I. Smirnov

A computer modeling of ionization is necessary for the simulation of gaseous detectors of fast charged particles. The interactions of the incident particle with matter are well described by the photoabsorption ionization (PAI) model, which is based on the relation between the energy deposited by the fast charged particle in a medium and the photoabsorption cross-section of this medium. Some modification of the PAI model energy-transfer cross-section allows to distinguish the interactions with different atomic shells and to determine the energy of the primary photoelectrons and possible atomic relaxation cascades. Further simulation of paths and absorption of secondary particles results in a realistic reproduction of the space distributions and amount of initial ionization.

Two CMS production Cathode Strip Chambers were tested for aging effects in a high-radiation environment at the Gamma Irradiation Facility at CERN. The chambers were irradiated over a large area: in total, about 2.1 m2 or 700 m of wire in each chamber. The 40% Ar+50% CO2+10% CF4 gas mixture was provided by an open-loop gas system for one of the chambers and by a closed-loop re-circulating gas system for the other. After an accumulation of 0.3–0.4 C/cm of a wire, equivalent to about 30–50 years of operation at peak LHC luminosity, no significant changes in gas gain, chamber efficiency and wire signal noise were observed for either of the two chambers. The only consistent signs of aging were a small increase in dark current from ∼2 to ∼10 nA per plane of 600 wires and a decrease of strip-to-strip resistance from 1000 to 10–100 GΩ. Disassembly of the chambers revealed deposits on the cathode planes, while the anode wires remained fairly clean.

A simple network of comparators applied to the strip signals of a cathode strip chamber allows quick hit localization to within a halfstrip width, or ± a quarter-strip. A six-plane chamber with 6.4 mm wide strips was tested in a high-energy muon beam. The chamber was placed behind a 30 cm thick iron block. We show that patterns of hits localized to within a halfstrip allowed us to identify 300 GeV/c muon tracks with 99% probability and 0.7 mm spatial resolution in the presence of bremsstrahlung radiation. This technique of finding muon tracks will be used in the cathode strip chambers of the CMS Endcap Muon System.

The paper describes the spectrometric system “SPES4–π” used at the National Laboratory Saturne (CE Saclay, France) for the exclusive study of the baryon resonance excitation in inelastic α and d scattering on the proton, as well as coherent pion production in charge exchange reactions. The system consists of the magnetic spectrometer SPES4 and two wide-aperture position-sensitive detector arrays, equipped with wire chambers and scintillator hodoscopes, installed around a large-gap C-shape dipole magnet.

Semiexclusive measurements of the two-pion-production $p(\ensuremath{\alpha},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{'})p\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ reaction have been carried out at an energy of ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=4.2$ GeV at the Saturne-II (Saclay) accelerator with the SPES4-\ensuremath{\pi} installation. This reaction was investigated by simultaneous registration of the scattered \ensuremath{\alpha} particle and the secondary proton. The obtained results show that the two-pion production in inelastic \ensuremath{\alpha}-particle scattering on the proton at the energy of the experiment proceeds mainly through excitation in the target proton of the Roper resonance and its decay with emission of two pions in the isospin $I=0,S$-wave state.

Abstract Many types of detectors, such as cathode strip chambers and some MPGDs, allow us to reconstruct track positions by induced strip charges. There are two main types of algebraic methods for this reconstruction: center of gravity methods and little-known differential methods. General formulas for differential methods are derived. Their performance is compared with the performance of center of gravity methods. It is shown that the differential methods are better than the previously known center of gravity methods, but the improved center of gravity methods provide results similar to the results of differential methods.

Many types of detectors, such as cathode strip chambers, provide a possibility to reconstruct track positions by induced strip charges. There are two main types of algebraic methods for this purpose: center of gravity methods and little-known differential methods. In the differential methods, the coordinate is calculated by a ratio whose numerator and denominator are linear combinations of differences of strip charges. Instead of strip charges, one can also use increasing functions of strip charges. Only special cases of these methods have appeared in the literature. A consistent description of these methods is not yet presented. The center of gravity methods can also be improved. The comparative performance of the general differential methods and the center of gravity methods is unknown. This paper fills this gap. Many new generalized formulas for both types of methods are derived. Their performance is studied with a simplified simulation of a detector.

We report on the results of testing two six-layer 0.6 × 0.6 m2 cathode strip chamber (CSC) prototypes in a muon beam at CERN. The prototypes were designed to simulate sections of the end-cap muon system of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector which will be installed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We measured the spatial and time resolutions of each chamber for different gains, different orientations with respect to the beam direction and different strength magnetic fields. The single-layer spatial resolution of a prototype with a strip pitch of 15.88 mm ranged from 78 to 468 μm, depending on whether the particle passed between two cathode strips or through the center of a strip; its six-layer resolution was found to be 44 μm. The single-layer spatial resolution of a prototype with a strip pitch of 6.35 mm ranged from 54 to 66 μm; its six-layer resolution was found to be 23 μm. The efficiency for collecting an anode wire signal from one of six layers within a 20 ns time window appropriate for the LHC was found to be greater than 95% in normal running conditions.

