L. Fanò

Journal of the Royal Microscopical SocietyVolume 40, Issue 2 p. 157-162 IV.—Method for the Demonstration of the Golgi Apparatus in Nervous and other Tissues. C. Da Fano M.D., L.D., C. Da Fano M.D., L.D. on Morbid Anatomy University of Pavia (Italy), F.R.M.S., Lecturer on Histology, King's College, University of London.Search for more papers by this author C. Da Fano M.D., L.D., C. Da Fano M.D., L.D. on Morbid Anatomy University of Pavia (Italy), F.R.M.S., Lecturer on Histology, King's College, University of London.Search for more papers by this author First published: June 1920 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.1920.tb00753.xCitations: 8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume40, Issue2June 1920Pages 157-162 RelatedInformation

We consider the production at the LHC of exotic composite leptons of charge $Q=+2e$. Such states are allowed in composite models that contain extended isospin multiplets (${I}_{W}=1$ and ${I}_{W}=3/2$). These doubly charged leptons couple with standard model (SM) fermions via gauge interactions, thereby delineating and restricting their possible decay channels. We discuss the production cross section at the LHC of ${L}^{++}(pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}^{++},{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{-}})$ and concentrate on the leptonic signature deriving from the cascade decays ${L}^{++}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{+}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ i.e. $pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{\ensuremath{-}}({\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\ell}}^{+}){\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\ell}}$ showing that the invariant mass distribution of the like-sign dilepton has a sharp end point corresponding to excited lepton mass ${m}^{*}$. We find that the $\sqrt{s}=7\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ run is sensitive at the 3-sigma (5-sigma) level to a mass of the order of 600 GeV if $L=10\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ($L=20\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$). The $\sqrt{s}=14\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ run can reach a sensitivity at 3-sigma (5-sigma) level up to ${m}^{*}=1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ for $L=20\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ($L=60\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$).

There are many possibilities for new physics beyond the Standard Model that feature non-standard Higgs sectors. These may introduce new sources of CP violation, and there may be mixing between multiple Higgs bosons or other new scalar bosons. Alternatively, the Higgs may be a composite state, or there may even be no Higgs at all. These non-standard Higgs scenarios have important implications for collider physics as well as for cosmology, and understanding their phenomenology is essential for a full comprehension of electroweak symmetry breaking. This report discusses the most relevant theories which go beyond the Standard Model and its minimal, CP-conserving supersymmetric extension: two-Higgs-doublet models and minimal supersymmetric models with CP violation, supersymmetric models with an extra singlet, models with extra gauge groups or Higgs triplets, Little Higgs models, models in extra dimensions, and models with technicolour or other new strong dynamics. For each of these scenarios, this report presents an introduction to the phenomenology, followed by contributions on more detailed theoretical aspects and studies of possible experimental signatures at the LHC and other colliders.

We study the production of doubly charged excited leptons at the LHC. These exotic states are predicted in extended weak-isospin composite models. A recent analysis of such exotic states was based on a pure gauge model with magnetic type interactions. We include here the mechanism of contact interactions and show that this turns out to dominate the single production of the doubly charged leptons. We perform a feasibility analysis of the observation of the tri-lepton signature associated with the production of the exotic doubly charged lepton simulating the response of a generic detector. We give exclusion plots in the parameter space, within statistical uncertainties, at different luminosities.

We investigate the search for heavy Majorana neutrinos stemming from a composite model scenario at the upcoming LHC Run II at a centre of mass energy of 13 TeV. While previous studies of the composite Majorana neutrino were focussed on gauge interactions via magnetic type transition coupling between ordinary and heavy fermions (with mass $$m^*$$ ) here we complement the composite model with contact interactions at the energy scale $$\Lambda $$ and we find that the production cross sections are dominated by such contact interactions by roughly two/three orders of magnitude. This mechanism provides therefore very interesting rates at the prospected luminosities. We study the same-sign di-lepton and di-jet signature ( $$pp \rightarrow \ell \ell jj$$ ) and perform a fast detector simulation based on Delphes. We compute 3 $$\sigma $$ and 5 $$\sigma $$ contour plots of the statistical significance in the parameter space ( $$\Lambda ,m^*$$ ). We find that the potentially excluded regions at $$\sqrt{s} =13$$ TeV are quite larger than those excluded so far at Run I considering searches with other signatures.

This is the third out of five chapters of the final report [1] of the Workshop on Physics at HL-LHC, and perspectives on HE-LHC [2]. It is devoted to the study of the potential, in the search for Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics, of the High Luminosity (HL) phase of the LHC, defined as $3~\mathrm{ab}^{-1}$ of data taken at a centre-of-mass energy of $14~\mathrm{TeV}$, and of a possible future upgrade, the High Energy (HE) LHC, defined as $15~\mathrm{ab}^{-1}$ of data at a centre-of-mass energy of $27~\mathrm{TeV}$. We consider a large variety of new physics models, both in a simplified model fashion and in a more model-dependent one. A long list of contributions from the theory and experimental (ATLAS, CMS, LHCb) communities have been collected and merged together to give a complete, wide, and consistent view of future prospects for BSM physics at the considered colliders. On top of the usual standard candles, such as supersymmetric simplified models and resonances, considered for the evaluation of future collider potentials, this report contains results on dark matter and dark sectors, long lived particles, leptoquarks, sterile neutrinos, axion-like particles, heavy scalars, vector-like quarks, and more. Particular attention is placed, especially in the study of the HL-LHC prospects, to the detector upgrades, the assessment of the future systematic uncertainties, and new experimental techniques. The general conclusion is that the HL-LHC, on top of allowing to extend the present LHC mass and coupling reach by $20-50\%$ on most new physics scenarios, will also be able to constrain, and potentially discover, new physics that is presently unconstrained. Moreover, compared to the HL-LHC, the reach in most observables will generally more than double at the HE-LHC, which may represent a good candidate future facility for a final test of TeV-scale new physics.

