James Wetzel

Augustine's moral psychology was one of the richest in late antiquity, and in this book James Wetzel evaluates its development, indicating that the insights offered by Augustine on free-will have been prevented from receiving full appreciation as the result of an anachronistic distinction between theology and philosophy. He shows that it has been commonplace to divide Augustine's thought into earlier and later phases, the former being more philosophically informed than the latter. Wetzel's contention is that this division is less pronounced than it has been made out to be. The author shows that, while Augustine clearly acknowledges his differences with philosophy, he never loses his fascination with the Stoic concepts of happiness and virtue, and of the possibility of their attainment by human beings. This fascination is seen by Wetzel to extend to Augustine's writings on grace, where freedom and happiness are viewed as a recovery of virtue. The notorious dismissal of pagan virtue in 'The City of God' is part of Augustine's family quarrel with philosophers, not a rejection of philosophy per se. Augustine the theologian is thus seen to be a Platonist philosopher with a keen sense of the psychology of moral struggle.

It is not hard to determine what Augustine meant by predestination. In one of his last works, written for those who opposed him mainly on the issue of predestination, he has this to say about his doctrine: “This is the predestination of the saints, nothing else: plainly the foreknowledge and preparation of God's bene- fits, by means of which whoever is to be liberated is most certainly liberated.” His doctrine has a dark corollary. If you are not one of the saints - one of those looked after by God - you are most certainly lost; your lot in life is to remain part of a ruined race, squandered in sin (massa perditionis). The doctrine of predestination and its corollary, the inevitable ruin of those not predestined to be redeemed, fairly encapsulate a career's worth of theological reflection on Augustine's part. He had arrived at a relentlessly God-driven account of human redemption, and if his own assessment of his development can be credited, he had begun from a place not too dissimilar. I will be marking some of the turns in Augustine's trek to his doctrine of predestination, at least in passing, but the question I most have in mind is less one of how he gets there than why he bothers. What moves him so to emphasize God's role in redemption that to even some of his own most loyal supporters, he seems to have all but obliterated the human part?

ABSTRACT John Milbank's case against secular reason draws much of its authority and force from Augustine's critique of pagan virtue. Theology and Social Theory could be characterized, without too much insult to either Augustine or Milbank, as a postmodern City of God . Modern preoccupations with secular virtues, marketplace values, and sociological bottom‐lines are likened there to classically pagan preoccupations with the virtues of self‐conquest and conquest over others. Against both modern and antique “ontological violence” (where ‘to be’ is ‘to be antagonistic’), Milbank advances an Augustinian hope for the peace that is both beyond and prior to the peace of (temporarily) repressed antagonism. One aim of this essay is to consider whether virtues conceived out of such a hope are really all that different from the virtues they are taken to replace. I take a critical look at Augustine's critique of pagan virtue, Milbank's appropriation of that critique, the applicability of that critique to Plato, and the polemical value of Augustine's notion of original sin. I end up being skeptical of the notion of a peculiarly Christian way to turn antagonistically conceived virtues into love, but I am not unsympathetic to Milbank's concerns about a loveless and self‐complacent secularity.

Introduction James Wetzel 1. The history of the book: Augustine's City of God and post-Roman cultural memory Mark Vessey 2. Secularity and the saeculum Paul J. Griffiths 3. Augustine's dystopia Peter Iver Kaufman 4. From rape to resurrection: sin, sexual difference, and politics Margaret R. Miles 5. Ideology and solidarity in Augustine's City of God John Cavadini 6. The theatre of the virtues: Augustine's critique of Pagan mimesis Jennifer Herdt 7. The psychology of compassion: Stoicism in City of God 9.5 Sarah Byers 8. Augustine's rejection of eudaimonism Nicholas Wolterstorff 9. Augustine on the origin of evil: myth and metaphysics James Wetzel 10. Hell and the dilemmas of intractable alienation John Bowlin 11. On the nature and worth of Christian philosophy: evidence from the City of God John Rist 12. Reinventing Augustine's ethics: the afterlife of City of God Bonnie Kent.

The RADiCAL Collaboration is conducting R\&D on high performance electromagnetic (EM) calorimetry to address the challenges expected in future collider experiments under conditions of high luminosity and/or high irradiation (FCC-ee, FCC-hh and fixed target and forward physics environments). Under development is a sampling calorimeter approach, known as RADiCAL modules, based on scintillation and wavelength-shifting (WLS) technologies and photosensor, including SiPM and SiPM-like technology. The modules discussed herein consist of alternating layers of very dense (W) absorber and scintillating crystal (LYSO:Ce) plates, assembled to a depth of 25 $X_0$. The scintillation signals produced by the EM showers in the region of EM shower maximum (shower max) are transmitted to SiPM located at the upstream and downstream ends of the modules via quartz capillaries which penetrate the full length of the module. The capillaries contain DSB1 organic plastic WLS filaments positioned within the region of shower max, where the shower energy deposition is greatest, and fused with quartz rod elsewhere. The wavelength shifted light from this spatially-localized shower max region is then propagated to the photosensors. This paper presents the results of an initial measurement of the time resolution of a RADiCAL module over the energy range 25 GeV $\leq$ E $\leq$ 150 GeV using the H2 electron beam at CERN. The data indicate an energy dependence of the time resolution that follows the functional form: $\sigma_{t} = a/\sqrt{E} \oplus b$, where a = 256 $\sqrt{GeV}$~ps and b = 17.5 ps. The time resolution measured at the highest electron beam energy for which data was currently recorded (150 GeV) was found to be $\sigma_{t}$ = 27 ps.

Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) are cheap and common polyester plastics used throughout the world in the manufacturing of bottled drinks, containers for foodstuffs, and fibers used in clothing. These plastics are also known organic scintillators with very good scintillation properties. As particle physics experiments increase in energy and particle flux density, so does radiation exposure to detector materials. It is therefore important that scintillators be tested for radiation tolerance at these generally unheard of doses. We tested samples of PEN and PET using laser stimulated emission on separate tiles exposed to 1 Mrad and 10 Mrad gamma rays with a 137Cs source. PEN exposed to 1.4 Mrad and 14 Mrad emit 71.4% and 46.7% of the light of an undamaged tile, respectively, and maximally recover to 85.9% and 79.5% after 5 and 9 days, respectively. PET exposed to 1.4 Mrad and 14 Mrad emit 35.0% and 12.2% light, respectively, and maximally recover to 93.5% and 80.0% after 22 and 60 days, respectively.

In this study, we consider using LEDs to stimulate the recovery of scintillators damaged from radiation in high radiation environments. We irradiated scintillating tiles of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), Eljen brand EJ-260 (EJN), an overdoped EJ-260 (EJ2P), and a lab-produced elastomer scintillator (ES) composed of p-terphenyl (ptp) in epoxy. Two different high-dose irradiations took place, with PEN dosed to 100 kGy, and the others to 78 kGy. We found that the ‘blue’ scintillators (PEN and ES) recovered faster and maximally higher with LEDs than without. Conversely exposing the ‘green’ scintillators (EJ-260) to LED light had a nearly negligible effect on the recovery. We hypothesize that the ‘green’ scintillators require wavelengths that match their absorption and emission spectra for LED stimulated recovery.

Theodicy begins with the recognition that the world is not obviously under the care of a loving God with limitless power and wisdom. If it were, why would the world be burdened with its considerable amount and variety of evil? Theodicists are those who attempt to answer this question by suggesting a possible rationale for the appearance of evil in a theocentric universe. In the past theodicists have taken up the cause of theodicy in the service of piety, so that God might be defended against libel from humans, particularly the accusation that God's reign lacks justice. Contemporary practitioners, who live in a world where the existence of God can no longer be presumed, tend to favour theodicy as an exercise in securing the rationality of religious belief. Their hope is that one crucial theoretical obstacle to responsible belief in God will have been eliminated, once the idea of God has been reconciled with the reality of evil. What has commonly united theodicists, at least since the Enlightenment, is that they must answer to a non–believing antagonist. Until relatively recently, theodicy has been a debate between apologists for theistic faith and their cultured detractors.

Insect pollinators are vital to the stability of a broad range of both natural and anthropogenic ecosystems and add billions of dollars to the economy each year. Honey bees are perhaps the best studied insect pollinator due to their economic and cultural importance. Of particular interest to researchers are the wide variety of mechanisms honey bees use for thermoregulation, such as fanning cool air currents around the hive and careful selection of insulated nest sites. These behaviors help honey bees remain active through both winter freezes and summer heatwaves, and may allow honey bees to deal with the ongoing climate crisis more readily than other insect species. Surprisingly, little is known about how honey bee colonies manage chronic heat stress. Here we provide a review of honey bee conservation behavior as it pertains to thermoregulation, and then present a novel behavior displayed in honey bees—the alteration of comb arrangement in response to 6 weeks of increased hive temperature. We found that while overall quantities of brood remained stable between treatments, brood were distributed more diffusely throughout heated hives. We also found that heated hives contained significantly less honey and nectar stores than control hives, likely indicating an increase in energy expenditure. Our results support previous findings that temperature gradients play a role in how honey bees arrange their comb contents, and improves our understanding of how honey bees modify their behavior to survive extreme environmental challenges.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is going to start taking data with 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">33</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> luminosity, and reach the designed value of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">34</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> in 2013. The LHC luminosity will continue to improve each year, reaching to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">35</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> in 2023. We call this high luminosity era the Super-LHC (SLHC). Hadronic Endcap (HE) calorimeters of the CMS experiment cover the pseudorapidity range of 1.4 ≪ η ≪ 3 on both sides of the CMS detector, contributing to superior jet and missing transverse energy resolutions. As the integrated luminosity of the LHC increases, the scintillator tiles used in the CMS Hadronic Endcap calorimeter will lose their efficiency. The CMS collaboration plans to substitute Quartz plates for the scintillator tiles of the original design. Various tests have proved Quartz to be radiation hard, but the light produced by Quartz comes from Cerenkov process, which yields drastically fewer photons than scintillation. To increase the light collection efficiency, we propose to treat the Quartz plates with radiation hard wavelength shifters, p-terphenyl or 4% gallium doped zinc oxide. The test beam studies revealed a substantial light collection increase on pTp or ZnO:Ga deposited Quartz plates. We constructed a 20 layer calorimeter prototype with pTp coated plates, and tested the hadronic and the electromagnetic capabilities at the CERN H2 area. Here we report the results of these test beams as well as radiation damage studies performed on p-Terphenyl.

Hamamatsu single anode R7761 and multi-anode R5900-00-M16 Photomultiplier Tubes have been characterized for use in a Secondary Emission (SE) Ionization Calorimetry study. SE Ionization Calorimetry is a novel technique to measure electromagnetic shower particles in extreme radiation environments. The different operation modes used in these tests were developed by modifying the conventional PMT bias circuit. These modifications were simple changes to the arrangement of the voltage dividers of the baseboard circuits. The PMTs with modified bases, referred to as operating in SE mode, are used as an SE detector module in an SE calorimeter prototype, and placed between absorber materials (Fe, Cu, Pb, W, etc.). Here, the technical design of different operation modes, as well as the characterization measurements of both SE modes and the conventional PMT mode are reported.

This essay borrows Dante's inspiration in the Inferno to explore a theology of hell. The usual apologies for hell either bank on a retributive paradigm of justice or are content to have hell introduce a note of tragedy into the history of redemption. The theology that is culled from Dante, and especially from his handling of Virgil's place and authority in hell, is neither retributive in its justice nor tragic in its vision. Dante shows us how to make some sense of the idea that hell is originally a part of the created order and as such expresses divine wisdom, justice, and love.

