J. Boyd

We report the first direct observation of neutrino interactions at a particle collider experiment. Neutrino candidate events are identified in a 13.6 TeV center-of-mass energy pp collision dataset of 35.4 fb^{-1} using the active electronic components of the FASER detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The candidates are required to have a track propagating through the entire length of the FASER detector and be consistent with a muon neutrino charged-current interaction. We infer 153_{-13}^{+12} neutrino interactions with a significance of 16 standard deviations above the background-only hypothesis. These events are consistent with the characteristics expected from neutrino interactions in terms of secondary particle production and spatial distribution, and they imply the observation of both neutrinos and anti-neutrinos with an incident neutrino energy of significantly above 200 GeV.

SIGNAL is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study (no. NCT02481674) established to evaluate pepinemab, a semaphorin 4D (SEMA4D)-blocking antibody, for treatment of Huntington's disease (HD). The trial enrolled a total of 265 HD gene expansion carriers with either early manifest (EM, n = 179) or late prodromal (LP, n = 86) HD, randomized (1:1) to receive 18 monthly infusions of pepinemab (n = 91 EM, 41 LP) or placebo (n = 88 EM, 45 LP). Pepinemab was generally well tolerated, with a relatively low frequency of serious treatment-emergent adverse events of 5% with pepinemab compared to 9% with placebo, including both EM and LP participants. Coprimary efficacy outcome measures consisted of assessments within the EM cohort of (1) a two-item HD cognitive assessment family comprising one-touch stockings of Cambridge (OTS) and paced tapping (PTAP) and (2) clinical global impression of change (CGIC). The differences between pepinemab and placebo in mean change (95% confidence interval) from baseline at month 17 for OTS were -1.98 (-4.00, 0.05) (one-sided P = 0.028), and for PTAP 1.43 (-0.37, 3.23) (one-sided P = 0.06). Similarly, because a significant treatment effect was not observed for CGIC, the coprimary endpoint, the study did not meet its prespecified primary outcomes. Nevertheless, a number of other positive outcomes and post hoc subgroup analyses-including additional cognitive measures and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron-emission tomography imaging assessments-provide rationale and direction for the design of a phase 3 study and encourage the continued development of pepinemab in patients diagnosed with EM HD.

Abstract The FASER experiment is a new small and inexpensive experiment that is placed 480 meters downstream of the ATLAS experiment at the CERN LHC. FASER is designed to capture decays of new long-lived particles, produced outside of the ATLAS detector acceptance. These rare particles can decay in the FASER detector together with about 500–1000 Hz of other particles originating from the ATLAS interaction point. A very high efficiency trigger and data acquisition system is required to ensure that the physics events of interest will be recorded. This paper describes the trigger and data acquisition system of the FASER experiment and presents performance results of the system acquired during initial commissioning.

Background and ObjectivesASPEN-1 was a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy, duration of response, and safety of 2 doses of DaxibotulinumtoxinA for Injection (DAXI), a novel botulinum toxin type A formulation in participants with cervical dystonia (CD).MethodsAdults (aged 18–80 years) with moderate-to-severe CD (Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale [TWSTRS] total score ≥20) were enrolled at 60 sites across 9 countries in Europe and North America. Participants were randomized (3:3:1) to single-dose intramuscular DAXI 125U, 250U, or placebo and followed for up to 36 weeks after injection. The primary end point was change from baseline in TWSTRS total score averaged across weeks 4 and 6. Key secondary end points included duration of effect, Clinical and Patient Global Impression of Change (CGIC, PGIC), TWSTRS subscale scores, and safety. Multiplicity-adjusted intent-to-treat hypothesis tests with multiple imputation were performed using ANCOVA and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel analyses.ResultsOf 444 individuals screened, 301 were randomized to DAXI 125U (n = 125) or 250U (n = 130) or placebo (n = 46). DAXI 125U and 250U significantly improved the mean TWSTRS total score vs placebo (least squares mean [standard error] difference vs placebo: DAXI 125U, −8.5 [1.93], p < 0.0001; DAXI 250U, −6.6 [1.92], p = 0.0006). The median duration of effect (time from treatment until loss of ≥80% of the peak improvement in average TWSTRS total score achieved at weeks 4 and 6) was 24.0 (95% confidence interval 20.3–29.1) weeks with DAXI 125U and 20.3 (16.7–24.0) weeks with DAXI 250U. Significant improvements were also observed with DAXI in CGIC and PGIC responder rates and TWSTRS subscales. Treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported by 29.6% of participants with DAXI 125U, 23.8% with DAXI 250U, and 17.4% with placebo, with injection site pain being the most common overall. The most frequently reported treatment-related TEAEs of interest in DAXI 125U, DAXI 250U, and placebo, respectively, were muscular weakness (4.8%, 2.3%, 0%), musculoskeletal pain (2.4%, 3.1%, 0%), and dysphagia (1.6%, 3.8%, 0%).DiscussionThis study demonstrated that DAXI, at doses of 125U and 250U, is an effective, safe, long-acting, and well-tolerated treatment for CD.Trial Registration InformationClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT03608397, submitted July 11, 2018) and EU Clinical Trials Register (ClinicalTrialsRegister.eu EudraCT identifier 2018-000446-19, submitted September 13, 2018). First participant enrolled on June 11, 2018. Trial registration was performed in accordance with the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act (FDAAA 801), which stipulates that the responsible party register an applicable clinical trial not later than 21 calendar days after enrolling the first human participant (42 CFR 11.24).Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class I evidence that in adults with moderate-to-severe idiopathic cervical dystonia, DAXI reduces dystonia more effectively than placebo.