Abstract Transmission muography is a non-invasive imaging technique that exploits the penetrating power of atmospheric muons into matter to obtain two-dimensional and three-dimensional density images of the monitored structure. The detectors used are particle trackers. Muography enables the monitoring of large structures and it is also particularly useful in the archaeological field for a mapping of low-density underground anomalies potentially related to unknown or inaccessible tombs or tunnels. The Palazzone necropolis, located south of Perugia (Italy), dating back to Etruscan period, contains about 200 known tombs, some of which, such as the Volumni Hypogeum, can be visited thanks to a touristic route. The eastern area of the necropolis, on the other hand, does not have a touristic path and is partially unknown. The objective of the muographic measurement campaign is to support the re-evaluation of this archaeological area by searching for new anthropic cavities and identifying them three-dimensionally. One of the goals of this study is to obtain a three-dimensional localization of cavities starting from a single muographic measurement by exploiting an image focusing algorithm. For this purpose, an area that contains a known cavity was used as the reference cavity for the test of the three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm.

The employment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for digital photogrammetry applications (UAV-DP), together with satellite data, has emerged as a pivotal tool for conducting reliable muographic campaigns. This study aims to present a comprehensive workflow designed specifically to plan and support UAV-derived data for muon radiography objectives. Through a real case study conducted at the Etruscan necropolis of Palazzone (Umbria, Italy), this study shows the creation of high-resolution three-dimensional models of the ground surface/sub-surface by integrating UAV-DP, laser scanner and GPS-acquired data. The accuracy of these three-dimensional environment significantly influences the reliability of the simulated muon flux transmission, which is crucial for inferring the relative transmission values and estimating the density distributions. This study highlights the importance of UAV-derived data in the muography process and their potential to enhance or affect the outcomes of muon imaging results. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach in muography applications, particularly focusing on the integration and utilization of UAV-based data to improve spatial environment reconstruction.

We review the recent progress in the theoretical description and experimental observation of multiple parton interactions. Subjects covered include experimental measurements of minimum bias interactions and of the underlying event, models of soft physics implemented in Monte Carlo generators, developments in the theoretical description of multiple parton interactions and phenomenological studies of double parton scattering. This article stems from contributions presented at the Helmholtz Alliance workshop on "Multi-Parton Interactions at the LHC", DESY Hamburg, 13-15 September 2010.

The Interventional Radiology (IR) is a well established technique in medical domain aiming to obtain a good X-ray image quality while minimizing the radiation dose absorbed by patients and staff members. From a radioprotection point of view, these procedures are considered potentially harmful for interventional radiologists and medical staff. Individual monitoring of operators is very important and is performed by assessing effective dose, equivalent dose to the extremities and eye lens, with the use of passive dosimeters (e.g. TLDs) calibrated in terms of personal dose equivalent Hp (10), Hp (0.07) and Hp (3), respectively. In this work we will present a proposal for an innovative X-ray dosimeter prototype, capable of real-time measurements, packaged in a small form-factor, with wireless communication to be used for individual operators dosimetry during IR procedures. The proposed real-time dosimeter relies on CMOS Active Pixel Sensor, widely used in visible imaging applications. Some preliminary results on the characterization of CMOS active pixel sensors as diffused X-ray detectors during a typical IR session will be presented.

Nickel nanoparticles are prepared through thermolysis or polyol procedures and they are fully characterized through TEM and XRD. The catalytic efficiencies are tested toward the hydrogenation reaction of 4-nitrophenol, which was spectrophotometrically detected. A significant improvement of the reaction rate and turnover number (TON) and frequency (TOF) is observed using alkyl amine-stabilized nanoparticles, likely due to their reduced surface steric hindrance. However, the polymer stabilized-nanocatalysts show a better selectivity for product formation, since only hydrogenation products are observed, while azo-benzene derivatives are detected when alkyl amine-stabilized nanoparticles are used. The findings indicate an important impact of surface properties of colloids on the catalysed reaction.

Abstract Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon (a-Si:H) is a well known material for its intrinsic radiation hardness and is primarily utilized in solar cells as well as for particle detection and dosimetry. Planar p-i-n diode detectors are fabricated entirely by means of intrinsic and doped PECVD of a mixture of Silane (SiH 4 ) and molecular hydrogen. In order to develop 3D detector geometries using a-Si:H, two options for the junction fabrication have been considered: ion implantation and charge selective contacts through atomic layer deposition. In order to test the functionality of the charge selective contact electrodes, planar detectors have been fabricated utilizing this technique. In this paper, we provide a general overview of the 3D fabrication project followed by the results of leakage current measurements and X-ray dosimetric tests performed on planar diodes containing charge selective contacts to investigate the feasibility of the charge selective contact methodology for integration with the proposed 3D detector architectures.

