J. Haller

For a long time, global fits of the electroweak sector of the Standard Model (SM) have been used to exploit measurements of electroweak precision observables at lepton colliders (LEP, SLC), together with measurements at hadron colliders (Tevatron, LHC), and accurate theoretical predictions at multi-loop level, to constrain free parameters of the SM, such as the Higgs and top masses. Today, all fundamental SM parameters entering these fits are experimentally determined, including information on the Higgs couplings, and the global fits are used as powerful tools to assess the validity of the theory and to constrain scenarios for new physics. Future measurements at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and the International Linear Collider (ILC) promise to improve the experimental precision of key observables used in the fits. This paper presents updated electroweak fit results using newest NNLO theoretical predictions, and prospects for the LHC and ILC. The impact of experimental and theoretical uncertainties is analysed in detail. We compare constraints from the electroweak fit on the Higgs couplings with direct LHC measurements, and examine present and future prospects of these constraints using a model with modified couplings of the Higgs boson to fermions and bosons.

In view of the discovery of a new boson by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations at the LHC, we present an update of the global Standard Model (SM) fit to electroweak precision data. Assuming the new particle to be the SM Higgs boson, all fundamental parameters of the SM are known allowing, for the first time, to overconstrain the SM at the electroweak scale and assert its validity. Including the effects of radiative corrections and the experimental and theoretical uncertainties, the global fit exhibits a p-value of 0.07. The mass measurements by ATLAS and CMS agree within 1.3σ with the indirect determination $M_{H}=94^{\,+25}_{\,-22}~\mathrm{GeV}$ . Within the SM the W boson mass and the effective weak mixing angle can be accurately predicted to be M W =80.359±0.011 GeV and $\sin ^{2}\theta ^{\ell }_{{\rm eff}}= 0.23150\pm 0.00010$ from the global fit. These results are compatible with, and exceed in precision, the direct measurements. For the indirect determination of the top quark mass we find $m_{t}= 175.8^{\:+2.7}_{\:-2.4}~ \mathrm {GeV}$ , in agreement with the kinematic and cross-section-based measurements.

We present an update of the global fit of the Standard Model electroweak sector to latest experimental results. We include new kinematic top quark and W boson mass measurements from the LHC, a $$\sin \!^2\theta ^{\ell }_{\mathrm{eff}}$$ result from the Tevatron, and a new evaluation of the hadronic contribution to $$\alpha (M_Z^2)$$ . We present tests of the internal consistency of the electroweak Standard Model and updated numerical predictions of key observables. The electroweak data combined with measurements of the Higgs boson coupling strengths and flavour physics observables are used to constrain parameters of two-Higgs-doublet models.

We present an update of the Standard Model fit to electroweak precision data. We include newest experimental results on the top quark mass, the W mass and width, and the Higgs boson mass bounds from LEP, Tevatron and the LHC. We also include a new determination of the electromagnetic coupling strength at the Z pole. We find for the Higgs boson mass (91 +30 -23) GeV and (120 +12 -5) GeV when not including and including the direct Higgs searches, respectively. From the latter fit we indirectly determine the W mass to be (80.360 +0.014 -0.013) GeV. We exploit the data to determine experimental constraints on the oblique vacuum polarisation parameters, and confront these with predictions from the Standard Model (SM) and selected SM extensions. By fitting the oblique parameters to the electroweak data we derive allowed regions in the BSM parameter spaces. We revisit and consistently update these constraints for a fourth fourth fermion generation, two Higgs doublet, inert Higgs and littlest Higgs models, models with large, universal or warped extra dimensions and technicolour. In most of the models studied a heavy Higgs boson can be made compatible with the electroweak precision data.

The global fit of the Standard Model to electroweak precision data, routinely performed by the LEP electroweak working group and others, demonstrated impressively the predictive power of electroweak unification and quantum loop corrections. We have revisited this fit in view of (i) the development of the new generic fitting package, Gfitter, allowing for flexible and efficient model testing in high-energy physics, (ii) the insertion of constraints from direct Higgs searches at LEP and the Tevatron, and (iii) a more thorough statistical interpretation of the results. Gfitter is a modular fitting toolkit, which features predictive theoretical models as independent plug-ins, and a statistical analysis of the fit results using toy Monte Carlo techniques. The state-of-the-art electroweak Standard Model is fully implemented, as well as generic extensions to it. Theoretical uncertainties are explicitly included in the fit through scale parameters varying within given error ranges. This paper introduces the Gfitter project, and presents state-of-the-art results for the global electroweak fit in the Standard Model (SM), and for a model with an extended Higgs sector (2HDM). Numerical and graphical results for fits with and without including the constraints from the direct Higgs searches at LEP and Tevatron are given. Perspectives for future colliders are analysed and discussed. In the SM fit including the direct Higgs searches, we find M H =116.4 −1.3 +18.3 GeV, and the 2σ and 3σ allowed regions [114,145] GeV and [[113,168] and [180,225]] GeV, respectively. For the strong coupling strength at fourth perturbative order we obtain α S (M 2 )=0.1193 −0.0027 +0.0028 (exp )±0.0001 (theo). Finally, for the mass of the top quark, excluding the direct measurements, we find m t =178.2 −4.2 +9.8 GeV. In the 2HDM we exclude a charged-Higgs mass below 240 GeV at 95% confidence level. This limit increases towards larger tan β, e.g., $M_{H^{\pm}}<780\ \mbox{GeV}$ is excluded for tan β=70.

The studies presented in this paper provide a first experimental test of the Particle Flow Algorithm (PFA) concept using data recorded in high granularity calorimeters. Pairs of overlaid pion showers from CALICE 2007 test beam data are reconstructed by the PandoraPFA program developed to implement PFA for a future lepton collider. Recovery of a neutral hadron's energy in the vicinity of a charged hadron is studied. The impact of the two overlapping hadron showers on energy resolution is investigated. The dependence of the confusion error on the distance between a 10 GeV neutral hadron and a charged pion is derived for pion energies of 10 and 30 GeV which are representative of a 100 GeV jet. The comparison of these test beam data results with Monte Carlo simulation is done for various hadron shower models within the GEANT4 framework. The results for simulated particles and for beam data are in good agreement thereby providing support for previous simulation studies of the power of Particle Flow Calorimetry at a future lepton collider.

