Julie Managan Hogan

In the last 10 years, laser-driven fusion experiments performed on atomic clusters of deuterium have shown a surprisingly high neutron yield per joule of input laser energy. Results indicate that the optimal cluster size for maximizing fusion events should be in the 0.01–1 μm diameter range, but an appropriate source of droplets of this size does not exist. In an attempt to meet this need, we use ultrasonic atomization to generate micron-scale droplet aerosols of high average density, and we have developed and refined a reliable droplet sizing technique based on Mie scattering. Harmonic excitation of the fluid in the MHz range yields an aerosol of droplets with diameters of a few microns. The droplet diameter distribution is well-peaked and the relationship between average droplet size and forcing frequency follows an inviscid scaling law, predictable by dimensional analysis and consistent with the linear theory for Faraday excitation of an infinitely deep fluid.

A device that uses ultrasonic atomization of a liquid to produce an aerosol of micron-scale droplets is described. This device represents a new approach to producing targets relevant to laser-driven fusion studies, and to rare studies of nonlinear optics in which wavelength-scale targets are irradiated. The device has also made possible tests of fluid dynamics models in a novel phase space. The distribution of droplet sizes produced by the device and the threshold power required for droplet production are shown to follow scaling laws predicted by fluid dynamics.

The successful operation of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the excellent performance of the ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and ALICE detectors in Run-1 and Run-2 with $pp$ collisions at center-of-mass energies of 7, 8 and 13 TeV as well as the giant leap in precision calculations and modeling of fundamental interactions at hadron colliders have allowed an extraordinary breadth of physics studies including precision measurements of a variety physics processes. The LHC results have so far confirmed the validity of the Standard Model of particle physics up to unprecedented energy scales and with great precision in the sectors of strong and electroweak interactions as well as flavour physics, for instance in top quark physics. The upgrade of the LHC to a High Luminosity phase (HL-LHC) at 14 TeV center-of-mass energy with 3 ab$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity will probe the Standard Model with even greater precision and will extend the sensitivity to possible anomalies in the Standard Model, thanks to a ten-fold larger data set, upgraded detectors and expected improvements in the theoretical understanding. This document summarises the physics reach of the HL-LHC in the realm of strong and electroweak interactions and top quark physics, and provides a glimpse of the potential of a possible further upgrade of the LHC to a 27 TeV $pp$ collider, the High-Energy LHC (HE-LHC), assumed to accumulate an integrated luminosity of 15 ab$^{-1}$.

We present a measurement of the forward-backward asymmetry in the production of B± mesons, AFB(B±), using B± → J/ψK± decays in 10.4 fb -1 of p$\bar{p}$ collisions at √ s = 1.96 TeV collected by the DØ experiment during Run II of the Tevatron collider. A nonzero asymmetry would indicate a preference for a particular flavor, i.e., b quark or $\bar{b}$ antiquark, to be produced in the direction of the proton beam. We extract AFB(B±) from a maximum likelihood fit to the difference between the numbers of forward- and backward-produced B± mesons, using a boosted decision tree to reduce background. Corrections are made for reconstruction asymmetries of the decay products. We measure an asymmetry consistent with zero: AFB(B±) = [-0.24 ± 0.41 (stat)± 0.19 (syst)]%. The standard model estimate from next-to-leading-order Monte Carlo is ASM FB(B±) = [2.31 ± 0.34 (stat.)± 0.51 (syst.)]%. There is a difference of ≈ 3 standard deviations between this prediction and our result, which suggests that more rigorous determination of the standard model prediction is needed to interpret these results.

Three recent searches are presented for electroweak production of a vector-like top quark partner T of charge 2e/3 in association with a standard model top or bottom quark, using 2.3 fb^-1 of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. The searches, the first of their kind at this energy, are targeted to three decay modes of the T quark: tH, in a fully hadronic final state; tZ, in a dilepton final state; and bW, in a single lepton final state. All searches make use of algorithms to identify b quark jets and boosted W, H boson and top quark decays. Across a range of T quark masses from 700 – 1800 GeV, these searches place 95% C.L. upper limits on the production cross section times branching fraction of 0.37 – 0.93 pb (T -> tH), 0.11 – 2.0 pb (T -> bW), and 0.16 – 0.97 pb (T -> tZ).

