photons as a function of photon energy and of the angle between the photon and the muon are presented. No significant deviations from expectations are observed. The data are also used to extract the muon-pair cross section and asymmetry below the Z0 peak by using those events with relatively hard initial state radiative photon(s). The measured cross section and asymmetry show no significant deviation from the Standard Model expectations. These results together with the DELPHI cross section and asymmetry measurements at the LEP energies from the 1990 to 1992 running periods are used to determine limits on the Z0-Z′ gauge boson mixing angle θZ′ and on the Z′ mass. There is no indication of the existence of a Z′; the limits obtained on the mixing angle substantially improve upon existing limits. The 95% confidence level allowed ranges of θZ′ in various models are: $$\begin{gathered} - 0.0070 \leqslant \theta _{Z'} \leqslant 0.0078,E_6 (\chi )\bmod el, \hfill \\ - 0.0075 \leqslant \theta _{Z'} \leqslant 0.0095,E_6 (\psi )\bmod el, \hfill \\ - 0.029 \leqslant \theta _{Z'} \leqslant 0.029,E_6 (\eta )\bmod el, \hfill \\ - 0.0068 \leqslant \theta _{Z'} \leqslant 0.0082,L - R(1.)\bmod el, \hfill \\ - 0.0057 \leqslant \theta _{Z'} \leqslant 0.0077,L - R(\sqrt 2 )\bmod el. \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$

The total and differential cross-sections for the reaction e+e− → γγ(γ) are measured at centre of mass energies around 91 GeV using an integrated luminosity of 4.7 pb−1. The aggreement with QED prediction is good. Consequently there is no evidence for non-standard channels which would have the same experimental signature. The lower limits on the QED cuttoff parameters are Λ+ > 113 GeV and Λ− > 95 GeV. An upper limit on the effective coupling between a possible excited electron and the gamma is derived. At 95% confidence level the branching ratios for Z0 decay into π0γ, ηψ and γγγ are below 1.5 × 10−4, 2.8 × 10−4 and 1.4 × 10−4 respectively.

Measurements are presented of the cross section ratios Rℓ=σℓ(e+e−→ℓ+ℓ−)σh(e+e−→hadrons) for ℓ=e, μ and τ using data taken from a scan around the Z0. The results are Re=(5.09±o.32±0.18)%, Rμ=(0.46±0.35±0.17)% and Rτ=(4.72±0.38±0.29)% where, for the ratio Re, the t-channel contribution has been subtracted. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of lepton universality and test this hypothesis at the energy scale s∼8300 GeV2. The absolute cross sections σℓ(e+e−→ℓ+ℓ−) have also been measured. From the cross sections the leptonic partial widths Γe=(83.2±3.0±2.4) MeV, (ΓeΓμ)12=(84.6±3.0±2.4)MeV and (ΓeΓτ)12=(82.6±3.3±3.2)MeV have been extracted. Assuming lepton universality the ratio ΓℓΓh=(4.89±0.20±0.12) × 10−2 w was obtained, together with Γℓ=(83.6±1.8±2.2) MeV. The number of light neutrino species is determined to be Nv=3.12±0.24±0.25. Al the data are consistent with the predictions of the standard model.

We describe the apparatus used in experiment UA4 to study proton-antiproton elastic and inelastic interactions at the CERN SPS Collider. Elastically scattered particles, travelling at very small angles, are observed by detectors placed inside movable sections (“Roman pots”) of the SPS vacuum chamber. The deflection in the field of the machine quadrupoles allow the measurement of the particle momentum. Inelastic interactions are observed by a left-right symmetric system of trigger counter hodoscopes and drift-chamber telescopes. The apparatus reconstructs the interaction vertex and measures the pseudorapidity η of charged particles in the range 2.5 < ‖η‖ < 5.6.

The interference structure function xG3(x) has been measured for the first time scattering positive and negative muons of opposite helicity off a carbon target. The x dependence observed for Q2 between 40 and 180 (GeV/c2) is in good agreement with predictions of the quark-parton model. The measured ratio 2(auQu + adQd)/(Qu2 + Qd2 = 1.87 ± 0.25 (stat.) ± 0.24 (syst.) is consistent with the hypothesis of fractional quark charges and determines the sign of Qu − Qd to be positive.

A 50 m long magnetized iron torus enclosing a 40 m long target provides the luminosity and acceptance necessary for the study of deep inelastic muon scattering at high Q2. The construction and performance of this spectrometer and the associated trigger are described. Details of the data acquisition system and data analysis are also given.

Precise knowledge of the beam optics at the LHC is crucial to fulfil the physics goals of the TOTEM experiment, where the kinematics of the scattered protons is reconstructed with the near-beam telescopes -- so-called Roman Pots (RP). Before being detected, the protons' trajectories are influenced by the magnetic fields of the accelerator lattice. Thus precise understanding of the proton transport is of key importance for the experiment. A novel method of optics evaluation is proposed which exploits kinematical distributions of elastically scattered protons observed in the RPs. Theoretical predictions, as well as Monte Carlo studies, show that the residual uncertainty of this optics estimation method is smaller than 0.25 percent.