There is currently a renewed interest in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) for use in particle detection applications. Whilst this material has been comprehensively investigated from a numerical perspective within the context of photovoltaic and imaging applications, the majority of work related to its application in particle detection has been limited to experimental studies. In this study, a material model to mimic the electrical and charge collection behaviour of a-Si:H is developed using the SYNOPSYSc Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) simulation tool Sentaurus. The key focus of the model is concerned with the quasi-continuous defect distribution of acceptor and donor defects near the valence and conduction bands (tails states) and a Gaussian distribution of acceptor and donor defects within the mid-gap with the main parameters being the defect energy level, capture cross-section and trap density. Currently, Sentaurus TCAD offers Poole-Frenkel mobility and trap models, however, these were deemed to be incompatible with thick a-Si:H substrates. With the addition of a fitting function, the model was able to provide acceptable agreement (within 10nA.cm-2) between simulated and experimental leakage current density for a-Si:H substrates with thicknesses of 12 and 30μm. Additional transient simulations performed to mimic the response of the 12μm thick device demonstrated excellent agreement (1%) with experimental data found in the literature in terms of the operating voltage required to deplete thick a-Si:H devices. The a-Si:H model developed in this work provides a method of optimising a-Si:H based devices for particle detection applications.

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) can be produced by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of SiH4 (silane) mixed with hydrogen. The resulting material shows outstanding radiation hardness properties and can be deposited on a wide variety of substrates. Devices employing a-Si:H technologies have been used to detect many different kinds of radiation, namely, minimum ionizing particles (MIPs), X-rays, neutrons, and ions, as well as low-energy protons and alphas. However, the detection of MIPs using planar a-Si:H diodes has proven difficult due to their unsatisfactory S/N ratio arising from a combination of high leakage current, high capacitance, and limited charge collection efficiency (50% at best for a 30 µm planar diode). To overcome these limitations, the 3D-SiAm collaboration proposes employing a 3D detector geometry. The use of vertical electrodes allows for a small collection distance to be maintained while preserving a large detector thickness for charge generation. The depletion voltage in this configuration can be kept below 400 V with a consequent reduction in the leakage current. In this paper, following a detailed description of the fabrication process, the results of the tests performed on the planar p-i-n structures made with ion implantation of the dopants and with carrier selective contacts are illustrated.

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon is a well-known detector material for its radiation resistance. For this reason it has been used in particle beam flux measurements and in solar panels designed for space applications. This study concern 10μm thickness, p-i-n and charge selective contacts planar diode detectors which were irradiated with neutrons to two fluence values: 1016 neq/cm2 and 5 × 1016 neq/cm2. In order to evaluate their radiation resistance, detector leakage current and response to x-ray photons have been measured. The effect of annealing for performance recovery at 100 °C for 12 and 24 h has also been studied. The results for the 1016 neq/cm2 irradiation show a factor 2 increase in leakage current that is completely recovered after annealing for p-i-n devices while charge selective contacts devices show an overall decrease of the leakage current at the end of the annealing process compared to the measurement before the irradiation. X-ray dosimetric sensitivity degrades, for this fluence, at the end of irradiation, but partially recovers for charge selective contact devices and increases for p-i-n devices at the end of the annealing process. Concerning the 5 × 1016 neq/cm2 irradiation test (for p-i-n structures only), due to the activation that occurred during the irradiation phase, the measurements were taken after 146 days of storage at around 0 °C, during this period, a self-annealing effect may have occurred. Therefore, the results after irradiation and storage show a noticeable degradation in leakage current and x-ray sensitivity with a small recovery after annealing.

The use of light detection and ranging technologies, i.e. terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), airborne laser scanner (ALS) and mobile laser scanner (MLS), together with the unmanned aerial vehicles digital photogrammetry (UAV-DP) and satellite data are proving to be fundamental tools to carry out reliable muographic measurement campaigns. The main purpose of this paper is to propose a workflow to correctly plan and exploit these types of data for muon radiography aims. To this end, a real case study is presented: searching for hidden tombs in the Etruscan necropolis of Palazzone (Umbria, Italy). A high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and three-dimensional models of the ground surface/sub-surface of the study area were created by merging data obtained using different survey methods to achieve the most accurate three-dimensional environment. Indeed, the simulated muon flux transmission used to infer relative transmission values, and the estimated density distribution, depends on the reliability of the three-dimensional reconstructed ground surface model. The aim of this study is to provide knowledge on the use of TLS and UAV-DP data and GPS-acquired points within the transmission-based muography process and how these data could improve or worsen the muon imaging results. Moreover, this study confirmed that muography applications require a multidisciplinary approach.

We discuss a study of “minimum bias” collisions and the “underlying event” at CMS (under nominal conditions) by measuring charged particles and muons. The underlying event is studied by examining charged particles in the “transverse” region in charged particle jet production and in the “central” region of Drell-Yan muon-pair production (after removing the muon-pair).

