I. Lokhtin

The method to simulate the rescattering and energy loss of hard partons in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions has been developed. The model is a fast Monte Carlo tool introduced to modify a standard PYTHIA jet event. The full heavy ion event is obtained as a superposition of a soft hydro-type state and hard multi-jets. The model is applied to the analysis of the jet quenching pattern at RHIC.

This writeup is a compilation of the predictions for the forthcoming Heavy Ion Program at the Large Hadron Collider, as presented at the CERN Theory Institute 'Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC - Last Call for Predictions', held from May 14th to June 10th 2007.

HYDJET++ is a Monte Carlo event generator for simulation of relativistic heavy ion AA collisions considered as a superposition of the soft, hydro-type state and the hard state resulting from multi-parton fragmentation. This model is the development and continuation of HYDJET event generator (Lokhtin and Snigirev, EPJC 45 (2006) 211). The main program is written in the object-oriented C++ language under the ROOT environment. The hard part of HYDJET++ is identical to the hard part of Fortran-written HYDJET and it is included in the generator structure as a separate directory. The soft part of HYDJET++ event is the “thermal” hadronic state generated on the chemical and thermal freeze-out hypersurfaces obtained from the parameterization of relativistic hydrodynamics with preset freeze-out conditions. It includes the longitudinal, radial and elliptic flow effects and the decays of hadronic resonances. The corresponding fast Monte Carlo simulation procedure, C++ code FAST MC (Amelin et al., PRC 74 (2006) 064901; PRC 77 (2008) 014903) is adapted to HYDJET++. It is designed for studying the multi-particle production in a wide energy range of heavy ion experimental facilities: from FAIR and NICA to RHIC and LHC. Program title: HYDJET++, version 2 Catalogue identifier: AECR_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/AECR_v1_0.html Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University, Belfast, N. Ireland Licensing provisions: Standard CPC licence, http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/licence/licence.html No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 100 387 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 797 019 Distribution format: tar.gz Programming language: C++ (however there is a Fortran-written part which is included in the generator structure as a separate directory) Computer: Hardware independent (both C++ and Fortran compilers and ROOT environment [1] (http://root.cern.ch/) should be installed) Operating system: Linux (Scientific Linux, Red Hat Enterprise, FEDORA, etc.) RAM: 50 MBytes (determined by ROOT requirements) Classification: 11.2 External routines: ROOT [1] (http://root.cern.ch/) Nature of problem: The experimental and phenomenological study of multi-particle production in relativistic heavy ion collisions is expected to provide valuable information on the dynamical behavior of strongly-interacting matter in the form of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) [2–4], as predicted by lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) calculations. Ongoing and future experimental studies in a wide range of heavy ion beam energies require the development of new Monte Carlo (MC) event generators and improvement of existing ones. Especially for experiments at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), implying very high parton and hadron multiplicities, one needs fast (but realistic) MC tools for heavy ion event simulations [5–7]. The main advantage of MC technique for the simulation of high-multiplicity hadroproduction is that it allows a visual comparison of theory and data, including if necessary the detailed detector acceptances, responses and resolutions. The realistic MC event generator has to include maximum possible number of observable physical effects, which are important to determine the event topology: from the bulk properties of soft hadroproduction (domain of low transverse momenta pT≲1 GeV/c) such as collective flows, to hard multi-parton production in hot and dense QCD-matter, which reveals itself in the spectra of high-pT particles and hadronic jets. Moreover, the role of hard and semi-hard particle production at LHC can be significant even for the bulk properties of created matter, and hard probes of QGP became clearly observable in various new channels [8–11]. In the majority of the available MC heavy ion event generators, the simultaneous treatment of collective flow effects for soft hadroproduction and hard multi-parton in-medium production (medium-induced partonic rescattering and energy loss, so-called “jet quenching”) is lacking. Thus, in order to analyze existing data on low and high-pT hadron production, test the sensitivity of physical observables at the upcoming LHC experiments (and other future heavy ion facilities) to the QGP formation, and study the experimental capabilities of constructed detectors, the development of adequate and fast MC models for simultaneous collective flow and jet quenching simulations is necessary. HYDJET++ event generator includes detailed treatment of soft hadroproduction as well as hard multi-parton production, and takes into account known medium effects. Solution method: A heavy ion event in HYDJET++ is a superposition of the soft, hydro-type state and the hard state resulting from multi-parton fragmentation. Both states are treated independently. HYDJET++ is the development and continuation of HYDJET MC model [12]. The main program is written in the object-oriented C++ language under the ROOT environment [1]. The hard part of HYDJET++ is identical to the hard part of Fortran-written HYDJET [13] (version 1.5) and is included in the generator structure as a separate directory. The routine for generation of single hard NN collision, generator PYQUEN [12,14], modifies the “standard” jet event obtained with the generator PYTHIA 6.4 [15]. The event-by-event simulation procedure in PYQUEN includes generation of initial parton spectra with PYTHIA and production vertexes at given impact parameter; rescattering-by-rescattering simulation of the parton path in a dense zone and its radiative and collisional energy loss; final hadronization according to the Lund string model for hard partons and in-medium emitted gluons. generation of the 4-momentum of a hadron in the rest frame of a liquid element in accordance with the equilibrium distribution function; generation of the spatial position of a liquid element and its local 4-velocity in accordance with phase space and the character of motion of the fluid; the standard von Neumann rejection/acceptance procedure to account for the difference between the true and generated probabilities; boost of the hadron 4-momentum in the center mass frame of the event; the two- and three-body decays of resonances with branching ratios taken from the SHARE particle decay table [19]. Restrictions: HYDJET++ is only applicable for symmetric AA collisions of heavy (A≳40) ions at high energies (c.m.s. energy s≳10 GeV per nucleon pair). The results obtained for very peripheral collisions (with the impact parameter of the order of two nucleus radii, b∼2RA) and very forward rapidities may be not adequate. Additional comments: Accessibility http://cern.ch/lokhtin/hydjet++ Running time: The generation of 100 central (0–5%) Au+Au events at s=200A GeV (Pb+Pb events at s=5500A GeV) with default input parameters takes about 7 (85) minutes on a PC 64 bit Intel Core Duo CPU @ 3 GHz with 8 GB of RAM memory under Red Hat Enterprise. References: [1] I.P. Lokhtin, A.M. Snigirev, Eur. Phys. J. C 46 (2006) 211. [2] N.S. Amelin, R. Lednicky, T.A. Pocheptsov, I.P. Lokhtin, L.V. Malinina, A.M. Snigirev, Iu.A. Karpenko, Yu.M. Sinyukov, Phys. Rev. C 74 (2006) 064901. [3] N.S. Amelin, I. Arsene, L. Bravina, Iu.A. Karpenko, R. Lednicky, I.P. Lokhtin, L.V. Malinina, A.M. Snigirev, Yu.M. Sinyukov, Phys. Rev. C 77 (2008) 014903.