A prototype silicon–tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) for an international linear collider (ILC) detector was installed and tested during summer and autumn 2006 at CERN. The detector had 6480 silicon pads of dimension 1×1cm2. Data were collected with electron beams in the energy range 6–45 GeV. The analysis described in this paper focuses on electromagnetic shower reconstruction and characterises the ECAL response to electrons in terms of energy resolution and linearity. The detector is linear to within approximately the 1% level and has a relative energy resolution of (16.53±0.14(stat)±0.4(syst))/E(GeV)⊕(1.07±0.07(stat)±0.1(syst))(%). The spatial uniformity and the time stability of the ECAL are also addressed.

The ATLAS central level-1 trigger logic consists in the Central Trigger Processor and the interface to the detector-specific muon level-1 trigger electronics. It is responsible for forming a level-1 trigger in the ATLAS experiment. The distribution of the timing, trigger and control information from the central trigger processor to the readout electronics of the ATLAS subdetectors is done with the TTC system. Both systems are presented.

A four-body phase space theory of ion–molecule reactions of the type A2+ + A2 ⇆ (A4+) → A3+ + A is presented. A modified definition of strong coupling is introduced by including the asymptotic resonance or chemical bonding potential in the reactant channel. It is shown that: (a) this leads to a larger cross section for the backward reaction than would be predicted using only the ion–induced dipole (polarization) potential, and (b) leads to cross sections for both the forward and backward reactions using hydrogen which are in better agreement with experiment than previously predicted. A computer program has also been developed following Nikitin's presentation of the four-body phase-space theory. Cross sections are presented as functions of the barycentric kinetic energy E in the range 0.01 ≤ E ≤ 10 eV, and comparison is made between the statistical theories using the resonance potential and the polarization potential. Calculations with vibrationally excited reactants were also performed. Inclusion of the resonance potential shows a larger dependence of the cross section in the forward direction on the reactant vibrational energy than is predicted using the induced-dipole potential only. These results also tend to give better agreement with existing experiments and yield predictions that may be tested by future experimentation.

The CALICE collaboration is studying the design of high performance electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for future International Linear Collider detectors. For the hadronic calorimeter, one option is a highly granular sampling calorimeter with steel as absorber and scintillator layers as active material. High granularity is obtained by segmenting the scintillator into small tiles individually read out via silicon photo-multipliers (SiPM). A prototype has been built, consisting of thirty-eight sensitive layers, segmented into about eight thousand channels. In 2007 the prototype was exposed to positrons and hadrons using the CERN SPS beam, covering a wide range of beam energies and angles of incidence. The challenge of cell equalization and calibration of such a large number of channels is best validated using electromagnetic processes. The response of the prototype steel-scintillator calorimeter, including linearity and uniformity, to electrons is investigated and described.

A prototype silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter for an ILC detector was tested in 2007 at the CERN SPS test beam. Data were collected with electron and hadron beams in the energy range 8 to 80 GeV. The analysis described here focuses on the interactions of pions in the calorimeter. One of the main objectives of the CALICE program is to validate the Monte Carlo tools available for the design of a full-sized detector. The interactions of pions in the Si-W calorimeter are therefore confronted with the predictions of various physical models implemented in the GEANT4simulation framework.

The rising share of electricity from renewable energy sources results in a need for long-term storage options to balance load and volatile supply in the future. A promising option for the long-term storage of surplus electricity is the production of hydrogen from water and its reconversion to generate electricity. An economic way to implement this reconversion in the near future is proposed in this paper. The designed engine process allows for efficient zero-emission combustion of hydrogen with pure oxygen, which is available as a byproduct of hydrolysis. To limit the high temperatures that arise during stoichiometric combustion of hydrogen and oxygen, the engine process has been combined with a steam cycle, resulting in temperatures not exceeding those in common diesel engines. The resulting two-stage process uses part of the exhaust gas energy for evaporation and overheating in a steam cycle. The exhaust gas energy is partly recovered and the required compression work is provided by a pump rather than a compression stroke, leading to higher efficiencies than in existing hydrogen internal combustion engines. The designed process consists of a two-stroke engine cycle and has been modeled as a standard cycle using real gas data and considering charge cycle losses, wall heat losses and mechanical losses. With an assumed maximum cylinder pressure of 150 bar, the process can achieve an effective efficiency of more than 50%. With an achievable power density almost twice as high as in conventional hydrogen engines this concept is quite promising. However, there are some challenges with regard to oil-free lubrication, high combustion temperatures and high-pressure injection of hydrogen and oxygen, which require further research.

This article presents the base-line design and implementation of the ATLAS Trigger and Data Acquisition system, in particular the Data Flow and High Level Trigger components. The status of the installation and commissioning of the system is also presented.

With the discovery of the Higgs boson, the spectrum of particles in the Standard Model (SM) is complete. It is more important than ever to perform precision measurements and to test for deviations from SM predictions in the electroweak sector. In this report, we investigate two themes in the arena of precision electroweak measurements: the electroweak precision observables (EWPOs) that test the particle content and couplings in the SM and the minimal supersymmetric SM, and the measurements involving multiple gauge bosons in the final state which provide unique probes of the basic tenets of electroweak symmetry breaking. Among the important EWPOs we focus our discussion on M_W and sin^2 theta_eff^l, and on anomalous quartic gauge couplings probed by triboson production and vector boson scattering. We investigate the thresholds of precision that need to be achieved in order to be sensitive to new physics. We study the precision that can be achieved at various facilities on these observables. We discuss the calculational tools needed to predict SM rates and distributions in order to perform these measurements at the required precision. This report summarizes the work of the Energy Frontier Precision Study of Electroweak Interactions working group of the 2013 Community Summer Study (Snowmass).

A new algorithm for the identification of boosted, hadronically decaying, heavy particles at the LHC is presented. The algorithm is based on the known procedure of jet clustering with variable distance parameter R and adapts the jet size to its transverse momentum $$p_\mathrm {T}$$ . Subjets are found using a mass jump condition. The resulting algorithm – called Heavy Object Tagger with Variable R (HOTVR) – features little algorithmic complexity and combines jet clustering, subjet finding and rejection of soft clusters in one sequence. While the HOTVR algorithm can be used for the identification of any heavy object decaying hadronically, e.g. W, Z, H, t, or possible new heavy resonances, this paper targets specifically the tagging of boosted top quarks. The studies presented here demonstrate a stable performance of the HOTVR algorithm in a wide range of top quark $$p_\mathrm {T}$$ , from low $$p_\mathrm {T}$$ , where the decay products can be resolved, to the region of boosted decays at high $$p_\mathrm {T}$$ .