Presented are the main design features and performance results of the Cathode Strip Chambers for the CMS Endcap Muon system. Although the strips are unusually wide (up to 16mm) for the cathode-to-anode wire distance of 5mm, the six-plane structure of these chambers yields a spatial resolution of about 80μm, essentially uniform and independent of the strip width. In addition, the net spatial resolution of about one-tenth of the strip width at the hardware trigger level (300ns) is obtained using a simple network of comparators. Time resolution achieved at the trigger level is ∼4ns (rms) that allows unambiguous tagging of bunch crossings which occur every 25ns. Aging test results, including those obtained with a recirculating gas system, are discussed; only minor aging affects were observed. The aging studies were performed with large-scale chambers; 700m of wire were irradiated for a dose up to 0.4C/cm of the total accumulated charge.

In order to achieve good reliability, clarity, scalability and re-usability of the application high-level programs written in C++ the raw pointers should not be used as class members (fields), because the raw pointers are too dangerous in this role and they do not represent meaningful relations between objects. Instead of raw pointers two smart pointers should be used. The first one describes exclusive unique ownership with synchronization of objects copying and deletion. The second one describes inclusive references to independent alien objects with invalidating the reference at the deletion of the addressed object. All power of object-oriented programming is preserved, but difficulties and errors are eliminated.

The new optical scheme is built up and is used on the set-up for laser-assisted drawing-out processing (LADOP) and the technique of LADOP for optical fibers are investigated. The probes for SNOM with sizes of aperture about 100 nm were obtained and tested by SNOM. The kinetic model of LADOP is represented.

Computation technique for IP-traffic tensor modeling developed for access network. Directed two-colored open graph determined for client-server model.

A typical experiment in high energy physics is considered. The result of the experiment is assumed to be a histogram consisting of bins or channels with numbers of corresponding registered events. The expected background and expected signal shape or acceptance are measured in separate auxiliary experiments, or calculated by the Monte Carlo method with finite sample size, and hence with finite precision. An especially complex situation occurs when the expected background in some of the channels happens to be zero due to either a fluctuation of the auxiliary measurement (or simulation) or because it is truly zero. Different statistical methods give different confidence intervals for the full signal rate and different significances of the signal+background hypothesis versus the pure background hypothesis. Detailed analysis and numerical tests are presented.

An analysis of the experimental data on one-pion and two-pion production in the p(α, α′)X reaction studied in a semi-exclusive experiment at an energy of E α = 4.2 GeV has been performed. The obtained results demonstrate that the inelastic α-particle scattering on the proton at the energy of the experiment proceeds either through excitation and decay of the Δ resonance in the projectile α particle, or through excitation in the target proton of the Roper resonance, which decays into a nucleon and a pion, or a nucleon and a σ meson—a system of two pions in the isospin I = 0, S-wave state.

Розкрито світові тенденції використання логістики та управління ланцюжками поставок у сучасному ресторан- ному бізнесі. Охарактеризовано досягнення таких відомих міжнародних компаній у сфері ресторанної логістики та ланцюжків постачання, як «HAVI Logistics» (Данія), ресторанних мереж «Chipotle» (США), «Dorden» (США). Показано, що ресторанна логістика та управління ланцюжками поставок у ресторанному бізнесі здатні об’єднати, на перший погляд, несумісні речі: підвищити якість страв, забезпечити їхню безпеку та водночас знизити супутні витрати.

The process of gas-thermal spraying of coatings made of wire materials has been studied by determining rational regimes to increase the wear resistance of surfaces of vehicle parts. It is determined that the main factors influencing the wear resistance of steel gas-thermal coatings are the cooling rate of steel and the concentration of alloying elements. It is shown that in order to obtain wear-resistant sprayed coatings from alloyed structural steels it is necessary to achieve certain conditions of coating formation, namely: heating and spraying temperature of wire, cooling rate of molten particles, and their oxidation state. One of the most probable reasons for increasing wear resistance is the saturation of the melt droplets with alloying elements (primarily chromium) and impurities of introduction (carbon, nitrogen) in the process of melting the wire in the flame. The relatively low flight speed of molten steel particles and the high concentration of propane-containing carbon in the combustion products contribute to the deep saturation of the melt droplets with carbon. It is likely that these circumstances are associated with the process of increasing the wear resistance of coatings obtained by gas-flame and electric arc spraying. An additional factor that increases the wear resistance of the sprayed coating may be the saturation of the melt droplets with carbon in the process of melting and spraying using propane flames. Studies have suggested that both for the method of gas-flame spraying and for the method of electric arc spraying, there are modes and steels for spraying, which can increase the wear resistance of the coating. On the basis of the conducted researches technologies of strengthening and restoration of details of vehicles by drawing wear-proof coverings are offered.