Proceedings of ISMD08

Metal nanoparticles are an important research field for their broad and various application. The modeling of their chemical and physical properties is essential for the correct design of innovative materials. In this study the analytical simulation, based on the bare Mie theory, is directly compared with the measured absorbance spectra of gold colloids, prepared through a seed-mediated process. The goodness in the prediction of the particles dimension gives an indication on the level of precision of the model to simulate the optical behavior of the sample. Then, a discrete simulation is performed, which implements finite element analysis; a good level of agreement with the analytical model is obtained for single isolated nanoparticles, and additional properties like electromagnetic behavior of the particles is modeled. At last the discrete simulation is used to explore complex particle structures, whose analytical simulation is not possible, like dimer, nanoparticles chain and planar distribution. For these configurations, the electric field is analyzed, with particular attention to the best configuration for the field enhancement, and the trend of the absorption spectrum is studied as a function of the relative distance among the particles. The results indicate that the plasmon resonance shifts to the red when array of particles are considered since 10 and 30 nm shift has been observed for a chain of closely spaced nanoparticles and for a planar ordered nanoparticles, respectively.

The work contained herein constitutes a report of the ''Beyond the Standard Model'' working group for the Workshop ''Physics at TeV Colliders'', Les Houches, France, 26 May-6 June, 2003. The research presented is original, and was performed specifically for the workshop. Tools for calculations in the minimal supersymmetric standard model are presented, including a comparison of the dark matter relic density predicted by public codes. Reconstruction of supersymmetric particle masses at the LHC and a future linear collider facility is examined. Less orthodox supersymmetric signals such as non-pointing photons and R-parity violating signals are studied. Features of extra dimensional models are examined next, including measurement strategies for radions and Higgs', as well as the virtual effects of Kaluza Klein modes of gluons. Finally, there is an update on LHC Z' studies.

Interventional Radiology (IR) is a subspecialty of radiology comprehensive of all minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed using radiological devices to obtain image guidance. The interventional procedures are potentially harmful for interventional radiologists and medical staff due to the X-ray diffusion by the patient's body. The characteristic energy range of the diffused photons spans few tens of keV. In this work we will present a proposal for a new X-ray sensing element in the energy range of interest for IR procedures. The sensing element will then be assembled in a dosimeter prototype, capable of real-time measurement, packaged in a small form-factor, with wireless communication and no external power supply to be used for individual operators dosimetry for IR procedures. For the sensor, which is the heart of the system, we considered three different Active Pixel Sensors (APS). They have shown a good capability as single X-ray photon detectors, up to several tens keV photon energy. Two dosimetric quantities have been considered, the number of detected photons and the measured energy deposition. Both observables have a linear dependence with the dose, as measured by commercial dosimeters. The uncertainties in the measurement are dominated by statistic and can be pushed at ∼5% for all the sensors under test.

This paper summarizes the Multiple Parton Interactions studies in CMS, focusing on the already performed low pT QCD measurements up to highest centre of mass energies of 7 TeV and discussing the plans for the direct measurement of the multiple high-pT scatterings. The underlying event in pp interactions is studied measuring the charged multiplicity density and the charged energy density in the transverse region, which is defined considering the azimuthal distance of the reconstructed tracks with respect to the leading track-jet of the event, defined from tracks according to a jet clustering algorithms. In addition, we present the measurement of the underlying event using the jet-area/median approach, demonstrating its sensitivity to different underlying event scenarios. Observations in the central region are complemented by the mea- surement of the energy flow in the forward direction for minimum bias and central di-jet events. We compare our underlying event and forward results with the predictions from different Monte Carlo event generators and tunes, aiming to best parametrize the multiple parton interaction energy de- pendence starting from the Monte Carlo tunes developed to best fit the charged particle spectra measured at central rapidities. Finally we discuss the strategy to directly measure the multiple particle interactions rate focusing on the topologies with two hard scatterings in the same event.

Abstract The vertex detectors for the future hadronic colliders will operate under proton fluencies above 10 16 p/cm 2 . Crystalline Silicon detector technology, up to now, has kept the pace of the increasing fluencies in the LHC era and it is still the prevalent vertex detector material for the present and for the immediate future. Looking ahead in time, an alternative solution for such a detector has to be found because for the future there is no guarantee that Crystalline Silicon will hold this challenge. For this reason the development of hydrogenated amorphous silicon vertex detectors based on 3D-technology have been proposed and the technological solutions in order to build these detectors are described in this paper.

2nd workshop on the implications of HERA for LHC physics. Working groups: Parton Density Functions Multi-jet final states and energy flows Heavy quarks (charm and beauty) Diffraction Cosmic Rays Monte Carlos and Tools

Data storage and data access represent the key of CPU-intensive and data-intensive high performance Grid computing. Hadoop is an open-source data processing framework that includes fault-tolerant and scalable distributed data processing model and execution environment, named MapReduce, and distributed File System, named Hadoop distributed File System (HDFS).

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has remarkable radiation resistance properties and can be deposited on a lot of different substrates. A-Si:H based particle detectors have been built since mid 1980s as planar p-i-n or Schottky diode structures; the thickness of these detectors ranged from 1 to 50 micron. However MIP detection using planar structures has always been problematic due to the poor S/N ratio related to the high leakage current at high depletion voltage and the low charge collection efficiency. The usage of 3D detector architecture can be beneficial for the possibility to reduce inter-electrode distance and increase the thickness of the detector for larger charge generation compared to planar structures. Such a detector can be used for future hadron colliders for its radiation resistance and also for X-ray imaging. Furthermore the possibility of a-Si:H deposition on flexible materials (like kapton) can be exploited to build flexible and thin beam flux measurement detectors and x-ray dosimeters.

