Juan Alberto Corbera

Coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS) can exist as commensals in humans, companion and food-producing animals, but can cause severe or even lethal diseases. Exchange of these bacteria between humans and animals has been described. Special attention has been focused on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but other CoPS can also represent an important threat. In addition to significant antimicrobial resistance, these bacteria may carry a plethora of virulence factors - molecules that allow bacteria to establish on or within a host and increase their ability to cause disease. These virulence factors have been widely described in S. aureus but information about other species of CoPS is scarce. The aim of this paper is to review the recent literature about the virulence factors of non-aureus CoPS of animal origin. Their possible effects on human health are also described. The role and prevalence of different virulence factors including leukocidins, hemolysins, adhesins, enterotoxins, exfoliative and toxic shock syndrome toxins as well as superantigen-like proteins are addressed. The effect of these virulence factors on human health is also described. The possibility of misdiagnosis of species of CoPS has been demonstrated in human clinical samples. Prevalence of zoonotic infections could be higher than thought and medical laboratories should be aware of these other staphylococcal species. In keeping with the ‘One Health’ approach to animal and human disease, medical professionals, veterinarians and health workers should be aware of the risks derived from exposure to these bacteria in people in close contact with animals, including pet owners, farmers and veterinarians themselves.

The island of Gran Canaria is a hyperendemic area for canine dirofilariasis. The aim of the present study was to provide data on Dirofilaria immitis in dogs, cats, and humans on this island in 2010. The data confirms the prevalence in the overall canine population (19%), with a considerably higher prevalence (43%) in the autochthonous breed of Canarian Warren hound. The prevalence in the feline population (33%) is higher than that of the canine population, and the existence of specific D. immitis antibodies in the inhabitants of the island of Gran Canaria (12%) is confirmed. In both cats and humans, the prevalence, according to the different climate areas on the island, is related to the prevalence of D. immitis in dogs in the same area, which shows the key epidemiological role played by the canine host with regard to the transmission to other hosts of D. immitis.

Blood samples from 2034 dogs were tested to detect Dirofilaria immitis antigen during three consecutive years (from 1994 to 1996) in Gran Canaria Island, Canary Islands, Spain. The prevalence of heartworm infection was 67.02% in 1994, 58.92% in 1995 and 52.18% in 1996, with a mean prevalence of 58.89%. Heartworm infection was more common in males (56.19%) than in females (43.81 %), in dogs aged between 3 and 6 years old. The distribution of the disease in the different climatic zones was studied. Chronological changes in the dog's prevalence for heartworm infection in the three consecutive years and the role of the epidemiological factors in the changes of the positive rates were evaluated.

Trypanosoma evansi was diagnosed for the first time in the Canary Islands (Spain) in 1998 in a dromedary camel. Seroprevalences of 4.8% up to 9% have been observed using different diagnostic methods. Affected animals have been treated but the dissemination of the disease is unknown. This article presents an outbreak of abortions and high neonatal mortality attributable to T. evansi infection in camels as well as the clinical assessment of the affected animals. The patients were diagnosed by routine checking (three pregnant animals), after abortion (five dams), or after delivered premature or weak calves (eight dams). At clinical examination, 2 out of 16 affected animals showed moderate signs of chronic form, particularly hyporexia and intolerance to exercise. The aborted fetuses were aged 6-8 months of gestation, approximately. The main laboratorial findings were regenerative anemia (haemolytic anemia), lymphocytic and monocytic leukocytosis, hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoglycaemia, serum urea increased and serum iron decreased. Treatment using trypanocidal drug (Cymelarsan) resulted highly effective. Massive treatment would be recommended in the entire camel population in the Canary Islands (less than 2000 animals), as therapeutic or preventive measure, in order to control and to achieve an eventual eradication of the disease.

Trypanosomosis due to Trypanosoma evansi (surra) is a major enzootic disease of the dromedary camel. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to assess seroprevalence and infection rates in the Canary Islands using antibody(-card agglutination test-CATT/T. evansi) and parasite detection tests (micro-Haematocrit Centrifugation technique, Giemsa stained blood smears, microscopic examination of lymph node aspirates and mouse inoculation). PCV was also determined. 745 dromedary camels (483 females and 262 males) were examined. Trypanosomes were detected in seven animals. 36 animals yielded CATT positive results while 709 animals were negative. All parasitologically positive animals were also CATT positive. Results showed a good correlation between CATT positive and low PCV and a higher seroprevalence in older animals. Trypanocidal drugs have not been registered in Spain and, consequently, if vigilance is not exercised the prevalence could be increased in the future.

Osteomyelitis is a challenging infectious disease affecting humans and animals. It is difficult to diagnose because, in many cases, symptoms are non-specific and, for example in implant-related cases, can appear long time after surgery. In addition to this, it is also difficult to treat due to the need to find the appropriate antibiotic regime and delivery system to reach the site of infection and to avoid development of bacterial resistance. The central purpose of this review is to compare the microbiological aspects of osteomyelitis in human and veterinary medicine, with the aim of improving the microbiological diagnosis and treatment of this infection in animals. Furthermore, the study of osteomyelitis in animals may help to improve the development of animal models for testing new treatments in humans. Host factors and underlying conditions have been studied mainly in humans, although aspects as immunodeficiency have been described in some veterinary cases. Even when Staphylococcus aureus is still considered the most prevalent causing microorganism, this prevalence should be reviewed using molecular diagnostic techniques, and this could affect treatment options. New approaches to treatment include local delivery of antibiotics using different biomaterials, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, and new antimicrobial compounds. We would like to remark the need of large, high-quality clinical trials and of the development of guides for the diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis in different animal species.

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that escape from immune neutralization are challenging vaccines and antibodies developed to stop the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it is important to establish therapeutics directed toward multiple or specific SARS-CoV-2 variants. The envelope spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is the key target of neutralizing antibodies (Abs). We selected a panel of nine nanobodies (Nbs) from dromedary camels immunized with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S, and engineered Nb fusions as humanized heavy chain Abs (hcAbs). Nbs and derived hcAbs bound with subnanomolar or picomolar affinities to the S and its RBD, and S-binding cross-competition clustered them in two different groups. Most of the hcAbs hindered RBD binding to its human ACE2 (hACE2) receptor, blocked cell entry of viruses pseudotyped with the S protein and neutralized SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell cultures. Four potent neutralizing hcAbs prevented the progression to lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in hACE2-transgenic mice, demonstrating their therapeutic potential. Cryo-electron microscopy identified Nb binding epitopes in and out the receptor binding motif (RBM), and showed different ways to prevent virus binding to its cell entry receptor. The Nb binding modes were consistent with its recognition of SARS-CoV-2 RBD variants; mono and bispecific hcAbs efficiently bound all variants of concern except omicron, which emphasized the immune escape capacity of this latest variant.

Trypanosomosis is a major constraint on ruminant livestock production in Africa, Asia, and South America. The principal host species affected varies geographically, but buffalo, cattle, camels, and horses are particularly sensitive. Natural infections with Trypanosoma congolense, T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. evansi have been described in goats. Trypanosomosis in goats produces acute, subacute, chronic, or subclinical forms, being T. vivax, T. congolense, and T. evansi, the most invasive trypanosomes for goats. However, the role of goats in the epidemiology of trypanosomosis is largely discussed and not well understood. Thus, it has commonly been assumed that trypanosomosis presents a subclinical course and that goats do not play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. This can partially be due to parasitemia caused by trypanosomes which has been considered low in goats. However, this assumption is currently undergoing a critical reappraisal because of goats may also serve as a reservoir of trypanosome infection for other species, including the human beings in the case of T. brucei rhodesiense. The present article describes the current status of trypanosomosis in goats in Africa, Asia, and South America. Pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of the different trypanosomes are also described. The possible role in the epidemiology of the disease in the different areas is also discussed.

