M. Bluj

The production of single- and multi-photon events has been studied in the reaction e+e- -> gamma (gamma) + invisible particles. The data collected with the DELPHI detector during the years 1999 and 2000 at centre-of-mass energies between 191 GeV and 209 GeV was combined with earlier data to search for phenomena beyond the Standard Model. The measured number of light neutrino families was consistent with three and the absence of an excess of events beyond that predicted by the Standard Model processes was used to set limits on new physics. Both model-independent searches and searches for new processes predicted by supersymmetric and extra-dimensional models have been made. Limits on new non-standard model interactions between neutrinos and electrons were also determined.

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The result of a search at the LHC for heavy stable charged particles produced in pp collisions at $ \sqrt {s} = 7\;{\text{TeV}} $ is described. The data sample was collected with the CMS detector and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 3.1 pb−1. Momentum and ionization-energy-loss measurements in the inner tracker detector are used to identify tracks compatible with heavy slow-moving particles. Additionally, tracks passing muon identification requirements are also analyzed for the same signature. In each case, no candidate passes the selection, with an expected background of less than 0.1 events. A lower limit at the 95% confidence level on the mass of a stable gluino is set at 398GeV/c 2, using a conventional model of nuclear interactions that allows charged hadrons containing this particle to reach the muon detectors. A lower limit of 311 GeV/c 2 is also set for a stable gluino in a conservative scenario of complete charge suppression, where any hadron containing this particle becomes neutral before reaching the muon detectors.

Hadronic event shapes have been measured in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV, with a data sample collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. The sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 3.2 inverse picobarns. Event-shape distributions, corrected for detector response, are compared with five models of QCD multijet production.

A measurement of the top-antitop production cross section in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV has been performed at the LHC with the CMS detector. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36 inverse picobarns and is based on the reconstruction of the final state with one isolated, high transverse-momentum electron or muon and three or more hadronic jets. The kinematic properties of the events are used to separate the top-antitop signal from W+jets and QCD multijet background events. The measured cross section is 173 + 39 - 32 (stat. + syst.) pb, consistent with standard model expectations.

A search for pair-produced doubly charged Higgs bosons has been performed using the data collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP at centre-of-mass energies between 189 and 209 GeV. No excess is observed in the data with respect to the Standard Model background. A lower limit for the mass of 97.3 GeV/c2 at the 95% confidence level has been set for doubly charged Higgs bosons in left–right symmetric models for any value of the Yukawa coupling between the Higgs bosons and the τ leptons.

The DELPHI detector at LEP has been used to measure multi-muon bundles originating from cosmic ray interactions with air. The cosmic events were recorded in “parasitic mode” between individual e+e− interactions and the total live time of this data taking is equivalent to 1.6 × 106 s. The DELPHI apparatus is located about 100 m underground and the 84 metres rock overburden imposes a cutoff of about 52 GeV/c on muon momenta. The data from the large volume Hadron Calorimeter allowed the muon multiplicity of 54,201 events to be reconstructed. The resulting muon multiplicity distribution is compared with the prediction of the Monte Carlo simulation based on CORSIKA/QGSJET01. The model fails to describe the abundance of high multiplicity events. The impact of QGSJET internal parameters on the results is also studied.

Single photons detected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP2 in the years 1997–2000 are reanalysed to investigate the existence of a single extra dimension in a modified ADD scenario with slightly warped large extra dimensions. The data collected at centre-of-mass energies between 180 and 209 GeV for an integrated luminosity of ∼650 pb−1 agree with the predictions of the Standard Model and allow a limit to be set on graviton emission in one large extra dimension. The limit obtained on the fundamental mass scale M D is 1.69 TeV/c 2 at 95% CL, with an expected limit of 1.71 TeV/c 2.

A measurement of the W boson mass and width has been performed by the DELPHI collaboration using the data collected during the full LEP2 programme (1996–2000). The data sample has an integrated luminosity of 660 pb-1 and was collected over a range of centre-of-mass energies from 161 to 209 GeV. Results are obtained by applying the method of direct reconstruction of the mass of the W from its decay products in both the W+W-→ℓν̄ℓqq̄’ and W+W-→qq̄’q̄q’ channels. The W mass result for the combined data set is $M_W = 80.336 \pm0.055 ({\text{Stat.}}) \pm0.028 ({\text{Syst.}}) \pm0.025 ({\text{FSI}}) \pm0.009 ({\text{LEP}}) \text{GeV}/c^2, $ where FSI represents the uncertainty due to final state interaction effects in the qq̄’q̄q’ channel, and LEP represents that arising from the knowledge of the collision energy of the accelerator. The combined value for the W width is ${\Gamma_{W}} = 2.404 \pm0.140 ({\text{Stat.}}) \pm0.077 ({\text{Syst.}}) \pm0.065 ({\text{FSI}}) \text{GeV}/c^2. $ These results supersede all values previously published by the DELPHI collaboration.