The MultiPurpose Detector (MPD) is designed to study heavy-ion collisions at the Nuclotron-based heavy Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) at JINR, Dubna. Its main components located inside a superconducting solenoid are a tracking system composed of a silicon microstrip vertex detector followed by a large volume time-projection chamber, a time-of-flight system for particle identification and a barrel electromagnetic calorimeter. A zero degree hadron calorimeter is designed specifically to measure the energy of spectators. In this paper, all parts of the apparatus are described and their tracking and particle identification (PID) parameters are discussed in some detail.

We estimate the amount of collective "elliptic flow" expected at mid-rapidity in proton-proton (p-p) collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), assuming that any possible azimuthal anisotropy of the produced hadrons with respect to the plane of the reaction follows the same overlap-eccentricity and particle-density scalings as found in high-energy heavy ion collisions. Using a Glauber eikonal model, we compute the p-p eccentricities, transverse areas and particle-multiplicities for various phenomenological parametrisations of the proton spatial density. For realistic proton transverse profiles, we find integrated elliptic flow v2 parameters below 3% in p-p collisions at sqrt(s) = 14 TeV.

We have developed a fast Monte Carlo procedure of hadron generation that allows one to study and analyze various observables for stable hadrons and hadron resonances produced in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. Particle multiplicities are determined based on the concept of chemical freeze-out. Particles can be generated on the chemical or thermal freeze-out hypersurface represented by a parametrization or a numerical solution of relativistic hydrodynamics with given initial conditions and equation of state. Besides standard spacelike sectors associated with the volume decay, the hypersurface may also include nonspacelike sectors related to the emission from the surface of expanding system. For comparison with other models and experimental data, we demonstrate the results based on the standard parametrizations of the hadron freeze-out hypersurface and flow velocity profile under the assumption of a common chemical and thermal freeze-out. The C++ generator code is written under the ROOT framework and is available for public use at http://uhkm.jinr.ru/.

The first LHC data on high transverse momentum hadron and dijet spectra in PbPb collisions at center-of-mass energy 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair are analyzed in the frameworks of PYQUEN jet quenching model. The presented studies for the nuclear modification factor of high-p T hadrons and the imbalance in dijet transverse energy support the supposition that the intensive wide-angular (“out-of-cone”) medium-induced partonic energy loss is seen in central PbPb collisions at the LHC.

The LHC data on azimuthal anisotropy harmonics from PbPb collisions at center-of-mass energy 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair are analyzed and interpreted in the framework of the HYDJET++ model. The cross-talk of elliptic $$v_2$$ and triangular $$v_3$$ flow in the model generates both even and odd harmonics of higher order. Comparison with the experimental data shows that this mechanism is able to reproduce the $$p_\mathrm{T}$$ and centrality dependencies of quadrangular flow $$v_4$$ , and also the basic trends for pentagonal $$v_5$$ and hexagonal $$v_6$$ flows.

The fast Monte Carlo procedure of hadron generation developed in our previous work is extended to describe noncentral collisions of nuclei. We consider different possibilities to introduce appropriate asymmetry of the freeze-out hypersurface and flow velocity profile. For comparison with other models and experimental data, we demonstrate the results based on the standard parametrizations of the hadron freeze-out hypersurface and flow velocity profile assuming either a common chemical and thermal freeze-out or the chemically frozen evolution from chemical to thermal freeze-out. The ++ generator code is written under the framework and is available for public use at http://uhkm.jinr.ru/.