We present results from the global electroweak fit to precision measurements of the Standard Model (SM). The fit uses the latest experimental results as well as up-to-date theoretical calculations for observables on the Z pole and the W boson mass, yielding precise SM predictions for the effective weak mixing angle and the masses of the W and Higgs bosons, as well as the top quark. We report constraints on coefficients of the SM effective field theory (SMEFT), obtained from electroweak precision data. We present correlations between the SMEFT coefficients, evaluated at next-to-leading order for the precision observables entering the fit, and the free parameters of the SM.

We study various machine learning based algorithms for performing accurate jet flavor classification on field-programmable gate arrays and demonstrate how latency and resource consumption scale with the input size and choice of algorithm. These architectures provide an initial design for models that could be used for tagging at the CERN LHC during its high-luminosity phase. The high-luminosity upgrade will lead to a five-fold increase in its instantaneous luminosity for proton-proton collisions and, in turn, higher data volume and complexity, such as the availability of jet constituents. Through quantization-aware training and efficient hardware implementations, we show that O(100) ns inference of complex architectures such as deep sets and interaction networks is feasible at a low computational resource cost.

Hintergrund: Im Februar 2023 wurde ein in der Wohnungslosigkeit lebender Mensch im Frankfurter Bahnhofsviertel mit Halsschmerzen und Dyspnoe, einer für eine Rachendiphtherie typischen Symptomatik, stationär aufgenommen. Im Rachenabstrich wurde ein Corynebacterium diphtheriae nachgewiesen, der in der Diphtherietoxingen-PCR positiv (tox+) war. Für den Elek-Test (Nachweis der Diphtherietoxin (DT)-produktion und eine weitere molekularbiologische Untersuchung war der Bakterienstamm leider nicht mehr verfügbar. Erkrankungen mit DT bildenden C. diphtheriae sind in Deutschland sehr selten, da die Bevölkerung im Allgemeinen durch Impfung gut gegen Diphtherie geschützt und die Kolonisationsrate der Normalbevölkerung in Industrienationen gering ist. Infektionen durch tox+C. diphtheriae sind hierzulande in der Regel reise- oder migrationsassoziiert. Erst durch einen seit dem Sommer 2022 andauernden europaweiten Ausbruch von Diphtherie unter geflüchteten Personen wurden den Gesundheitsämtern nach langer Zeit wieder vermehrt Diphtheriefälle gemeldet. In den meisten Fällen handelt es sich um Hautdiphtherie durch C. diphtheriae. Im Frankfurter Obdachlosenmilieu traten im Jahr 2023 drei Diphtheriefälle bei Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund auf. Wir führten eine Ausbruchsuntersuchung durch, um weitere Fälle zu identifizieren, das Ausmaß des Ausbruchs zu beurteilen, Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung einer Ausbreitung zu ergreifen und eine potentielle gemeinsame Infektionsquelle zu identifizieren.

Modern high-energy physics experiments collect data using dedicated complex multi-level trigger systems which perform an online selection of potentially interesting events. In general, this selection suffers from inefficiencies. A further loss of statistics occurs when the rate of accepted events is artificially scaled down in order to meet bandwidth constraints. An offline analysis of the recorded data must correct for the resulting losses in order to determine the original statistics of the analysed data sample. This is particularly challenging when data samples recorded by several triggers are combined. In this paper, we present methods for the calculation of the offline corrections and study their statistical performance. Implications on building and operating trigger systems are discussed.

Models with large extra dimensions as well as unparticle models could give rise to new phenomena at collider experiments due to real emission or virtual exchange of gravitons or unparticles. In this paper we present the common implementation of these processes in the Monte Carlo generator Pythia8, using relations between the parameters of the two models. The program offers several options related to the treatment of the UV region of the effective theories, including the possibility of using a form factor for the running gravitational coupling. Characteristic results obtained with Pythia8 have been used to validate the implementations as well as to illustrate the key features and effects of the model parameters. The results presented in this paper are focused on mono-jet, di-photon and di-lepton final states at the LHC.

The global fit of the Standard Model to electroweak precision data, routinely performed by the LEP electroweak working group and others, demonstrated impressively the predictive power of electroweak unification and quantum loop corrections. We have revisited this fit in view of (i) the development of the new generic fitting package, Gfitter, allowing flexible and efficient model testing in high-energy physics, (ii) the insertion of constraints from direct Higgs searches at LEP and the Tevatron, and (iii) a more thorough statistical interpretation of the results. Gfitter is a modular fitting toolkit, which features predictive theoretical models as independent plugins, and a statistical analysis of the fit results using toy Monte Carlo techniques. The state-of-the-art electroweak Standard Model is fully implemented, as well as generic extensions to it. Theoretical uncertainties are explicitly included in the fit through scale parameters varying within given error ranges. This paper introduces the Gfitter project, and presents state-of-the-art results for the global electroweak fit in the Standard Model, and for a model with an extended Higgs sector (2HDM). Numerical and graphical results for fits with and without including the constraints from the direct Higgs searches at LEP and Tevatron are given. Perspectives for future colliders are analysed and discussed. Including the direct Higgs searches, we find MH = 116.4 +18.3 −1.3 GeV, and the 2σ and 3σ allowed regions (114, 145) GeV and ((113, 168)and(180, 225)) GeV, respectively. For the strong coupling strength at fourth perturbative order we obtain αS(M 2 Z ) = 0.1193 +0.0028 −0.0027(exp) ± 0.0001(theo). Finally, for the mass of the

The global fit of the Standard Model to electroweak precision data, routinely performed by the LEP electroweak working group and others, demonstrated impressively the predictive power of electroweak unification and quantum loop corrections. We have revisited this fit in view of (i) the development of the new generic fitting package Gfitter, (ii) the insertion of constraints from direct Higgs searches at LEP and the Tevatron, and (iii) a more thorough statistical interpretation of the results. Gfitter is a modular fitting toolkit, which features predictive theoretical models as independent plugins, and a statistical analysis of the fit results using toy Monte Carlo techniques. The state-of-the-art electroweak Standard Model is fully implemented, as well as generic extensions to it. This paper introduces the Gfitter project, and presents state-of-the-art results for the global electroweak fit in the Standard Model, and for a model with an extended Higgs sector (2HDM). Numerical and graphical results for fits with and without including the constraints from the direct Higgs searches at LEP and Tevatron are given. Perspectives for future colliders are analysed and discussed. Including the direct Higgs searches, we find M_H=(116.4 +18.3 -1.3) GeV, and the 2sigma and 3sigma allowed regions [114,145] GeV and [[113,168] and [180,225]] GeV, respectively. For the strong coupling strength at fourth perturbative order we obtain alpha_S(M_Z)=0.1193 +0.0028 -0.0027(exp) +- 0.0001(theo). Finally, for the mass of the top quark, excluding the direct measurements, we find m_t=(178.2 +9.8 -4.2) GeV. In the 2HDM we exclude a charged-Higgs mass below 240 GeV at 95% confidence level. This limit increases towards larger tan(beta), where e.g., M_H+-<780 GeV is excluded for tan(beta)=70.