Abstract The TOTEM collaboration at the CERN LHC has measured the differential cross-section of elastic proton–proton scattering at $$\sqrt{s} = 8\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mi>TeV</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in the squared four-momentum transfer range $$0.2\,\mathrm{GeV^{2}}&lt; |t| &lt; 1.9\,\mathrm{GeV^{2}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.2</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.9</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . This interval includes the structure with a diffractive minimum (“dip”) and a secondary maximum (“bump”) that has also been observed at all other LHC energies, where measurements were made. A detailed characterisation of this structure for $$\sqrt{s} = 8\,\mathrm{TeV}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msqrt> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msqrt> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mi>TeV</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> yields the positions, $$|t|_{\mathrm{dip}} = (0.521 \pm 0.007)\,\mathrm{GeV^2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>dip</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.521</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.007</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$|t|_{\mathrm{bump}} = (0.695 \pm 0.026)\,\mathrm{GeV^2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>bump</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.695</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.026</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , as well as the cross-section values, $$\left. {\mathrm{d}\sigma /\mathrm{d}t}\right| _{\mathrm{dip}} = (15.1 \pm 2.5)\,\mathrm{{\mu b/GeV^2}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mi>dip</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>15.1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2.5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$\left. {\mathrm{d}\sigma /\mathrm{d}t}\right| _{\mathrm{bump}} = (29.7 \pm 1.8)\,\mathrm{{\mu b/GeV^2}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mfenced> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mi>bump</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>29.7</mml:mn> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1.8</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mspace /> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>GeV</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , for the dip and the bump, respectively.

A search for events with one jet and at most one isolated lepton used data taken at LEP-2 by the DELPHI detector. These data were accumulated at a center-of-mass energy of 183 GeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 47.7 pb−1. Production of single scalar and vector leptoquarks was searched for. Limits at 95% confidence level were derived on the masses (ranging from 134GeV/c2 to 171GeV/c2 for electromagnetic type couplings) and couplings of the leptoquark states. A search for top-charm flavour changing neutral currents (e+e−→t̄c or charge conjugate) used the semileptonic decay channel. A limit on the flavour changing cross-section via neutral currents was set at 0.55pb (95% confidence level).

In a sample of 3.02 million hadronic Z0 decays collected by the DELPHI detector, 270 Jψ→ ℓ+ℓ− candidates have been selected. A search for fully reconstructed Bc± mesons has yielded one Bc±→Jψπ± candidate, no Bc±→Jψℓ±νℓ candidates, and one Bc±→Jψ, π+π−π± candidate, consistent with expected background in each channel. The following 90% confidence level upper limits are determined: Br(Z0→ Bc±X) × Br(Bc±→Jψπ±) < (1.05 to 0.84) × 10−4 and Br(Z0→ Bc±X) × Br(Bc±→Jψℓ±νℓ) < (5.8 to 5.0) × 10−5, where the ranges quoted correspond to the range of predicted Bc± lifetimes from 0.4 to 1.4 ps, and Br(Z0→ Bc±X) × Br(Bc±→Jψπ+π−π±) < 1.75 × 10−4, constant over the range of predicted Bc± lifetimes.

The hadronic structure of the decay of the τ lepton to three charged particles, τ→3πντ, is studied using data collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP between 1992 and 1995. The invariant mass of the 3π system, m3π, is fitted using the models of Kühn and Santamaria, Isgur, Morningstar and Reader, and Feindt. The 3π and π+π− mass spectra are compared with each model. Below m3π2=2.3GeV2, all are in good qualitative agreement. Above m3π2=2.3GeV2, anomalous behaviour is observed, consistent with the existence of a hitherto unseen decay mode of the τ through a radial excitation of the a1 meson.

Measurements of the trilinear gauge boson couplings WWgamma and WWZ are presented using the data taken by DELPHI in 1998 at a centre-of-mass energy of 189 GeV and combined with DELPHI data at 183 GeV. Values are determined for Delta(g_1^Z) and Delta(kappa_gamma), the differences of the WWZ charge coupling and of the WWgamma dipole coupling from their Standard Model values, and for lambda_gamma, the WWgamma quadrupole coupling. A measurement of the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moment of the W is extracted from the results for Delta(kappa_gamma) and lambda_gamma. The study uses data from the final states jjlv, jjjj, lX, jjX and gammaX, where j represents a quark jet, l an identified lepton and X missing four-momentum. The observations are consistent with the predictions of the Standard Model.

Trilinear gauge boson couplings are measured using data taken by DELPHI at 161 GeV and 172 GeV. Values for WWV couplings (V=Z,γ) are determined from a study of the reactions e+e−→W+W− and e+e−→Weν, using differential distributions from the WW final state in which one W decays hadronically and the other leptonically, and total cross-section data from other channels. Limits are also derived on neutral ZVγ couplings from an analysis of the reaction e+e−→γ+invisibleparticles.

Inclusive charged hadron distributions as obtained from the DELPHI measurements at 130, 136, 161, 172 and 183 GeV are presented as a function of the variables rapidity, ξp, p and transversal momenta. Data are compared with event generators and with MLLA calculations, in order to examine the hypothesis of local parton hadron duality. The differential momentum spectra show an indication for coherence effects in the production of soft particles. The relation between the energy dependence of the charged multiplicity and the rapidity distribution is examined.