Partial contributions of elliptic v_2 and triangular v_3 flows to the hexagonal v_6 flow are studied within the HYDJET++ model for Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt{s}=2.76 TeV. Scaling of the ratio v_6^{1/6}{Psi_2} / v_2^{1/2}{Psi_2} in the elliptic flow plane, Psi_2, is predicted in the range 1 < p_T < 4 GeV/c for semicentral and semiperipheral collisions. Jets increase this ratio by about 10% and also cause its rise at p_T > 3.5 GeV/c. The part of v_6 coming from v_2 is instantly increasing as the reaction becomes more peripheral, whereas the contribution of v_3 to v_6 drops. This behavior explains the experimentally observed increase of correlations between second and sixth harmonics and decrease of correlations between third and sixth harmonics with rising impact parameter $b$. Our study favors the idea that basic features of the hexagonal flow can be understood in terms of the interplay of elliptic and triangular flows.

The most suitable way to study jet quenching as a function of the distance traversed is varying the impact parameter b of the ultrarelativistic nucleus–nucleus collision (the initial energy density in the nuclear overlapping zone is almost independent of b up to $b \sim R_A$ ). It is shown that the b-dependences of the medium-induced radiative and collisional energy losses of a hard parton jet propagating through dense QCD matter are very different. The experimental verification of this phenomenon could be performed for a jet with non-zero cone size based on the essential difference between the angular distributions of the collisional and radiative energy losses.

The started LHC heavy ion program makes it possible to probe new frontiers of the high temperature Quantum Chromodynamics. It is expected that the role of hard and semi-hard particle production processes may be significant at ultra-high energies even for bulk properties of the created matter. In this paper, the LHC data on multiplicity, hadron spectra, elliptic flow and femtoscopic correlations from PbPb collisions at center-of-mass energy 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair are analyzed in the framework of the HYDJET++ model. The influence of the jet production mechanism on these observables is discussed.

The formation and evolution of the elliptic flow pattern in $\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.5A$ TeV and in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200A$ GeV are analyzed for different hadron species within the framework of the HYDJET$++$ Monte Carlo model. The model contains both hydrodynamic state and jets, thus allowing for a study of the interplay between the soft and hard processes. It is found that jets terminate the rise of the elliptic flow with increasing transverse momentum. Since jets are more influential at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) than at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the elliptic flow at LHC should be weaker than that at RHIC. The influence of resonance decays on particle elliptic flow is also investigated. These final state interactions enhance the low-${p}_{T}$ part of the ${v}_{2}$ of pions and light baryons and work toward the fulfillment of idealized constituent quark scaling.

The LHC data on event-by-event harmonic flow coefficients measured in PbPb collisions at center-of-mass energy 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair are analyzed and interpreted within the HYDJET $$++$$ model. To compare the model results with the experimental data the unfolding procedure is employed. The essentially dynamical origin of the flow fluctuations in hydro-inspired freeze-out approach has been established. It is shown that the simple modification of the model via introducing the distribution over spatial anisotropy parameters permits HYDJET $$++$$ to reproduce both elliptic and triangular flow fluctuations and related to it eccentricity fluctuations of the initial state at the LHC energy.

The hybrid model HYDJET++, which combines soft and hard components, is employed for the analysis of dihadron angular correlations measured in PbPb collisions at center-of-mass energy sqrt(s_NN) = 2.76 TeV. The model allows for study both individual contributions and mutual influence of lower flow harmonics, v_2 and v_3, on higher harmonics and dihadron angular correlations. It is shown that the typical structure called ridge in dihadron angular correlations in a broad pseudorapidity range could appear just as interplay of v_2 and v_3. Central, semi-central and semi-peripheral collisions were investigated. Comparison of model results with the experimental data on dihadron angular correlations is presented for different centralities and transverse momenta p_T.

Angular structure of radiative and collisional energy losses of a hard parton jet propagating through dense QCD-matter is investigated. For small angular jet cone sizes, $\theta_0 < 5^0$, the radiative energy loss is shown to dominate over the collisional energy loss due to final state elastic rescattering of the hard projectile on thermal particles in the medium. Due to coherent effects, the radiative energy loss decreases with increasing the angular size the jet. It becomes comparable with the collisional energy loss for $\theta_0 > 5^0-10^0$.

The Monte Carlo HYDJET++ model, that contains both hydrodynamic state and jets, is applied to study the influence of the interplay between soft and hard processes on the formation of the elliptic flow in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC energies. Jets are found to cease the hydro-like increase of the elliptic flow with rising p_T. Since jets are more influential at LHC than at RHIC, the v_2 at LHC should be weaker than that at RHIC. Violation of the number-of-constituent-quark (NCQ) scaling is predicted. The decays of resonances are found to enhance the low-p_T part of the elliptic flow of pions and light baryons, and work toward the fulfillment of the NCQ scaling.