The nature of b-quark jet hadronisation has been investigated using data taken at the Z peak by the DELPHI detector at LEP. Two complementary methods are used to reconstruct the energy of weakly decaying b-hadrons, $E_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{weak}}$ . The average value of $x^{\mathrm{weak}}_{\mathrm{B}} = E_{\mathrm{B}}^{\mathrm{weak}}/E_{\mathrm{beam}}$ is measured to be 0.699±0.011. The resulting $x^{\mathrm{weak}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ distribution is then analysed in the framework of two choices for the perturbative contribution (parton shower and Next to Leading Log QCD calculation) in order to extract measurements of the non-perturbative contribution to be used in studies of b-hadron production in other experimental environments than LEP. In the parton shower framework, data favour the Lund model ansatz and corresponding values of its parameters have been determined within PYTHIA 6.156 from DELPHI data: $$a= 1.84^{+0.23}_{-0.21}\quad\mbox{and}\quad b=0.642^{+0.073}_{-0.063}~\mathrm{GeV}^{-2},$$ with a correlation factor ρ=92.2%. Combining the data on the b-quark fragmentation distributions with those obtained at the Z peak by ALEPH, OPAL and SLD, the average value of $x^{\mathrm{weak}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ is found to be 0.7092±0.0025 and the non-perturbative fragmentation component is extracted. Using the combined distribution, a better determination of the Lund parameters is also obtained: $$a= 1.48^{+0.11}_{-0.10}\quad\mbox{and}\quad b=0.509^{+0.024}_{-0.023}~\mathrm{GeV}^{-2},$$ with a correlation factor ρ=92.6%.

There are many possibilities for new physics beyond the Standard Model that feature non-standard Higgs sectors. These may introduce new sources of CP violation, and there may be mixing between multiple Higgs bosons or other new scalar bosons. Alternatively, the Higgs may be a composite state, or there may even be no Higgs at all. These non-standard Higgs scenarios have important implications for collider physics as well as for cosmology, and understanding their phenomenology is essential for a full comprehension of electroweak symmetry breaking. This report discusses the most relevant theories which go beyond the Standard Model and its minimal, CP-conserving supersymmetric extension: two-Higgs-doublet models and minimal supersymmetric models with CP violation, supersymmetric models with an extra singlet, models with extra gauge groups or Higgs triplets, Little Higgs models, models in extra dimensions, and models with technicolour or other new strong dynamics. For each of these scenarios, this report presents an introduction to the phenomenology, followed by contributions on more detailed theoretical aspects and studies of possible experimental signatures at the LHC and other colliders.

Soft photons inside hadronic jets converted in front of the DELPHI main tracker (TPC) in events of qq̄ disintegrations of the Z0 were studied in the kinematic range 0.2<Eγ<1 GeV and transverse momentum with respect to the closest jet direction pT<80 MeV/c. A clear excess of photons in the experimental data as compared to the Monte Carlo predictions is observed. This excess (uncorrected for the photon detection efficiency) is (1.17±0.06±0.27)×10-3 γ/jet in the specified kinematic region, while the expected level of the inner hadronic bremsstrahlung (which is not included in the Monte Carlo) is (0.340±0.001±0.038)×10-3 γ/jet. The ratio of the excess to the predicted bremsstrahlung rate is then (3.4±0.2±0.8), which is similar in strength to the anomalous soft photon signal observed in fixed target experiments with hadronic beams.

A determination of the single W spin density matrix (SDM) elements in the reaction e+e-→W+W-→lνqq̄(l=e/μ) is reported at centre-of-mass energies between 189 and 209 GeV. The data sample used corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 520 pb-1 taken by DELPHI between 1998 and 2000. The single W SDM elements, ρττ' W± (τ,τ'=± 1 or 0), are determined as a function of the W- production angle with respect to the e- beam direction and are obtained from measurements of the W decay products by the application of suitable projection operators, Λττ', which assume the V-A coupling of the W-boson to fermions. The measured SDM elements are used to obtain the fraction of longitudinally polarised Ws, with the result: $\frac{\sigma_{\text{L}}}{\sigma_{{\text{tot}}}} = 24.9 \pm4.5({\text{stat}}) \pm2.2({\text{syst}})\%$ at a mean energy of 198 GeV. The SDM elements are also used to determine the triple gauge couplings Δg1 Z,Δκγ,λγ and g4 Z, $\tilde{\kappa}_{Z}$ and $\tilde{\lambda}_{Z}$ . For the CP-violating couplings the results of single parameter fits are: $g_4^{{Z}} = -0.39^{+0.19}_{-0.20}$ $\tilde{\kappa}_{{Z}} = -0.09^{+0.08}_{-0.05}$ $\tilde{\lambda}_{{Z}} = -0.08\pm0.07 .$ The errors are a combination of statistical and systematic errors. All results are consistent with the Standard Model.