The quartz plate calorimeters are considered as hadronic calorimeter options for upgrading Large Hadron Collider experiments. Previous studies have shown that quartz can resist up to 12 MGy of proton irradiation. Using uniformly distributed wavelength shifting fibers embedded the quartz plates are shown to solve the problem of low visible light production on Cherenkov process. Here, we report the performance tests of a 20-layer quartz plate calorimeter prototype, which is constructed with this approach. The calorimeter prototype was tested at CERN H2 area in hadronic and electromagnetic configuration, at various energies of pion and electron beams. We report the beam test and simulation results of this prototype, we also discuss future improvement directions on manufacturing radiation hard wavelength shifting fibers for this type of hadronic calorimeter design.

The timing characteristics of scintillators must be understood in order to determine which applications theyare appropriate for. Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) are common plastics withuncommon scintillation properties. Here, we report the timing characteristics of PEN and PET, determined by excitingthem with 120 GeV protons. The test beam was provided by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, and the scintillatorswere tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. PEN and PET are found to have dominant decay constants of 34.91 nsand 6.78 ns, respectively.

Introduction: A Life Confessed 1. Death and the Delineation of Soul 2. Sin and the Invention of Will 3. Sex and the Infancy of Desire 4. Politics and the Mystery of Others Conclusion: Fundamental Desire.

The metaphysics of time, though almost always diverting, is rarely discomforting. I can wonder what time is, come up only with conundrums, and yet still feel intimately acquainted with time by way of my mundane experience. Familiarity in this case breeds contempt of metaphysics. If I were to pose the question of time as Augustine posed it, however, I would find no refuge in time's familiarity, for time's familiarity is part of what has come into question. My ordinary experience of time may not be of time after all. Facing such a possibility is discomforting, but it may also be the beginning of wisdom. In Augustine's hands, metaphysical questions turn back upon their owners. What I ask of time I ask of myself. The wisdom comes, if it comes at all, in coming to understand the demand knowledge of the world has made upon my self-knowledge. There is nothing worth knowing that does not in some way transform the knower. Augustine hints at the transformation called for in the knowledge of time. It is disturbingly profound.

Previous articleNext article No AccessLife in Unlikeness: The Materiality of Augustine's ConversionJames WetzelJames WetzelVillanova University Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 91, Number 1January 2011The Augustinian Moment Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/656606 Views: 147Total views on this site Citations: 1Citations are reported from Crossref © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:, Michael J. S. Bruno Between Earthly and Heavenly Peace: The Contemporary Discussion of Augustine's Concept of Peace, (Apr 2019): 225–252.https://doi.org/10.28970/9789585498228.7

High performance calorimetry conducted at future hadron colliders, such as the FCC-hh, poses a significant challenge for applying current detector technologies due to unprecedented beam luminosities and radiation fields. Solutions include developing scintillators that are capable of separating events at the sub-fifty picosecond level while also maintaining performance after extreme and constant neutron and ionizing radiation exposure. The RADiCAL is an approach that incorporates radiation tolerant materials in a sampling 'shashlik' style calorimeter configuration, using quartz capillaries filled with organic liquid or polymer-based wavelength shifters embedded in layers of tungsten plates and LYSO crystals. This novel design intends to address the Priority Research Directions (PRD) for calorimetry listed in the DOE Basic Research Needs (BRN) workshop for HEP Instrumentation. Here we report preliminary results from an experimental run at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility in June 2022. These tests demonstrate that the RADiCAL concept is capable of &lt; 50 ps timing resolution.

Imaging research requires complex data processing and compliance with hospital, state, federal, and international privacy regulations. Such requirements can be particularly challenging for large hospital networks spanning multiple states or countries. In the present study, we combined a governing process for DICOM deidentification and built a software pipeline to support the approved process in a tertiary-care hospital network. This allows researchers to submit large dataset requests and receive fully-compliant files. This study lends evidence that standardized data management at scale is feasible through control policy and fit-to-purpose informatics tools.

High-performance calorimetry conducted at future hadron colliders, such as the FCC-hh, poses a significant challenge for applying current detector technologies due to unprecedented beam luminosities and radiation fields. Solutions include developing scintillators that are capable of separating events at the sub-fifty picosecond level while also maintaining performance after extreme and constant neutron and ionizing radiation exposure. The radiation-hard innovative calorimeter (RADiCAL) is an approach that incorporates radiation tolerant materials in a sampling “shashlik”-style calorimeter configuration, using quartz capillaries filled with organic liquid or polymer-based wavelength shifters embedded in layers of tungsten plates and lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals. This novel design intends to address the priority research directions (PRD) for calorimetry listed in the DOE basic research needs (BRN) workshop for high energy physics (HEP) instrumentation. Here we report preliminary results from an experimental run at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility (FTBF) in June 2022. These tests demonstrate that the RADiCAL concept is capable of <50 ps timing resolution.

Neutron detectors have applications in fields ranging from oil drilling to homeland security. A design for a compact glass detector capable of measuring neutrons with energies from several MeV down to thermal energies is described. The detector described uses a combination of polyethylene layers and layers of Cerium-doped scintillating glass enriched with 10B in order to slow the fast neutrons and capture them at thermal energy levels. The 10B-enriched glass samples were produced and their light absorption, emission and scintillation yield properties were measured. GEANT4 software was then used to simulate a prototype detector's performance. The geometrical optimization and neutron detection capabilities were also studied.

R&D on new radiation-hard wavelength shifting fibers is gaining crucial importance as the radiation conditions projected for the High Luminosity LHC and future hadron and lepton colliders reach unprecedented levels. We have identified materials with proven radiation resistance, long Stokes shifts to enable long self-absorption lengths, with decay constants ~ 10 ns or less. Here we describe two strong candidates' Doped ZnO:Zn/Mg and 3HF (3-hydroxyflavone) properties along with other material options and report on basic performance characteristics of recent prototypes.