Obesity in humans is a growing global problem and is one of the greatest public health challenges we face today. Most researchers agree that, as in humans, the incidence in the companion animal population is also increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors contributing to canine obesity in a region with a high rate of human obesity (Canary Islands, Spain), co-occurrence of obesogenic risk factors, and a canine population with a high percentage of unneutered dogs. We have focused on owner risk factors that promote obesity in humans, such as weight, lifestyle, nutritional habits, and low physical activity, among others. Thus, the human-animal interaction relationship that contributes to human obesity and influences canine obesity has been studied. A multicentre cross-sectional analytical study of 198 pairs of dogs from urban households and their owners was used. A multivariable logistic regression study was completed to analyse owner characteristics variables associated with canine obesity. This transdisciplinary study was conducted with physicians and veterinarians using a "One Health" approach. Our results suggest that, in a region of high obesogenic risk, obese/overweight dogs are primarily female, older than 6 years, and neutered. Being an overweight dog owner was found to be the most important factor in the occurrence of obesity in dogs. Owners of overweight dogs were mainly females, older than 40 years, who did not engage in any physical activity. A strong correlation has been found between dog owners with low levels of education and obesity in their dogs. We suggest that veterinarians should develop and design strategies to encourage pet owners to engage in physical activity with their dogs for the benefit of both.

Cardiopulmonary biomarkers are biological parameters that can be objectively measured and quantified as indicators of pathogenic processes (heartworm disease) or as indicators of response to therapeutic intervention. To determine levels of cardiopulmonary biomarkers in canine dirofilariasis, measurements of cardiac troponin T, cardiac troponin I, myoglobin, and D-dimer concentrations were performed for dogs with and without evidence of adult heartworm infection. The results showed that levels of cardiac troponin T were undetectable in all dogs studied while levels of cardiac troponin I were higher in dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis. In healthy dogs, levels of myoglobin and D-dimer were below detection limits of the instrument and were significantly higher in heartworm-infected dogs, notably in microfilaremic dogs. The results suggest the possibility of using troponin I and myoglobin as markers for cardiac damage and the D-dimer as a supportive tool for a diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism in dogs with cardiopulmonary dirofilariasis.

Trypanosomosis is a global animal issue, causing significant economic losses, particularly in Africa. In Spain, only one pathogenic species, Trypanosoma evansi, has been identified so far. It was first detected in a dromedary camel in the Canary Islands in 1997. Since then, numerous cases of the disease, known as Surra, have been diagnosed, prompting various studies and efforts in control and surveillance. Given the lack of a comprehensive database that consolidates the most relevant data in this area, the development of a national atlas, with a focus on the Canary Islands, to incorporate all available information on T. evansi in Spain became a necessity. For the development of the atlas, a repository was constructed, encompassing a range of datasets and documents spanning from 1997 to 2022. Information from each source, and in particular georeferenced locations and results of blood tests on animals, were extracted and integrated into a comprehensive database. A total of 31 sources were analysed, providing a total of 99 georeferenced locations and 12,433 animal samples. Out of these samples, 601 (mostly from dromedaries) were found to be positive for T. evansi. The Card Agglutination Test for T. evansi (CATT/T. evansi), a serological test, was the most commonly used diagnostic method, and it showed a higher prevalence for all tested animal species. Positive cases were mainly concentrated in the Canary Islands, specifically in the eastern islands, with isolated cases found in the province of Alicante (Iberian Peninsula). This atlas provides an overview of the history and occurrence of Surra in Spain, and it represents a valuable tool for future control initiatives and for research. Still, the need for more studies remains, especially for further testing of potential hosts other than camelids and for the examination of their potential transmission vectors.

This study investigated the prevalence of pigmentary keratitis (PK) in Pug-breed dogs and described the ocular surface characteristics associated with this disease. A total of 219 eyes from 110 dogs were examined, with 94.5% of them affected by PK. Age, previous ocular diseases, corneal vascularization, and corneal sensitivity were significantly associated with the presence of PF and the severity of corneal pigmentation. The study also found that low tear production and blinks incomplete with tear signs, as well as reduced corneal sensitivity, were linked to more severe forms of corneal pigmentation. The Tear Ferning Test (TFT) was identified as a valuable tool for evaluating tear quality in dogs, with worse test results indicating a higher risk of severe PK. A lower mean Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT) test was observed in dogs with PK. Additionally, the study observed a statistically significant difference in corneal thickness between the nasal and temporal zones, with the nasal zone being thicker. It was also suggested that sex and fertility status may influence the incidence of PK and the severity of corneal pigmentation. Overall, these findings provide insight into the underlying causes of PK in Pugs and can inform future treatment strategies for this breed.

This research aimed to study the rostral part of the head of the six-banded armadillo, applying advanced imaging techniques such as CT. Furthermore, by combining the images obtained through this technique with anatomical cross-sections, an adequate description of the structures that constitute the rostral part of the head of this species is presented. This anatomical information could provide a valuable diagnostic tool for the clinical evaluation of different disorders in the six-banded armadillo’s nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

espanolEn este estudio se analizan los resultados de la rehabilitacion de aves rapaces silvestres admitidas en el Centro de Rehabilitacion de Fauna Silvestre de Tafira en la isla de Gran Canaria, Espana, desde 2003 hasta 2013, mediante un sistema de auditoria de la calidad basado en los indices generales y clasificados (por causa de admision) de las cuatro categorias de disposicion final, el tiempo hasta la muerte y el tiempo de permanencia como indicadores de calidad. Las categorias de disposicion final fueron: eutanasia (Er ) = 19,78%, mortalidad no asistida durante la hospitalizacion (Mr ) = 22,20%, liberacion (Rr ) = 57,57% y cautividad permanente (Cr ) = 0,46%. Teniendo en cuenta la especial vulnerabilidad de las especies de rapaces insulares y el alto indice de Rr conseguido, los resultados de este estudio ponen de relieve la importancia de los centros de rehabilitacion de fauna silvestre en el tratamiento medico de las aves heridas y la consiguiente liberacion de las aves rehabilitadas. EnglishThe outcomes of wild raptors admitted to the Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Gran Canaria Island, Spain, from 2003 to 2013 were analyzed using a quality auditing system based on the crude and stratified (by causes of admission) rates of four final outcome categories, time until death and length of stay as quality indicators. The outcome categories were: euthanasia (Er = 19.78%); unassisted mortality during hospitalization (Mr = 22.20%); release (Rr = 57.57%); and permanent captivity (Cr = 0.46%). Taking into account the particular vulnerability of insular raptor species and the high Rr achieved, findings from this study emphasize the importance of wildlife rehabilitation centers for the medical management of injured raptors and the subsequent release of rehabilitated individuals into the wild.

In birds, unlike mammals, there is no complete separation between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Instead, they have the coelomic cavity where most main organs are found. Therefore, an adequate knowledge of the anatomy of the coelomic cavity is of great importance for veterinarians, biologists and the scientific community. This study aimed to evaluate the coelomic cavity anatomy in the Atlantic puffins (Fratercula Arctica) using anatomical sections and computed tomography images.

In birds, unlike mammals, there is no complete separation between the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Instead, they have the coelomic cavity where most main organs are found. Therefore, an adequate knowledge of the anatomy of the coelomic cavity is of great importance for veterinarians, biologists and the scientific community. This study aimed to evaluate the coelomic cavity anatomy in the Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) using anatomical sections and computed tomography images.

Umbilical hernias in goats are uncommon and can vary in their etiology and management.Hernioplasty can be done by closing the abdominal wall with a horizontal mattress pattern using absorbable sutures.However, larger defects (hernial ring size >3 cm) generally require the use of prosthetic materials that allow for a tension-free repair.In this study, 10 young female goats with umbilical hernias and hernial ring sizes ranging from 7-10 cm in width were treated using a double-layer polypropylene mesh.An ultrasonographic examination was performed to assess healing and connective tissue production.

Aims The aims of this study were to analyze the causes of morbidity and mortality in a large population of seabirds admitted to the Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (TWRC) in Gran Canaria Island, Spain, from 2003 to 2013, and to analyze the outcomes of the rehabilitation process. Methods We included 1,956 seabirds (133 dead on admission and 1,823 admitted alive) in this study. Causes of morbidity were classified into nine categories: light pollution (fallout), fishing gear interaction, crude oil, poisoning/intoxication, other traumas, metabolic/nutritional disorder, orphaned young birds, other causes, and unknown/undetermined. The crude and stratified (by causes of admission) rates of the three final disposition categories (euthanasia Er, unassisted mortality Mr, and release Rr), the time until death, and the length of stay were also studied for the seabirds admitted alive. Results Yellow-legged Gull (Larus michahellis) was the species most frequently admitted (46.52%), followed by Cory’s Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea borealis) (20.09%). The most frequent causes of morbidity were light pollution (fallout) (25.81%), poisoning/intoxication (24.69%), and other traumas (18.14%). The final disposition rates were: Er = 15.35%, Mr = 16.29%, and Rr = 68.34%. The highest Er was observed in the ‘other traumas’ category (58.08%). Seabirds admitted due to metabolic/nutritional disorder had the highest Mr (50%). The highest Rr was observed in the light pollution (fallout) category (99.20%). Conclusions This survey provides useful information for the conservation of several seabird species. We suggest that at least the stratified analysis by causes of admission of the three final disposition rates, and the parameters time until death and length of stay at the center should be included in the outcome research of the rehabilitation of seabirds. The high release rate for seabirds (68.34%) achieved at the TWRC emphasizes the importance of wildlife rehabilitation centers for the conservation of seabirds.

