K. Klein

Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a potentially lethal zoonosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis. The aim of this systematic review is to establish a comprehensive global AE literature overview taking into account the epidemiologically relevant AE research of the twenty-first century.We systematically searched the global literature published from 2001 through 2018 via MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Russian databases eLIBRARY.RU, CyberLeninka, the Chinese databases CNKI, VIP, Journals.ac.ir (Farsi language-based), Jordan E-Library (Arab language-based) and supplementary Google Scholar, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. QGIS software was used for the mapping of the affected countries.We have listed 154 relevant publications in the final literature synopsis in consideration of our quality assessment. Including non-autochthonous cases, human AE was reported in 36 countries within the northern hemisphere from 2001 to 2018. The first publication of AE in Tajikistan, Pakistan, South Korea, Belgium, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia and Morocco occurred in this century; further first cases in Taiwan, Thailand, and Denmark were considered to be non-autochthonous by the authors. The highest total case numbers (n ≥ 100 in a single article) were reported in France, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, and Lithuania, including China and Kyrgyzstan with by far the highest prevalence figures.Our paper emphasises the increasing spread of reported cases and the rise in its numbers in the literature of the twenty-first century, especially in western, northern and eastern Europe, as well as in central Asia. Epidemiological studies on human infections are lacking in many parts of the world.

Air–water heat pumps suffer from reduced thermal output and poor efficiency in cold conditions. As a consequence, they are usually vastly overdimensioned for most of the heating season. These inherent disadvantages are largely mitigated in hybrid systems, in which a second heat generator provides heating support when required. In this work, a hybrid heat pump system for existing buildings consisting of a retrofitted air–water heat pump and a gas boiler is modeled and examined in full-year dynamic numerical simulations. It is benchmarked with comparable monovalent systems for a 1970s’ single family home as well as a renovated variant of the same building. The nominal thermal output of the AWHP as well as the volume of the buffer storage tank are varied in order to study their impact on system performance. With the renovated building model, significantly higher efficiencies (SPF 3.88 vs. 3.34) and load factors (0.57 vs. 0.36) are achieved. Medium-sized heat pumps attain the highest SPF values, the reason for which is rooted in the alternative-parallel bivalent operation scheme and the dependency of the bivalence point on the heat pump characteristic. The volume of the buffer storage tank has very limited impact on system performance.

An upgrade program is planned for the LHC which will smoothly bring the luminosity up to or above 5×1034 cm−2 s−1 sometimes after 2020, to possibly reach an integrated luminosity of 3000 fb−1 at the end of that decade. In this ultimate scenario, called Phase-2, when LHC will reach the High Luminosity phase (HL-LHC), CMS will need a completely new Tracker detector, in order to fully exploit the highly-demanding operating conditions and the delivered luminosity. The new Tracker should have also trigger capabilities. To achieve such goals, R&D activities are ongoing to explore options and develop solutions that would allow including tracking information at Level-1. The design choices for the CMS pixel and outer tracker upgrades are discussed along with some highlights of the R&D activities and expected detector performance.

A obesidade infantil é uma doença em ascensão no Brasil e no mundo, sendo uma problemática de saúde pública. A estimativa da OMS é que esse número chegue a 11,3 milhões em 2025. Objetivo: Analisando a situação da obesidade em crianças no Brasil, em nível nacional e regional, assim como seus motivos. Metodologia: Este estudo foi conduzido em Setembro de 2023, foram identificados 16.247 artigos em diversas bases de dados, dos quais foram selecionados 14 artigos para esta revisão bibliográfica. Resultados: Foi constatado que meninas são mais afetadas pela obesidade do que meninos. Também foi visto que as regiões Sul e Sudeste apresentam maiores índices de obesidade infantil no Brasil. Conclusão: É evidente o aumento preocupante da obesidade em crianças no Brasil, originado por diversos fatores, portanto medidas urgentes são necessárias para enfrentar este problema que representa uma ameaça à saúde pública e ao bem-estar da infância.