Triangular flow $v_3$ of identified and inclusive particles in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76$ TeV is studied as a function of centrality and transverse momentum within the \textsc{hydjet++} model. The model enables one to investigate the influence of both hard processes and final-state interactions on the harmonics of particle anisotropic flow. Decays of resonances are found to increase the magnitude of the $v_3(p_{\rm T})$ distributions at $p_{\rm T} \geq 2$ GeV/$c$ and shift their maxima to higher transverse momenta. The $p_{\rm T}$-integrated triangular flow, however, becomes slightly weakened for all centralities studied. The resonance decays also modify the spectra towards the number-of-constituent-quark scaling fulfillment for the triangular flow, whereas jets are the main source of the scaling violation at the energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Comparison with the corresponding spectra of elliptic flow reveals that resonance decays and jets act in a similar manner on both $v_3(p_{\rm T})$ and $v_2(p_{\rm T})$ behavior. Obtained results are also confronted with the experimental data on differential triangular flow of identified hadrons, ratio $v_3^{1/3}(p_{\rm T}) / v_2^{1/2}(p_{\rm T})$ and $p_{\rm T}$-integrated triangular flow of charged hadrons.

The LHC data on jet fragmentation function and jet shapes in PbPb collisions at center-of-mass energy 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair are analyzed and interpreted in the frameworks of PYthia QUENched (PYQUEN) jet quenching model. A specific modification of longitudinal and radial jet profiles in most central PbPb collisions as compared with pp data is close to that obtained with PYQUEN simulations, taking into account wide-angle radiative and collisional partonic energy losses. The contribution of radiative and collisional loss to the medium-modified intra-jet structure is estimated.

We present the results from the heavy quarks and quarkonia working group. This report gives benchmark heavy quark and quarkonium cross sections for $pp$ and $pA$ collisions at the LHC against which the $AA$ rates can be compared in the study of the quark-gluon plasma. We also provide an assessment of the theoretical uncertainties in these benchmarks. We then discuss some of the cold matter effects on quarkonia production, including nuclear absorption, scattering by produced hadrons, and energy loss in the medium. Hot matter effects that could reduce the observed quarkonium rates such as color screening and thermal activation are then discussed. Possible quarkonium enhancement through coalescence of uncorrelated heavy quarks and antiquarks is also described. Finally, we discuss the capabilities of the LHC detectors to measure heavy quarks and quarkonia as well as the Monte Carlo generators used in the data analysis.

The paper presents analysis of the single top quark production in PbPb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at center-of-mass energy 5.5 TeV per nucleon pair. The analysis is performed with CompHEP and PYQUEN event generators. The neutron and proton content in the nuclei is taken into account. NLO precision has been implemented to simulate kinematic properties and rate of single top production. The modification of different characteristics of single top quark decay products due to interactions of jet partons in quark-gluon medium, and the specific charge asymmetry of top/anti-top quark yields due to the isospin effect are evaluated.

Data from the Large Hadron Collider on elliptic flow correlations at low and high $p_T$ from Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$~TeV are analyzed and interpreted in the framework of the HYDJET++ model. This model allows us to describe simultaneously the region of both low and high transverse momenta and, therefore, to reproduce the experimentally observed nontrivial centrality dependence of elliptic flow correlations. The origin of the correlations between low and high-$p_T$ flow components in peripheral lead-lead collisions is traced to correlations of particles in jets.

Abstract Data from the Large Hadron Collider on the charge balance function in Pb+Pb collisions at center-of-mass energy 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair are analyzed and interpreted within the framework of the HYDJET++ model. This model allows us to qualitatively reproduce the experimentally observed centrality dependence of the balance function widths at relatively low transverse momentum intervals due to the different charge creation mechanisms in soft and hard processes. However, a fully adequate description of the balance function in these intervals implies an essential modification of the model by including exact charge conservation via the canonical rather than the grand canonical ensemble. A procedure is proposed for introducing charge correlations into the thermal model without changing other model parameters. With increasing transverse momenta, the default model results describe the experimental data much better because the contribution of the soft component of the model is significantly reduced in these transverse momentum intervals. In practical terms, there is a transition to a single source of charge correlations, namely, charge correlations in jets in which exact charge conservation holds at each stage.

We discuss the modification of a jet fragmentation function due to medium-induced partonic energy loss in context of leading particle observables in ultrarelativistic nucleus–nucleus interactions. We also analyze the relation between in-medium softening jet fragmentation function and suppression of the jet rates due to energy loss outside the jet cone. The predicted anticorrelation between two effects allows to probe a fraction of partonic energy loss carried out of the jet cone and truly lost to the jet.

We consider a hard jet production tagged by a muon pair in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions. The process cross section is calculated by the CompHEP Monte-Carlo generator taking into account full gamma*/Z interference pattern at LHC energies. We have found that reasonable statistics, ~1000 events per 1 month of LHC run with lead beams, can be expected for realistic geometrical acceptance and kinematic cuts. The transverse momentum imbalance due to interactions of jet partons in the medium is evaluated for mu+mu-pair+jet correlation, as well as for the correlation between mu+mu- pair and a leading particle in a jet. Theoretical and experimental uncertainties of these observables are discussed.