Journal Article Selling War in a Media Age: The Presidency and Public Opinion in the American Century Get access Selling War in a Media Age: The Presidency and Public Opinion in the American Century. Ed. by Kenneth Osgood and Andrew K. Frank. (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010. xii, 278 pp. $44.95, ISBN 978-0-8130-3466-9.) J. Michael Hogan J. Michael Hogan Penn State University University Park, Pennsylvania Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 98, Issue 1, June 2011, Pages 277–278, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jar079 Published: 01 June 2011

Three recent searches are presented for electroweak production of a vector-like top quark partner T of charge 2e/3 in association with a standard model top or bottom quark, using 2.3 fb -1 of proton-proton collision data at √ s = 13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC.The searches, the first of their kind at this energy, are targeted to three decay modes of the T quark: tH, in a fully hadronic final state; tZ, in a dilepton final state; and bW, in a single lepton final state.All searches make use of algorithms to identify b quark jets and boosted W, H boson and top quark decays.Across a range of T quark masses from 700 -1800 GeV, these searches place 95% C.L. upper limits on the production cross section times branching fraction of 0.37 -0.93 pb (T → tH), 0.11 -2.0 pb (T → bW), and 0.16 -0.97 pb (T → tZ).

The long-term success of HEP lies in expanding inclusiveness beyond national labs and academic research institutions to a vast community of predominantly undergraduate institutions (PUI) and community colleges (CC). Institutions such as PUIs and CCs offer an early starting point in the pipeline that can mitigate issues of lack of diversity and underrepresented participation of different groups in HEP. However, there are many underlying systemic, structural, and cultural challenges that need to be addressed collectively. Experimental collaborations are largely populated by national labs and research-focused academic institutions (non-PUIs). The faculty at PUIs and CCs have a high teaching load that is detrimental to their research participation. In addition, there is a lack of guidance, access, and tough competition for securing research funding. The students also suffer from a lack of research infrastructure and technical equipment that can only be found at national labs and larger universities. There are existing successful efforts to enhance the HEP research experience of students and faculty members. This paper discusses ways to leverage these to provide more research opportunities and establish a sustainable national program targeting specifically the issues faced by communities at PUIs and CCs. The need for research mentoring and skill building for faculty members is also laid out. The changes discussed in this paper would make a direct impact on the current spectrum of challenges.

About two-third of Physics PhDs establish careers outside of academia and the national laboratories in areas like Software, Instrumentation, Data Science, Finance, Healthcare, Journalism, Public Policy and Non-Governmental Organization. Skills and knowledge developed during HEPA (High Energy Physics and Astrophysics) research as an undergraduate, graduate or a postdoc level (collectively called early career) have been long sought after in industry. These skills are complex problem solving abilities, software programming, data analysis, math, statistics and scientific writing, to name a few. Given that a vast majority transition to the industry jobs, existing paths for such transition should be strengthened and new ways of facilitating it be identified and developed. A strong engagement between HEPA and its alumni would be a pre-requisite for this. It might also lead to creative ways to reverse the "brain drain" by encouraging alumni to collaborate on HEPA research projects or possibly come back full time to research. We motivate and discuss below several actionable recommendations by which HEPA institutions as well as HEPA faculty mentors can strengthen both ability to identify non-HEP career opportunities for students and post-docs as well as help more fully develop skills such as effective networking, resume building, project management, risk assessment, budget planning, to name a few. This will help prepare early career HEPA scientists for successfully transitioning from academia to the diverse array of non-traditional careers available. HEPA alumni can play a pivotal role by engaging in this process.

Abstract Context The skeletal phenotype of patients with MEN2B has been described but fracture risk in these patients has not yet been evaluated. Objective This work aims to better delineate fracture risk in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN2B). Methods This case series with chart review was conducted at the National Institutes of Health, Pediatric Oncology Branch. A total of 48 patients with MEN2B were identified, with an age range of 5 to 36 years, median of 19; 24 of 48 (50%) patients were female. Medical records, demographic information, available imaging, and laboratory results were reviewed. History up to age 19 was included in the statistical analyses. Results Of the 48 patients with MEN2B, 20 patients experienced at least one fracture. The majority (n = 18) experienced their first fracture at or before age 19. The observed frequency of fracture occurrence throughout childhood (0-19 years) was 38%, with very little difference between males and females. This frequency is higher than the 9.47 to 36.1 fractures per 1000 persons per year that has been reported in healthy pediatric cohorts in the United States. Less common sites of fracture including vertebral compression fracture and pelvic fractures were observed in patients with MEN2B. Conclusion In this group of patients with MEN2B, there was an increased overall risk of fracture compared to general pediatric cohorts in the United States. Less common sites of fracture were also observed. This suggests a possible effect of an activating RET mutation on bone physiology and warrants further investigation.