Application Specific Integrated Circuits, ASICs, similar to those envisaged for the readout electronics of the central calorimeters of detectors for a future lepton collider have been exposed to high-energy electromagnetic showers. A salient feature of these calorimeters is that the readout electronics will be embedded into the calorimeter layers. In this article it is shown that interactions of shower particles in the volume of the readout electronics do not alter the noise pattern of the ASICs. No signal at or above the MIP level has been observed during the exposure. The upper limit at the 95% confidence level on the frequency of faked signals is smaller than 1x10^{-5} for a noise threshold of about 60% of a MIP. For ASICs with similar design to those which were tested, it can thus be largely excluded that the embedding of the electronics into the calorimeter layers compromises the performance of the calorimeters.

With the discovery of the Higgs boson, the spectrum of particles in the Standard Model (SM) is complete. It is more important than ever to perform precision measurements and to test for deviations from SM predictions in the electroweak sector. In this report, we investigate two themes in the arena of precision electroweak measurements: the electroweak precision observables (EWPOs) that test the particle content and couplings in the SM and the minimal supersymmetric SM, and the measurements involving multiple gauge bosons in the final state which provide unique probes of the basic tenets of electroweak symmetry breaking. Among the important EWPOs we focus our discussion on M_W and sin^2 theta_eff^l, and on anomalous quartic gauge couplings probed by triboson production and vector boson scattering. We investigate the thresholds of precision that need to be achieved in order to be sensitive to new physics. We study the precision that can be achieved at various facilities on these observables. We discuss the calculational tools needed to predict SM rates and distributions in order to perform these measurements at the required precision. This report summarizes the work of the Energy Frontier Precision Study of Electroweak Interactions working group of the 2013 Community Summer Study (Snowmass).

Inclusive jet cross sections are measured in photoproduction at HERA using the H1 detector. The data sample of e+ p -> e+ + jet + X events in the kinematic range of photon virtualities Q^2 < 1 GeV^2 and photon-proton centre-of-mass energies 95 < W_gammap < 285 GeV represents an integrated luminosity of 24.1 pb^-1. Jets are defined using the inclusive k_T algorithm. Single- and multi-differential cross sections are measured as functions of jet transverse energy E_T^jet and pseudorapidity \eta^jet in the domain 5 < E_T^jet < 75 GeV and -1 < \eta^jet < 2.5. The cross sections are found to be in good agreement with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations corrected for fragmentation and underlying event effects. The cross section differential in E_T^jet, which varies by six orders of magnitude over the measured range, is compared with similar distributions from p pbar colliders at equal and higher energies.

The High Level Trigger (HLT) of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider receives events which pass the LVL1 trigger at ∼75 kHz and has to reduce the rate to ∼200 Hz while retaining the most interesting physics. It is a software trigger and performs the reduction in two stages: the LVL2 trigger and the Event Filter (EF). At the heart of the HLT is the Steering software. To minimise processing time and data transfers it implements the novel event selection strategies of seeded, step-wise reconstruction and early rejection. The HLT is seeded by regions of interest identified at LVL1. These and the static configuration determine which algorithms are run to reconstruct event data and test the validity of trigger signatures. The decision to reject the event or continue is based on the valid signatures, taking into account pre-scale and pass-through. After the EF, event classification tags are assigned for streaming purposes. Several new features for commissioning and operation have been added: comprehensive monitoring is now built in to the framework; for validation and debugging, reconstructed data can be written out; the steering is integrated with the new configuration (presented separately), and topological and global triggers have been added. This paper will present details of the final design and its implementation, the principles behind it, and the requirements and constraints it is subject to. The experience gained from technical runs with realistic trigger menus will be described.

The ATLAS detector at CERN's LHC will be exposed to proton-proton collisions at a rate of 40 MHz. To reduce the data rate, only potentially interesting events are selected by a three-level trigger system. The first level is implemented in custom-made electronics, with an output rate to less than 100 kHz. The second and third level are software triggers with a final output rate of 100 to 200 Hz. A system has been designed and implemented that holds and records the full configuration information of all three trigger levels at a centrally maintained location. This system provides fast access to consistent configuration information of the online trigger system for the purpose of data taking as well as to all parts of the offline trigger simulation. The use of relational database technology provides a means of reliable recording of the trigger configuration history over the lifetime of the experiment. In addition to the online system, tools for flexible browsing and manipulation of trigger configurations, and for their distribution across the ATLAS reconstruction sites have been developed. The usability of this design has been demonstrated in dedicated configuration tests of the ATLAS level-1 Central Trigger and of a 600-node software trigger computing farm. Further tests on a computing cluster which is part of the final high level trigger system were also successful.

Global irradiance spectra vary with location, different viewing angles and times of day, depending on the fraction of direct and diffuse irradiance. Owing to big differences in spectral responses, PV module technologies might therefore show a differing behaviour with varying orientation and tilt angles. The purpose of this work is to verify the thesis, that thin film modules are – due to their spectral response – more suitable for horizontal orientation than crystalline. Diffuse irradiation (except from circumsolar radiation) can be captured best by a horizontal surface and consists to a greater fraction of short wavelengths than direct irradiation. At the same time thin film modules primarily absorb photons of short wavelengths and could therefore be better suited for horizontal application. Based on the semi-empirical spectral model Sedes2 and quantum efficiency data, a model has been developed to analyse differences in optimum orientation of several PV module technologies. In a first step, hourly global irradiance spectra are generated from a 1 year dataset of hourly climate data derived from long-term averages by the Meteonorm database for two sites in different climes. Based on this, average photocurrent densities are computed for each technology and for a matrix of different orientation and tilt angles using quantum efficiency data. Normalised to their maximum, the photocurrent densities are compared between the technologies. The results we obtained show, that for each site the maximum relative photocurrent densities are located at about the same orientation for all technologies, i.e. the optimum orientation is the same. At horizontal orientation, thin film modules show a slightly higher value of normalised average photocurrent densities than monocrystalline modules. Yet, for a whole year this advantage lies below 1% for both sites.