We report the causes of morbidity of 2,458 free-living raptors admitted to the Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Center on Gran Canaria Island, Spain, during 2003–13. The seasonal cumulative incidences were investigated while considering estimates of the wild populations in the region. These methods were used as a more accurate approach to assess the potential ecologic impact of different causes of morbidity. The most frequently admitted species were the Eurasian Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus; 53.0%), the Eurasian Long-eared Owl (Asio otus canariensis; 28.1%), the Canary Islands Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo insularum; 8.0%), and the Eurasian Barn Owl (Tyto alba; 4.4%). The most frequent causes of admission were trauma (33.8%), orphaned-young birds (21.7%), unknown (18.4%), and metabolic/nutritional disease (11.1%). Local morbidity caused by glue trapping and entanglement in burr bristlegrass (Setaria adhaerens) had prevalences of 5.0% and 1.8%, respectively. The highest number of admissions during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons was observed for the Eurasian Barn Owl and the Barbary Falcon (Falco pelegrinoides), respectively, mainly due to trauma of unknown origin.

Summary A case of congenital duplication (monocephalus dipygus) in a goat is described. Two pelvis and four pelvic limbs were observed in the kid. Conjoined or fused symmetric twins were diagnosed. Associated abnormalities were cleft palate and anal atresia. Most of the classically recognized teratogens were ruled out by history and serology. However, progenitors were related in the second degree. Thus, genetic factors could be suspected in this case. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first report of monocephalus dipygus in a goat.

Abstract: This article presents the clinical and laboratorial findings in an outbreak of abortions and high neonatal mortality attributable to Trypanosoma evansi infection in camels. A total of 16 females were diagnosed, 2 of which showed moderate signs of chronic form, particularly hyporexia and intolerance to exercise. The main laboratorial findings were regenerative anemia (hemolytic anemia), lymphocytic and monocytic leukocytosis, hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoglycemia, serum urea increased, and serum iron decreased. The most characteristic finding in the examined females would be the uremia, probably due to the higher protein metabolism.

The presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in cloacal samples from Canarian Egyptian vultures was investigated. Samples were obtained from chicks (n = 65) and from adults and immature birds (n = 38). Antimicrobial susceptibility to 16 antibiotics included in 12 different categories was determined for 103 E. coli isolates. MDR was defined as acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. Forty-seven different resistance phenotypes were detected: 31 MDR (41 isolates) and 16 non-MDR (62 isolates). One isolate was resistant to all 12 antimicrobial categories and 2 phenotypes included resistance to 9 antimicrobial categories. Imipenem resistance was included in five MDR phenotypes, corresponding to five different isolates. Statistically significant differences in prevalence of MDR-phenotypes were found between chicks in nests and the rest of the animals, probably due to the shorter exposure time of chicks to antimicrobials. The main risk derived from MDR bacteria in scavengers is that it threatens the treatment of wild animals in rescue centres and could be transferred to other animals in the facilities. In addition to this, it could pose a health risk to veterinarians or other staff involved in wildlife protection programmes.

Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from cloacal samples of chicks of Canarian Egyptian vultures was investigated. Prevalence of Salmonella was also studied. Forty-seven isolates, obtained from 23 animals, were analysed. Escherichia coli (n = 29), Proteus mirabilis (n = 17) and Salmonella spp. (n = 1) were identified using API 20E system. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 13 antibiotics included in nine different categories was determined using disk-diffusion technique. The higher percentages of susceptible E. coli isolates were found for aminoglycosides and cefoxitin, and the lower ones were found for ampicillin, enrofloxacin and tetracycline. Proteus mirabilis isolates were susceptible to most of antimicrobials tested. Multidrug resistance patterns were found in 13 E. coli and four Proteus mirabilis. Salmonella spp. was detected in one chick (4.37%), and the isolate was also resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. Thirteen E. coli isolates and four Proteus isolates showed a multidrug-resistance pattern, being resistant at least to one antibiotic in three or more different antimicrobial categories. This high level of antibiotic resistance in chickens of an endangered bird may be a limitation for possible treatments of infections in this species, as well as representing a source of resistant bacteria for animal care staff and for other animals in wildlife recovery centres. A “One Health” approach to this problem is necessary to reduce the levels of antimicrobial resistance in wild birds.

After the description in Grand Canary Island of a case of dromedary trypanosomosis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in 1998, an indirect enzyme immunoassay for the detection of specific anti-T. evansi IgG (Ab-ELISA) was used to assess the seroprevalence of this disease on the Canary Islands. Seroprevalence was 9.0% in the four studied islands (Gran Canaria, Tenerife, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura), varying from 10.0 to 7.5% by island (not significantly different). Prevalence using Ab-ELISA was higher than that observed when a parasitological method (microscopic observation of blood smears) was used (1.3%).

DEAE (anion exchanger diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose and mini Anion Exchange Centrifugation Technique (mAECT) allow salivarian trypanosomes to be separated from the blood of affected animals. The purpose of this study was to assess the mAECT in goats infected with T. evansi. Five adult Canary goats were inoculated intravenously with at least 1 x 10(5) T. evansi isolated from a dromedary camel in the Canary Islands. The goats were monitored for specific antibodies and parasite detection. The inoculated goats became infected and the parasitemia remained very low but was persistent. For mAECT columns, the DEAE gel was equilibrated with phosphate-buffered saline glucose. T. evansi was detected by its mobility with a microscope at low magnification (10 x 10). The mAECT proved to be more sensitive than blood smear and buffy coat but less sensitive than mouse inoculation. We conclude that in cases of very low parasitemia in goats, mAECT can be used when other parasite-detection tests have failed.

Hemimelia is a congenital abnormality characterized by the absence of a portion of the normal structures in a limb. Hemimelia is classified as transversal and paraxial and is related to genetical and environmental factors. This article shows the radiological findings observed in three different cases of paraxial hemimelia occurred in goats (radial agenesia, absence of the portion of the distal epiphysis of the radius and anomalous radius with ulnar hypoplasia). Possible causes related to these abnormalities are discussed.

Abstract Corbera, J.A., Morales, M., Pulido, M., Montoya, J.A. and Gutierrez, C. 2002. An outbreak of nutritional muscular dystrophy in dromedary camels. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 23: 117–122. An outbreak of nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) due to vitamin E/selenium deficiency in an intensive dromedary camel herd causing a mortality of 25 animals (22 calves and 3 adults) is described. From a total of 120 adult animals (84 females) 47 calved. 22 calves (younger than 3 months of age) showed clinical signs as weakness, reluctancy to move, muscular rigidity, progressive opisthotonus, stiff gait, difficulty to suck and to stand, ataxia, recumbency position, respiratory distress and death. Enteritis, pneumonia and sudden death were also observed in these animals. In the peripartum period 15 dams showed uterine prolapse, placental retention or clinical mastitis, 3 of which died later. Clinical peculiarities observed in these animals were opisthotonus, tail elevation and uterine prolapse, never described in dromedaries associated with NMD. Therapeutical dosages used (sodium selenite: 0.06 mg per kg subcutaneously, vitamin E: 640 mg of d-β-tocopherol per animal intramuscularly) and preventive dosage of 40 mg/kg of sodium selenite by oral route (by mineral block) resulted adequate in this species. Keywords: Nutritional muscular dystrophycameldromedaryseleniumvitamin E

Capsule: Anthropogenic factors were identified as the main threats to wild birds in Gran Canaria.Aims: To analyse the causes of morbidity and mortality in a large sample of selected orders of birds admitted to the Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre (TWRC) in Gran Canaria over 11 years, and to analyse the outcomes of such rehabilitation.Methods: The records of 2390 birds were analysed. Ten primary causes of morbidity were identified: trauma, metabolic/nutritional disorder, orphaned young birds, infectious/parasitic disease, crude oil, poisoning/intoxication, glue trapping, captivity, other causes, and unknown/undetermined. The rates of the final outcome categories (euthanasia Er, unassisted mortality Mr, release Rr, and permanent captivity Cr), the time until death, and the length of stay were studied.Results: The Eurasian Stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus was the species most frequently admitted (20.29%), followed by the Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula (13.47%). The most frequent cause of morbidity was trauma (27.82%). The final outcomes of birds admitted alive were Er = 16.69%, Mr = 26.53%, Rr = 54%, and Cr = 2.76%.Conclusions: This survey provides useful information for the conservation and welfare of these bird species. The successful release rate achieved at the TWRC emphasizes the importance of wildlife rehabilitation centres for the conservation of birds.