Abstract The CMS Tracker Phase-2 Upgrade requires the production of new sensor modules to cope with the requirements of the HL-LHC. The two main building blocks of the Outer Tracker are the Strip-Strip and Pixel-Strip modules. All-together 47'520 hybrid circuits will be produced to construct 8'000 Strip-Strip and 5'880 Pixel-Strip modules. The circuit designs for the mass production were fine-tuned and kick-off batches were manufactured to verify the latest changes in the designs before the series production. This contribution focuses on lessons learned from the prototyping stage, design optimization details for the mass production as well as test results and production yield from the kick-off batches.

Future particle accelerators will require continuous wave operation of SRF cavities capable of supporting high beam currents. An example of this is the Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) at Cornell University, a next generation light source designed to run high currents (100 mA) with a high bunch repetition rate (1.3 GHz). Obtaining the beam emittance necessary to meet design specification requires strong damping of higher-order modes that can lead to beam breakup. We discuss the optimization and verification of the accelerating cavity. Next we show that an ERL constructed from the optimized cavity geometry – including realistic shape errors – can support beam currents in excess of 300 mA while still maintaining beam stability. A niobium prototype 7-cell cavity was fabricated and tested in a horizontal cryomodule. We show that the prototype cavity exceeds quality factor and gradient specifications of 2×1010 at 16.2 MV/m at 1.8 K by 50%, reaching Q=(3.0±0.3)×1010. The prototype cavity also satisfies all design constraints and has a higher order mode spectrum consistent with the optimized shape geometry. At 1.6 K, the cavity set a record for quality factor of a multicell cavity installed in a horizontal cryomodule reaching Q=(6.1±0.6)×1010.

Abstract The CMS experiment plans to replace its silicon pixel detector with a new one with improved rate capability and an additional detection layer at the end of 2016. In order to cope with the increased number of detector modules the new pixel detector will be powered via DC–DC converters close to the sensitive detector volume. This paper reviews the DC–DC powering scheme and reports on the ongoing R&D program to develop converters for the pixel upgrade. Design choices are discussed and results from the electrical and thermal characterisation of converter prototypes are shown. An emphasis is put on system tests with up to 24 converters. The performance of pixel modules powered by DC–DC converters is compared to conventional powering. The integration of the DC–DC powering scheme into the pixel detector is described and system design issues are reviewed.

The pixel detector of the CMS experiment will be exchanged during the year-end technical stop in 2016/2017, as part of the experiment's Phase-1 upgrade. The new device will feature approximately twice the number of readout channels, and consequently the power consumption will be doubled. By moving to a DC-DC conversion powering scheme, it is possible to power the new pixel detector with the existing power supplies and cable plant.

During summer 2006 a fraction of the CMS silicon strip tracker was operated in a comprehensive slice test called the Magnet Test and Cosmic Challenge (MTCC). At the MTCC, cosmic rays detected in the muon chambers were used to trigger the readout of all CMS sub-detectors in the general data acquisition system and in the presence of the 4 T magnetic field produced by the CMS superconducting solenoid. This document describes the operation of the Tracker hardware and software prior, during and after data taking. The performance of the detector as resulting from the MTCC data analysis is also presented.

Abstract Fifty thousand hybrid circuits of five different types will be manufactured for the Phase-2 Upgrade of the CMS Outer Tracker. These circuits must undergo a strict quality control process, composed of functional testing and visual inspection, before they can be assembled into modules. The hybrids will be functionally tested first at the manufacturing site. Afterwards, they will be visually inspected and functionally tested again at CERN or at collaborating institutes. Results from these processes will be stored in the CMS production database. This paper presents the software tools developed to carry out these tasks.

During the first run, CMS collected and processed more than 10B data events and simulated more than 15B events. Up to 100k processor cores were used simultaneously and 100PB of storage was managed. Each month petabytes of data were moved and hundreds of users accessed data samples. In this document we discuss the operational experience from this first run. We present the workflows and data flows that were executed, and we discuss the tools and services developed, and the operations and shift models used to sustain the system. Many techniques were followed from the original computing planning, but some were reactions to difficulties and opportunities. We also address the lessons learned from an operational perspective, and how this is shaping our thoughts for 2015.