The phenomenological analysis of various characteristics of $J/\psi$ and $D$ meson production in PbPb collisions at the center-of-mass energy 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair is presented. The data on momentum spectra and elliptic flow are reproduced by two-component model HYDJET++ including thermal and non-thermal charm production mechanisms. The significant part of $D$-mesons is found to be in a kinetic equilibrium with the created medium, while $J/\psi$-mesons are characterized by earlier (as compared to light hadrons) freeze-out.

We discuss the importance of high-pT hadron and jet measurements in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider.

The potential of coming experiments on Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to observe the rescattering and energy loss of heavy quarks in the dense matter created in heavy ion collisions is discussed. We analyze the sensitivity of high-mass mu+mu- pairs from BBbar semileptonic decays and secondary J/Psi from single B decays to the medium-induced bottom quark energy loss.

The azimuthal anisotropy of jet spectra due to energy loss of jet partons in azimuthally non-symmetric volume of dense quark-gluon matter is considered for semi-central nuclear interactions at collider energies. We develop the techniques for event-by-event analysing the jet azimuthal anisotropy using particle and energy elliptic flow, and suggest a method for calculation of coefficient of jet azimuthal anisotropy without reconstruction of nuclear reaction plane.

We study the influence of geometric and dynamical anisotropies on the development of flow harmonics and, simultaneously, on the second- and third-order oscillations of femtoscopy radii. The analysis is done within the Monte Carlo event generator HYDJET++, which was extended to dynamical triangular deformations. It is shown that the merely geometric anisotropy provides the results which anticorrelate with the experimental observations of either $v_{2}$ (or $v_{3}$ ) or second-order (or third-order) oscillations of the femtoscopy radii. Decays of resonances significantly increase the emitting areas but do not change the phases of the radii oscillations. In contrast to the spatial deformations, the dynamical anisotropy alone provides the correct qualitative description of the flow and the femtoscopy observables simultaneously. However, one needs both types of the anisotropy to match quantitatively the experimental data.

Various pion and photon production mechanisms in high-energy nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC are discussed. Comparison with RHIC data is done whenever possible. The prospect of using electromagnetic probes to characterize quark-gluon plasma formation is assessed...

The PMTs of the CMS Hadron Forward calorimeter were found to generate a large size signal when their windows were traversed by energetic charged particles. This signal, which is due to Čerenkov light production at the PMT window, could interfere with the calorimeter signal and mislead the measurements. In order to find a viable solution to this problem, the response of four different types of PMTs to muons traversing their windows at different orientations is measured at the H2 beam-line at CERN. Certain kinds of PMTs with thinner windows show significantly lower response to direct muon incidence. For the four anode PMT, a simple and powerful algorithm to identify such events and recover the PMT signal using the signals of the quadrants without window hits is also presented. For the measurement of PMT responses to Čerenkov light, the Hadron Forward calorimeter signal was mimicked by two different setups in electron beams and the PMT performances were compared with each other. Superior performance of particular PMTs was observed.

We analyze the azimuthal anisotropy of jet spectra due to energy loss of hard partons in quark-gluon plasma, created initially in nuclear overlap zone in collisions with non-zero impact parameter. The calculations are performed for semi-central Pb-Pb collisions at LHC energy.

Triangular flow of strange and non-strange hadrons in Pb+Pb collisions at LHC energies is studied within the HYDJET++ model, which combines hard processes in a hot and dense partonic medium with parametrized hydrodynamics. Together with an extensive table of resonances, this circumstance enables us to investigate (i) the interplay between hard and soft processes and (ii) between jets and final-state interactions. Jets are found to be the main reason for violation of the NCQ scaling for v3 at LHC, whereas decays of resonances improve the scaling fulfillment. Comparison with the experimental data is performed.

The possibility to observe the medium-modified fragmentation of hard b-quarks tagged by a leading muon in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is analyzed. We have found that reasonable statistics, ~20000 events per 1 month of LHC run with lead beams, can be expected for the realistic geometrical acceptance and kinematic cuts. The numerical estimates on the effect of the medium-induced softening b-jet fragmentation function are given.

HYDJET++ model, which combines parametrized hydrodynamics with jets, is employed to study the dependence of the hexagonal flow, ν6, on the elliptic, ν2, and triangular, ν3, flows. Calculations are performed for lead-lead collisions at √s = 2.76 ATeV with centrality 10% ≤ σ/σgeo ≤ 50%. Hexagonal flow in the model emerges only due to the presence of ν2 and ν3. Position of its event plane, Ψ6, is found to be closer to Ψ3 for semi-central events, whereas in peripheral reactions it is closer to Ψ2, in line with the experimental analysis of the plane correlations. The amplitude of “induced" hexagonal flow is also comparable with that obtained in experiments. It means, in particular, that many features of the ν6 can be explained by interplay of elliptic and triangular flows.

The hypothesis of the relation between the observed alignment of spots in x-ray films in cosmic ray emulsion experiments and the features of events in which jets prevail at super-high energies is tested. Due to the strong dynamical correlation between jet axis directions and that between the momenta of jet particles (almost collinearity), the evaluated degree of alignment is considerably larger than that for randomly selected chaotically located spots in the x-ray film. It appears to be comparable with the experimental data provided that the height of the primary interaction, the collision energy and the total energy of the selected clusters meet certain conditions. The Monte Carlo generator PYTHIA, which basically well describes jet events in hadron-hadron interactions, was used for the analysis.