<p>Hydrogenated amorphous silicon is a well known detector material for its radiation resistance. This study concern 10 µm thickness, p-i-n and charge selective contacts planar diode detectors which were irradiated with neutrons at two fluence values: 1016 neq/cm2 and 5 x 1016 neq/cm2. In order to evaluate their radiation resistance, detector leakage current and response to X-ray photons have been measured. The effect of annealing for performance recovery at 100°C for 12 and 24 hours has also been studied. The results for the 1016 neq/cm2 irradiation show a factor 2 increase in leakage current that is completely recovered after annealing for p-i-n devices while charge selective contacts devices show an overall decrease of the leakage current at the end of the annealing process compared to the measurement before the irradiation. X-ray dosimetric sensitivity degrades, for this fluence, at the end of irradiation but partially recovers for charge selective contacts devices and increases for p-i-n devices at the end of the annealing process. Concerning the 5 x 1016 neq/cm2 irradiation test (for p-i-n structures only), due to the activation that occurred during the irradiation phase, the results were taken after 146 days of storage at around 0° C, during this period, a self-annealing effect may have occurred. Therefore the results after annealing show a small but noticeable degradation in leakage current and x-ray sensitivity, after irradiation and storage. </p>

In this paper, by means of high-resolution photoemission, soft X-ray absorption and atomic force microscopy, we investigate, for the first time, the mechanisms of damaging, induced by neutron source, and recovering (after annealing) of p-i-n detector devices based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). This investigation will be performed by mean of high-resolution photoemission, soft X-Ray absorption and atomic force microscopy. Due to dangling bonds, the amorphous silicon is a highly defective material. However, by hydrogenation it is possible to reduce the density of the defect by several orders of magnitude, using hydrogenation and this will allow its usage in radiation detector devices. The investigation of the damage induced by exposure to high energy irradiation and its microscopic origin is fundamental since the amount of defects determine the electronic properties of the a-Si:H. The comparison of the spectroscopic results on bare and irradiated samples shows an increased degree of disorder and a strong reduction of the Si-H bonds after irradiation. After annealing we observe a partial recovering of the Si-H bonds, reducing the disorder in the Si (possibly due to the lowering of the radiation-induced dangling bonds). Moreover, effects in the uppermost coating are also observed by spectroscopies.

The work contained herein constitutes a report of the ``Beyond the Standard Model'' working group for the Workshop Physics at TeV Colliders, Les Houches, France, 26 May--6 June, 2003. The research presented is original, and was performed specifically for the workshop. Tools for calculations in the minimal supersymmetric standard model are presented, including a comparison of the dark matter relic density predicted by public codes. Reconstruction of supersymmetric particle masses at the LHC and a future linear collider facility is examined. Less orthodox supersymmetric signals such as non-pointing photons and R-parity violating signals are studied. Features of extra dimensional models are examined next, including measurement strategies for radions and Higgs', as well as the virtual effects of Kaluza Klein modes of gluons. An LHC search strategy for a heavy top found in many little Higgs model is presented and finally, there is an update on LHC $Z'$ studies.

These proceedings collect the presentations given at the first three meetings of the INFN "Workshop on Monte Carlo's, Physics and Simulations at the LHC", held at the Frascati National Laboratories in 2006. The first part of these proceedings contains pedagogical introductions to several basic topics of both theoretical and experimental high pT LHC physics. The second part collects more specialised presentations.

The performance of a jet-energy-correction algorithm using reconstructed charged particle tracks is presented. The jet energy correction allows the jet energy scale to be restored and improves the energy resolution for jets with energies up to 120 GeV. For low energy jets (20 GeV) it improves the resolution by a factor 1.7 with respect to uncorrected jets. For 100 GeV jets the resolution improves by 15%. The deviation from unity of the ratio of the reconstructed to the generator jet transverse energies decreases by a factor two for low- $\rm E_{\rm T}$ jets ( $\rm E_{\rm T} < 30$ GeV). For high- $\rm E_{\rm T}$ jets, this ratio amounts to $1.00\pm0.04$ .

The increment of luminosity at HL-LHC will require the introduction of tracker information at Level-1 trigger system for the experiments in order to maintain an acceptable trigger rate for selecting interesting events despite the one order of increased magnitude in the minimum bias interactions. In order to extract the track information in the required latency (∼ 5–10 μ s depending on the experiment), a dedicated hardware processor needs to be used. We here propose a prototype system (Pattern Recognition Mezzanine) as core of pattern recognition and track fitting for HL-LHC experiments, combining the power of both Associative Memory custom ASIC and modern Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices.

A proposal for a pixel-based Level 1 trigger for the Super-LHC is presented. The trigger is based on fast track reconstruction using the full pixel granularity exploiting a readout which connects different layers in specific trigger towers. The trigger will implement the current CMS high level trigger functionality in a novel concept of intelligent detector. A possible layout is discussed and implications on data links are evaluated.