Optical scintillating bers lose their transparencies when exposed to radiation. Nearly all studies of radiation damage to optical bers so far only characterize this darkening with a single period of irradiation. Following the irradiation, bers undergo room temperature annealing, and regain some of their transparencies. We tested the irradiation-recovery characteristics of scintillating fibers in four consecutive cycles. In addition, three optical scintillating bers were irradiated at 22 Gy per minute for over 15 hours, and their transmittance were measured each minute by pulsing a light source through the bers. Here, we report on the in-situ characterization of the transmittance vs radiation exposure, allowing future applications to better predict the lifetime of the scintillating bers.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Absolute Resolution Conversion Reframed Dramatic Choices Conclusion: Desire Encore Further Reading

Due to an expected increase in radiation damage under super-LHC conditions, we propose to substitute the scintillator tiles in the original design of the CMS hadronic endcap (HE) calorimeter with quartz plates. Quartz is proved to be radiation hard by various tests, but the light produced by quartz comes from Cerenkov process, and it is 100 times less than scintillation photons. To enhance the light production we treated the quartz plates with p-Terphenyl, and constructed a 20 layers calorimeter prototype. Here, we report the test beam results for hadronic and electromagnetic capabilities of the calorimeter prototype as well as radiation damage results for p-Terphenyl.

Future circular and linear colliders as well as the Large Hadron Collider in the High-Luminosity era have been imposing unprecedented challenges on the radiation hardness of particle detectors that will be used for specific purposes e.g. forward calorimeters, beam and luminosity monitors. We perform research on the radiation-hard active media for such detectors, particularly calorimeters, in two distinct categories: quartz plates coated with thin, radiation-hard organic or inorganic compounds, and intrinsically radiation-hard scintillators. In parallel to the effort on identifying radiation-hard scintillator materials, we also perform R&D on radiation-hard wavelength shifting fibers in order to facilitate a complete active medium for detectors under harsh radiation conditions. Here we describe the recent advances in the developments of radiation-hard scintillators and wavelength shifting fibers. We will discuss recent and projected measurements and future directions in development of radiation-hard active media.

Modern particle physics experiments have unprecedented needs for radiation tolerant components. Particle detectors broadly use scintillators to generate optical signals in proportion to the energy of passing particles. Radiation damages a scintillator, producing color centers which absorb and attenuate light within the scintillator, reducing its performance. There is currently a major effort underway to develop new radiation tolerant scintillators and readout strategies for modern experiments. One strategy is to take advantage of the natural recovery of a moderately damaged scintillator. We investigate whether being exposed to bright light can enhance the recovery of a glass intended to be used as a substrate for producing new glass-based scintillators. We find that UV-LED exposure (365 nm) is the most effective and efficient way to induce optical recovery of the glass cubes produced by AFO Research. White-light exposure only helped recovery in the green-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. UV light exposure induced recovery in the entirety of the cubes transmission spectrum. We also find that UV-A light (365 nm) is effective at speeding up the recovery of plastic scintillating fibers. UV-LED mediated recovery techniques are a possible solution to speed up radiation damage recovery in detectors. A UV-LED calibration system inside a detector could be turned on between experiment runs in order to help the scintillating materials recover their optical properties and, at the same time, allow the detector to calibrate itself, extending the useful life of existing scintillators.

We report the scintillation decay constants of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) determined by excitation of the plastic substrate with an accelerated beam of protons and resulting light yield measured as a function of time with a photomultiplier attached to an oscilloscope. The decay constant of PEN was found to be 35 ns and PET 7 ns.

We report the preliminary results from repeated irradiations of optical scintillating fibers exposed to gamma radiation. Optical fibers degrade in radiation fields, but exhibit some recovery once removed. Study of repeated irradiations are difficult to find in the literature. We find that a UV-blue optical wavelength shifting fiber exhibits permanent degradation, the recovery is incomplete, and an interesting two step damage process that appears to affect which wavelengths are darkened at different rates.

Soulignant le lien entre le desir du coeur et le desir de connaissance de l'esprit au sein de la psychologie de Saint Augustin, l'A. montre que la quete de sagesse trouve son fondement dans le besoin de l'homme de prendre conscience de sa condition mortelle. Au-dela des affinites entre Augustin et Descartes, entre le doute radical des «Meditations» et la crise du peche dans les «Confessions», l'A. montre que la crise de la mentalite chez Augustin transcende la philosophie cartesienne en un sens non pas retrospectif, mais en un sens post-cartesien.

ABSTRACT When Finite and Infinite Goods was published in 1999, it took its place as one of the few major statements of a broadly Augustinian ethical philosophy of the past century. By “broadly Augustinian” I refer to the disposition to combine a Platonic emphasis on a transcendent source of value with a traditionally theistic emphasis on the value‐creating capacities of absolute will. In the form that this disposition takes with Robert Merrihew Adams, it is the resemblance between divine and a finite excellence that makes the finite excellence objectively of value, and it is the correspondence of an obligation to a divine command that makes the obligation objectively obligatory. I look closely at the complexity of this ethical division of labor—between the good and the right—mainly as it appears in the context of Finite and Infinite Goods , but also with attention to the broader corpus of Adams's writings, particularly his work on Leibniz and the essays of his that have been gathered together in The Virtue of Faith . I argue that there is a creative tension in his work between his desire to secure an objective basis for ethics and his affirmation of the value of grace, a love that is not proportioned to the excellence of its object. This tension, I further argue, ought to be resolved in the direction of grace.