The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will face the challenge of efficiently selecting interesting candidate events in pp collisions at 14 TeV centre-of-mass energy, whilst rejecting the enormous number of background events. The High-Level-Trigger (HLT second level trigger and Event Filter), which is a software based trigger will need to reduce the first level trigger output rate of kHz to Hz written out to mass storage. In this paper an overview of the steering mechanism of the HLT is given. The HLT Steering is responsible for the scheduling of algorithms and for the global event trigger decision evaluation. The concept of step-wise and seeded selection strategy implemented by the steering will be presented. Integration of large number of trigger menus and sophisticated physics selection strategies will also be discussed. The electron and photon menus will be described to demonstrate that the trigger is well adapted for the physics program at the LHC.

A new pixel detector for the CMS experiment was built in order to cope with the instantaneous luminosities anticipated for the Phase~I Upgrade of the LHC. The new CMS pixel detector provides four-hit tracking with a reduced material budget as well as new cooling and powering schemes. A new front-end readout chip mitigates buffering and bandwidth limitations, and allows operation at low comparator thresholds. In this paper, comprehensive test beam studies are presented, which have been conducted to verify the design and to quantify the performance of the new detector assemblies in terms of tracking efficiency and spatial resolution. Under optimal conditions, the tracking efficiency is $99.95\pm0.05\,\%$, while the intrinsic spatial resolutions are $4.80\pm0.25\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ and $7.99\pm0.21\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ along the $100\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ and $150\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ pixel pitch, respectively. The findings are compared to a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of the pixel detector and good agreement is found.

The ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will face the challenge of efficiently selecting interesting candidate events in pp collisions at 14 TeV center-of-mass energy, whilst rejecting the enormous number of background events. The High-Level Trigger (HLT=second level trigger and Event Filter), which is a software based trigger will need to reduce the level-1 output rate of ap75 kHz to ap200 Hz written out to mass storage. In this talk an overview of the current physics and system performance of the HLT selection for electrons and photons is given. The performance has been evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations and has been partly demonstrated in the ATLAS testbeam in 2004. The efficiency for the signal channels, the rate expected for the selection, the global data preparation and execution times will be highlighted. Furthermore, some physics examples will be discussed to demonstrate that the triggers are well adapted for the physics programme envisaged at the LHC

A search for gravitinos produced in ep collisions is performed using the H1 detector at HERA. The data were taken at a centre-of-mass energy of 319 GeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 64.3 pb^{-1} for e^+p collisions and 13.5 pb^{-1} for e^-p collisions. If R-parity is not conserved, the t-channel exchange of a selectron can produce a neutralino, which, in models where the gravitino is the lightest supersymmetric particle, subsequently decays into a photon and a light gravitino. The resulting event signature, which involves an isolated photon, a jet and missing transverse energy, is analysed for the first time at HERA. No deviation from the Standard Model is found. Exclusion limits on the cross section and on R-parity-violating Yukawa couplings are derived in a Gauge Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking scenario. The results are independent of the squark sector. Neutralinos and supersymmetric partners of the left-handed electron with masses up to 112 GeV and 164 GeV, respectively, can be ruled out at the 95% confidence level for R-parity-violating couplings lambda' equal to 1.

The pre-series test bed is used to validate the technology and implementation choices by comparing the final ATLAS readout requirements, to the results of performance, functionality and stability studies. We show that all the components which are not running reconstruction algorithms match the final ATLAS requirements. For the others, we calculate the amount of time per event that could be allocated to run these not-yet-finalized algorithms. We also report on the experience gained during these studies while interfacing with a sub-detector for the first time at the experimental area.

The ATLAS Level-1 Central Trigger Processor (CTP) com- bines information from the Level-1 calorimeter and muon trig- ger processors, as well as from other sources such as calibration triggers, and makes the final Level-1 Accept deci- sion. The CTP synchronises the trigger inputs from different sources to the internal clock and aligns them with respect to the same bunch crossing. The algorithm used by the CTP to com- bine the different inputs allows events to be selected on the basis of trigger menus. The CTP provides trigger summary information to the data acquisition and to the Level-2 trigger system, and allows one to monitor various counters of bunch- by-bunch as well as accumulated information on the trigger inputs. The design of the CTP with its six different module types and two dedicated back-planes will be presented.

We present results from the global electroweak fit to precision measurements in the Standard Model (SM).The fit uses the latest theoretical calculations for observables on the pole and the boson mass, yielding precise SM predictions for the effective weak mixing angle and the masses of the and Higgs bosons, as well as the top quark.We study the impact of the latest measurements on the fit and provide comparisons of the resulting predictions for individual observables with recent measurements.

ATLAS is a multi-purpose particle physics detector at CERN's Large Hadron Collider where two pulsed beams of protons are brought to collision at very high energy. There are collisions every 25 ns, corresponding to a rate of 40 MHz. A three-level trigger system reduces this rate to about 200 Hz while keeping bunch crossings which potentially contain interesting processes. The Level-1 trigger, implemented in electronics and firmware, makes an initial selection in under 2.5 /spl mu/s with an output rate of less than 100 kHz. A key element of this is the central trigger processor (CTP) which combines trigger information from the calorimeter and muon trigger processors to make the final Level-1 accept decision in under 100 ns on the basis of lists of selection criteria, implemented as a trigger menu. Timing and trigger signals are fanned out to all sub-detectors, while busy signals from all sub-detector read-out systems are collected and fed into the CTP in order to throttle the generation of Level-1 triggers.

The ATLAS combined test beam in the second half of 2004 saw the first deployment of the ATLAS High-Level Trigger (HLT). The next steps are deployment on the pre-series farms in the experimental area during 2005, commissioning and cosmics tests with the full detector in 2006 and collisions in 2007. This paper reviews the experience gained in the test beam, describes the current status and discusses the further enhancements to be made. We address issues related to the dataflow, integration of selection algorithms, testing, software distribution, installation and improvements.