The employment of remote sensing (RS) survey methods, in particular of close-range methods, as part of the muon imaging process is becoming a topic of growing interest. Use of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) methodologies, like terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), together with the unmanned aerial vehicles digital photogrammetry (UAV-DP) and satellite data are proving to be fundamental tools to carry out a reliable muographic measurements campaign. The main purpose of this presentation is to show the importance of correctly plan TLS and UAV-DP field surveys for muon radiography applications. To this aim, a real case study is presented: the research of hidden tombs at the Volumni Hypogeum archeo-geosite (Umbria, Italy). A high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) and three-dimensional models of the surface/sub-surface were created merging different RS survey methods. The muon flux transmission was measured using the MIMA detector prototype (Muon Imaging for Mining and Archaeology). The latter is a small tracker (0.5 x 0.5. x 0.5 m3) developed by the physicists of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), unit of Florence, and the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Florence. The measured muon flux was compared to the simulated one, obtained using the three-dimensional created environment, to infer information about the average density of the studied target along the various LoS (line of sight). The study highlights the importance of correctly carrying out the TLS and UAV-DP survey to make reliable hypotheses and decisions throughout the muographic measurement campaign. Furthermore, we pointed out how the precision of the tridimensional data can bias the muon imaging results.

Over the past two decades, significant efforts have been made to diversify the tourism industry and enhance its educational experience. One such endeavor is urban trekking and geotourism, which have emerged as important means of promoting geological knowledge. The recent advancements in augmented reality technologies as well as the increasing availability of ‘born digital’ data such as those gathered from social media create a basis for the development of immersive and customized touristic experiences. Urban scientific heritage, augmented reality, and data mining are the key elements of the HUSH project. Its first focus is the identification of the naturalistic components in a given urban area (flora, fauna, and geological features) through literature surveys and scientific research. These factors become points of interest (PoIs) along touristic paths, where they are connected to the historical and artistic components of the area. Augmented reality serves as the medium through which the user can access this content. The contents are delivered as videos, text, images, or interactive 3D models. The mobile application from this project is a useful tool for promoting geoheritage and naturalistic values in urban areas and for improving the awareness and the sustainability of our cities.

We present the beam test results of single-sided silicon microstrip detectors, with different substrate resistivities. The effects of radiation damage are studied for a detector irradiated to a fluence of 2.4×1014n/cm2. The detectors are read out with the APV6 chip, which is compatible with the 40MHz LHC clock. The performance of different detectors and readout modes are studied in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and efficiency.

The increase of luminosity at HL-LHC will require the introduction of tracker information at Level-1 trigger system for the experiments to maintain an acceptable trigger rate to select interesting events despite the one order of magnitude increase in the minimum bias interactions. To extract in the required latency the track information a dedicated hardware has to be used. We present the tests of a prototype system (Pattern Recognition Mezzanine) as core of pattern recognition and track fitting for HL-LHC ATLAS and CMS experiments, combining the power of both Associative Memory custom ASIC and modern Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices.

&lt;p&gt;Hydrogenated amorphous silicon is a well known detector material for its radiation resistance. This study concern 10 µm thickness, p-i-n and charge selective contacts planar diode detectors which were irradiated with neutrons at two fluence values: 1016 neq/cm2 and 5 x 1016 neq/cm2. In order to evaluate their radiation resistance, detector leakage current and response to X-ray photons have been measured. The effect of annealing for performance recovery at 100°C for 12 and 24 hours has also been studied. The results for the 1016 neq/cm2 irradiation show a factor 2 increase in leakage current that is completely recovered after annealing for p-i-n devices while charge selective contacts devices show an overall decrease of the leakage current at the end of the annealing process compared to the measurement before the irradiation. X-ray dosimetric sensitivity degrades, for this fluence, at the end of irradiation but partially recovers for charge selective contacts devices and increases for p-i-n devices at the end of the annealing process. Concerning the 5 x 1016 neq/cm2 irradiation test (for p-i-n structures only), due to the activation that occurred during the irradiation phase, the results were taken after 146 days of storage at around 0° C, during this period, a self-annealing effect may have occurred. Therefore the results after annealing show a small but noticeable degradation in leakage current and x-ray sensitivity, after irradiation and storage. &lt;/p&gt;

We review the recent progress in the theoretical description and experimental observation of multiple parton interactions. Subjects covered include experimental measurements of minimum bias interactions and of the underlying event, models of soft physics implemented in Monte Carlo generators, developments in the theoretical description of multiple parton interactions and phenomenological studies of double parton scattering. This article stems from contributions presented at the Helmholtz Alliance workshop on ”Multi-Parton Interactions at the LHC”, DESY Hamburg, 13-15 September 2010.

One of the most promising channels to discover a “light” Higgs boson (mass of 120 − 130 GeV / c 2 ) with the CMS detector at LHC is the t t ¯ H channel. In this study we investigate the possibility of selecting this channel from the QCD multijets background. We present a High Level Trigger selection for the t t ¯ H decaying in fully hadronic final states. The basic idea is to use a fast b-tagging algorithm after the Level-1 trigger selection based on the number of jets and energy cuts. The main background source considered is direct QCD multijet production with pile up at low luminosity ( 2 × 10 33 cm −2 s −1 ) scenario.