This work aimed to determine the carriage rate of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli as well as their genetic characteristics in camels from the Canary Islands, Spain.Fecal samples were recovered from 58 healthy camels from Gran Canaria (n = 32) and Fuerteventura Islands (n = 26) during July 2019. They were seeded on MacConkey (MC) agar no supplemented and supplemented (MC + CTX) with cefotaxime (2 µg/mL). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion test (CLSI, 2018). The presence of blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM,blaCMY-2 and blaOXA-1/48 genes was tested by PCR/sequencing. Furthermore, the mcr-1 (colistin resistance), tetA/tetB (tetracycline resistance), int1 (integrase of class 1 integrons) and stx1,2 genes were analyzed. Phylogenetic groups and sequence types were determined by specific-PCR/sequencing for selected isolates.E. coli was obtained from all the 58 camels in MC media (100%) and in five of them in MC + CTX media (8.6%). Furthermore, 63.8% of E. coli isolates recovered from MC agar were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested. The five E. coli isolates recovered from MC + CTX media were characterized and two of them were ESBL-producers (3.4%). Both ESBL-producer isolates carried the blaCTX-M-15 gene and belonged to the lineages ST3018 (phylogroup A) and ST69 (phylogroup B1). The 3 ESBL-negative isolates recovered from MC-CTX plates were ascribed to phylogroup-B1.Camels can be a source of ESBL-producer bacteria, containing the widespread blaCTX-M-15 gene associated with the lineages ST3018 and ST69.

Abstract Background Studies in human medicine have concluded that acetazolamide reduces pain associated with carbon dioxide insufflation during laparoscopic surgery. However, there are no published reports regarding the use of acetazolamide for this purpose in companion animals, despite the increasing popularity of laparoscopic techniques in veterinary medicine due to their advantages over open surgeries. Objectives Thirty mixed‐breed female dogs were included in the study and randomly assigned to one of three groups: OVE (median celiotomy ovariectomy; n = 10), OVEL (laparoscopic ovariectomy, n = 10) and OVELA (laparoscopic ovariectomy with acetazolamide preoperative administration; n = 10). Experienced surgeons performed all procedures, and the anaesthetic and analgesic protocols were identical for all animals. Acetazolamide was administered orally (at a dose of 25 mg/kg) 2 h prior to induction in the OVELA group. Postoperative pain was evaluated using serum cortisol, salivary cortisol, and the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) Score. Results Any statistical differences were observed in the UMPS scores when the OVELA group was compared to the OVEL group at 1 h after surgery ( p = 0.515), 12 h ( p = 0.375) and 24 h ( p = 0.242). Animals undergoing open surgery (OVE group) had significantly higher pain scores at all times after surgery when compared with OVEL and OVELA groups. A high positive correlation ( r = 0.792; p = 0.01) was found between serum and saliva cortisol concentrations. Mean saliva cortisol concentration was not significantly lower for the OVELA group compared to the other groups. Conclusions This study found evidence that preoperative administration of acetazolamide may be beneficial in managing postoperative pain in dogs after laparoscopic surgeries. However, further research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm this and to determine if acetazolamide should be included in a multimodal postoperative analgesia protocol for laparoscopic ovariectomy in dogs.

The purpose of this research was to develop reference values for haematological and biochemical variables in the Canary camel breed (Camelus dromedarius). 114 clinically healthy dromedary camels were assessed. Age, sex, and pregnancy status was also recorded. The reference range for red blood cells (RBCs) was 8.45 - 13.65 X106/µL, haemoglobin (HGB) was 10.61 - 15.29 g/dL, packed cell volume (PCV) was 19.93 - 32.51 %, and white blood cells (WBCs) 7.35 - 18.36 X103/µL. A correlation was established between the haemoglobin concentration (HGB) (g/dl) and packed cell volume (PCV) obtaining a linear regression (HGB = 0.31 PCV + 4.67). Young animals had higher RBC and WBC values than adult animals. Additionally, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), phosphorus, calcium, albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, and lipase were higher in young animals compared with adults. Female dromedary camels showed higher values for the three main variables: RBC, HGB and PCV, but no differences between sexes were detected in the biochemical variables results. The WBC count was higher in non-pregnant females than in pregnant animals. These results provide references values for the Canary camel breed and may contribute to the understanding of differences in 18 haematological and biochemical parameters in dromedary camels with a potential impact in health and welfare for this species.

This study examines the occurrence of Surra, a disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi, in camels in the Canary Islands. The 1997 detection of T. evansi in camels in the Canary Islands led to the implementation of an initial control program, resulting in a decrease in prevalence. Following an outbreak in 2014, and due to the impossibility of eradicating it using the conventional measures, a lazaret was set up to separate positive and suspicious animals, in addition to the control measures previously implemented. Stomoxys calcitrans was the only vector captured, and no other animals tested were found to be positive for T. evansi. In November 2019, the last camels that tested serologically positive were detected; however, since February 2018, no camels that tested positive for PCR have been found in the farms were the outbreak was detected, suggesting that the sanitary measures implemented are adequate. The duration of the outbreak control and potential eradication for the disease has yet to be established. This study provides evidence to facilitate the control of African Animal Trypanosomosis in endemic areas of the world, which may contribute to revise the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) protocol to implement recommendations of surveillance and control strategies for animal Trypanosomosis in camels.

Natural Trypanosoma evansi infection in the Canary Islands has only been diagnosed in the camel population, but dissemination of the disease in other hosts has not been excluded. The objective of this work was to assess the performance of serological antibody tests in experimentally inoculated goats. Five Canarian goats were inoculated intravenously with at least 1 x 10(5) T. evansi. The animals were kept for 8 months and checked monthly for the presence of the parasite and specific antibodies. The serological tests investigated were the direct card agglutination test CATT/T. evansi and the indirect card agglutination test LATEX/T. evansi. All animals became positive in the CATT/T. evansi 1 month post-infection and remained positive with a minimum end-titer of 1/4. Similar results were obtained with the LATEX/T. evansi, although at lower end-titers (1/2). We conclude that CATT/T. evansi is adequate for assessing infection of Canarian goats by T. evansi.

Summary The objective of this study was to define the anatomy of the cranioencephalic structures and associated formations in camel using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MR images were acquired in sagittal, transverse and oblique dorsal planes, using spin‐echo techniques, a magnet of 1.5 T and a standard human body coil. MR images were compared with corresponding frozen cross‐sections of the head. Different anatomic structures were identified and labelled at each level. The resulting images provided excellent soft tissue contrast and anatomic detail of the brain and associated structures of the camel head. Annotated MR images from this study are intended to be a reference for clinical imaging studies of the head of the dromedary camel.

Toxicity and therapeutic trials using Cymelarsan (an arsenical compound) against Trypanosoma evansi infection were carried out using chronically infected goats. For the toxicity trial, 40 goats were divided into four groups of 10 animals each; the first three groups received s.c. injections of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg bw of Cymelarsan, respectively, and the last one served as control. No systemic reaction was observed in any goat throughout the experiment. For the therapeutic trial, 15 adult female goats were inoculated intravenously with at least 1 x 10(5)T. evansi isolated in the Canary Islands. Six months after inoculation, the animals were treated with Cymelarsan at single dose of 0.3 mg/kg (5 animals), 0.5 mg/kg (5 animals), and 0.625 mg/kg (5 animals). At 4 and 6 weeks after treatment, two goats belonging to 0.3 mg/kg group showed recurrence of trypanosomes. Parasitemia, however, was negative in all animals belonging to 0.5 and 0.625 mg/kg groups until the end of the experiment (6 months after treatment). Thus, it can be concluded that Cymelarsan is a safe trypanocidal drug for goats and that the curative dose is 0.5 mg/kg or above.

