Muhammad Ansar Iqbal

In this article, we derive the observed information matrices for normal mixture models and normal hidden Markov models. We also describe the parametric bootstrap method for the said models. The matrices and the method mentioned above are used to estimate the variance of the maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) obtained by the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm. Finally, a numerical example is shown using a data set named " faithful " given in the free statistical software R.

The fission fragments and heavy ions tracks in CR-39 detectors registered by Cf-252 radioactive source have been observed by using photo-spectrometric techniques. CR- 39 detectors were exposed at 5 cm distance from radioactive source for registering nuclear tracks created by nuclear particles emitted from Cf-252 radioactive source. Cr-39 detectors were etched in 6N NaOH solution at 70 o C for 400 minutes in the intervals between 20 to 25 minutes. The etching properties of CR-39, irradiated by ultra violet radiation has been examined. In un-etched condition, it is found that the transmittance is nearly 95% and in etched condition the transmittance decreases up to 72% due to the change in track densities inside CR-39 foils.

The LHC Run 2, with a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, has opened new avenues for searching possible effects of physics beyond the standard model. Such new physics can be parametrised by adding additional operators to the standard model Lagrangian in a model-independent effective field theory approach. In this thesis, a search is presented for three operators that would lead to anomalous WWgamma or WWZ couplings. They are constrained by studying proton-proton collision events, recorded by the CMS experiment, in which two vector bosons are produced; a W boson which decays into a charged lepton and the corresponding neutrino, and a W or Z boson which decays into hadrons that are reconstructed as a single, large-radius jet. Using reconstructed kinematic variable distributions, one- and two-dimensional 95% confidence intervals are obtained for the anomalous coupling parameters. The obtained limits, $-1.58 < c_\rm{WWW}/\Lambda^2 < 1.59~\TeV^{-2}$, $-2.00 < c_\rm{W}/\Lambda^2 < 2.65~ \TeV^{-2}$, and $-8.78 < c_\rm{B}/\Lambda^2 < 8.54~\TeV^{-2}$, are the strictest bounds on these parameters to date.