An analysis of the direct soft photon production rate as a function of the parent jet characteristics is presented, based on hadronic events collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP1. The dependences of the photon rates on the jet kinematic characteristics (momentum, mass, etc.) and on the jet charged, neutral and total hadron multiplicities are reported. Up to a scale factor of about four, which characterizes the overall value of the soft photon excess, a similarity of the observed soft photon behaviour to that of the inner hadronic bremsstrahlung predictions is found for the momentum, mass, and jet charged multiplicity dependences. However for the dependence of the soft photon rate on the jet neutral and total hadron multiplicities a prominent difference is found for the observed soft photon signal as compared to the expected bremsstrahlung from final state hadrons. The observed linear increase of the soft photon production rate with the jet total hadron multiplicity and its strong dependence on the jet neutral multiplicity suggest that the rate is proportional to the number of quark pairs produced in the fragmentation process, with the neutral pairs being more effectively radiating than the charged ones.

A search for single top production (e+e−→tc̄) via flavour changing neutral currents (FCNC) was performed using the data taken by the DELPHI detector at LEP2. The data analyzed have been accumulated at center-of-mass energies ranging from 189 to 208 GeV. Limits at 95% confidence level were obtained on the anomalous coupling parameters κγ and κZ.

This paper presents DELPHI measurements and interpretations of cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries, and angular distributions, for the e+e- -&gt; ffbar process for centre-of-mass energies above the Z resonance, from sqrt(s) ~ 130 - 207 GeV at the LEP collider. The measurements are consistent with the predictions of the Standard Model and are used to study a variety of models including the S-Matrix ansatz for e+e- -&gt; ffbar scattering and several models which include physics beyond the Standard Model: the exchange of Z' bosons, contact interactions between fermions, the exchange of gravitons in large extra dimensions and the exchange of sneutrino in R-parity violating supersymmetry.

The form factor of Λb0 baryons is estimated using 3.46×106 hadronic Z decays collected by the DELPHI experiment between 1992 and 1995. Charmed Λc+ baryons fully reconstructed in the pK−π+, pK0S, and Λπ+π+π− modes, are associated to a lepton with opposite charge in order to select Λb0→Λc+l−ν̄l decays. From a combined likelihood and event rate fit to the distribution of the Isgur–Wise variable w, and using the Heavy Quark Effective Theory (HQET), the slope of the b-baryon form factor is measured to be ρ̂2=2.03±0.46(stat)+0.72−1.00(syst). The exclusive semileptonic branching fraction Br(Λb0→Λc+l−ν̄l) can be derived from ρ̂2 and is found to be (5.0+1.1−0.8(stat)+1.6−1.2(syst))%. Limits on other branching fractions are also obtained.

These final results on e+e- -&gt; W+W- production cross-section measurements at LEP2 use data collected by the DELPHI detector at centre-of-mass energies up to 209 GeV. Measurements of total cross-sections, W angular differential distributions and decay branching fractions, and the value of the CKM element |V_{cs}| are compared to the expectations of the Standard Model. These results supersede all values previously published by DELPHI.

Neutral triple-gauge-boson couplings ZZZ, ZZγ and Zγγ have been studied with the DELPHI detector using data at energies between 183 and 208 GeV. Limits are derived on these couplings from an analysis of the reactions e+e-→Zγ, using data from the final states γff̄, with f=q or ν, from e+e-→ZZ, using data from the four-fermion final states qq̄qq̄, qq̄μ+μ-, qq̄e+e-, qq̄νν̄, μ+μ-νν̄ and e+e-νν̄, and from e+e-→Zγ*, in which the final state γ is off mass-shell, using data from the four-fermion final states qq̄e+e- and qq̄μ+μ-. No evidence for the presence of such couplings is observed, in agreement with the predictions of the Standard Model.

The data taken by DELPHI at centre-of-mass energies between 189 and 209 GeV are used to place limits on the CP-conserving trilinear gauge boson couplings Delta_g1z, lambda_gamma and Delta_kappag associated to W+W- and single W production at LEP2. Using data from the jjlv, jjjj, jjX and lX final states, where j, l and X represent a jet, a lepton and missing four-momentum, respectively, the following limits are set on the couplings when one parameter is allowed to vary and the others are set to their Standard Model values of zero: Delta_g1z = -0.025^{+0.033}_{-0.030}, lambda_gamma = 0.002^{+0.035}_{-0.035} and Delta_kappag = 0.024^{+0.077}_{-0.081} . Results are also presented when two or three parameters are allowed to vary. All observations are consistent with the predictions of the Standard Model and supersede the previous results on these gauge coupling parameters published by DELPHI.

There are many possibilities for new physics beyond the Standard Model that feature non-standard Higgs sectors. These may introduce new sources of CP violation, and there may be mixing between multiple Higgs bosons or other new scalar bosons. Alternatively, the Higgs may be a composite state, or there may even be no Higgs at all. These non-standard Higgs scenarios have important implications for collider physics as well as for cosmology, and understanding their phenomenology is essential for a full comprehension of electroweak symmetry breaking. This report discusses the most relevant theories which go beyond the Standard Model and its minimal, CP-conserving supersymmetric extension: two-Higgs-doublet models and minimal supersymmetric models with CP violation, supersymmetric models with an extra singlet, models with extra gauge groups or Higgs triplets, Little Higgs models, models in extra dimensions, and models with technicolour or other new strong dynamics. For each of these scenarios, this report presents an introduction to the phenomenology, followed by contributions on more detailed theoretical aspects and studies of possible experimental signatures at the LHC and other colliders.