Interventional radiologists and staff members, during all their professional activities, are frequently exposed to protracted and fractionated low doses of ionizing radiation. Due to of skin tissues and peripheral blood irradiation, these exposures can result in deterministic effects (radiodermatitis, aged skin, hands depilation) or stochastic ones (skin and non-solid cancers incidence). The authors present a novel approach to perform on line monitoring of the staff during their interventions by using a device based on an Active Pixel Sensor. A good linearity with passive dosimeters (TLD) dose measurements has been demonstrated and the response difference between pulsed and continuous operational modes is reduced to less than 10%, marking a distinct improvement with respect to commercial active pixel dosimeters (APDs).

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) can be produced by plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) of SiH4 (Silane) mixed with Hydrogen. The resulting material shows outstanding radiation resistance properties and can be deposited on a wide variety of different substrates. These devices have been used to detect many different kinds of radiation namely: MIPs, x-rays, neutrons and ions as well as low energy protons and alphas. However, MIP detection using planar diodes has always been difficult due to the unsatisfactory S/N ratio arising from a combination of high leakage current, high capacitance and a limited charge collection efficiency (50% at best for a 30 &amp;micro;m planar diode). To overcome these limitations the 3D-SiAm collaboration proposes to use a 3D detector geometry. The use of vertical electrodes allows for a small collection distance to be maintained while conserving a large detector thickness for charge generation. The depletion voltage in this configuration can be kept below 400 V with consequent reduction in the leakage current. In this paper, following a detailed description of the fabrication process, the results of the tests performed on the planar p-i-n structures made with ion implantation of the dopants and with carrier selective contacts will be illustrated.

pilot Project, started in mid-2012 as a joint collaboration among the Marche Region,

[1] Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Perugia [2] Universita degli Studi di Perugia [3] ASL 3 Umbria, Ospedale di Foligno, Foligno [4] Universita “Sapienza”, Roma [5] ASL 1 Umbria, Ospedale di Citta di Castello, Citta di Castello [*] Contact: leonello.servoli@pg.infn.it [a] Supported by a grant from Regione Umbria (Progetto POR Umbria FSE 2007-2013). Research Partially funded by Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia, Bando Ricerca di Base 2010 code number: 2010.011.0421 and 2010.011.0474

The production at the LHC of exotic excited leptons of charge $Q = +2e$ is considered. Such states are predicted in composite models with extended isospin multiplets ($I_{W}=1$ and $I_{W}=3/2$). The coupling among these doubly charged leptons and Standard Model fermions may occurs either via gauge or contact interactions. In the former case the decay channels are more constrained. We study the production cross section at the LHC of $L^{++}$ ($pp \rightarrow L^{++} \, \ell^{-}$) and focus on the leptonic signature deriving from the subsequent decays $L^{++} \rightarrow W^{+} \ell^{+} \rightarrow \ell^{+} \ \ell^{+} \, ν_l $. The invariant mass distribution of the like-sign dilepton exhibits a sharp end-point corresponding to excited doubly charged lepton mass $m^{*}$. A preliminary study for the production of doubly charged leptons at the future linear colliders, by considering the process $e^{-} e^{-} \rightarrow L_{e}^{--} \, ν_{e}$, is carried out. Both the contact and gauge interaction mechanisms are investigated and compared.

Interventional radiologists and staff members are frequently exposed to protracted and fractionated low doses of ionizing radiation due to diffused X-ray radiation. The authors propose a novel approach to monitor on line staff during their interventions by using a device based on an Active Pixel Sensor developed for tracking applications. Two different photodiode configurations have been tested in standard Interventional Radiology working conditions. Both options have demonstrated the capability to measure the photon flux and the energy flux to a sufficient degree of uncertainty.

These proceedings collect the presentations given at the first three meetings of the INFN "Workshop on Monte Carlo's, Physics and Simulations at the LHC", held at the Frascati National Laboratories in 2006. The first part of these proceedings contains pedagogical introductions to several basic topics of both theoretical and experimental high pT LHC physics. The second part collects more specialised presentations.

&lt;p&gt;Hydrogenated amorphous silicon is a well known detector material for its radiation resistance. This study concern 10 µm thickness, p-i-n and charge selective contacts planar diode detectors which were irradiated with neutrons at two fluence values: 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; n&lt;sub&gt;eq&lt;/sub&gt;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and 5 x 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; n&lt;sub&gt;eq&lt;/sub&gt;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. In order to evaluate their radiation resistance, detector leakage current and response to X-ray photons have been measured. The effect of annealing for performance recovery at 100°C for 12 and 24 hours has also been studied. The results for the 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; n&lt;sub&gt;eq&lt;/sub&gt;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; irradiation show a factor 2 increase in leakage current that is completely recovered after annealing for p-i-n devices while charge selective contacts devices show an overall decrease of the leakage current at the end of the annealing process compared to the measurement before the irradiation. X-ray dosimetric sensitivity degrades, for this fluence, at the end of irradiation but partially recovers for charge selective contacts devices and increases for p-i-n devices at the end of the annealing process. Concerning the 5 x 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; n&lt;sub&gt;eq&lt;/sub&gt;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; irradiation test (for p-i-n structures only), due to the activation occurred during the irradiation phase, the results were taken after 146 days of storage around 0° C when a self-annealing effect may have occurred. Nevertheless the results shows a degradation in leakage current and x-ray sensitivity which changes very little after annealing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Hydrogenated amorphous silicon is a well known detector material for its radiation resistance. This study concern 10 µm thickness, p-i-n and charge selective contacts planar diode detectors which were irradiated with neutrons at two fluence values: 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; n&lt;sub&gt;eq&lt;/sub&gt;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and 5 x 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; n&lt;sub&gt;eq&lt;/sub&gt;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. In order to evaluate their radiation resistance, detector leakage current and response to X-ray photons have been measured. The effect of annealing for performance recovery at 100°C for 12 and 24 hours has also been studied. The results for the 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; n&lt;sub&gt;eq&lt;/sub&gt;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; irradiation show a factor 2 increase in leakage current that is completely recovered after annealing for p-i-n devices while charge selective contacts devices show an overall decrease of the leakage current at the end of the annealing process compared to the measurement before the irradiation. X-ray dosimetric sensitivity degrades, for this fluence, at the end of irradiation but partially recovers for charge selective contacts devices and increases for p-i-n devices at the end of the annealing process. Concerning the 5 x 10&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt; n&lt;sub&gt;eq&lt;/sub&gt;/cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; irradiation test (for p-i-n structures only), due to the activation occurred during the irradiation phase, the results were taken after 146 days of storage around 0° C when a self-annealing effect may have occurred. Nevertheless the results shows a degradation in leakage current and x-ray sensitivity which changes very little after annealing.&lt;/p&gt;