The CMS pixel detector was designed for a nominal instantaneous LHC luminosity of 1⋅1034 cm−2s−1. During Phase-1 of the LHC upgrade, the instantaneous luminosity will be increased to about twice this value. To preserve the excellent performance of the pixel detector despite the increase in particle rates and track densities, the CMS Collaboration foresees the exchange of its pixel detector in the shutdown 2016/2017. The new pixel detector will be improved in many respects, and will comprise twice the number of readout channels. A powering scheme based on DC-DC conversion will be adopted, which will enable the provision of the required power with the present cable plant.

The CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Geneva, is planning major upgrades of its current pixel and strip detectors for the LHC luminosity upgrade, known as the SLHC. Due to the larger channel count and — in case of the strip tracker — increased functionality, the powering scheme adopted today, namely parallel powering of several detector modules, has to be abandoned. Instead, a powering scheme based on the DC-DC conversion technique is foreseen, which would lead to lower power losses in the supply cables, and would allow to reduce the material budget of cables and associated electronic boards in the sensitive detector volume.

A novel powering scheme based on the DC-DC conversion technique will be exploited to power the CMS Phase-1 pixel detector. DC-DC buck converters for the CMS pixel project have been developed, based on the AMIS5 ASIC designed by CERN. The powering system of the Phase-1 pixel detector is described and the performance of the converter prototypes is detailed, including power efficiency, stability of the output voltage, shielding, and thermal management. Results from a test of the magnetic field tolerance of the DC-DC converters are reported. System tests with pixel modules using many components of the future pixel barrel system are summarized. Finally first impressions from a pre-series of 200 DC-DC converters are presented.

A new pixel detector for the CMS experiment was built in order to cope with the instantaneous luminosities anticipated for the Phase~I Upgrade of the LHC. The new CMS pixel detector provides four-hit tracking with a reduced material budget as well as new cooling and powering schemes. A new front-end readout chip mitigates buffering and bandwidth limitations, and allows operation at low comparator thresholds. In this paper, comprehensive test beam studies are presented, which have been conducted to verify the design and to quantify the performance of the new detector assemblies in terms of tracking efficiency and spatial resolution. Under optimal conditions, the tracking efficiency is $99.95\pm0.05\,\%$, while the intrinsic spatial resolutions are $4.80\pm0.25\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ and $7.99\pm0.21\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ along the $100\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ and $150\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ pixel pitch, respectively. The findings are compared to a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of the pixel detector and good agreement is found.

Objective: To determine the usefulness of sonographic screening of the newborn kidneys and urinary tract over a 10-year time period.Methods: Ultrasound screening of the kidneys and the urinary tract was performed between the third and tenth day after birth on 11.887 newborn infants.The classification of renal pyelectasis (RPE) according to the Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) was used.We evaluated infant renal pathologies and correlated them with the gestational age and weight at birth.Results: Renal pyelectasis (grades 1-4) was detected in 179 cases (1.5%); it was significantly more common in male (vs female) infants (p < 0.001).One-(vs two-) sided dilatation of the renal pelvis was more common, with the left side dominating (p < 0.05).Renal pyelectasis was occasionally associated with parenchymal and positional anomalies, such as nephrocalcinosis (0.27%), double kidneys (0.24%), horseshoe kidneys (0.11%), pelvic kidneys (0.08%), multicystic (0.07%) and polycystic (0.025%) kidneys.In infants with renal pyelectasis grade 4 (n = 36), gestational diabetes mellitus of the mother and birth weight > 4.000 g were the most significant risk factors (p < 0.01).Conclusions: Renal pyelectasis grades 1-4 was detected in only 1.5% of 11.887 consecutive infants subjected to sonographic screening of the kidneys and the urinary tract within the first 10 days after birth.Sonographic screening of the kidneys and the urinary tract is a non-invasive and effective screening method after birth.It allows planning for appropriate diagnostic tests and therapeutic procedures in a timely fashion.