In the reaction e+e-→WW→(q1q̄2)(q3q̄4) the usual hadronization models treat the colour singlets q1q̄2 and q3q̄4 coming from two W bosons independently. However, since the final state partons may coexist in space and time, cross-talk between the two evolving hadronic systems may be possible during fragmentation through soft gluon exchange. This effect is known as colour reconnection. In this article the results of the investigation of colour reconnection effects in fully hadronic decays of W pairs in DELPHI at LEP are presented. Two complementary analyses were performed, studying the particle flow between jets and W mass estimators, with negligible correlation between them, and the results were combined and compared to models. In the framework of the SK-I model, the value for its κ parameter most compatible with the data was found to be: κSK-I=2.2+2.5 -1.3 corresponding to the probability of reconnection $\mathcal{P}_{\text{reco}}$ to be in the range $0.31 <\mathcal{P}_{{\text{reco}}} < 0.68$ at 68% confidence level with its best value at 0.52.

Muon bremsstrahlung photons converted in front of the DELPHI main tracker (TPC) in dimuon events at LEP1 were studied in two photon kinematic ranges: 0.2<E γ ≤1 GeV and transverse momentum with respect to the parent muon p T <40 MeV/c, and 1<E γ ≤10 GeV and p T <80 MeV/c. A good agreement of the observed photon rate with predictions from QED for the muon inner bremsstrahlung was found, contrary to the anomalous soft photon excess that has been observed recently in hadronic Z 0 decays. The obtained ratios of the observed signal to the predicted level of the muon bremsstrahlung are 1.06±0.12±0.07 in the photon energy range 0.2<E γ ≤1 GeV and 1.04±0.09±0.12 in the photon energy range 1<E γ ≤10 GeV. The bremsstrahlung dead cone is observed for the first time in the direct photon production at LEP.

The effect of the heavy b-quark mass on the two, three and four-jet rates is studied using LEP data collected by the DELPHI experiment at the Z peak in 1994 and 1995. The rates of b-quark jets and light quark jets (ℓ=uds) in events with n=2, 3, and 4 jets, together with the ratio of two and four-jet rates of b-quarks with respect to light-quarks, Rn bℓ, have been measured with a double-tag technique using the CAMBRIDGE jet-clustering algorithm. A comparison between experimental results and theory (matrix element or Monte Carlo event generators such as PYTHIA, HERWIG and ARIADNE) is done after the hadronisation phase. Using the four-jet observable R4 bℓ, a measurement of the b-quark mass using massive leading-order calculations gives: $m_b(M_Z) = 3.76 \pm0.32 ({\text{stat}}) \pm0.17 ({\text{syst}}) \pm0.22 ({\text{had}}) \pm0.90 ({\text{theo}})\,\text{GeV}/c^2\,.$ This result is compatible with previous three-jet determinations at the MZ energy scale and with low energy mass measurements evolved to the MZ scale using QCD renormalisation group equations.

The production fractions of charged and neutral b-hadrons in b-quark events from Z0 decays have been measured with the DELPHI detector at LEP. An algorithm has been developed, based on a neural network, to estimate the charge of the weakly-decaying b-hadron by distinguishing its decay products from particles produced at the primary vertex. From the data taken in the years 1994 and 1995, the fraction of b̄-quarks fragmenting into positively charged weakly-decaying b-hadrons has been measured to be: f+=42.09±0.82(stat)±0.89(syst)%. Subtracting the rates for charged Ξ̄b+ and Ω̄b+ baryons gives the production fraction of B+ mesons: fBu=40.99±0.82(stat)±1.11(syst)%.

The CrossGrid project is developing new grid middleware components, tools and applications with a special focus on parallel and interactive computing. In order to support the development effort and provide a test infrastructure, an international grid testbed has been deployed across 9 countries. Through the deployment of the testbed and its supporting services, CrossGrid is also contributing to another important project objective, the expansion of the grid coverage in Europe. This paper describes the status of the CrossGrid testbed.

The PAC (pattern comparator) is a dedicated muon trigger for the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) experiment at the LHC (Large Hadron Collider). The PAC trigger processes signals provided by RPC (resistive plate chambers), a part of the CMS muon system. The goal of the PAC RPC trigger is to identify muons, measure their transverse momenta and select the best muon candidates for each proton bunch collision occurring every 25 ns. To perform this task it is necessary to deliver the information concerning each bunch crossing from many RPC chambers to the trigger logic at the same moment. Since the CMS detector is large (the muon hits are spread over 40 ns), and the data are transmitted through thousands of channels, special techniques are needed to assure proper synchronization of the data. In this paper methods developed for the RPC signal synchronization and synchronous transmission are presented. The methods were tested during the MTCC (magnet test and cosmic challenge). The performance of the synchronization methods is illustrated by the results of the tests.