The ATLAS detector at CERN's LHC will be exposed to proton-proton collisions at a nominal rate of 1 GHz from beams crossing at 40 MHz. In order to reduce the data rate to about 200 Hz, only potentially interesting events are selected by a three-level trigger system. Its first level is implemented in electronics and firmware whereas the higher trigger levels are based on software. To prepare the full trigger chain for the online event selection according to a certain strategy, a system is being set up that provides the relevant configuration information, e.g., values for hardware registers in level-1 or parameters of high-level trigger algorithms-and stores the corresponding history. The same information is used to configure the offline trigger simulation. In this presentation an overview of the ATLAS trigger system is given concentrating on the event selection strategy and its description. The technical implementation of the configuration system is summarized.

The central part of the ATLAS Level-1 trigger system consists of the central trigger processor (CTP), the local trigger processors (LTPs), the timing, trigger, and control (TTC) system, and the read-out driver busy (ROD/spl I.bar/BUSY) modules. The CTP combines information from calorimeter and muon trigger processors, as well as from other sources, and makes the final Level-1 accept decision (L1A) on the basis of lists of selection criteria, implemented as trigger menus. Timing and trigger signals are fanned out to about 40 LTPs, which inject them into the subdetector TTC partitions. The LTPs also support stand-alone running and can generate all necessary signals from memory. The TTC partitions fan out the timing and trigger signals to the subdetector front-end electronics. The ROD/spl I.bar/BUSY modules receive busy signals from the front-end electronics, and send them to the CTP (via an LTP) to throttle the generation of L1As. An overview of the ATLAS Level-1 central trigger system will be presented, with emphasis on the design and tests of the CTP modules.

The ATLAS detector at CERN's Large Hadron Collider will be exposed to proton–proton collisions from beams crossing at 40 MHz that have to be reduced to the few hundreds of Hz allowed by the storage systems. A three-level trigger system has been designed to achieve this goal. We describe the configuration system under construction for the ATLAS trigger chain. It provides the trigger system with all the parameters required for decision taking and to record its history. The same system configures the event reconstruction, Monte Carlo simulation and data analysis, and provides tools for accessing and manipulating the configuration data in all contexts.

The ATLAS detector at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be exposed to proton-proton collisions from beams crossing at 40 MHz. A three-level trigger system will select potentially interesting events in order to reduce the read-out rate to about 200 Hz. The first trigger level is implemented in custom-built electronics and makes an initial fast selection based on detector data of coarse granularity. It has to reduce the rate by a factor of to less than 100 kHz. The other two consecutive trigger levels are in software and run on PC farms. We present an overview of the first-level central trigger and the muon barrel trigger system and report on the current installation status. Moreover, we show analysis results of cosmic-ray data recorded in situ at the ATLAS experimental site with final or close-to-final hardware.

Rotating Shadowband Irradiance sensors are a relevant alternative to pyrheliometers for measurement of direct beam solar irradiance because they require less maintenance and power. Different calibration procedures are used to compensate the deviating spectral response of the silicon photodiode sensors. An enhanced RSI correction has been developed, accounting for temperature and spectral response of photodiode sensors and further dependencies on incidence angle, air mass and altitude. Furthermore, different calibration methods are examined. The enhanced correction delivers the best performance for RSI correction with an average RMSD of 15 W/m² and annual DNI deviations of typically 0.5%.

The ATLAS detector at CERN's LHC will be exposed to proton-proton collisions at a bunch-crossing rate of 40 MHz. In order to reduce the data rate, a three-level trigger system selects potentially interesting physics processes. The first trigger level is implemented in electronics and firmware. It aims at reducing the output rate to less than 100 kHz. The central trigger processor (CTP) combines information from the calorimeter and muon trigger processors and makes the final Level-1-Accept (L1A) decision. It is a central element in the timing setup of the experiment. Three aspects are considered in this article: the timing setup with respect to the Level-1 trigger, with respect to the experiment, and with respect to the world. Trigger signals from the muon and calorimeter trigger processors have to be synchronized in phase with respect to the local clock, and aligned in terms of the bunch crossing they originate from. The Level-1 latency is defined as the time between the collision and the arrival of the L1A at the sub-detectors. It is fixed and less than 2.5 musec. During this time, the data from all sub-detectors are stored in front-end pipeline buffers. In order to guarantee read-out of the same collision, the pipeline lengths must be carefully tuned in order to match the Level-1 latency using several strategies with and without particle beam. The CTP further calculates a UTC time stamp derived from a GPS-based time-stamping system with a stability of 5 nsec and high absolute time precision. The time stamp will allow us to correlate ATLAS events with those in other particle-physics or astronomic detectors at CERN or elsewhere

ATLAS is one of the four major Large Hadron Collider (LHC) experiments that will start data taking in 2007. It is designed to cover a wide range of physics topics. The ATLAS trigger system has to be able to reduce an initial 40 MHz event rate, corresponding to an average of 23 proton-proton inelastic interactions per every 25 ns bunch crossing, to 200 Hz admissible by the Data Acquisition System. The ATLAS trigger is divided in three different levels. The first one provides a signal describing an event signature using dedicated custom hardware. This signature must be confirmed by the High Level Trigger (HLT) which using commercial computing farms performs an event reconstruction by running a sequence of algorithms. The validity of a signature is checked after every algorithm execution. A main characteristic of the ATLAS HLT is that only the data in a certain window around the position flagged by the first level trigger are analyzed. In this work, the performance of one sequence that runs at the Event Filter level (third level) is demonstrated. The goal of this sequence is to reconstruct and identify high transverse momentum electrons by performing cluster reconstruction at the electromagnetic calorimeter, track reconstruction at the Inner Detector, and cluster track matching.

The central part of the ATLAS level-1 trigger system consists of the central trigger processor (CTP), the local trigger processors (LTPs), the timing, trigger and control (TTC) system, and the read-out driver busy (ROD/spl I.bar/BUSY) modules. The CTP combines information from calorimeter and muon trigger processors, as well as from other sources and makes the final level-1 accept decision (L1A) on the basis of lists of selection criteria, implemented as a trigger menu. Timing and trigger signals are fanned out to about 40 LTPs which inject them into the sub-detector TTC partitions. The LTPs also support stand-alone running and can generate all necessary signals from memory. The TTC partitions fan out the timing and trigger signals to the sub-detector front-end electronics. The ROD-BUSY modules receive busy signals from the front-end electronics and send them to the CTP (via an LTP) to throttle the generation of L1As. An overview of the ATLAS level-1 central trigger system will be presented, with emphasis on the design and tests of the CTP modules.