Inelastic nuclear collisions of hadrons incident on silicon sensors can generate secondary highly ionising particles (HIPs) and deposit as much energy within the sensor bulk as several hundred minimum ionising particles. The large signals generated by these ‘HIP events’ can momentarily saturate the APV25 front-end readout chip for the silicon strip tracker (SST) sub-detector of the compact muon solenoid (CMS) experiment, resulting in deadtime in the detector readout system. This paper presents studies of this phenomenon through simulation, laboratory measurements and dedicated beam tests. A proposed change to a front-end component to reduce the APV25 sensitivity to HIP events is also examined. The results are used to infer the expected effect on the performance of the CMS SST at the future large hadron collider. The induced inefficiencies are at the percent level and will have a negligible effect on the physics performance of the SST.

A tracker powering scheme based on DC–DC converters close to the detector modules can supply more power through thinner cables. This will allow to satisfy the increased power demands of tracking systems at the SLHC. This article describes the development of DC–DC converters for upgrades of the CMS pixel and tracking systems and addresses system integration issues.

The CMS experiment features a pixel detector with three barrel layers and two discs per side, corresponding to an active silicon area of 1 m2. The detector delivered high-quality data during LHC Run 1. However, the CMS pixel detector was designed for the nominal instantaneous LHC luminosity of 1·1034cm−2s−1. It is expected that the instantaneous luminosity will increase and reach twice the design value before Long Shutdown 3, scheduled for 2023. Under such conditions, the present readout chip would suffer from data loss due to buffer overflow, leading to significant inefficiencies of up to 16%. The CMS collaboration is presently constructing a new pixel detector to replace the present device during the winter shutdown 2016/2017. The design of this new detector will be outlined, the construction status summarized and the performance described.

The upgrade of the CMS silicon tracker for the Super-LHC presents many challenges. The distribution of power to the tracker is considered particularly difficult, as the tracker power consumption is expected to be similar to or higher than today, while the operating voltage will decrease and power cables cannot be exchanged or added. The CMS tracker has adopted parallel powering with DC-DC conversion as the baseline solution to the powering problem. In this paper, experimental studies of such a DC-DC conversion powering scheme are presented, including system test measurements with custom DC-DC converters and current strip tracker structures, studies of the detector susceptibility to conductive noise, and simulations of the effect of novel powering schemes on the strip tracker material budget.

With an active silicon area of more than 200 squaremetres, the silicon strip tracker of the CMS experiment, one of the experiments currently under construction for the future Large Hadron Collider at CERN, will be by far the largest silicon tracker in the world. Efficient mass production and rigid quality control are crucial to finish the detector, comprising of more than 15000 silicon strip modules, in time with optimal quality. After excellent performance of substructures has been proven in various test beam experiments, integration of the active detector elements into the mechanical support structures as well as cabling and testing of these integrated structures has now started. In this article the CMS silicon strip tracker is described. Production, quality control and integration procedures are outlined and the detector status is reviewed. The detector performance in a recent test beam experiment is summarized.

The CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Geneva, houses the largest silicon strip tracker ever built. For the foreseen luminosity upgrade of the LHC, the Super-LHC, however, a completely new silicon tracker will have to be constructed. One out of several major improvements currently under consideration is the implementation of a track trigger, with tracking information being provided to the first level trigger. Such an intelligent tracker design, utilising fast digital readout electronics, will most certainly lead to an increased power consumption, compared to today's tracker. In combination with the desire to reduce the amount of passive material inside the tracking volume and the impracticality to exchange or even add additional supply cables, a novel powering scheme will be inevitable. In this article a powering scheme based on DC-DC conversion is proposed, and requirements for the DC-DC converters are discussed. Studies of important DC-DC converter quantities such as the power efficiency, conducted and radiated noise levels, and material budget are presented, and a possible implementation of DC-DC buck converters into one proposed track trigger layout is sketched.