Measurements are presented of R b, the ratio of the ${\mathrm{b}}\bar{\mathrm{b}}$ cross-section to the ${\mathrm{q}}\bar{\mathrm{q}}$ cross-section in e+e− collisions, and the forward-backward asymmetry A FB b at twelve energy points in the range $\sqrt{s}=130$ –207 GeV. These results are found to be consistent with the Standard Model expectations. The measurements are used to set limits on new physics scenarios involving contact interactions.

The tau lepton lifetime has been measured with the e(+) e(-) --> tau(+) tau(-) events collected by the DELPHI detector at LEP in the years 1991 - 1995. Three different methods have been exploited, using both one-prong and three-prong tau decay channels. Two measurements have been made using events in which both taus decay to a single charged particle. Combining these measurements gave tau(tau) ( 1 prong) = 291.8 +/- 2.3(stat) +/- 1.5(sys) fs. A third measurement using taus which decayed to three charged particles yielded tau(tau) (3 prong) = 288.6 +/- 2.4(stat) +/- 1.3(sys) fs. These were combined with previous DELPHI results to measure the tau lifetime, using the full LEP1 data sample, to be tau(tau) = 290.9 +/- 1.4(stat) +/- 1.0(sys) fs.

During the summer 2006, a first integrated test of a part of the CMS experiment was performed at CERN collecting a data sample of several millions of cosmic rays events. A fraction of the Resistive Plate Chambers system was successfully operated. Results on the RPC performance are reported.

The paper presents the concept of the Overlap Muon Track Finder (OTF) trigger for the CMS experiment in CERN as a system implemented in the modern FPGA device. The parametrized description of the complex data processing system, allowing further optimization by iterative simulations and recompilations, is presented. Problems associated with synthesis of such complex systems with currently available synthesis tools, and their workarounds are described.

The Overlap Muon Track Finder (OMTF) is the new system developed during the upgrade of the CMS experiment which includes the upgrade of its Level-1 trigger. It uses the novelty approach to finding muon candidates based on data received from three types of detectors: RPC, DT, and CSC . The upgrade of the trigger system requires also upgrade of the associated Data Acquisition (DAQ) system. The OMTF DAQ transmits the data from the connected detectors that were the basis for the Level-1 trigger decision. To increase its diagnostic potential, it may also transmit the data from a few bunch crossings (BXes) preceding or following the BX, in which the L1 trigger was generated. The paper describes the technical concepts and solutions used in the OMTF DAQ system. The system is still under development. However, it successfully passed the first tests.

The pseudoscalar meson ηb has been searched for in two-photon interactions at LEP II. The data sample corresponds to a total integrated luminosity of 617 pb−1 at centre-of-mass energies ranging from 161 to 209 GeV. Upper limits at a confidence level of 95% on the product Γγγ(ηb)×BR(ηb) are 190, 470 and 660 eV/c2 for the ηb decaying into 4, 6 and 8 charged particles, respectively.

Bose-Einstein correlations (BEC) between final state particles in the reaction e+e- -&gt; W+W- -&gt; q_1 anti-q_2 q_3 anti-q_4 have been studied. Data corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 550 pb^{-1}, recorded by the DELPHI detector at centre-of-mass energies ranging from 189 to 209 GeV, were analysed. An indication for inter-W BEC between like-sign particles has been found at the level of 2.4 standard deviations of the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties.

This paper presents the implementation of the data acquisition system of the Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) subdetector in the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in CERN. The described readout system connects with the RPC detector, the RPC link system, the RPC trigger system and the CMS data acquisition system and creates one of multiple metrological systems in CMS experiment. The readout system receives the data provided by the multiple channels of the link system, filters out the non-triggered data, encapsulates the data into the standard CMS common data format events and sends them to the global data acquisition system. The main problem in the readout system design was to provide a sufficiently large throughput to reliably transfer the data. The implemented system is the scalable solution based on advanced Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) technology.

Single top quark production via four-fermion contact interactions associated to flavour-changing neutral currents was searched for in data taken by the DELPHI detector at LEP2. The data were accumulated at centre-of-mass energies ranging from 189 to 209 GeV, with an integrated luminosity of 598.1 pb−1. No evidence for a signal was found. Limits on the energy scale Λ, were set for scalar-, vector- and tensor-like coupling scenarios.

This paper describes firmware architecture of a new part of muon trigger system of the CMS detector – one of four detectors installed along LHC accelerator in CERN. Overlap Muon Track Finder (OMTF) is a new trigger subsystem designed to work in difficult barrel-endcap region of CMS detector. OMTF is designed to receive data from different detector types and process it to select 3 best muon candidates. These muon candidates are then forwarded to Global Muon Trigger (GMT). Performance requirements demanded usage of custom designed hardware. All the data reception and processing takes part in modern, large FPGA device. The IPBus module allows easy firmware control and diagnostics via Ethernet connection.