Wittgenstein and Cavell have both been alerting me over the years to unsettling possibilities: that secularization is not always a lessening of religious intensity, that philosophy can be a religious calling, that God is less real in our theories than in the grammar of our lives. In short, I have been made aware of the possibility of a secular confession, not as an amputated version of the religious original, but as a genuine improvisation: a way of speaking to God without having to say much, if anything, about God. When Cavell’s hefty memoir came out in 2010, some thirty years after my first encounter with his writing, I assumed I would have my chance to test this possibility.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsDrever, Matthew. Image, Identity, and the Forming of the Augustinian Soul. AAR Academy Series. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013. viii+275 pp. $74.00 (cloth).James WetzelJames WetzelVillanova University Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 95, Number 3July 2015 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/681151 Views: 27Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewMarion, Jean-Luc. In the Self’s Place: The Approach of Saint Augustine. Translated by Jeffrey L. Kosky. Cultural Memory in the Present. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2012. xxii+414 pp. $81.00 (cloth); $25.95 (paper).James WetzelJames WetzelVillanova University. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 94, Number 4October 2014 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/679207 Views: 45Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected].PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Future experiments in high energy and nuclear physics may require large, inexpensive calorimeters that can continue to operate after receiving doses of 50 Mrad or more. The light output of liquid scintillators suffers little degradation under irradiation. However, many challenges exist before liquids can be used in sampling calorimetry, especially regarding developing a packaging that has sufficient efficiency and uniformity of light collection, as well as suitable mechanical properties. We present the results of a study of a scintillator tile based on the EJ-309 liquid scintillator using cosmic rays and test beam on the light collection efficiency and uniformity, and some preliminary results on radiation hardness.

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Modern high-energy physics experiments are in ever increasing need for radiation hard scintillators and detectors. In this regard, we have studied various radiation-hard scintillating materials such as Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), our prototype material Scintillator X (SX) and Eljen (EJ). Scintillation and transmission properties of these scintillators are studied using stimulated emission from a 334 nm wavelength UV laser with PMT before and after certain amount of radiation exposure. Recovery from radiation damage is studied over time. While the primary goal of this study is geared for LHC detector upgrades, these new technologies could easily be used for future experiments such as the FCC and ILC. Here we discuss the physics motivation, recent developments and laboratory measurements of these materials.

Following the development of intrinsically radiation-hard scintillators, we exposed various scintillators tiles to gammas from a <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">137</sup> Cs source at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics up to 1.4 and 14 Mrad. The results are within expectations and exhibit sufficiently high performance for implementations in the future/upgrade hadron/lepton collider detectors. Here we report on the nature of the irradiation tests and present the results of the laboratory measurements performed continuously for more than 60 days following the irradiation under various recovery conditions.

Modern high-energy physics experiments are in ever increasing need for radiation hard scintillators and detectors. In this regard, we have studied various radiation-hard scintillating materials such as Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), our prototype material Scintillator X (SX) and Eljen (EJ). Scintillation and transmission properties of these scintillators are studied using stimulated emission from a 334 nm wavelength UV laser with PMT before and after certain amount of radiation exposure. Recovery from radiation damage is studied over time. While the primary goal of this study is geared for LHC detector upgrades, these new technologies could easily be used for future experiments such as the FCC and ILC. Here we discuss the physics motivation, recent developments and laboratory measurements of these materials.

In The Spirit and the Letter Augustine claims that grace not only avoids abrogating human freedom it actually establishes free will. His claim raises some intriguing questions. What sort of freedom is it that can be established only by the influence of another agent—in this case, God—and what sort of bondage is it that is overcome by grace? If we remain exclusively within Augustine's theological discourse, the answers come straightforwardly and by now have a ring of familiarity. The freedom in question is the state of loving God over and above his worldly and time-bound creations, fulfilling (with divine assistance) the demands of the Law, and finding one's happiness in reconciliation with the eternal through the mediation of Jesus Christ. Bondage is conversely the blindness and perversity of keeping one's attention fixed on creation apart from its relation to its Creator and of courting the satisfaction of only those desires which are framed independently of God's claims on every human being. Freedom is loving well or having a bona voluntas ; bondage is loving aimlessly, unreflectively, and hence destructively.

Previous articleNext article No AccessPranger, M. B. Eternity’s Ennui: Temporality, Perseverance and Voice in Augustine and Western Literature. Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History. Leiden: Brill, 2010. 420 pp. $156.00 (cloth).James WetzelJames WetzelVillanova University. Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 92, Number 1January 2012 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/663748 Views: 14Total views on this site © 2012 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Research Article| January 01 2017 The Schleiermacher Gambit and the Desacralization of Culture: Retrospective Remarks on Wayne Proudfoot’s Religious Experience James Wetzel James Wetzel Villanova University James Wetzel is the Augustinian Endowed Chair Professor of Philosophy at Villanova University. He is the author of three books—Augustine and the of Virtue (Cambridge University Press, 1992), Augustine: A Guide for the Perplexed (Bloomsbury, 2010), and Parting Knowledge (Cascade, 2013)—and editor of The Cambridge Critical Guide to Augustine’s City of God (Cambridge University Press, 2012). Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google American Journal of Theology & Philosophy (2017) 38 (1): 20–26. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjtheophil.38.1.0020 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation James Wetzel; The Schleiermacher Gambit and the Desacralization of Culture: Retrospective Remarks on Wayne Proudfoot’s Religious Experience. American Journal of Theology & Philosophy 1 January 2017; 38 (1): 20–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjtheophil.38.1.0020 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressAmerican Journal of Theology & Philosophy Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2017 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois2017 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Modern high-energy physics experiments are in ever increasing need for radiation hard scintillators and detectors.In this regard, we have studied various radiation-hard scintillating materials such as Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), our prototype material Scintillator X (SX) and Eljen (EJ).Scintillation and transmission properties of these scintillators are studied using stimulated emission from a 334 nm wavelength UV laser with PMT before and after certain amount of radiation exposure.Recovery from radiation damage is studied over time.While the primary goal of this study is geared for LHC detector upgrades, these new technologies could easily be used for future experiments such as the FCC and ILC.Here we discuss the physics motivation, recent developments and laboratory measurements of these materials.

The usual way to relate to Platonism to theism is to contrast an impersonal conception of the Good with a God of absolutely benevolent will. I call into the question the usefulness of that contrast and argue for a reading of Plato that takes centrally into account Socratic service to the god. My overall aim is to suggest that a genuinely philosophical faith tends to defy the distinction between an ethics of will and an ethics of vision.