Abstract This paper will describe the development and testing of a new ARM© Cortex©-M based microcontroller for high temperature electronic systems. High temperature and electrical overstresses can cause latch-up in CMOS devices that will interfere with normal device operation or destroy the device. For reliable operation in the downhole drilling environment it was necessary to immunize this device against latch-up using an innovation processing technique. HARDSIL® technology that allows reliable latch-up free operation at extreme temperatures will be described. Details on the qualification and testing of the product to ensure that it meets the challenging environment will also be discussed. This includes electrical testing and temperature cycling testing to ensure that the different package options for the silicon device are mechanically sound in a high temperature environment that exposes the silicon and packaging materials to thermal cycling. The ecosystem for the microcontroller will also be discussed – hardware and software development tools are required to optimize the use of the device in extreme temperature embedded systems. An ecosystem of components is also required to operate with the microcontroller in the high temperature harsh environment.

The delivery of power is considered to be one of the major challenges for the upgrade of the CMS silicon strip tracker for SLHC. The inevitable increase in granularity and complexity of the device is expected to result in a power consumption comparable or even higher than the power consumption of todays’ strip tracker. However, the space available for cables will remain the same. In addition, a further increase of the tracker material budget due to cables and cooling is considered inacceptable, as the performance of the CMS detector must not be compromised for the upgrade. Novel powering schemes such as serial powering or usage of DC-DC converters have been proposed to solve the problem. To test the second option, substructures of the current CMS silicon strip tracker have been operated for the first time with off-the-shelf DC-DC buck converters as well as with first prototypes of custom-designed DC-DC converters. The tests are described and the results are discussed.

Abstract For the CMS tracker Phase-2 upgrade new modules with silicon strip sensors are being developed.Each module features a Service Hybrid (SEH), which is responsible for the distribution of low voltages to the module components using a two-stage DC-DC conversion scheme.For modules equipped with the latest generation of SEHs an increase in module noise has been observed.A setup for inducing radiative noise with external magnetic fields that are frequency- and location-dependent is presented.Measurements carried out on modules from different prototyping phases show that the sensitivity is similar across generations, which indicates that radiative coupling into the sensor or readout electronics is not responsible for the observed noise increase.

The CMS pixel detector will be replaced during the technical stop 2016/2017. To allow the new pixel detector to be powered with the legacy cable plant and power supplies, a novel powering scheme based on DC–DC conversion will be employed. After the successful conclusion of an extensive development and prototyping phase, mass production of 1800 DC–DC converters as well as motherboards and other power PCBs has now been completed. This contribution reviews the lessons learned from the development of the power system for the Phase-1 pixel detector, and summarizes the experience gained from the production phase.

The ``2S'' silicon strip modules for the CMS Phase-2 tracker upgrade will require two operating voltages. These will be provided via a two-step DC-DC conversion powering scheme, in which one DC-DC converter delivers 2.5 V while the second DC-DC converter receives 2.5 V at its input and converts it to 1.2 V. The DC-DC converters will be mounted on a flex PCB, the service hybrid, together with an opto-electrical converter module (VTRx+) and a serializer (LP-GBT). The service hybrid will be mounted directly on the 2S module. A prototype service hybrid has been developed and its performance has been evaluated, including radiative and conductive noise emissions, and efficiency. In addition system tests with a prototype module have been performed. In this work the service hybrid will be described and the test results will be summarized.

This paper describes prototyping work for service hybrids, flexible circuits that form an integral part of the silicon strip modules to be used in the CMS Phase-2 Outer Tracker.The service hybrid is responsible for power distribution, data serialization, and opto-electrical conversion.First prototype service hybrids, featuring the complete functionality, have been developed, produced, and characterized.In addition a first prototype of a test board, which allows to test all aspects of the complex service hybrids, as will be required during the production phase, has been developed.After a short introduction to the CMS strip modules the functionality of the service hybrid will be explained and the present prototype will be described, followed by selected test results.The test system concept will be introduced and first results will be presented.