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are protozoan parasites with worldwide distribution affecting different species. Previous studies performed in Gran Canaria Island on T. gondii revealed 63.3% of seroprevalence for both, humans and goats. Therefore, in order to evaluate the current status of both parasites in goats in the Canary Islands, 552 animals located in different climate zones were randomly selected. Sera were analyzed using specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), revealing an overall seroprevalence of 7.8% and 1.08% for T. gondii and N. caninum, respectively. Prevalence in individual islands ranged from 0% to 30% for T. gondii and from 0% to 3.3% for N. caninum. This is the first epidemiological study done in the Canary Islands, and it revealed that the distribution and prevalence of these parasites were related to the different climates present in each island. Compared to the previous studies, this survey demonstrated a diminished seroprevalence for toxoplasmosis in one of the seven islands studied.

Due to their predatory habits, raptors may serve as indicators of the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the environment, but they also represent a public health risk for livestock and humans because they can act as reservoirs, sources and spreaders of these bacteria. Our objective was to determine the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in cloacal samples of Canarian Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus majorensis), an endemic bird of prey. One hundred and forty-two cloacal swabs were obtained; Escherichia coli was isolated from 80.28% and Salmonella from 6.3% of these samples. Low levels of susceptibility to ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were found. About 20% of the isolates were resistant or presented intermediate susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. Surprisingly, we found isolates resistant to imipenem (6.96%). Isolates from chicks were more susceptible to antimicrobial drugs than adult and immature birds. About 50% of E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and about 20% to piperacillin, enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin. High percentages of isolates of Salmonella were found to be resistant to cephalexin (88%) and aminoglycosides (greater than 77%). Our results support the idea that raptors could act as reservoirs of Salmonella and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, posing a risk not only to wildlife but also to livestock and the human population, thus reinforcing the need to minimize the exposure of wildlife to antimicrobial agent through human and livestock waste.

Natural Trypanosoma evansi infection in the Canary Islands has only been diagnosed in the camel population, but dissemination of the disease in other hosts has not been excluded. To evaluate the role of the goats in the dissemination of the disease, 8 goats were inoculated and examined during 6 months using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a primer targeting a repetitive region specific for Trypanozoon subgenus used to amplify a 227 bp fragment from the genomic DNA. PCR was able to detect parasitemia in all tested samples; therefore it was considered as gold standard test in this study. The results were compared with those obtained using the micro-hematocrit centrifugation technique showing a sensitivity of 92.7%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 1 and negative predictive value of 0.87. Both techniques seem to be adequate to detect T. evansi from infected goats.

The purpose of this study was to correlate the anatomic features of the normal thorax of neonatal foals identified by CTA, with anatomical sections and gross dissections. Contrast-enhanced transverse CTA images were obtained in three neonatal foals using a helical CT scanner. All sections were imaged with a bone, mediastinal, and lung windows setting. Moreover, cardiac volume-rendered reconstructed images were obtained. After CT imaging, the cadaver foals were sectioned and dissected to facilitate the interpretation of the intrathoracic cardiovascular structures to the corresponding CTA images. Anatomic details of the thorax of neonatal foals were identified according to the characteristics of CT density of the different organic tissues and compared with the corresponding anatomical sections and gross dissections. The information obtained provided a valid anatomic pattern of the thorax of foals, and useful information for CTA studies of this region.

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance among isolates from wild animals is increasingly reported. Extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Enterobacteriaceae , and particularly Escherichia coli , have spread worldwide as one of the most common multidrug‐resistant organisms. The aim of this study was to determine the carriage rate of ESBL‐producing E . coli isolates and their genetic characteristics in wild vultures from the Canary Islands. Faecal samples were collected from 22 apparently healthy free‐ranging (wild) vulture chicks from Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands) during July 2019. They were seeded in MacConkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime (2 μg ml −1 ). Colonies with typical morphology of E . coli were identified by MALDI‐TOF‐MS. Antimicrobial susceptibility was done by disk diffusion. Phenotypic detection of ESBL was performed by double‐disk tests. The presence of bla CTX‐M , bla SHV , bla TEM , bla KPC and bla OXA‐48 genes, as well as mcr‐ 1 (colistin resistance), tet A/ tet B and int 1 gene, was tested by PCR/sequencing. Phylogenetic groups and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were determined by PCR/sequencing. ESBL‐producing E . coli isolates were detected in 5/22 tested animals (22.7%), and all isolates (one/animal) carried bla CTX‐M genes: bla CTX‐M‐15 ( n = 3) and bla CTX‐M‐55 ( n = 2). ESBL‐positive isolates were ascribed to phylogenetic group D (two isolates), B 1 (two isolates) and A (one isolate), and five sequence types were detected (ST/phylogenetic‐group/ESBL): ST515/B1/CTX‐M‐15, ST1290/A/CTX‐M‐15, ST38/D/CTX‐M‐15, ST457/D/CTX‐M‐55 and ST6448/B 1 /CTX‐M‐55; this suggests a genetic diversity among these isolates. Three CTX‐M‐15‐producing isolates contained the bla TEM gene and one the tet A gene. To our knowledge, this appears to be the first report of ESBL‐producing E . coli in vulture chicks from the Canary Islands.

Rumenotomy is one of the most widely used surgical techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of different rumen conditions in ruminants. It is commonly used for large ruminants, such as cattle. Although this technique is also applied to small ruminants, there is a lack of standardization. To date, it has not been fully described in the available literature, which is mostly from developing countries with a small number of peer-reviewed publications. This review is thus intended to summarize the body of knowledge related to the technique that has been published so far and make it available for clinical practice. The indications for rumenotomy, preoperative management of patients, different surgical techniques and postoperative management, including complications from the procedure, are discussed.

The use of agriculture by-products is highly demanded for livestock nutrition. However, the employment of certain non-degradable materials could potentially induce concretions and lesions in ruminants’ forestomach. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the morphological lesions showed in rumen containing indigestible foreign objects, named foreign bodies, in small ruminants. Twenty-two animals (12 goats and 10 ewes) presenting foreign bodies (2.750 ± 1.577 kg) were included in this study. Rumenotomies were performed to remove the foreign bodies, and rumen samples were taken for further morphological evaluations. Rumen samples from healthy small ruminants (n = 24) were also taken at slaughterhouses as controls. Morphologically, the rumen from affected animals showed a significant reduction of the ruminal papillae length (1.243 vs. 3.097), hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium, mononuclear infiltration in the subepithelial spaces and, less consistently, vacuolization of keratinocytes, presence of intraepithelial leukocytes and vascular changes of the lamina propria. It can be concluded that indigestible foreign bodies would cause ruminal lesions that would be able to trigger inflammatory and/or degenerative lesions. Our study demonstrates morphological lesions because of the presence of intraruminal foreign bodies, but further studies on the functional activity of the rumen in these cases are required. The avoidance of the presence of indigestible materials in agriculture exploitations is highly recommended in order to prevent the accumulation of indigestible foreign objects in small ruminants.

Several different species of animals host staphylococci as normal microbiota. These animals can be a source of staphylococci zoonotic infections. People with routine or occupational exposure to infected/colonized animals are at risk of a potential transmission. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the presence of S. aureus and other staphylococci in camels used for recreational purposes as well as their antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and genetic lineages. A total of 172 samples were collected from 86 healthy camels (nose and mouth) from different farms located in the Canary Islands, Spain. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed against 14 antimicrobial agents. The presence of virulence genes was studied by PCR. Multilocus sequence typing, spa typing and agr typing were performed in all S. aureus isolates. From the 86 camels tested, 42 staphylococci were isolated, of which there were 11 S. aureus, 13 S. lentus, 12 S. sciuri, 3 S. xylosus, S. epidermidis, S. hominis and S. chromogenes. Staphylococci isolates were resistant to penicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin and fusidic acid. All S. aureus isolates harbored the hla, hlb and hld virulence genes. S. aureus isolates were ascribed to three sequence types (STs) and three spa types. All S. aureus isolates belonged to agr type III. Camels from Gran Canaria used in recreational purposes have a moderate prevalence of S. aureus and other coagulase-negative staphylococci. Nevertheless, S. aureus isolates are susceptible to almost all antibiotics tested.