The sensitivity of calorimetric energy-energy correlation function to the medium-induced energy loss of fast partons in high multiplicity heavy ion interactions is demonstrated at the appropriate selection of events for the analysis, namely, the availability of one high-pt jet in an event at least and using the procedure of ``thermal'' background subtraction. Without jet trigger this correlation function manifests the global structure of transverse energy flux: the correlator is isotropic for central collisions, and for non-central collisions it is sensitive to the azimuthal anisotropy of energy flow reproducing its Fourier harmonics but with the coefficients squared.

Fluctuations of anisotropic flow in lead-lead collisions at LHC energies arising in HYDJET++model are studied. It is shown that intrinsic fluctuations of the flow which appear mainly because of the fluctuations of particle multiplicity, momenta and coordinates are insufficient to match the measured experimental data, provided the eccentricity of the freeze-out hypersurface is fixed at any given impact parameter b. However, when the variations of the eccentricity in HYDJET++ are taken into account, the agreement between the model results and the data is drastically improved. Both model calculations and the data are filtered through the unfolding procedure. This procedure eliminates the non-flow fluctuations to a higher degree, thus indicating a dynamical origin of the flow fluctuations in HYDJET++ event generator.

The model to simulate jet quenching effect in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is presented. The model is the fast Monte-Carlo tool implemented to modify a standard PYTHIA jet event. The model has been generalized to the case of the "full" heavy ion event (the superposition of soft, hydro-type state and hard multi-jets) using a simple and fast simulation procedure for soft particle production. The model is capable of reproducing main features of the jet quenching pattern at RHIC and is applyed to analyze novel jet quenching features at LHC.

The observed alignment of spots in the x-ray films in cosmic ray emulsion experiments is analyzed and interpreted in the framework of geometrical approach. It is shown that the high degree of alignment can appear partly due to the selection procedure of most energetic particles itself and the threshold on the energy deposition together with the transverse momentum conservation.

The capability of the CMS detector to observe the rescattering and energy loss of heavy quarks in the dense matter created in heavy-ion collisions is discussed. We analyse the sensitivity of high-mass µ+µ- pairs from B semileptonic decays and secondary J/ψ's from single B decays to the medium-induced bottom quark energy loss.

We analyze the method for calculation of a coefficient of jet azimuthal anisotropy without reconstruction of the nuclear reaction plane considering the higher order correlators between the azimuthal position of jet axis and the angles of particles not incorporated in the jet. The reliability of this technique in the real physical situation under LHC conditions is illustrated.

A simple model of transverse expansion of quark-gluon plasma with phase transition is suggested. The variation of parton matter fraction during the quark-hadron phase transition is determined and the lifetime of a mixed phase is estimated in the framework of this approach. The model is applied to derive the momentum spectra of produced hadrons for comparison with an existing experimental data. Possible probing the collective transverse flow by hadrons pT-distribution is discussed.

The jet shape modification due to partonic energy loss in the dense QCD matter is investigated with the help of the special transverse energy-energy correlator in the vicinity of maximum energy deposition of every event. In the accepted scenario with scattering of jet hard partons off comoving medium constituents this correlator is independent of the pseudorapidity position of a jet axis and becomes considerably broader (symmetrically over the pseudorapidity and the azimuthal angle) in comparison with $\mathit{pp}$-collisions. At scattering off ``slow'' medium constituents the broadening of correlation functions is dependent on the pseudorapidity position of a jet axis and increases noticeably in comparison with the previous scenario for jets with large enough pseudorapidities. These two considered scenarios result also in the different dependence of jet quenching on the pseudorapidity.

The recent developments on PYQUEN, HYDJET and HYDJET++ event generators are presented. The partonic energy loss model PYQUEN is implemented as the modification of the standard jet event obtained with the generator of hadron-hadron interactions PYTHIA. HYDJET and HYDJET++ are the Monte-Carlo event generators for the simulation of relativistic heavy ion AA collisions considered as a superposition of the soft, hydro-type state and the hard, multi-parton fragmentation. HYDJET++ model is the development and continuation of HYDJET generator, and it includes more detailed treatment of the hadronic state generated on the chemical and thermal freeze-out hypersurfaces (represented by the parameterization of relativistic hydrodynamics with preset freeze-out conditions), collective flow effects and decays of hadronic resonances. Some applications of above models to novel jet quenching observables are discussed.

Abstract It has been dozen years since HYDJET++ Monte-Carlo event generator for the simulation of relativistic heavy ion collisions was developed. Now the generator is widely used for the simulation of nucleus-nucleus interactions from NICA to LHC energies. The model calculations on soft and hard probes of quark-gluon plasma (including collective flow, different kinds of particle correlations, jets, D and B mesons etc.) agree well with the experimental data. In this paper the selected main results and the very new ones are presented.