During 2006 and the first half of 2007, the installation, integration and commissioning of trigger and data acquisition (TDAQ) equipment in the ATLAS experimental area have progressed. There have been a series of technical runs using the final components of the system already installed in the experimental area. Various tests have been run including ones where level 1 preselected simulated proton-proton events have been processed in a loop mode through the trigger and dataflow chains. The system included the readout buffers containing the events, event building, level 2 and event filter trigger algorithms. The scalability of the system with respect to the number of event building nodes used has been studied and quantities critical for the final system, such as trigger rates and event processing times, have been measured using different trigger algorithms as well as different TDAQ components. This paper presents the TDAQ architecture, the current status of the installation and commissioning and highlights the main test results that validate the system.

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> During 2006 and spring 2007, integration and commissioning of trigger and data acquisition (TDAQ) equipment in the ATLAS experimental area has progressed. Much of the work has focused on a final prototype setup consisting of around eighty computers representing a subset of the full TDAQ system. There have been a series of technical runs using this setup. Various tests have been run including those where around 6 k Level-1 preselected simulated proton–proton events have been processed in a loop mode through the trigger and dataflow chains. The system included the readout buffers containing the events, event building, second level and third level trigger processors. Aspects critical for the final system, such as event processing times, have been studied using different trigger algorithms as well as the different dataflow components. </para>

Abstract This paper demonstrates a novel method of global gas hold-up estimation in a laboratory scale bubble column using acoustic emissions from within the column, which are caused by bubble generation. Bubble formation excites the column to resonate at its natural frequencies; these frequencies are determined by the vessel dimensions. Peaks in the 0–1000 Hz range of the acoustic spectrum were observed and identified as the column resonance frequencies. Measured changes in resonance frequencies for a range of global gas hold-ups (up to 20%) correlated well with theory. This method of global gas hold-up monitoring should be particularly useful for systems where measurements of changes in liquid height are not possible.

FASER is a new, small experiment that was installed into the LHC complex during Long Shutdown 2. It is designed to search for light, longlived, new particles that could be produced in the LHC collisions and decay inside the detector.In addition, with the FASERν sub-detector FASER will be able to detect and study neutrino's produced in the LHC collisions.

During 2006 and spring 2007, integration and commissioning of trigger and data acquisition (TDAQ) equipment in the ATLAS experimental area has progressed. Much of the work has focused on a final prototype setup consisting of around eighty computers representing a subset of the full TDAQ system. There have been a series of technical runs using this setup. Various tests have been run including ones where around 6k Level-1 pre-selected simulated proton-proton events have been processed in a loop mode through the trigger and dataflow chains. The system included the readout buffers containing the events, event building, second level and third level trigger algorithms. Quantities critical for the final system, such as event processing times, have been studied using different trigger algorithms as well as different dataflow components.

The lecture discusses both the current status of the LHC collider as well as its future running scenarios. In addition a selection of the latest physics results from ATLAS/CMS and LHCb is presented.

Using a sample of 227 million $\Upsilon(4S) \to B \bar{B}$ events collected with the $BABAR$ detector at the PEP-II $B$ Factory in 1999--2004, we study $B^- \to D^0 K^*(892)^-$ decays where $K^{*-} \to K^0_S \pi^-$ and $D^0 \to K^-\pi^+, K^- \pi^+ \pi^0, K^-\pi^+ \pi^+ \pi^-$ (non-CP final states), $K^+ K^-, \pi^+ \pi^- (CP+$ eigenstates), $K^0_S~\pi^0, K^0_S \phi$ and $K^0_S \omega (CP-$ eigenstates). The partial rate charge asymmetries $\mathcal{A}_{CP}$ and the ratios $\mathcal{R}_{CP}$ defined in the literature as the sum of the $B^+$ and $B^-$ partial rates to a charged $K^*$ and a $D^0 CP$-eigenstate divi ded by the $B \to D^0 K^*$ decay rate, %of the \ensuremath{\Bu}\xspace\xspace m \ensuremath{\to}\xspace \Dcp \ensuremath{K^*}\xspacepm branch ing fractions summed over %\B charge to the \ensuremath{B^-}\xspace \xspace\ensuremath{\to}\xspace \ensuremath{D^0}\xspace \ensu remath{K^{*-}}\xspace branching fraction are sensitive to the angle $\gamma$ of the CKM unitarity triangle. We measure: \mathcal{A}_{CP+} &=&-0.09 \pm 0.20 (stat.) \pm 0.06 (syst.) \mathcal{A}_{CP-} &=& -0.33 \pm 0.34 (stat.) \pm 0.10 (syst.) (+1.15 \pm 0.12) \cdot (\mathcal{A}_{CP-} - \mathcal{A}_{CP+}) \mathcal{R}_{CP+} &=& +1.77 \pm 0.37 (stat.) \pm 0.12 (syst.) \mathcal{R}_{CP-} &=& +0.76 \pm 0.29 (stat.) \pm 0.06 (syst.) ^{- 0.04}_{-\ 0.14} The third uncertainty quoted for the CP- measurements reflects possible interference effects in the final states with $\phi$ and $\omega$ resonances. All results are preliminary.