Veterinary RecordVolume 146, Issue 18 p. 534-534 Short Communication Severe urolithiasis due to trimagnesium orthophosphate calculi in a goat C. Gutierrez DVM, PhD, C. Gutierrez DVM, PhD Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorM. C. Juste DVM, PhD, M. C. Juste DVM, PhD Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorM. P. Palacios AE, PhD, M. P. Palacios AE, PhD Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. Corbera DVM, PhD, J. A. Corbera DVM, PhD Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorE. Escolar DVM, PhD, E. Escolar DVM, PhD Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainSearch for more papers by this author C. Gutierrez DVM, PhD, C. Gutierrez DVM, PhD Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorM. C. Juste DVM, PhD, M. C. Juste DVM, PhD Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorM. P. Palacios AE, PhD, M. P. Palacios AE, PhD Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. Corbera DVM, PhD, J. A. Corbera DVM, PhD Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35416 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorE. Escolar DVM, PhD, E. Escolar DVM, PhD Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, SpainSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 April 2000 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.146.18.534Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume146, Issue18April 2000Pages 534-534 RelatedInformation

This study aimed to describe the anatomic features of the normal head of the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) identified by computed tomography. CT images were obtained in two dragons using a helical CT scanner. All sections were displayed with a bone and soft tissue windows setting. Head reconstructed, and maximum intensity projection images were obtained to enhance bony structures. After CT imaging, the images were compared with other studies and reptile anatomy textbooks to facilitate the interpretation of the CT images. Anatomic details of the head of the Komodo dragon were identified according to the CT density characteristics of the different organic tissues. This information is intended to be a useful initial anatomic reference in interpreting clinical CT imaging studies of the head and associated structures in live Komodo dragons.

Blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in 709 normal dromedary camels (442 females and 267 males) were assessed in the Canary Islands. All animals were intensively reared, and three different nutritional systems were evaluated, depending on selenium content of the diet. Mean GSH-Px level in the total population was 288.5+/-157.2 IU x g(-1) Hb. Reference ranges were estimated and enzymatic activities below 51 IU x g(-1) Hb were considered inadequate. GSH-Px activities obtained in females (298.1+/-155.7 IU x g(-1) Hb) were significantly (P = 0.037) higher than in males (272.6+/-157.2 IU x g(-1) Hb). When age groups were compared, only males between 6 and 12 months old exhibited significantly lower mean GSH-Px (P = 0.006) than females. A high correlation (r = 0.88) between serum selenium concentration and blood GSH-Px activity was estimated, and the regression equation was y = 2.5101x + 42.423. Selenium content of the diet above 0.1 mg x kg(-1) DM seems to supply adequate selenium requirements for dromedaries under intensive husbandry.

To evaluate the effect of bumetanide, quinapril and a low-sodium diet on clinical response tolerance and side-effects on dogs with moderate congestive heart failure.A prospective clinical study, using 32 client-owned dogs with naturally occurring disease.Thirty-two dogs diagnosed with congestive heart failure (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council stage II) due to mitral valve disease were included. During 4 weeks, patients received 0.5 mg/kg quinapril (Ectren, Menarini), 0.1 mg/kg bumetanide (Fordiuran, Boehringer Ingelheim) and a low sodium diet (CNM-CV, Purina) was fed. All dogs were examined weekly and results were treated statistically.The treatment was safe, effective and well-tolerated and no major side-effects were observed. There were no significant changes in measured haematological and biochemical variables, including serum electrolyte concentrations and urinary fractional excretion of electrolytes.This study suggests that the combined treatment with bumetanide, quinapril and low-sodium diet for controlling moderate CHF due to mitral insufficiency in dogs is simple, easy-to-administer and effective in controlling clinical signs and prompting improvement even after short-term treatment.

Two cases of uterine prolapse in dromedary camels in a herd with concomitant cases of white muscle disease are described. Serum selenium and glutathione peroxidase in whole blood were investigated in both patients and showed statistical difference compared with a control group. Results suggest that selenium deficiency could promote uterine prolapse in dromedary camels.

The purpose of the study was to provide a description of normal cross-sectional anatomy of the camel brain and associated structures using computed tomography (CT) and macroscopic cross sections. Transverse images of two isolated camel cadaver heads were obtained by an axial CT equipment. CT scans were processed with a detailed algorithm using bone and soft-tissue windows settings, and compared with the corresponding frozen cross sections of the heads, to assist in the accurate identification of brain and associated structures. CT images provided good differentiation between the bones and the soft tissues of the head. These CT images are intended to be a useful anatomic reference in the interpretation for clinical CT imaging studies of the brain and associated structures in dromedary camels.

The aim of this study was to describe the normal magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the heart and associated vessels in a mature female cat using a 1.5-Tesla magnet. Non-contrast enhanced MRA was performed using a three-dimensional time of flight (TOF) sequence in parasagittal and dorsal aspects. Relevant cardiac and vascular structures were labelled on three-dimensional Time of flight images. Time of flight imaging showed details of the heart cavities and vessels lumen due to the high signal intensity of fast-flowing blood compared with bones, muscles, and lungs, which appeared with low signal intensity. Three-dimensional TOF sequences provided adequate anatomical details of the heart and good differentiation of the vascular structures that could be used for interpretation of cardiac images and to assist in future MRA studies.

Abstract Melián, C., Morales, M., Perez-Alenza, M.D., Corbera, J.A. and Bru, N.D. 2006. Gallbladder mucocele in two dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism: a case report. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 30: 117–120. Gallbadder mucocele in two clinical cases of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism has been described. Decreased gallbladder motility, biliary stasis and altered absortion of water from the gallbladder lumen are predisposing factors to the formation of biliary sludge and it is possible that biliary sludge is a precipitating factor in the formation of gallbladder mucoceles. Dogs with hyperadrenocorticism commonly present biliary sludge and hepatomegaly and might be predisposed to gallbladder mucocele. Hyperadrenocorticism is associated with thrombosis and a hypercoagulability state, which can contribute to gallbladder ischemia and necrosis. Further studies are needed to fully understand the effect on hyperadrenocorticism on gallbladder function.

In human medicine, non-contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is routinely used to assess the cardiovascular system. In this study, using non-contrast CMRI, we provide a thorough description of the normal appearance of the intrathoracic cardiovascular structures in one healthy cat using a magnet operating at a field of 1.5-Tesla. The CMRI protocol was based on the use of fast spin-echo double inversion recovery and steady-state free precession pulse sequences in oblique short-axis, vertical long-axis, and horizontal long-axis imaging planes. After imaging the feline heart, four cadaver cats injected with latex substance into their arterial and venous systems were sectioned to facilitate interpretation of the intrathoracic cardiovascular structures to the corresponding CMRI. The fast spin-echo double inversion recovery images showed the best evaluation of gross intrathoracic anatomy, giving excellent contrast of the myocardium and vessels walls as they appeared with intermediate signal intensity compared to the lumen that appeared with low signal intensity. By contrast, steady-state free precession images showed details of the heart cavities and vascular lumen due to the high signal intensity of fast-flowing blood. The results of this study provide some anatomic detail for the heart and associated vessels as seen by non-contrast CMRI in the domestic cat.

The Canary Islands have been considered as Q fever endemic territory for humans and livestock, but those studies were carried out 20 years ago. In order to evaluate the current status of the disease in livestock, a cross-sectional survey was performed evaluating 22 milking goat farms and 550 goats throughout all the 7 Canary Islands. A questionnaire to collect epidemiological data was also included. Blood sera were analyzed using a commercial Q fever antibody ELISA test kit. The overall animal seroprevalence was 42%, with significant differences among the islands, their climate zones, and local particularities. These findings would confirm the endemic character of the disease 20 years later and would indicate the need to implement an urgent control plan as well as surveillance measures by the Official Veterinary Services.

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat to human health. Although vaccines have been developed to combat AMR, it has proven challenging to associate specific vaccine antigens with AMR. Bacterial plasmids play a crucial role in the transmission of AMR. Our recent research has identified a group of bacterial plasmids (specifically, IncHI plasmids) that encode large molecular mass proteins containing bacterial immunoglobulin-like domains. These proteins are found on the external surface of the bacterial cells, such as in the flagella or conjugative pili. In this study, we show that these proteins are antigenic and can protect mice from infection caused by an AMR Salmonella strain harboring one of these plasmids. Furthermore, we successfully generated nanobodies targeting these proteins, that were shown to interfere with the conjugative transfer of IncHI plasmids. Considering that these proteins are also encoded in other groups of plasmids, such as IncA/C and IncP2, targeting them could be a valuable strategy in combating AMR infections caused by bacteria harboring different groups of AMR plasmids. Since the selected antigens are directly linked to AMR itself, the protective effect extends beyond specific microorganisms to include all those carrying the corresponding resistance plasmids.