Abstract Alongside the High Luminosity LHC upgrade, the silicon tracker of the CMS detector will be replaced within the scope of the so-called Phase-2 upgrade. The new tracker will consist of an inner part (Inner Tracker with pixelated modules) and at larger radii the Outer Tracker with two different module types (PS and 2S modules). One hybrid type used on these modules is the 2S service hybrid. It provides the optical link connection of a 2S module via the Low Power Giga Bit Transceiver (lpGBT) and a Versatile Transceiver Plus module (VTRx+). It is also responsible for the module power distribution. The different responsibilities of the hybrid require a complete testing, which is performed by a dedicated custom made test card. After a hybrid has been installed on the test card, all signal connections can be tested and verified. The test system is designed to handle a high throughput during mass production. The requirements and the design for the 2S service hybrid test card are presented together with testing results of the first final 2S service hybrid prototypes.

Abstract As a result of the high luminosity phase of the SLHC, for CMS a tracking system with very high granularity is mandatory and the sensors will have to withstand an extreme radiation environment of up to 10 16  part/ 2 . On this basis, a new geometry with silicon short strip sensors (strixels) is proposed. To understand their performances, test geometries are developed whose parameters can be verified and optimized using simulation of semiconductor structures. We have used the TCAD-ISE (SYNOPSYS package) software in order to simulate the main electrical parameters of different strip geometries, for p-in-n-type wafers.

For the CMS tracker at SLHC a new powering scheme is considered to be mandatory to allow the detector to provide at least the same performance as today at the LHC. The baseline solution of CMS foresees the use of DC-DC converters to provide larger currents with smaller losses. An important component of most converters are inductors which, however, tend to radiate the switching noise generated by the converter. The emissions of different inductors have been measured and simulated, the coil design has been optimized and noise susceptibility measurements, with present CMS hardware, have been performed. This article summarizes the results.

A Kalman Filter alignment algorithm has been applied to cosmic-ray data. We discuss the alignment algorithm and an experiment-independent implementation including outlier rejection and treatment of weakly determined parameters. Using this implementation, the algorithm has been applied to data recorded with one CMS silicon tracker endcap. Results are compared to both photogrammetry measurements and data obtained from a dedicated hardware alignment system, and good agreement is observed.

The CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Geneva, is planning a major upgrade of its tracking system to adapt to an expected increase in luminosity of the accelerator by an order of magnitude to 10 35 cm -2 s -1 , expected to be reached about ten years after start-up.The CMS tracker will have to cope with several hundred interactions per bunch crossing and fluxes of thousands of charged particles emerging from the 40 MHz collisions.This will require major developments of detector technology and R&D has begun to address the expected challenges.Among the most important are the radiation tolerance of sensors and other components, the provision and distribution of power for both electronics and sensors, the removal of increased heat loads, and the development of low power, but highly performing electronics in more advanced technologies.CMS has also identified a novel requirement, which is to provide tracker data to contribute to the first level trigger, which must maintain the 100 kHz rate for compatibility with existing sub-detector systems while increasing the trigger decision latency by only a factor of two.The motivations for the upgrade, recent progress in several aspects of the R&D as well as the current status of designs of a new tracker is described.

First full size 2S module prototypes for the CMS Phase-2 Outer Tracker Upgrade have been assembled. With two sensors of realistic dimensions and 16 CBC2 readout ASICs on two front-end hybrids, the characteristics of these novel and complex objects can be studied. A MicroTCA based readout system was developed to test multiple front-end hybrids simultaneously. Therefore the concurrent information of the full module can be used for noise and signal studies.