The article attempts to interpret violence as a struggle against death, carried out by its own means. In emancipating himself from dependence on nature, man generates in his creative ?lan his own universe of socioculture, equivalent to the natural world. Death, however, cannot receive any constructive substitution, trampled by death itself. Violence in our social life prevents the negation, with which the presence of the Other threatens us. By confron?tation with the Other, we reach our final frontier.

Autobiographical interview

Presented are the main design features and performance results of the cathode strip chambers (CSCs) for the CMS Endcap Muon System. The six-plane structure of these chambers yields a spatial resolution of about 80 /spl mu/m, essentially uniform and independent of the strip width (up to 16 mm, which is unusually wide for the cathode-to-anode wire distance of 5 mm). In addition, the net spatial resolution of about one-tenth of the strip width at the hardware trigger level (300ns) is obtained using a simple network of comparators. The time resolution achieved at the trigger level is /spl sim/4ns (RMS) that allows unambiguous tagging of bunch crossing occurring every 25 ns. Aging tests, including those obtained with a recirculating gas system, showed only minor aging effects. The aging studies were performed with large-scale chambers; 700 m of wire were irradiated for a dose up to 0.4 C/cm of the total accumulated charge.

Anna A. Oleshkevich, Specific features of change in enzymate activity in

The viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) was found in virtually every organ in the body, which means the spike proteins as well. There are antibodies (like the “vaccine” is supposed to create) but they’re irrelevant because, based on a study from Japan, we now know that the spike S1 protein is what does the damage. That means the spike proteins created by the mRNA will be in every organ as well, and we now know it is the spike proteins that do the damage. Another significant mRNA jab side effect was found by Israeli researchers. They discovered a link between Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine and a rare blood disease called thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Any formation of proteins depends on Van der Waals interactions. The Van der Waals forces depend in its turn on dielectric property of the protein molecules and water since all biochemistry needs water environment. It is practically impossible to change dielectric property/electrical charge of the proteins, but it is quite easy to modify dielectric property of water. There are research data indicating relation between dielectric constant of the human body tissue (TDC) and temperature: 35° C - 74.9 F/m (TDC) and 40° C - 73.2 F/m (TDC). It shows that normal homeostasis of the human body is allowed at certain range of electrodynamic van der Walls interactions following the small range of tissue dielectric property about 75 - 73 F/m. It allows us to suggest that dielectric property of human body tissue is very important physiological parameter. Considering mentioned above ideas, it allows us to hypothesize that most of biochemical proteins building mechanisms in a healthy human body require certain physiological range “window” of van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding between proteins molecules and water - salt medium. In theory, this physiological “window” of van der Waals weak electromagnetic forces may be significantly different from the range of electrodynamic van der Waals interactions required for life sustains formations of DNA/RNA proteins of viruses. Thus, modification of water - based medium electrodynamic parameters of the human tissues that are favorable for the homeostasis of the body (in the range of physiological “window”) can lead to significant change of van der Walls interactions and hydrogen bonding that may result in the inhibition and interruption of proper formation of spike proteins chains. Such scenario obviously disables coronavirus life sequence of attachment and fusion with human cell membranes. We suggest such agent which can interrupt pathogenic microorganism’s life sequence is MRET (Molecular Resonance Effect technology) water with anomalous electrodynamic characteristics. MRET water can be consumed on the regular basis by human subjects to prevent infections of pathogenic microorganisms.

Anna A. Oleshkevich, Specific features of change in enzymate activity in

Optics with resolution within the wavelength - scanning near-field optical microscopy - is highly important science field nowadays. Main parameters of the SNOM - resolution, contrast, energetic efficiency are defined by optical probes characteristics: aperture size or curvature radius of the sharp, geometry, material, etc. Fabrication and testing of optical probes in nanometric scale of size are described in the paper. For fabrication of near-field probes the laser many-steps drawing and chemical etching of single- and multimode optical fibers is realized. Investigation of far- field light distribution and theoretical reconstruction of near field carried out the testing of probes.

Various kinds of nanoprobes for scanning near-field optical microscopy with the requirements and peculiarities of fabrication are discussed. A set up for fabrication of fiber made tips is presented and new ideas of optical superresolution technique for SNOM subwavelength apertures recognition is suggested.