DELPHI results are presented on the inclusive production of two (KKπ)0 states in the mass region 1.2–1.6 GeV/c2 in hadronic Z decays at LEP I. The measured masses (widths) are 1274±6 MeV/c2 (29±12 MeV/c2) and 1426±6 MeV/c2 (51±14 MeV/c2), respectively. A partial-wave analysis of the (KKπ)0 system shows that the first peak is consistent with the IG(JPC)=0+(1++)/(0−+)a0(980)π and the second with the IG(JPC)=0+(1++)K∗(892)K+c.c. assignments. The total hadronic production rates per hadronic Z decay are (0.165±0.051) and (0.056±0.012), respectively. These measurements are consistent with the two states being the f1(1285) and f1(1420) mesons.

The quark model does not exclude states composed of more than three quarks, like pentaquark systems. Controversial evidence for such states has been published in the last years, in particular: for a strange pentaquark Θ(1540)+; for a double-strange state, the Ξ(1862)−−, subsequently called Φ(1860)−−; and for a charmed state, the Θc(3100)0. If confirmed, a full pentaquark family might exist; such pentaquark states could be produced in e+e− annihilations near the Z energy. In this Letter a search for pentaquarks is described using the DELPHI detector at LEP, characterized by powerful particle identification sub-systems crucial in the separation of the signal from the background for these states. At 95% CL, upper limits are set on the production rates 〈N〉 of such particles and their charge-conjugate state per Z decay: 〈NΘ+〉×Br(Θ+→pKS0)<5.1×10−4, 〈NΘ++〉<1.6×10−3, 〈NΦ(1860)−−〉×Br(Φ(1860)−−→Ξ−π−)<2.9×10−4, 〈NΘc(3100)0〉×Br(Θc(3100)0→D∗+p¯)<8.8×10−4.

The CMS muon system is conceived for trigger and muon track reconstruction. The redundancy and robustness of the system are guaranteed by three complementary subsystems: drift tube in the barrel, cathode strip chamber in the end-cap and resistive plate chamber in barrel and end-cap. The installation of muon stations and read-out trigger electronic has been completed in middle 2007. Since than, a remarkable effort has been addressed to the detector commissioning in order to ensure the readiness of the hardware/software chain for the LHC start up operation. At the end of 2007, a test of an entire CMS slice has been performed, involving about 5% of muon stations. Several thousand cosmic muons events have been collected. Performance of the barrel chambers are reported.

The computing requirements of LHC experiments, as well as their computing models, are briefly presented. The origin of grid technology and its development in high energy community is outlined, including the Polish participation. The LHC Computing Grid project and its successor, the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid, are presented, including the summary of its successful operations in the first years of LHC data gathering. Against such a background, the creation and operation of the Polish Tier-2 is described, including examples of its use by the LHC experiments.

The study of quark jets in e+e− reactions at LEP has demonstrated that the hadronisation process is reproduced well by the Lund string model. However, our understanding of gluon fragmentation is less complete. In this study enriched quark and gluon jet samples of different purities are selected in three-jet events from hadronic decays of the Z collected by the DELPHI experiment in the LEP runs during 1994 and 1995. The leading systems of the two kinds of jets are defined by requiring a rapidity gap and their sum of charges is studied. An excess of leading systems with total charge zero is found for gluon jets in all cases, when compared to Monte Carlo simulations with JETSET (with and without Bose–Einstein correlations included) and ARIADNE. The corresponding leading systems of quark jets do not exhibit such an excess. The influence of the gap size and of the gluon purity on the effect is studied and a concentration of the excess of neutral leading systems at low invariant masses (≲2GeV/c2) is observed, indicating that gluon jets might have an additional hitherto undetected fragmentation mode via a two-gluon system. This could be an indication of a possible production of gluonic states as predicted by QCD.

Low-energy particle production perpendicular to the event plane in three-jet events produced in Z decays in e+e− annihilation is measured and compared to that perpendicular to the event axis in two-jet events. The topology dependence of the hadron production ratio is found to agree with a leading-order QCD prediction. This agreement and especially the need for the presence of a destructive interference term gives evidence for the coherent nature of gluon radiation. Hadron production in three-jet events is found to be directly proportional to a single topological scale function of the inter-jet angles. The slope of the dependence of the multiplicity with respect to the topological scale was measured to be 2.211±0.014(stat.)±0.053(syst.) in good agreement with the expectation given by the colour-factor ratio CA/CF=9/4. This result strongly supports the assumption of local parton–hadron duality, LPHD, at low hadron momentum.

A search for the pair production of fourth generation b’-quarks was performed using data taken by the DELPHI detector at LEP-II. The analysed data were collected at centre-of-mass energies ranging from 196 to 209 GeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 420 pb-1. No evidence for a signal was found. Upper limits on BR(b’→bZ) and BR(b’→cW) were obtained for b’ masses ranging from 96 to 103 GeV/c 2. These limits, together with the theoretical branching ratios predicted by a sequential four generations model, were used to constrain the value of $R_{\text{CKM}}=|\frac{V_{cb\prime}}{V_{\text{tb}\prime}V_{tb}}|$ , where Vcb′, Vtb′ and Vtb are elements of the extended CKM matrix.