The Monte Carlo event generator HYDJET++ is one of the few generators, designed for the calculations of heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies, which combine treatment of soft hydro-like processes with the description of jets traversing the hot and dense partonic medium. The model is employed to study the azimuthal anisotropy phenomena, dihadron angular correlations and event-by-event (EbyE) fluctuations of the anisotropic flow in Pb+Pb collisions at ^/snn = 2.76 TeV. The interplay of soft and hard processes describes the violation of the mass hierarchy of meson and baryon elliptic and triangular flows at pT > 2 GeV/c, the fall-off of the flow harmonics at intermediate transverse momenta, and the worsening of the number-of-constituent-quark (NCQ) scaling of elliptic/triangular flow at LHC compared to RHIC energies. The cross-talk of v2 and v3 leads to emergence of higher order harmonics in the model and to appearance of the ridge structure in dihadron angular correlations in a broad pseudorapidity range. HYDJET++ possesses also the dynamical EbyE fluctuations of the anisotropic flow. The model results agree well with the experimental data.

The results of the model analysis of hadron femtoscopic correlations and factorial moments of particle multiplicity in heavy ion collisions for the energy range of the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at RHIC and future NICA collider are presented. For this purpose, the simulation of Au+Au collisions at center-of-mass energies 7.7 and 11.5 GeV per nucleon pair using the UrQMD, vHLLE+UrQMD (with the crossover and first-order equation of states), and HYDJET++ event generators was performed. The sensitivity of pion and kaon correlation radii and the dependence of the factorial moments on heavy ion beam energy to quark–hadron phase transition details was studied. In addition, the possible influence of some relevant detector effects on the corresponding experimental observables is discussed.

The simple method for simulation of ``thermal'' hadron spectra in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions including longitudinal, transverse and elliptic flow is developed. The model is realized as fast Monte-Carlo event generator.

Ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at energies of RHIC and LHC are considered. For comparison with data the HYDJET++ model, which contains the treatment of both soft and hard processes, is employed. The study focuses mainly on the interplay of ideal hydrodynamics, final state interactions and jets, and its influence on the development of harmonics of the anisotropic flow. It is shown that jets are responsible for violation of the number-of-constituent-quark (NCQ) scaling at LHC energies. The interplay between elliptic and triangular flows and their contribution to higher flow harmonics and dihadron angular correlations, including ridge, is also discussed.

The event topology in relativistic heavy ion collisions is determined by various multi-particle production mechanisms. The simultaneous model treatment of different collective nuclear effects at high energies (such as a hard multi-parton fragmentation in hot QCD-matter, thermal resonance production, hydrodynamical flows, etc.) is actual but rather complicated task. We discuss the simulation of the above effects by means of Monte-Carlo model HYDJET++.

The method for simulation of medium-induced rescattering and energy loss of hard partons in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is developed. The model is realized as fast Monte-Carlo tool implemented to modify standard PYTHIA jet event.

The azimuthal anisotropy of jet spectra due to energy loss of jet partons in azimuthally non-symmetric volume of dense matter is considered for semi-central nuclear interactions at collider energies. We suggest a method for calculation of coefficient of jet azimuthal anisotropy without reconstruction of nuclear reaction plane considering the correlations between the azimuthal position of jet axis and the angles of particles (not incorporated in the jet). The reliability of this method in a real physical situation under LHC conditions is illustrated.

Various pion and photon production mechanisms in high-energy nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC are discussed. Comparison with RHIC data is done whenever possible. The prospect of using electromagnetic probes to characterize quark-gluon plasma formation is assessed.

The heavy ion event generator HYDJET++ is presented. HYDJET++ simulates relativistic heavy ion AA collisions as a superposition of the soft, hydro-type state and the hard state resulting from multi-parton fragmentation. This model is the development and continuation of HYDJET event generator. The hard parts of HYDJET and HYDJET++ are identical. The soft part of HYDJET++ contains the following important additional features as compared with HYDJET: resonance decays and more detailed treatment of thermal and chemical freeze-out hypersurfaces. HYDJET++ is capable of reproducing the bulk properties of heavy ion collisions at RHIC (hadron spectra and ratios, radial and elliptic flow, femtoscopic momentum correlations), as well as high-pT hadron spectra. Some applications of HYDJET++ at LHC are discussed.

The model to simulate rescattering and partonic energy loss in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions is presented. The full heavy ion event is obtained as a superposition of a soft hydro-type state and hard multi-jets. This model is capable of reproducing main features of the jet quenching pattern at RHIC, and is applied to probe jet quenching in various novel channels at LHC.

Jet and dijet rates in AB collisions at LHC energies are computed using a NLO Monte Carlo code. Uncertainties due to nuclear modifications of nucleon parton densities are analyzed. Predictions for different AB collisions at LHC energies are presented.

The influence of elliptic and triangular flow on higher flow harmonics is studied within the HYDJET++ model, which merges parametrized hydro with jet quenching. Even harmonics can be generated by elliptic flow only, while odd harmonics need nonzero triangular component. A hydrodynamical model predicts a scaling of υ4/υ22 ratio with pT, while jets force a rise of the high pT tail of the ratio. Hexagonal flow appears to be an interesting interplay between υ2 and υ3. It shows a dominant contribution of υ3 in central events and υ2 at more peripheral collisions. Comparison with ALICE, ATLAS and CMS experimental data is presented.