The HEP faculty hire job market has stayed fairly plateaued over the years not keeping up with number of postdocs and PhD produced seeking such employment. Physicists who seek jobs outside this realm face challenges. For example those hired as faculties at predominantly undergraduate institutions (PUI) and community colleges (CC) face hurdles to keep with research due higher teaching load and funding challenges. At the same time those who seek employment in industry may find themselves in unprepared territory despite marketable skills. New job opportunities seeking HEP developed skills have appeared in data science, machine learning and quantum computing. Given that a vast majority transition to the industry jobs, we must strengthen the existing paths for this transition and develop new ways to facilitating it. A strong engagement between HEP and its alumni would boost this process. At the same time those who stay in academia but choose to work at PUIs or CCs must be enabled to continue to pursue research and receive support and guidance for funding. PUIs and CCs serve as a gateway to opportunities for inclusiveness beyond national labs and academic research institutions offering an early starting point in the pipeline that can mitigate issues of lack of diversity and underrepresented participation of different groups in HEP. This report summarises the study undertaken to investigate these issues in HEP community and provide findings and recommendations.

This is the Snowmass2021 Energy Frontier (EF) Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) report. It combines the EF topical group reports of EF08 (Model-specific explorations), EF09 (More general explorations), and EF10 (Dark Matter at Colliders). The report includes a general introduction to BSM motivations and the comparative prospects for proposed future experiments for a broad range of potential BSM models and signatures, including compositeness, SUSY, leptoquarks, more general new bosons and fermions, long-lived particles, dark matter, charged-lepton flavor violation, and anomaly detection.

This is the summary report of the Community Engagement Frontier for the Snowmass 2021 study of the future of particle physics. The report discusses a number of general issues of importance to the particle physics community, including (1) the relation of universities, national laboratories, and industry, (2) career paths for scientists engaged in particle physics, (3) diversity, equity, and inclusion, (4) physics education, (5) public education and outreach, (6) engagement with the government and public policy, and (7) the environmental and social impacts of particle physics.

For the field of high energy physics to continue to have a bright future, priority within the field must be given to investments in the development of both evolutionary and transformational detector development that is coordinated across the national laboratories and with the university community, international partners and other disciplines. While the fundamental science questions addressed by high energy physics have never been more compelling, there is acute awareness of the challenging budgetary and technical constraints when scaling current technologies. Furthermore, many technologies are reaching their sensitivity limit and new approaches need to be developed to overcome the currently irreducible technological challenges. This situation is unfolding against a backdrop of declining funding for instrumentation, both at the national laboratories and in particular at the universities. This trend has to be reversed for the country to continue to play a leadership role in particle physics, especially in this most promising era of imminent new discoveries that could finally break the hugely successful, but limited, Standard Model of fundamental particle interactions. In this challenging environment it is essential that the community invest anew in instrumentation and optimize the use of the available resources to develop new innovative, cost-effective instrumentation, as this is our best hope to successfully accomplish the mission of high energy physics. This report summarizes the current status of instrumentation for high energy physics, the challenges and needs of future experiments and indicates high priority research areas.

The CMS Collaboration has a robust program of searches for vector-like quarks.The first search available using 137 fb -1 of proton-proton collision data with √ = 13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment in Run 2 of the LHC is presented here.This search targets vector-like B quarks that decay to bH or bZ combinations in a hadronic final state.Lower limits on the mass of the B quark are determined for several branching fraction hypothesis, extending CMS sensitivity to these particles by 300 -500 GeV, depending on the decay mode.

This chapter examines the problem of categorization of facial expressions through the use of a receptive field neural network model, based upon novel domain Gaussian network units trained through error back-propagation. Such networks are trained upon images derived from the Ekman and Friesen “Pictures of Facial Affect” database, and they are subsequently able to successfully generalize to images of unseen subjects, and provide qualitative replication of the perceptual confusions common to previous studies. By using digital morphing techniques to produce intermediate frames between the existing stills, we are able to study the space of transitions between endpoint expressions. Our results suggest that expressions unrelated to the endpoint images may be perceived during certain transitions, a path far more complex than direct translation through a neutral expression.