The International Testbed of the CrossGrid Project has been in operation for the last three years, including 16 sites in 9 countries across Europe. The main achievements in installation and operation are described, and also the substantial experience gained on providing support to application and middleware developers in the project. Results are presented showing the availability of a realistic Grid framework to execute distributed interactive and parallel jobs.

In July 2012 the discovery of a new boson with a mass of about 125 GeV and properties in agreement with those expected for the Higgs boson in the Standard Model was announced.In this note, we review the results of the search for the Higgs boson and the study of its properties performed with the proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the LHC in 2011 and 2012, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 fb -1 and 20 fb -1 per experiment at √ s = 7 TeV and √ s = 8 TeV, respectively.The presented study confirms the Higgs-like nature of the new boson, with a signal rate consistent with the expectation of the Standard Model, and with the scalar nature of the new boson clearly favoured.In addition, we present studies of the diboson production as an example of a precise electroweak measurement at the LHC.The result, being in agreement with standard model predictions, is interpreted in terms of constraints on anomalous triple-gauge boson couplings.

The Resistive Plate Chambers [M. Abbrescia, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 550 (2005) 116] are used in the CMS experiment [CMS Collaboration, The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC 2008, J. Inst. 3 (2008) S08004] as a dedicated muon trigger both in barrel and endcap system. About 4000m2 of double gap RPCs have been produced and have been installed in the experiment since more than one and half Years. The full barrel system and a fraction of the endcaps have been monitored to study dark current behaviour and system stability, and have been extensively commissioned with Cosmic Rays collected by the full CMS experiment.

Measurements of the Ξ− and Ξ¯+ masses, mass differences, lifetimes and lifetime differences are presented. The Ξ¯+ sample used is much larger than those used previously for such measurements. In addition, the Ξ production rates in Z→bb¯ and Z→qq¯ events are compared and the position ξ∗ of the maximum of the ξ distribution in Z→qq¯ events is measured.

The production of wrong sign charmed mesons b→D(s)X, D(s)=(D0,D+,Ds), is studied using the data collected by the DELPHI experiment in the years 1994 and 1995. Charmed mesons in Z→bb̄ events are exclusively reconstructed by searching for the decays D0→K−π+, D+→K−π+π+ and Ds+→φπ+→K+K−π+. The wrong sign contribution is extracted by using two discriminant variables: the charge of the b-quark at decay time, estimated from the charges of identified particles, and the momentum of the charmed meson in the rest frame of the b-hadron. The inclusive branching fractions of b-hadrons into wrong sign charm mesons are measured to be: B(b→D0X)+B(b→D−X)=(9.3±1.7(stat)±1.3(syst)±0.4(B))%, B(b→Ds−X)=(10.1±1.0(stat)±0.6(syst)±2.8(B))% where the first error is statistical, the second and third errors are systematic.

Measurements of Zγ* production are presented using data collected by the DELPHI detector at centre-of-mass energies ranging from 183 to 209 GeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 667 pb-1. The measurements cover a wide range of the possible final state four-fermion configurations: hadronic and leptonic (e+e-qq̄, μ+μ-qq̄, qq̄νν̄), fully leptonic (l+l-l’+l’-) and fully hadronic final states (qq̄qq̄, with a low mass qq̄ pair). Measurements of the Zγ* cross-section for the various final states have been compared with the Standard Model expectations and found to be consistent within the errors. In addition, a total cross-section measurement of the l+l-l’+l’- cross-section is reported, and found to be in agreement with the prediction of the Standard Model.

Double-tagged interactions of photons with virtualities Q2 between 10 GeV2 and 200 GeV2 are studied with the data collected by DELPHI at LEPII from 1998 to 2000, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 550 pb-1. The γ*γ*→μ+μ- data agree with QED predictions. The cross-section of the reaction γ*γ*→hadrons is measured and compared to the LO and NLO BFKL calculations.

The Muon System of the CMS experiment at CERN employees three different detector technologies—Drift Tube Chambers (DT) in the barrel part, Cathode Strip Chambers (CSC) in the endcaps and Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) both in the barrel and the endcaps. TDs and CSCs serve as precise muon trajectory measurement devices. The RPCs are responsible for the bunch crossing identification and for a fast muon transverse momentum measurement. The total number of RPCs is 480 in the barrel and 756 in the endcaps, covering an area of about 3500 square meters. A brief overview of the system will be presented as well as some recent results about the system stability and performance.

The CMS detector will start its operation in the end of 2007. Until that time great care must be taken in order to assure that hardware operation is fully understood. In this paper an example of how emulation software helps achieving this goal in the CMS Level-1 RPC Trigger system is presented. The design of the RPC trigger allows to insert sets of so-called test pulses at any stage of the hardware pipeline. Reading out data from different stages is also possible. Such design allows for easy debugging of the trigger hardware by comparing hardware and software emulation values, since the software and hardware algorithms are identical.