Global fits which confront results of High-Energy-Physics experiments with accurate theoretical predictions can be used to provide indirect constraints on fundamental parameters of the Standard Model of particle physics or new physics models. Important examples are global fits of the electroweak sector of the Standard Model or fits of supersymetric extensions of it. In this article we review the results obtained using the public software tools ${\tt Gfitter}, {\tt Fittino}, {\tt MasterCode}, {\tt HiggsBounds}$ and ${\tt HiggsSignals}$ and we highlight the physics results of global fits in the Standard Model, Supersymmetry and various other beyond-the-Standard-Model theories.

We present results from the global electroweak fit to precision measurements in the Standard Model (SM). The fit uses the latest theoretical calculations for observables on the $Z$ pole and the $W$ boson mass, yielding precise SM predictions for the effective weak mixing angle and the masses of the $W$ and Higgs bosons, as well as the top quark. We study the impact of the latest measurements on the fit and provide comparisons of the resulting predictions for individual observables with recent measurements.

Due to the huge interaction rates and the tough experimental environment of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy ¡ s ¢ 14 TeV and luminosities of up to 10 34 cm£ 2 s£ 1 , one of the experimental challenges at the LHC is the triggering of interesting events.In the ATLAS experiment a three-level tigger system is foreseen for this purpose.The first-level trigger is implemented in custom hardware and has been designed to reduce the data rate from the initial bunch-crossing rate of 40 MHz to around 75 kHz.Its event selection is based on information from the calorimeters and dedicated muon detectors.This article gives an overview over the full first-level trigger system including the Calorimeter Trigger, the Muon Trigger and the Central Trigger Processor.In addition, recent results are reported that have been obtained from test-beam studies performed at CERN where the full first-level trigger chain was established successfully for the first time and used to trigger the read-out of up to nine ATLAS sub-detector systems.

The ATLAS detector at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be exposed to proton–proton collisions from beams crossing at 40 MHz. At the design luminosity of 1034cm-2s-1 there are on average 23 collisions per bunch crossing. A three-level trigger system will select potentially interesting events in order to reduce the readout rate to about 200 Hz. The first trigger level is implemented in custom-built electronics and makes an initial fast selection based on detector data of coarse granularity. It has to reduce the rate by a factor of 104 to less than 100 kHz. The other two consecutive trigger levels are in software and run on PC farms. We present an overview of the first-level trigger system and report on the current installation status. Moreover, we show analysis results of cosmic-ray data recorded in situ at the ATLAS experimental site with final or close-to-final hardware.

The ATLAS combined test beam in the second half of 2004 saw the first deployment of the ATLAS high-level triggers (HLT). The next steps are deployment on the pre-series farms in the experimental area during 2005, commissioning and cosmics tests in 2006 and collisions in 2007. This paper reviews the experience gained in the test beam, describes the current status and discusses the further enhancements to be made. We address issues related to the dataflow, selection algorithms, testing, software distribution, installation and improvements

Due to the huge interaction rates and the tough experimental environment of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy sqrt(s)=14TeV and luminosities of up to 10^34 cm^-2 s^-1, one of the experimental challenges at the LHC is the triggering of interesting events. In the ATLAS experiment a three-level trigger system is foreseen for this purpose. The first-level trigger is implemented in custom hardware and has been designed to reduce the data rate from the initial bunch-crossing rate of 40 MHz to around 75 kHz. Its event selection is based on information from the calorimeters and dedicated muon detectors. This article gives an overview over the full first-level trigger system including the Calorimeter Trigger, the Muon Trigger and the Central Trigger Processor. In addition, recent results are reported that have been obtained from test-beam studies performed at CERN where the full first-level trigger chain was established successfully for the first time and used to trigger the read-out of up to nine ATLAS sub-detector systems.

The global electroweak fit of the Standard Model (SM) with Gfitter can be used to constrain yet unknown SM parameters, such as the Higgs mass, but also physics beyond the SM (BSM) via the formalism of oblique parameters. This paper presents updated results of the Gfitter SM fit using the latest available electroweak precision measurements and the recent combination of direct Higgs searches at the Tevatron. In addition, newly obtained constraints on BSM models, such as models with extra dimensions, little Higgs and a fourth fermion generation, are presented. While a light Higgs mass is preferred by the fit in the SM, significantly larger Higgs masses are allowed in these new physics models.

The ATLAS detector at the LHC uses a three-level trigger system to select events of potential interest from the 40 MHz proton-proton collisions, thereby reducing the data rate to a manageable level. A system has been designed and implemented to configure all three trigger levels from a centrally provided relational database, in which an archive of all trigger configurations used in data taking is also maintained. The user interaction with this database is via a Java-based graphical user interface known as the TriggerTool. We describe here how the TriggerTool has been designed to fulfill several different roles for users of varying expertise, from being a browser of the database to a tool for creating and modifying configurations.

The ATLAS detector at CERN’s LHC will be exposed to proton-proton collisions at a rate of 40 MHz. To reduce the data rate, only potentially interesting events are selected by a three-level trigger system. The first level is implemented in firmware, reducing the data output rate to about 100 kHz. The second and third levels are software triggers with an output rate of about 200 Hz. A system has been designed and implemented that hosts and records the configuration of all three trigger levels at a centrally maintained location. This system consistently provides configuration information to the online trigger for the purpose of data taking as well as to the offline trigger simulation. The use of relational database technology provides means of flexible information browsing, easy information distribution across the ATLAS reconstruction sites and reliable recording of the trigger configuration history over the lifetime of the experiment. The functionality of this design has been demonstrated in dedicated configuration tests of the ATLAS level-1 Central Trigger and of a 600-node software trigger computing farm. We present the current status of the system and its readiness for data taking. We put emphasis on the multiple use of the trigger configuration for data-taking, Monte-Carlo simulation and trigger validation.

The ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be exposed to proton-proton collisions at a rate of 40 MHz. This rate needs to be reduced to an output rate of 100-200 Hz, compatible with the foreseen storage and analysis capability. To achieve this while retaining the most interesting physics, the trigger uses novel techniques, such as seeded, step-wise reconstruction and early rejection. As the luminosity increases more potentially interesting events will be produced than can be kept for analysis. To maximise the physics reach within the available bandwidth, the trigger menu will need to adapt to the increasing luminosity according to the ATLAS physics program. To study the bias introduced by the trigger selection, detailed online information needs to be used in physics analyses. A user interface was developed that, for each recorded event, allows easy access to information produced by the trigger as well as to its configuration. A first version of this interface was made available earlier this year and is now routinely used in physics studies. We describe the ATLAS trigger operation and present in particular the trigger-user interface, focusing on the accessibility it provides to both online quantities and the trigger configuration. We also discuss the impact of the trigger selection on ATLAS physics studies relevant for the initial phase of LHC running.

The ATLAS detector at CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be exposed to proton-proton collisions from beams crossing at 40 MHz. A three-level trigger system will select potentially interesting events in order to reduce the readout rate to about 200 Hz. The first trigger level is implemented in custom-built electronics and makes an initial fast selection based on detector data of coarse granularity. It has to reduce the rate by a factor of 104 to less than 100 kHz. The other two consecutive trigger levels are in software and run on PC farms. We present an overview of the first-level central trigger and the muon barrel trigger system and report on the current installation status. Moreover, we show analysis results of cosmic-ray data recorded in situ at the ATLAS experimental site with final or close-to-final hardware.

ATLAS is a detector at CERN's Large Hadron Collider where bunches of protons in counter-rotating beams will cross every 25 ns producing, on average, about 25 collisions for a total interaction rate of 1 GHz. A three-level trigger system selects bunch crossings potentially containing interesting processes. The Level-1 trigger, implemented in electronics and firmware, makes an initial selection in under 2.5 /spl mu/s with an output rate of less than 100 kHz. A key element of this is the core module of the Central Trigger Processor which combines trigger information from the calorimeter and muon trigger processors to make the final Level-1 accept decision in under 75 ns. The event-selection algorithm used by the core module is based on lists of selection criteria, i.e., trigger menus, and is implemented in fully programmable look-up tables and content-addressable memories. In addition to the event selection, the core module generates dead-time in order to limit the frequency of Level-1 accepts to a rate that the sub-detector front-end electronics can support. The core module further provides trigger-summary information to the Level-2 trigger and to the data acquisition system. The design of the core module is presented, and results from recent laboratory tests and from tests with the calorimeter and muon trigger processors connected to detectors in a particle beam are shown.

The ATLAS detector at CERN'S LHC will be exposed to proton-proton collisions at a rate of 40 MHz. In order to reduce the data rate to about 200 Hz, only potentially interesting events are selected by a three-level trigger system. Its first level is implemented in electronics and firmware whereas the higher trigger levels are based on software. To prepare the full trigger chain for the online event selection according to a certain strategy, a system is being set up that provides the relevant configuration information - e.g. values for hardware registers in level-1 or parameters of high-level trigger algorithms - and stores the corresponding history. The same information is used to configure the offline trigger simulation. In this presentation an overview of the ATLAS trigger system is given concentrating on the event selection strategy and its description. The technical implementation of the configuration system is summarized.

The last decades have seen tremendous progress in the experimental techniques for measuring key observables of the Standard Theory (ST) as well as in theoretical calculations that has led to highly precise predictions of these observables.Global electroweak fits of the ST compare the precision measurements of electroweak observables from lepton and hadron colliders at CERN and elsewhere with accurate theoretical predictions of the ST calculated at multi-loop level.For a long time, global fits have been used to assess the validity of the ST and to constrain indirectly (by exploiting contributions from quantum loops) the remaining free ST parameters, like the masses of the top quark and Higgs boson before their direct discovery.With the discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the electroweak sector of the ST is now complete and all fundamental ST parameters are known.Hence the global fits are a powerful tool to probe the internal consistency of the ST, to predict ST parameters with high precision, and to constrain theories describing physics beyond the ST.In this chapter we review the global fits of the electroweak sector of the ST from an experimentalist's perspective.We briefly recall the most important achievements from the past (mainly driven by the precise measurements of Z pole observables), discuss the present situation after the accurate measurements of the top quark and Higgs boson masses, and present prospects of the fits as expected from new measurements at the LHC and future lepton colliders.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> At least 14% of Parkinson disease (PD) patients develop impulse control disorders (ICDs). The pathophysiology behind these behaviors and the impact of deep brain stimulation in a real-life setting remain unclear. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> We prospectively examined the impact of bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on ICDs in PD patients, as well as the relationship between impaired sensorimotor gaiting and impulsivity. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Patients undergoing bilateral STN-DBS were assessed for ICDs preoperatively and 1-year postoperatively using a validated questionnaire (QUIP-RS). A subset of patients completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) and auditory prepulse inhibition (PPI) testing. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Analysis revealed 12 patients had an improvement in score assessing ICDs (‘good responders'; p = 0.006) while 4 had a worse or stable score (‘poor responders'; p &gt; 0.05). Good responders further exemplified a significant decrease in hypersexual behavior (p = 0.005) and binge eating (p = 0.01). Impaired PPI responses also significantly correlated with impulsivity in BART (<i>r</i> = -0.72, p = 0.044). <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> Following bilateral STN-DBS, 75% of our cohort had a reduction in ICDs, thus suggesting deep brain stimulation effectively manages ICDs in PD. The role of impaired PPI in predisposition to ICDs in PD warrants further investigation.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Elements of a Trigger System Trigger Systems in Modern HEP Experiments Trigger Systems and HEP Data Analysis Summary and Outlook References

In a typical data analysis in high-energy-physics a large number of collision events are studied.For each event the reconstruction software of the experiments stores a large number of measured event properties in sometimes complex data objects and formats.Usually this huge amount of initial data is reduced in several analysis steps, selecting a subset of interesting events and observables.In addition, the same selection is applied to simulated Monte-Carlo events and the final results are compared to the data.A fast processing of the events is mandatory for an efficient analysis.In this paper we introduce the SFrame package, a ROOT-based analysis framework, that is widely used in the context of ATLAS data analyses.It features (i) consecutive data reduction in multiple user-defined analysis cycles performing a selection of interesting events and observables, making it easy to calculate and store new derived event variables; (ii) a user-friendly combination of data and MC events using weighting techniques; and in particular (iii) a high-speed processing of the events.We study the timing performance of SFrame and find a highly superior performance compared to other analysis frameworks.