The continuous monitoring and real time analysis of chemical-physical parameters of freshwater flows is of fundamental importance for numerous strategic activities. For instance, the management of water resources, environmental monitoring and the study of chemical-physical and quantitative variations before and after major seismic events affecting areas where important aquifers are located. A low-cost and energy autonomous wireless sensing system has been developed for continuous water chemical-physical monitoring. In particular, the sensing system is capable of measuring the dissolved carbon dioxide (dCO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ) in water along with salinity, conductivity and temperature through a low-power (< 3 mW) infrared sensor.

An important tool for the discovery of new physics at LHC is the design of a low level trigger with an high power of background rejection. The contribution of pixel detector to the lowest level trigger at CMS is studied focusing on low-energy jet identification, matching the information from calorimeters and pixel detector. In addition, primary vertex algorithms are investigated. The performances are evaluated in terms of, respectively, QCD rejection and multihadronic jets final states efficiency.

Harvesting dispersed computational resources is nowadays an important and strategic topic especially in an environment, like the computational science one, where computing needs constantly increase.On the other hand managing dispersed resources might not be neither an easy task not costly effective.We successfully explored the use of OpenStack middleware to achieve this objective, our man goal is not only the resource harvesting but also to provide a modern paradigm of computing and data usage access.In the present work we will illustrate a real example on how to build a geographically distributed cloud to share and manage computing and storage resources, owned by heterogeneous cooperating entities

This paper presents an overview of the electrical parameters commonly measured for the electrical certification of silicon micro-strip sensors. Mainly, parameters which contribute to the noise at the input of the read-out electronics will be described: the single-strip leakage current, the biasing resistance (the poly-silicon resistance for poly-silicon biasing and the bias-ring to strip resistance for punch-through biasing), the dielectric current and the coupling capacitance (for AC-coupling). Global parameters like total capacitance and total leakage current will be also presented. The general characteristics of the hardware system and a description of the electrical set-up configurations recommended for an accurate measurement of the electrical parameters will be also illustrated.

There are many possibilities for new physics beyond the Standard Model that feature non-standard Higgs sectors. These may introduce new sources of CP violation, and there may be mixing between multiple Higgs bosons or other new scalar bosons. Alternatively, the Higgs may be a composite state, or there may even be no Higgs at all. These non-standard Higgs scenarios have important implications for collider physics as well as for cosmology, and understanding their phenomenology is essential for a full comprehension of electroweak symmetry breaking. This report discusses the most relevant theories which go beyond the Standard Model and its minimal, CP-conserving supersymmetric extension: two-Higgs-doublet models and minimal supersymmetric models with CP violation, supersymmetric models with an extra singlet, models with extra gauge groups or Higgs triplets, Little Higgs models, models in extra dimensions, and models with technicolour or other new strong dynamics. For each of these scenarios, this report presents an introduction to the phenomenology, followed by contributions on more detailed theoretical aspects and studies of possible experimental signatures at the LHC and other colliders.

CMSsiliconmicrostripdetectors of different types equipped with the APV readoutchips have been exposed to a high intensity 350 MeV/c pion beam. We study theperformance of irradiated and non-irradiated silicon sensors as well as the readoutchip behavior. Maximum signal to noise for the irradiated oxygenated sensor hasreached 15 in deconvolution mode.

The emission mechanism from X-ray soturces in close binary stars is studied.It is suggested that pair production may play an important role in the X-ray emission region which is formed by the accretion of a compact object(a neutron star or a black hole).The present model accounts qualitatively for the following observed general properties in X-ray binaries: 1.The X-ray luminosity lies within the range 10~(36)—10~(38)erg/sec. 2.The X-ray energy spectrum can in the majority of cases be represented either the power-law or the thermal bremsstrahlung form. 3.The temperature of the thermal bremsstrahlung spectrum is the order of 10~8K. 4.The form of the energy spectrum does not change appreciably when the luminosity fluctuates.