This paper presents the final interpretation of the results from DELPHI on the searches for Higgs bosons in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model (MSSM). A few representative scenarios are considered, that include CP conservation and explicit CP violation in the Higgs sector. The experimental results encompass the searches for neutral Higgs bosons at LEP1 and LEP2 in final states as expected in the MSSM, as well as LEP2 searches for charged Higgs bosons and for neutral Higgs bosons decaying into hadrons independent of the quark flavour. The data reveal no significant excess with respect to background expectations. The results are translated into excluded regions of the parameter space in the various scenarios. In the CP-conserving case, these lead to limits on the masses of the lightest scalar and pseudoscalar Higgs bosons, h and A, and on tanβ. The dependence of these limits on the top quark mass is discussed. Allowing for CP violation reduces the experimental sensitivity to Higgs bosons. It is shown that this effect depends strongly on the values of the parameters responsible for CP violation in the Higgs sector.

A study of the inclusive charged hadron production in two-photon collisions is described. The data were collected with the DELPHI detector at LEP II. Results on the inclusive single-particle pT distribution and the differential charged hadrons dσ/dpT cross-section are presented and compared to the predictions of perturbative NLO QCD calculations and to published results.

The production of two high-p T jets in the interactions of quasi-real photons in e + e − collisions at $\sqrt{s_{ee}}$ from 189 GeV to 209 GeV is studied with data corresponding to an integrated e + e − luminosity of 550 pb−1. The jets reconstructed by the k ⊥ -cluster algorithm are defined within the pseudo-rapidity range −1<η<1 and with jet transverse momentum, p T , above 3 GeV/c. The differential di-jet cross-section is measured as a function of the mean transverse momentum $\overline{p_{T}}$ of the jets and is compared to perturbative QCD calculations.

In a study of the reaction e − e +→W − W + with the DELPHI detector, the probabilities of the two W particles occurring in the joint polarisation states transverse–transverse (TT), longitudinal–transverse plus transverse–longitudinal (LT) and longitudinal–longitudinal (LL) have been determined using the final states $WW{\rightarrow}l\nu q\bar{q}$ (l=e,μ). The two-particle joint polarisation probabilities, i.e. the spin density matrix elements ρ TT , ρ LT , ρ LL , are measured as functions of the W − production angle, $\theta _{W^{-}}$ , at an average reaction energy of 198.2 GeV. Averaged over all $\cos\theta_{W^{-}}$ , the following joint probabilities are obtained: $$\bar{\rho}_{TT}=(67\pm8)\%,$$ $$\bar{\rho}_{LT}=(30\pm8)\%,$$ $$\bar{\rho}_{LL}=(3\pm7)\%.$$ These results are in agreement with the Standard Model predictions of 63.0%, 28.9% and 8.1%, respectively. The related polarisation cross-sections σ TT , σ LT and σ LL are also presented.

In this paper the object oriented hardware-software model and its sample implementation of diagnostics for the Overlap Muon Track Finder trigger for the CMS experiment in CERN is described. It presents realization of test-bench for control and diagnosis class of multichannel, distributed measurement systems based on FPGA chips. The test-bench fulfills requirements for system’s rapid changes, configurability and efficiency. This ability is very significant and desirable by expanded electronic systems. The solution described is a software model based on a method of address space management called the Component Internal Interface (CII). Establishment of stable link between hardware and software, as a purpose of designed and realized programming environment, is presented. The test-bench implementation and example of OMTF algorithm test is presented.

The hadronic part of the electron structure function F2e has been measured for the first time, using e+e− data collected by the DELPHI experiment at LEP, at centre-of-mass energies of s=91.2–209.5GeV. The data analysis is simpler than that of the measurement of the photon structure function. The electron structure function F2e data are compared to predictions of phenomenological models based on the photon structure function. It is shown that the contribution of large target photon virtualities is significant. The data presented can serve as a cross-check of the photon structure function F2γ analyses and help in refining existing parameterisations.

The combination is presented of searches for a standard model (SM) Higgs boson in eight decay modes: H → γγ, H → ττ, H → bb, H → WW* → 2ℓ2v, H → ZZ* → 4ℓ, H → ZZ → 2ℓ2τ, H → ZZ → 2ℓ2v, and H → ZZ → 2ℓ2q. The searches were performed by the CMS Collaboration using 1.1-1.7 fb−1 of integrated luminosity, depending on the analysis. No excess compatible with a SM Higgs signal has been observed; the largest excursion of the observed data from the expected background has a probability of 0.4 after taking into account the look-elsewhere effect. The SM Higgs boson is excluded at 95% C.L. in three mass ranges 145-216, 226-288, and 310-400 GeV/c2, while the expected exclusion range is 130-440 GeV/c2.

A first measurement of the average polarisation Pτ of tau leptons produced in e+e− annihilation at energies significantly above the Z resonance is presented. The polarisation is determined from the kinematic spectra of tau hadronic decays. The measured value Pτ=−0.164±0.125 is consistent with the Standard Model prediction for the mean LEP energy of 197 GeV.