Abstract The dazzling display of emotional intelligence that gives the Confessions, Augustine's most famous work, its resonance for students of the inner life is evident, albeit in more muted hues, in nearly everything that he wrote: sermons, letters, scriptural commentaries, polemical and apologetic works, and theological meditations. This essay examines Augustine's theology of the emotions. First, it takes a closer look at Stoicism in City of God and Augustine's eventual rejection of its theory and practice of emotion. Augustine's rejection of Stoicism is importantly symptomatic of a shift in his notion of will, from a facility for consent to a focus of internal conflict and incoherence. This essay also discusses the connection between sin and self-undoing by entering into Augustine's fascination with a first or original will to sin. The primary resources used are his psychological analysis in City of God of the Adam and Eve of Genesis and his parallel analysis of himself in Confessions, where he describes a fall of his own.

Electromagnetic calorimetry in high-radiation environments, e.g., forward regions of lepton and hadron collider detectors, is quite challenging. Although total absorption crystal calorimeters have superior performance as electromagnetic calorimeters, the availability and the cost of the radiation-hard crystals are the limiting factors as radiation-tolerant implementations. Sampling calorimeters utilizing silicon sensors as the active media are also favorable in terms of performance but are challenged by high-radiation environments. In order to provide a solution for such implementations, we developed a radiation-hard, fast and cost-effective technique, secondary emission calorimetry, and tested prototype secondary emission sensors in test beams. In a secondary emission detector module, secondary emission electrons are generated from a cathode when charged hadron or electromagnetic shower particles penetrate the secondary emission sampling module placed between absorber materials. The generated secondary emission electrons are then multiplied in a similar way as the photoelectrons in photomultiplier tubes. Here, we report on the principles of secondary emission calorimetry and the results from the beam tests performed at Fermilab Test Beam Facility as well as the Monte Carlo simulations of projected, large-scale secondary emission electromagnetic calorimeters.

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PEN and PET (polyethylene naphthalate and teraphthalate) are common plastics used for drink bottles and plastic food containers. They are also good scintillators. Their ubiquity has made them of interest for high energy physics applications, as generally plastic scintillators can be very expensive. However, detailed studies on the performance of the scintillators has not yet been performed. At various tests, we measured the light yield and timing properties of PEN and PET with Fermilab and CERN test beams. We also irradiated several samples to varying gamma doses and investigated their recovery mechanisms. Here we report on the measurements performed over the past few years in order to characterize the scintillation properties of PEN and PET and discuss possible future implementations.

In high-radiation environments, electromagnetic calorimetry is particularly challenging. To address this, a feasible approach involves constructing a sampling calorimeter that employs radiation-hard active media, albeit at the expense of high energy resolution. In response, we developed an innovative technique, secondary emission calorimetry, which offers radiation resistance, rapid response, robustness, and cost-effectiveness. Our efforts involve the creation of prototype secondary emission sensors, subjected to comprehensive testing within test beams. In the secondary emission detector module, incident charged hadrons or electromagnetic shower particles trigger the generation of secondary emission electrons from a cathode. These generated electrons are subsequently amplified in a manner similar to the process within photomultiplier tubes. This report provides an insight into the principles underlying secondary emission calorimetry, presents findings from beam tests, and outlines Monte Carlo simulations that project towards the potential application of large-scale secondary emission electromagnetic calorimeters.

Consider that forgiveness is always given ahead of time. Set within a moral context, this claim is apt to sound suspect, as it seems to invite transgression and all manner of immoral indulgence. When the context shifts to one of religious possibility, however, the claim can be read to entertain a redemptive anachronism: a memory of future innocence. The author examines forgiveness in both contexts and makes a case for the religious possibility.

Christianity and the Secular. By Robert A. Markus. Blessed Pope John XXIII Lecture Series in Theology and Culture. Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006. xii + 100 pp. 15.00 paper. - Volume 76 Issue 2

The contrast between the Greek goddess of beauty and the sublime father figure of monotheism suggests why it may be easier to think of God as good than to think of him as beautiful. The aim of this essay is to offer a basis for thinking about the beauty of the Father. Along the way the good and the beautiful are distinguished, beauty is gently disambiguated from sex, and Freud's complaint about the infantilism of faith in an exalted father is addressed.

In his Meditations, Descartes recounts the conversion of his naïve and errant self, subject to misleading appearances, into a seer of sublime discrimination. The way to such intellectualized redemption is itself errant, a detour into the dark machinations of a dematerializing demiurge, Descartes's Devil (looking suspiciously like his God). The aim of this essay is to give the under-imagined Cartesian demon his due and track the effects of this never-quite-expurgated figure on the coherence of a paradigmatic form of early modern selfhood.

Future collider detectors impose unprecedented challenges on the radiation hardness of their detector components. We have performed R&D to develop radiation-hard active media for such detectors, calorimeters in particular. Among the options we have studied, quartz plates with thin radiation-hard coatings, intrinsically radiation-hard scintillators and radiation-hard wavelength-shifting fibers can be listed.Here we describe the recent advances in these developments and dicsuss recent and projected measurements.

The timing characteristics of scintillators must be understood in order to determine which applications they are appropriate for. Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) are common plastics with uncommon scintillation properties. Here, we report the timing characteristics of PEN and PET, determined by exciting them with 120 GeV protons. The test beam was provided by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, and the scintillators were tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. PEN and PET are found to have dominant decay constants of 34.91 ns and 6.78 ns, respectively.

We report preliminary results from in situ monitoring of an optical scintillating fiber while being exposed to a cesium-173 gamma radiatior. We measured the degradation of fiber transmittance across the visible spectrum as a function of time. We observed that the region below 500 nm was degraded quickly and thoroughly while wavelengths above 500 nm lost clarity more slowly.