<strong>Background:</strong> A geste antagoniste or sensory trick is a well described phenomenon associated with primary cervical dystonia. Craniocervical tactile stimulation or stereotyped limb movements allow patients to transiently ameliorate dystonic activation of cervical musculature. <strong>Case Report:</strong> We report a patient with primary cervical dystonia who presented with a novel ‘‘ocular’’ geste antagoniste. Through a sensory trick of tonic left eye deviation, the patient transiently reduces cervical dystonic activity (improved range of motion and reduced dystonic tremor). Multi-channel surface electromyography and video are used to illustrate these findings. <strong>Discussion:</strong> This case presents a unique clinical observation of specific voluntary eye movements attenuating cervical dystonia. The phenomenon is phenotypically consistent with previously described limb sensorimotor tricks.

Savannahs cover 50% of the African continent and 20% of the global land surface. African savannahs are increasingly threatened by over-exploitation, deforestation, woody thickening and encroachment and, consequently, land degradation. In South Africa, savannah degradation is acute and accelerating, threatening the ecosystem services provided to some of the country's most vulnerable populations. Here, we devise a methodology for the accurate mapping and monitoring of the fraction of the woody component of savannah vegetation and apply it to the South African Northwest Province. Our approach involves the use of aerial photography for training and validation; the entire dry-season Landsat archive over the last three decades, and deep learning segmentation and classification techniques. Our results are able to identify areas of significant woody densification and encroachment, as well as areas with declining trends.

Japan has caught up in the competitive high-speed Internet technologies thanks to the efforts of billionaire entrepreneur Masayoshi Son and his Softbank Corp, by deploying ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line) technology in its fixed-line telephone networks. Though Japan still lags far behind some other countries in broadband penetration, it now tops the world in providing the cheapest DSL services. Through the years, Son has made advancement in the technology introducing Internet protocol-based telephone service (IP phone), fixed-line services, broadband and mobile services, but because of competition in the technology market his telecom strategy is still to be erect, at a maximum speed to a little lower price compared to the competition.

Data for several two- and four-prong events produced by pi /sup -/-p interactions at 2.1 Bev/c were analyzed to show the effect of omega /sup 0/. The cross section and branching ratio for omega /sup 0/ are obtained. (R.E.U.)

We search for B0 meson decays into two-body combinations of K0, η, η′, and ϕ mesons in 324×106 BB pairs collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy e+e- collider at SLAC. We measure the following branching fractions (upper limits at 90% confidence level) in units of 10-6: B(B0→ηK0)=1.8-0.6+0.7±0.1(<2.9), B(B0→ηη)=1.1-0.4+0.5±0.1(<1.8), B(B0→ηϕ)=0.1±0.2±0.1(<0.6), B(B0→η′ϕ)=0.2-0.3+0.4±0.1(<1.0), and B(B0→η′η′)=1.0-0.6+0.8±0.1(<2.4), where the first error is statistical and the second systematic.

We present preliminary results from a search for the rare, flavor-changing neutral current decays B to K l+ l- and B to K* l+ l-, where l+ l- is either an e+ e- or mu+ mu- pair. The data sample comprises (84.4 +- 0.9) X 10e6 upsilon(4S) to B B-bar decays (77.8 /fb) collected with the BaBar detector at the PEP-II B factory. For B to K l+ l-, we observe a signal with estimated significance of 4.4 sigma and obtain B(B to K l+ l-) = (0.78 +0.24 -0.20 +0.11 -0.18) X 10e-6 (averaged over l = e and mu). For B to K* l+ l-, we observe an excess of events over background with estimated significance of 2.8 sigma. We obtain B(B to K* l+ l-) = (1.68 +0.68 -0.58 +-0.28) X 10e-6 and the 90% C.L. upper limit B(B to K* l+ l-) < 3.0 X 10e-6.

Evidence for the $b\to u$ Transition $B^0\to D_s^+ pi^-$ and a Search for $B^0\to D_s^*+ pi^-$