While the tracking detectors of the ATLAS and CMS experiments have shown excellent performance in Run 1 of LHC data taking, and are expected to continue to do so during LHC operation at design luminosity, both experiments will have to exchange their tracking systems when the LHC is upgraded to the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) around the year 2024. The new tracking systems need to operate in an environment in which both the hit densities and the radiation damage will be about an order of magnitude higher than today. In addition, the new trackers need to contribute to the first level trigger in order to maintain a high data-taking efficiency for the interesting processes. Novel detector technologies have to be developed to meet these very challenging goals. The German groups active in the upgrades of the ATLAS and CMS tracking systems have formed a collaborative "Project on Enabling Technologies for Silicon Microstrip Tracking Detectors at the HL-LHC" (PETTL), which was supported by the Helmholtz Alliance "Physics at the Terascale" during the years 2013 and 2014. The aim of the project was to share experience and to work together on key areas of mutual interest during the R&amp;D phase of these upgrades. The project concentrated on five areas, namely exchange of experience, radiation hardness of silicon sensors, low mass system design, automated precision assembly procedures, and irradiations. This report summarizes the main achievements.

Abstract VORAGO Technologies has developed a pair of ARM Cortex M0 MCUs designed from the ground up to be high temperature capable. One of these devices is specifically developed for high temperature applications, the other adds capabilities that make it suitable for use in high radiation environments as well. These devices are fabricated using a modified version of commercial bulk 130nm CMOS technology utilizing our HARDSIL® technology, which provides immunity to the increased effects of latchup and EOS encountered at higher application temperatures. In addition to the processor these devices include features more typical of low temperature SoCs including on-chip memory, timers, and communications peripherals. In addition to the ceramic package and die format typically utilized at high temperature, a new lower-cost plastic package is available that has been characterized at higher temperatures. These devices have been characterized at temperatures up to 200C and results showing the latchup behavior and device performance are provided. Some of the tradeoffs involved in creating such devices are discussed, as well as some of the similarities and tradeoffs in creating a radiation hardened devices vs. a high temperature device.

Around 2016, the pixel detector of the CMS experiment will be upgraded. The amount of current that has to be provided to the front-end electronics is expected to increase by a factor of two. Since the space available for cables is limited, this would imply unacceptable power losses in the currently installed supply cables. Therefore it is foreseen to place DC-DC converters close to the front-end electronics, allowing the provision of power at higher voltages, thereby facilitating the supply of the required currents with the present cable plant. This conference report introduces the foreseen powering scheme of the pixel upgrade. For the first time, system tests have been conducted with pixel barrel sensor modules, radiation tolerant DC-DC converters and the full power supply chain of the pixel detector. In addition, studies of the stability of different powering schemes under various conditions are summarized. In particular the impact of large and fast load variations, which are related to the bunch structure of the LHC beam, has been studied.

To cope with the increased power requirements of future tracking detectors needed after the luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, novel powering schemes have been proposed. These include Serial Powering and powering via the DC-DC conversion technique. For the CMS pixel and strip tracker upgrades powering via DC-DC buck converters is foreseen. In this article, the current status of this development is described and measurements of important DC-DC converter characteristics such as efficiency and conductive and radiative noise emissions are presented. The mechanical and thermal integration into a future pixel detector is sketched and the results of system tests with CMS pixel modules are summarized.

Abstract This paper will describe the development and testing of a new ARM® Cortex®-M based microcontroller for high temperature downhole electronic systems. The trade-offs in the selection of each on-chip peripheral will be discussed with respect to their requirement in the application. Particular detail will be afforded to the underlying high-temperature implementation technology that allows reliable operation at extreme temperatures. High temperature and electrical overstresses can cause latch-up in CMOS devices that will interfere with normal device operation or destroy the device. For reliable operation in the downhole drilling environment it was necessary to immunize this device against latch-up using an innovative processing technique. Details on the qualification and testing of the product to ensure that it meets the challenging environment will also be discussed. This includes electrical testing and temperature cycling testing to ensure that the different package options for the silicon device are mechanically sound in a high temperature environment that exposes the silicon and packaging materials to thermal cycling. The ecosystem for the microcontroller will also be discussed – hardware and software development tools are required to optimize the use of the device in a downhole drilling embedded system. A set of companion components is also required to operate with the microcontroller in the high temperature harsh environment. The components that were selected for use on the high temperature test boards will also be discussed.