The timing characteristics of scintillators must be understood in order to determine which applications they are appropriate for. Polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) and polyethylene teraphthalate (PET) are common plastics with uncommon scintillation properties. Here, we report the timing characteristics of PEN and PET, determined by exciting them with 120 GeV protons. The test beam was provided by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, and the scintillators were tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. PEN and PET are found to have dominant decay constants of 34.91 ns and 6.78 ns, respectively.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewJ. Joyce Schuld, . Foucault and Augustine: Reconsidering Love and Power. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003. viii+299 pp. $55.00 (cloth); $25.00 (paper).James WetzelJames WetzelVillanova University. Search for more articles by this author Villanova University.PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 86, Number 2April 2006 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/504773 Views: 24Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewPaul J. Griffiths, Lying: An Augustinian Theology of Duplicity. Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos Press, 2004. 254 pp. $24.99 (paper).James WetzelJames WetzelVillanova University. Search for more articles by this author Villanova University.PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 86, Number 3July 2006 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/507744 Views: 49Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Pascal's wager has fascinated philosophers far in excess of its reputation as effective apologetics. Very few of the wager's defenders, in fact, have retained more than an academic interest in its power to persuade. Partly this is a matter of good manners. Pascal is supposed to have pitched his wager at folks who understand only self-interested motivations, and today it is no longer fashionable for defenders of theism to disparage the character of their opponents. But partly the low-key concern with apologetics expresses a philosophical judgement. Pascal's defenders have found the question of the wager's audience to be less philosophically engaging than the logic of its argument. I believe that this assessment is mistaken. The most puzzling feature of Pascal's wager is its invocation of infinite utility. What are finite human beings, theists or otherwise, supposed to make of the idea of an infinitely desirable happiness? There are, I will argue, two sorts of response to this question, and depending on which sort Pascal had in mind, the logic of his wager comes out very differently.

Reviewed by: Augustine: A New Biography James Wetzel James J. O'Donnell Augustine: A New Biography New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2005 Pp. xv + 396. $26.95. This much anticipated biography of Augustine is sure to evoke partisan passions. Those of us who read Augustine for inspiration as well as provocation are going to be distressed to learn that his god (small 'g' please) is inhuman, his soul without personality and resistant to embodiment, his spirituality a resigned and cranky solitude, his religion humorless, his politics imperialistic, his conversion overblown (it was about sex), and his writings self-promoting. Those of us, on the other hand, who are tired of having the historical Augustine sanitized and appropriated for contemporary use are likely to find O'Donnell's portrait a bold stroke, innovative in how it deconstructs the saint and leaves the man, whose [End Page 528] genius is neither doubted nor explored, scattered over multiple personae: self-promoter, social climber, correspondent, friend, private person, troublemaker, writer, obsessive, delusional (a Quixote type), catholic (but not really), power broker. I admit that I am one of those readers who finds a philosopher in Augustine, one whose voice is still living, but I also read readers of Augustine who are skeptical of echoes and seek to return his voice to its time and place of origin. Just as it is never a purely philosophical matter to authenticate a voice and determine its provenance, so it is never a purely historical one to assign that voice its significance. In the uneasy alliance between historians of Augustine and Augustinian thinkers, both sides have been able to look to Peter Brown's imposing biography of Augustine for a common source of insight. Brown's biography casts a long shadow over O'Donnell efforts, much in the way that Beethoven's Ninth once cast its shadow over Richard Wagner and moved him to reinvent symphonic form or perhaps render it obsolete. O'Donnell calls Brown's book "marvelous, imperfect, and enduring" (325). In an earlier essay of his, "The Next Life of Augustine" (1999), he discloses the nature of the imperfection. Brown makes Augustine's life seem too coherent, too inevitable, too tragically beautiful, and in those regards he falls under the siren's spell of Augustine himself, whose confessional voice, from O'Donnell's Odyssean point of view, is disarmingly seductive. In seeing through that seduction, O'Donnell is freed to make good on a postmodern conceit: he will write about a life without having to narrate it. He will suggest narratives, of course, multiple ones, but never in a way that allows the multiplicity to be reduced to a single theme with variations. Brown is the last modern writer of Augustine; O'Donnell is his postmodern heir—the writer who makes Brown, and Augustine, into a glorious anachronism. I call O'Donnell's postmodernism a conceit for a number of reasons. In the first place, I doubt his claim to have transcended a traditional narrative ambition, to tell a coherent story from beginning to end. On the dust jacket of Augustine: A New Biography, we are told in bright red letters that this is "the first biography to tell the whole story of Augustine, the North African bishop, picking up where his Confessions left off." I concede that it is somewhat unfair to hold O'Donnell to the words of his publicist, but his publicist does capture something important about the book. It is, for all of O'Donnell's creative attempts to evade a master narrative, a book that remains squarely within the genre of the unauthorized biography. The whole thing is organized around the revelation of a scandal, something that Augustine supposedly tried very hard not to confess. In this case the scandal is that he used his almost preternatural gift of persuasion to bring down the Roman imperium upon the Donatist Church, the home-team of African Christianity. The denouement of O'Donnell's quite consistent narrative is that Augustine effectively destroyed the basis of African Christian culture. This is a bold claim to say the least and one that is remarkably undeterred by the more complex readings of Augustine's attitude towards...

Thomas Pink and M. W. F. Stone (eds) The Will and Human Action: From Antiquity to the Present Day. (London and New York: Routledge, 2004). Pp. viii+219. $104.95, £60.00 (Hbk). ISBN 0 415 32467 X. - Volume 41 Issue 2

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Blind Spot in Desire: From Afterlife to Inner LifeJames WetzelJames WetzelVillanova University Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Religion Volume 101, Number 1January 2021 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/711513 Views: 83Total views on this site © 2021 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

In the first ten books of ciu. Dei, Augustine makes his case for Christian beatitude against the worldly glory of pagan Rome. Book 11 is a pivot. There he tells us – and now “we” seem to be his Christian and not his pagan readership – that we know best of the City of God, that eternal thing that peregrinates through time, from the witness of sacred writings, Psalms especially (87:3, 48:1–2, 48:8, 46:4–5), and from the inspiring love of the city’s founder. Most of us, most of the time, mix self-interest into that love and obscure for ourselves the beauty of the beloved. The moral is not that love must be selfless or worse, self-loathing, but that sacrificial love, sensing what is holy, practices humility. The great mediator between heaven and earth, the Son of God, takes up a human life, his own, without ceasing to be God. His is the original act of humility – think of it also as first love – that speaks consistently through the Scriptures and renders them authoritative (ciu. Dei 11.3). While sin makes it impossible for a mind used to the dark to endure the relentless illumination of pure divinity (incommutabile lumen; ciu. Dei 11:2), Augustine reminds us that we have, by way of mediation, a text to interpret and a spirit of humility to bring to the reading.