Heavy-flavour quarks are predominantly produced in hard scatterings on a short time-scale and traverse the medium interacting with its constituents, thus they are one of the effective probes of the transport properties of the medium formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions. On the other hand, the thermal production of heavy-flavour quarks in quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is itself of interest. In this report, the production and elliptic flow of the prompt charmed mesons $D^0$, $D^+$, $D^{*+}$ and $J/\psi$ in PbPb collisions at the center-of-mass energy 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair are described in the framework of two-component HYDJET++ model. The model combines thermal and pQCD production mechanisms. The spectra and elliptic flow of charmed mesons are presented, the results are compared with LHC data.

The phenomenological analysis of various characteristics of $J/\psi$ and D mesons in PbPb collisions at the center-of-mass energy 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair is presented. The data on charmed meson momentum spectra and elliptic flow are reproduced by two-component model HYDJET++ including thermal and non-thermal production mechanisms. The significant part of D-mesons is found to be in a kinetic equilibrium with the created medium, while $J/\psi$-mesons are characterized by earlier (as compared to light hadrons) freeze-out.

Triangular flow v_3 of identified and inclusive particles in lead-lead collisions at sqrt{s_{NN}} = 2.76 TeV is studied as a function of centrality and transverse momentum within the HYDJET++ model. The model enables to investigate the influence of both hard processes and final-state interactions on the harmonics of particle anisotropic flow. Decays of resonances are found to increase the magnitude of the v_3(p_T)-distributions at p_T > 2 GeV/c and shift their maxima to higher transverse momenta. The p_T-integrated triangular flow, however, becomes slightly weakened for all centralities studied. The resonance decays also modify the spectra towards the number-of-constituent-quark (NCQ) scaling fulfillment for the triangular flow, whereas jets are the main source of the scaling violation at energies of Large Hadron Collider. Comparison with the corresponding spectra of elliptic flow reveals several similarities in v_3(p_T) and v_2(p_T) behavior. Obtained results are also confronted to the available experimental data.

An ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collision at LHC energies is a mixture of soft and hard processes. For comparison with data we employ the HYDJET++ model, which combines the description of soft processes with the treatment of hard partons propagating hot and dense nuclear medium. Importance of the interplay of ideal hydrodynamics, final state interactions and jets for the description of harmonics of the anisotropic flow is discussed. Jets are found to be the main source of violation of the number-of-constituent-quark (NCQ) scaling at LHC energies. Many features of higher flow harmonics and dihadron angular correlations, including ridge, can be described by the interference of elliptic and triangular flows.

We apply HYDJET++ model, which contains the treatment of both soft and hard processes, to study the heavy-ion collisions at LHC energies. The interplay of parametrised hydrodynamics and jets describes many features of the development of particle anisotropic flow including the break-up of mass hierarchy of elliptic and triangular flow, the falloff of the flow at certain transverse momentum and violation of the number-ofconstituent- quark (NCQ) scaling at LHC energies compared to the lower ones. Other signals, such as long-range dihadron correlations (ridge) and event-by-event (EbyE) fluctuations of the flow are also discussed. Model calculations demonstrate a good agreement with the available experimental data.

The phenomenological analysis of the LHC data on transverse momentum spectrum and elliptic flow of $J/ψ$ and D mesons in PbPb collisions at center-of-mass energy 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair is presented. The charmed meson production pattern in PbPb collisions may be reproduced by two-component model HYDJET++ including thermal and non-thermal components. The significant part of D-mesons is found to be in a kinetic equilibrium with the created medium, while $J/ψ$-mesons are not.

Ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions at energies of RHIC and LHC are considered. For comparison with data the HYDJET++ model, which contains the treatment of both soft and hard processes, is employed. The study focuses mainly on the interplay of ideal hydrodynamics, final state interactions and jets, and its influence on the development of harmonics of the anisotropic flow. It is shown that jets are responsible for violation of the number-of-constituent-quark (NCQ) scaling at LHC energies. The interplay between elliptic and triangular flows and their contribution to higher flow harmonics and dihadron angular correlations, including ridge, is also discussed.

The influence of elliptic and triangular flow on higher flow harmonics is studied within the HYDJET++ model, which merges parametrized hydro with jet quenching. Even harmonics can be generated by elliptic flow only, while odd harmonics need nonzero triangular component. A hydrodynamical model predicts a scaling of υ4/υ22 ratio with pT, while jets force a rise of the high pT tail of the ratio. Hexagonal flow appears to be an interesting interplay between υ2 and υ3. It shows a dominant contribution of υ3 in central events and υ2 at more peripheral collisions. Comparison with ALICE, ATLAS and CMS experimental data is presented.

The azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles in heavy ion collisions is an important probe of quark-gluon plasma evolution at early stages. The nuclear reaction plane can be determined independently by different detector subsystems and using different analysis methods. This paper reports the capability of the CMS detector at the LHC to reconstruct the reaction plane of the collision and to me asure elliptic flow with calorimetry and a tracking system. The analysis is based on a full CMS detector simulation of Pb + Pb events with the HYDJET event generator.