During autumn 2008, the Silicon Strip Tracker was operated with the full CMS experiment in a comprehensive test, in the presence of the 3.8 T magnetic field produced by the CMS superconducting solenoid. This note details the detector commissioning phase just prior to this data-taking exercise and the procedures used to optimise the performance of the Silicon Strip Tracker. The number of detector modules used during the test corresponds to 98.0% of the total system. The ten million channels of the SST readout system were calibrated and synchronised with cosmic ray muon data using automated procedures. Excellent hit and track reconstruction efficiencies were observed, which demonstrate the quality of the SST detector and the precision of the calibration procedures.

With more than 15 000 silicon strip modules and a silicon area of about 200m2, the CMS silicon strip tracker will be the largest silicon strip tracker ever built. More than half of the volume is occupied by the two end caps, which comprise about 42% of the silicon strip modules. Construction of the end caps is far advanced. In this article the experience from module production, integration of medium-sized substructures, the so-called petals, and from the integration of the end caps themselves is summarized.

In the framework of the Phase-2 upgrade of the CMS tracker for the High Luminosity LHC, a power hybrid for usage in silicon sensor modules with macro-pixel and strip sensors has been developed. The power hybrid features three DC-DC converters in a two-step powering scheme, delivering three different low voltages (1.0 V, 1.25 V, 2.5 V) to the module electronics. A first prototype of the power hybrid has been developed. The prototype is fully functional and has been characterized in terms of power efficiency, voltage drops, dynamical behaviour, and radiated and conducted noise emissions. In this work the power hybrid concept and the prototype design are described, and the measurements are summarized.

With an active silicon area of more than 200 squaremetres, the silicon strip tracker of the CMS experiment, one of the experiments currently under construction for the future Large Hadron Collider at CERN, will be by far the largest silicon tracker in the world. Efficient mass production and rigid quality control are crucial to finish the detector, comprising of more than 15000 silicon strip modules, in time with optimal quality. After excellent performance of substructures has been proven in various test beam experiments, integration of the active detector elements into the mechanical support structures as well as cabling and testing of these integrated structures has now started. In this article the CMS silicon strip tracker is described. Production, quality control and integration procedures are outlined and the detector status is reviewed. The detector performance in a recent test beam experiment is summarized.

With a total area of 210 squaremeters and about 15000 single silicon modules the silicon strip tracker of the CMS experiment at the LHC will be the largest silicon strip detector ever built. While the performance of the individual mechanical and electronic components has already been tested extensively, their interplay in larger integrated substructures also has to be studied before mass production can be launched, in order to ensure the envisaged performance of the overall system. This is the main purpose of the system tests, during which hardware components as final as possible are being integrated into substructures of the tracker subsystems. System tests are currently being carried out for all subsystems of the tracker. In addition, silicon modules and electronic components have been operated and studied in a particle beam environment. In this report results from the CMS silicon tracker system tests and a test beam experiment at CERN are presented.

The CMS detector features the world's largest silicon tracker, comprising a strip and a pixel detector.However, the CMS tracker is expected to reach the end of its lifetime after Run 3 of the LHC, and a new device will be installed during Long Shutdown 3. The aim is to at least maintain, and if possible to improve, the performance of the present device, under much harsher conditions in terms of radiation levels, hit rates and pileup.The new tracker will feature an Inner Tracker with silicon pixel modules and an Outer Tracker with strip and macro-pixel silicon modules.The Inner Tracker will extend the acceptance up to much higher pseudorapidities.More than 4000 hybrid pixel modules with a reduced cell size and with a readout chip based on the RD53 development will be installed.For the Outer Tracker an innovative detector concept was developed, allowing the contribution of tracker data to the first trigger level.For this the data volume that must be sent out at 40 MHz for the trigger decision is reduced already on-module, as each module carries two silicon sensors on top of each other with a distance of a few millimetres, read out by the same front-end ASICs.In that way a rough estimate of the transverse momentum of each particle can be made by exploiting the strong CMS magnetic field of 3.8 T. The module and detector designs are built around this idea.The detector concept and the expected performance will be presented, and important design choices along with the present status will be discussed.