As the intensity frontier in high energy physics increases, new materials, tools, and techniques must be developed in order to accommodate the prolonged exposure of detectors to high amounts of radiation. It has been observed recently that many of the active media of detectors could survive to much lower radiation doses than initially expected. In addition to the challenges introduced by extremely high doses of radiation, there is also a significant lack of in-situ radiation damage recovery systems. In recent studies, we investigated the radiation damage to common plastic scintillators such as polyethylene naphthalate, and polyethylene terephthalate, a custom made elastomer based plastic scintillator, various special glasses and scintillating fibers together with their recovery mechanisms. Here we report on the irradiation studies and the investigation of the recovery mechanisms under various conditions.

Leszek Kolakowski, God Owes Us Nothing: A Brief Remark on Pascal's Religion and on the Spirit of Jansenism. (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1995.) Pp. X+238. £17.95. - Volume 33 Issue 1

Victorian Faith in Crisis: Essays on Continuity and Change in Nineteenth‐Century Religious Belief. Edited by Richard J. Helmstadter and Bernard Lightman (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990) xii + 391 pp. The Wars of the Lord. By Gersonides, edited by Seymour Feldman, 2 vols, (third volume forthcoming). (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1984–87) 256/288 pp. Michael Faraday: Sandemanian and Scientist. A Study of Science and Religion in the Nineteenth Century. By Geoffrey Cantor (London: Macmillan, 1991) xi + 359 pp. Nature Lost? Natural Science and the German Theological Traditions of the Nineteenth Century, Frederick Gregory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992) viii + 341 pp. Science and Religious Thought: A Darwinian Case Study. By Walter J. Wilkins III (Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1987) 213 pp. Lifting the Veil: The Feminine Face of Science. By Linda Jean Shepherd (Boston: Shambhala, 1993) xv + 284 pp. The Emerging Religion of Science. By Richard C. Rothschild (New York, Westport, Conn., London: Praeger, 1989) 176pp. Voltaire's Bastards: The Dictatorship of Reason in the West. By John Saul (Toronto, London, New York, and Ringwood, Victoria, Australia: Penguin Books, 1993) 640 pp. Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives. By John Hedley Brooke (The Cambridge History of Science Series: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) x + 422 pp. The Return to Cosmology: Postmodern Science and the Theology of Nature. By Stephen Toulmin (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1982) 283 pp. Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious and Scientific Perspectives. Edited by Norris S. Hetherington. (New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1993) xi + 631 pp. Colonial Situations: Essays on the Contextualization of Ethnographic Knowledge. By George W. Stocking, Jr. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), History of Anthropology vol. 7, viii + 340 pp. $25.00. Inscribing the Other. By Sander L. Gilman (University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln & London, 1991). A Rural Society after the Black Death, Essex 1350–1525. By L. R. Poos, Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) xv + 330 pp. $59.50. Modernists, Marxists and the Nation. The Ukrainian Literary Discussion of the 1920s. By Myroslav Shkandrij (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, University of Alberta, 1991) xii, 265 pp. The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages. Edited by R. K. Emmerson and Bernard McGinn. (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1992) xiv + 428 pp. $21.95 paper $54.95 cloth. Correspondance entre Charles Andler et Lucien Herr, 1891–1926. Edited by Antoinette Blum. (Paris: Presses de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 1992) pp. 298.195 Fr. Contemporary Western European Feminism. By Gisela Kaplan (London: Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd.; New York: New York University Press, 1992) xxvi, 340 pp. $40.00 Grub Street Abroad: Aspects of the French Cosmopolitan Press from the Age of Louis XIV to the French Revolution. Lyell Lectures, 1989–1990. By Elizabeth L. Eisenstein (Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford University Press, 1992), 172 pp. $35.00 cloth. Eros and Anteros: The Medical Traditions of Love in the Renaissance. Edited by Donald A. Beecher and Massimo Ciavolella (University of Toronto Italian Studies; 9. Ottawa, Ont.: Dovehouse Editions Inc., 1992), 231 pp. m.p.g. The Cognitive Paradigm: An Integrated Understanding of Scientific Development. By Marc De Mey (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992) xxx + 314 pp. $15.95 paper. Truth and Objectivity. By Crispin Wright (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992) x + 247 pp. $14.95. Writing Women's History: International Perspectives. Edited by Karen Offen, Ruth Roach Pierson, and Jane Rendall. 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Actes du colloque organisé par le Centre de recherches sur la Réforme et la Contre‐Réforme avec le concours du CNRS. Edited by Geneviève Demerson and Bernard Dompnier (Clermont‐Ferrand, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humaines de l'Université Biaise‐Pascal, fascicule 41,1993) 212 pp., FF 160. Intellectuals in the Middle Ages. By Jacques Le Guff, trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1993). pp. xxv, 194. £35.00/£12.99. Engagement et distanciation. Contributions à la sociologie de la connaissance. By Norbert Elias, translated by Michèle Hulin, Avant‐propos de Roger Chartier (Paris: Fayard, 1993) 259 pp. FF 120. Machiavelli and Republicanism. Edited by Gisela Bock, Quentin Skinner, and Maurizio Viroli (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), Ideas in Context, Vol. 18, 316 pp. cloth. £40.00 ($59.95) paper £13.95 ($16.95). La crise des économies socialistes: la rupture d'un système. 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