A case of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is described for the first time. The patient, a castrated 9-year-old animal, presented with a 6-month history of several episodes of syncope after moderate exercise and later at rest. The syncope had a sudden onset and a duration of 30 to 45 seconds. After clinical, electrocardiographical and echocardiographical examination, a tentative diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was made. At necropsy, the heart had a globose shape and was firm on palpation. The left ventricular free wall and the interventricular septum were thickened in cross-section and the left ventricular lumen was small. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination of heart tissue that demonstrated hypertrophy of myocardial fibres with vesicular nuclei and the presence of diffuse interstitial fibrosis.

The respect of the teacher for the student is essential for effective teaching from the perspective of the students, even in comparison to the knowledge and communication capacity of the teacher. Consequently, the optimal development of this characteristic fosters a more effective and efficient student–teacher relationship. We initiated this research following a conversation with a group of university students, who expressed their discontent regarding the lack of respect shown towards them by some teachers. Therefore, we conducted a descriptive study using online surveys, focusing on the central axis in the teacher–student relationship. The results highlighted the need for faculty members to analyze and question their attitudes towards their students. This paper presents initial results of the data collected at the Veterinary Faculty of the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

Trypanosomosis is a global animal issue, causing significant economic losses, particularly in Africa. In Spain, only one pathogenic species, Trypanosoma evansi, has been identified so far. It was first detected in a dromedary camel in the Canary Islands in 1997. Since then, numerous cases of the disease, known as surra, have been diagnosed, prompting various studies and efforts in control and surveillance. Given the lack of a comprehensive database that consolidates the most relevant data in this area, the development of a national atlas, with focus on the Canary Islands, to incorporate all available information on T. evansi in Spain became a necessity. For the development of the atlas, a repository was constructed, encompassing a range of datasets and documents spanning from 1997 to 2022. Information from each source, and in particular georeferenced locations and results of blood tests on animals, were extracted and integrated into a comprehensive database. A total of 31 sources were analysed, providing a total of 99 georeferenced locations and 12,433 animal samples. Out of these samples, 601 (mostly from dromedaries) were found to be positive for T. evansi. The Card Agglutination Test for T. evansi (CATT/T. evansi), a serological test, was the most commonly used diagnostic method, and it showed higher prevalence for all tested animal species. Positive cases were mainly concentrated in the Canary Islands, specifically in the eastern islands, with isolated cases found in the province of Alicante (Iberian Peninsula). This atlas provides an overview of the history and occurrence of surra in Spain, and it represents a valuable tool for future control initiatives and for research. Still, the need for more studies remains, especially for further testing of potential hosts other than camelids and for the examination of their potential transmission vectors.

Abstract Gutierrez, C., Rodríguez, J.L., Sagrera, M.C., Corbera, J.A. and Montoya, J.A. 1999. Two cases of schistosomus reflexus and two of omphalocele in the Canarian goat. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 15: 93–96. Schistosomus reflexus is a ruminant congenital abnormality whose pathogenesis is not well understood. Omphalocele is another congenital abnormality possibly related as an intermediate stage between schistosomus reflexus and umbilical hernia. This paper describes two cases of schistosomus reflexus and two of omphalocele occurred in Canary goats with estimated inbreeding coefficient between 15 and 25%. These data suggest that if schistosomus reflexus is an inherited defect as suggested by Roberts (1986), which might also occur to omphalocele, inbreeding could be a predisposing factor for their presentation. Key words: Schistosomus reflexusOmphaloceleumbilical herniagoat

Abstract Corbera, J.A., Vilar, J.M. and Gutierrez, C. 2009. Transient tracheal collapse associated with bronchopneumonia in a kid goat. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 36: 53–54. A case of transient tracheal collapse associated with bronchopneumonia occurred in α 3-week-old goat is presented. Tracheal collapse, affecting particularly the caudal cervical region, would have been secondary to great respiratory effort. Antibiotic and anti-inflammatory treatment was successful and the tracheal collapse was reversible. Possible pathogenesis is discussed.

A 2-year-old Canary goat was presented at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital with dystocia. A live male kid with apparent malformations was delivered with obstetrical assistance. The newborn showed bilateral clinical anophthalmia, palpebral microfissure, polydactylia in both forelegs (Figure 1), and tarsal ankylosis. The kid was weak and died a few minutes after being born. Necropsy revealed the following: duplication of the distal part of metacarpal bones that started in the middle of the shaft; absence of ocular structures; a fatty mass occupying each orbit; and fused lobes of the liver, except for the caudate lobe. On microscopic examination, no vestiges of ocular structures were found in samples from the orbital masses and no structural alterations were seen in any of the several samples taken from the liver. Blood could not be extracted from the animal, so only the dam was karyotyped and found to be 58 XX, without apparent aberrations. In the previous year, the dam had had a healthy kid. The farm did not have antecedents of similar malformations or apparent reasons that induced the abnormalities. Serological studies on the dam using ELISAs for the detection of Toxoplasma, Akabane virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus were negative. The phenotypic study suggested that the embryo could have been under the influence of some teratogen or complex genetic effect during its early development. The main infectious agents, teratogenic plants, parasites, and drugs were discarded as possible causes, because the farm is managed attentively and the presentation was spontaneous (the herd is composed of approximately 1100 milking goats). Polydactyly is described as occurring with a dominant autosomal inheritance (1,2). That mode of inheritance has also been reported in the polydactyly of the cat (3). For Simmental cattle, a polygenic inheritance requiring a dominant gene at one locus and 2 recessive genes at another locus has been described (4). This kid was the first with polydactyly in the herd; therefore, it was impossible to determine the mode of transmission. Microphthalmia-anophthalmia results from the failure of optic vesicle formation. A recessive autosomal inheritance has been described in humans (5), although ocular abnormalities have also been associated with drugs: griseofulvin in cats and vitamin A deficiency in pigs, dogs, and cattle (3).

Abstract Vilar, J.M., Corbera, J.A. and Ramírez, G.A. 2010. Dystocia and paraparesis associated with intra-pelvic space-restricting hematoma in a Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica). J. Appl. Anim. Res., 37: 89–91. This report presents a case of dystocia and mummification of a. co-twin fetus in a nine-year-old pregnant Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica) that was a direct result of capture procedures. The anesthetic dart penetrated the left perivulvar region, causing a large intra-pelvic space-restricting hematoma. Subsequently, the doe developed bilateral hindlimb paresis and marked vaginal prolapse. On cesarean section one of the fetuses was dead and exhibited features of initial maceration. The second fetus was weak, but survived and appeared normal. The doe recovered well from the anesthesia, but after 48 h displayed lethargy, ataxia, disorientation and extreme weakness and it was deemed appropriate to euthanize the animal. The postmortem examination revealed lesions suggestive of pregnancy toxemia. Trauma in pregnant wild goats should raise the clinical suspicion of fetal death and dictate further observation; in a twin pregnancy, the appearance of a single fetal death should be investigated.

A rare case of congenital supernumerary teeth, also known as hyperdontia, observed in a healthy 8-month-old female ewe is presented. The congenital defect consisted of the presence of 2 incisor teeth embedded in the lateral areas of the dental pad. The anomaly was found during a routine physical examination and no other congenital abnormalities were found in the patient. No prior congenital abnormalities had been seen in the herd and the study of possible associated teratogenic factors was inconclusive. To the authors’ knowledge, this ovine odontogenic abnormality has not been described in the literature and appears to be an extraordinarily rare condition.

Abstract This communication presents a case of peromelia associated with brachydactyly and hyperphalangism in a newborn female goat. Absence and rudimentary distal phalanx were observed in hands and feet at X-ray examination. According to the Bell's classification [Bell, J., 1951. On brachydactyly and symphalangism. In: Penrose (Ed.), Treasury of Human Inheritance, vol. 5. Oxford University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1–30] the kid goat presented a brachydactyly type B. Karyotype study was only performed in the dam, and no apparent chromosomal aberrations were observed (58 XX). Several drugs or infectious diseases associated with congenital abnormalities were discarded. The farm had not introduced new males in many years; for that, inbreeding environment and recessive abnormalities could be suspected. To the author's knowledge, the coexistence of such malformations has not been previously described in a goat.

Abstract Corbera, J.A., Morales, M., Doreste, F. and Gutierrez, C. 2007. Experimental struvite urolithiasis in goats. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 32: 191–194. To study the occurrence of the experimental struvite urolithiasis in goats in a semi-arid region of the Canary Islands, where urolithiasis is relatively common, 18 one-year old Canary female goats were divided into three equal groups: Group A received a concentrate ration of 3 parts corn to 1 part cottonseed meal; Group B received the same diet with wheat straw added ad libitum and Group C received a balanced diet for 10 weeks. Crystaluria was observed in all groups, but was more evident in Group A. Goats belonging to this group showed a progressive calcium/phosphorus disbalance. Epithelial cells and bilirubin crystals were also more evident in the Group A. It is concluded that high grain diet resulted in struvite urolithiasis in goats.

Veterinary RecordVolume 151, Issue 10 p. 300-301 Short Communications Vegetative valvular endocarditis in a dromedary camel C. Gutierrez DVM, PhD, C. Gutierrez DVM, PhD Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorM. Aguirre DVM, PhD, M. Aguirre DVM, PhD Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorM. Morales DVM, PhD, M. Morales DVM, PhD Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorF. Doreste DVM, F. Doreste DVM Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. Corbera DVM, PhD, J. A. Corbera DVM, PhD Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this author C. Gutierrez DVM, PhD, C. Gutierrez DVM, PhD Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorM. Aguirre DVM, PhD, M. Aguirre DVM, PhD Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorM. Morales DVM, PhD, M. Morales DVM, PhD Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorF. Doreste DVM, F. Doreste DVM Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. Corbera DVM, PhD, J. A. Corbera DVM, PhD Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, SpainSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 September 2002 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.151.10.300Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume151, Issue10September 2002Pages 300-301 RelatedInformation

Las tecnologias de informacion y comunicaciones (TIC) han cobrado una importancia fundamental en el aula universitaria en los ultimos anos, especialmente aquellas relacionadas con las tecnologias moviles. Asi, en este trabajo se plantea una experiencia de empleo de las TIC a traves del uso de estas herramientas en la docencia de Propedeutica y Biopatologia del Grado en Veterinaria de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, para escuchar los ruidos cardiacos que se ensenen durante la clase teorica de exploracion cardiaca, a traves de la plataforma social MySpace. Esta experiencia fue valorada a traves de una encuesta en la que el 84.2% de los estudiantes mostraron una actitud positiva frente a la iniciativa y 79% encontraron util este recurso durante la docencia. El 100% se mostraron de acuerdo en emplear este tipo de tecnologias en el aula para lograr un mejor aprendizaje y formacion academica y el 73.6% afirmaron emplear las TIC para estudiar veterinaria fuera del aula, lo que resalta la gran importancia de que el docente incorpore el uso de nuevas tecnologias en el aula. El profesor universitario debe transformarse en un agente capaz de generar las competencias necesarias para una sociedad que se encuentra plenamente integrada en el conocimiento tecnologico, para lograr una vision transformadora de una sociedad cambiante.

<b>Capsule</b>: Anthropogenic factors were identified as the main threats to wild birds in Gran Canaria. <b>Aims</b>: To analyse the causes of morbidity and mortality in a large sample of selected orders of birds admitted to the Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre (TWRC) in Gran Canaria over 11 years, and to analyse the outcomes of such rehabilitation. <b>Methods</b>: The records of 2390 birds were analysed. Ten primary causes of morbidity were identified: trauma, metabolic/nutritional disorder, orphaned young birds, infectious/parasitic disease, crude oil, poisoning/intoxication, glue trapping, captivity, other causes, and unknown/undetermined. The rates of the final outcome categories (euthanasia <i>E</i>_r, unassisted mortality <i>M</i>_r, release <i>R</i>_r, and permanent captivity <i>C</i>_r), the time until death, and the length of stay were studied. <b>Results</b>: The Eurasian Stone-curlew <i>Burhinus oedicnemus</i> was the species most frequently admitted (20.29%), followed by the Eurasian Blackbird <i>Turdus merula</i> (13.47%). The most frequent cause of morbidity was trauma (27.82%). The final outcomes of birds admitted alive were <i>E</i>_r= 16.69%, <i>M</i>_r= 26.53%, <i>R</i>_r= 54%, and <i>C</i>_r= 2.76%. <b>Conclusions</b>: This survey provides useful information for the conservation and welfare of these bird species. The successful release rate achieved at the TWRC emphasizes the importance of wildlife rehabilitation centres for the conservation of birds.

An 8-year-old male dromedary camel was presented with a history of urine retention. Anamnesis revealed a 5 day history of lethargy, loss of appetite, oligodipsia and repetitive unsuccessful attempts at micturition. Careful rectal palpation revealed a urine filled urinary bladder. The animal was initially treated with butilscopolamine, 0.2 ml/kg intravenously every 6 h and ampicillin, 6 mg/kg intramuscularly every 8 h, fruitlessly. An amorphous material derivate from haemorrhagic exudate was removed. A small catheter (0.3 cm) was introduced cranially and only a few bloodish urine drops were obtained. Sediment examination revealed epithelial cells, erythrocytes, bacteria, spermatozoids and crystals, which were classified as phosphate crystals (struvite). Haematological and biochemical findings indicate a stress leukogram and renal parameters increased around 10 times the normal values. Despite all, blood parameters returned to physiological range within a few days. (Resume d'auteur)

Abstract A one-year-old European shorthair feral cat with signs of heat was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria University. After the physical exam, histology, hormonal analysis, ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) studies were performed. Examination of the external genitalia revealed the absence of one of the testes in the scrotal sac and the presence of a structure whose appearance could suggest an enlarged penis-like clitoris with small spines. The ultrasound study showed compatible images with the left ovary and intra-abdominal testis and tubular structures, which closely resembled the uterine horns. Similar structures were confirmed in the CT study. Exploratory celiotomy revealed the presence of the uterus and undescended testis attached to the uterine horn. Histological examination revealed immature testicular tissue in both gonads and the presence of Persistent Müllerian Duct (PMD). Though a karyotype was not performed, it was presumed to be the standard 38 XY found in pseudohermaphrodites. To date, this type of disorder of sexual development (DSD) has been scarcely reported in cats. Further studies are on the way to knowing the genetic mechanism of this disease.

A rapid urinary iodide test was assessed in goats to validate its effectiveness in field conditions. The test provides a semiquantitative assessment of the iodine intake and could be valuable for animal population. Two hundred and forty-six dairy goats were randomized selected for this study. According to iodide content in urine, results were classified in three groups ( 30 μg/dL). These findings were in agreement with spectrophotometrical determinations and with serum iodine values. Sensibility and specificity were 89% and 78%, respectively. Data on reproducibility and interfering substances were also valuable. Given the technical simplicity, cost-effectiveness and its stability in heat environmental conditions, the rapid urinary iodide test should be considered as a valuable method for epidemiological surveys in field conditions or in development countries.

The study presented here proposes the reuse of reclaimed, filtered and disinfected water (RWuv) for direct use in animal production. Particularly, animal health and production were investigated during two production cycles. The water was used for animal consumption and facility cleaning. Cows, sheeps and goats were included in the study, and each group of animals was offered the RWuv ad libitum. There was a control group for each species, drinking conventional fresh water (FW). Both RWuv and FW were analyzed in order to determine water quality and safety. Chemical, microbiological, parasitological and toxicological parameters were investigated. Clinical evaluations, including complete physical examination and a monthly sample collection of blood, feces, urine, ruminal fluid and milk were performed. Those analyses were done in order to discover or notice any clinical sign of disease. Also, non-clinical chemistry profiles were performed using ICP and included serum, milk and urine concentration of Al, As, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sn and Zn. No clinical signs of diseases have been observed during the study. Hematological results were within normal values. Although most analyzed water parameters for two sources were statistically different, no signs of any toxicosis were observed. Higher concentration of B and P in RW compared to FW affected serum B and P concentrations in cows, but not in sheep or goats. None of the other nonclinical chemical parameters studied showed statistical differences between RW and control group.