Fei Teng

The α-, β-, γ-, and δ-MnO2 nanorods were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Their catalytic properties for CO oxidation were evaluated, and the effects of phase structures on the activities of the MnO2 nanorods were investigated. The activities of the catalysts decreased in the order of α- ≈ δ- > γ- > β-MnO2. The mechanism of CO oxidation over the MnO2 nanorods was suggested as follows. The adsorbed CO was oxidized by the lattice oxygen, and the MnO2 nanorods were partly reduced to Mn2O3 and Mn3O4. Then, Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 were oxidized to MnO2 by gaseous oxygen. CO chemisorption, the Mn−O bond strength of the MnO2, and the transformation of intermediate oxides Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 into MnO2 can significantly influence the activity of the MnO2 nanorods. The activity for CO oxidation was mainly predominated by the crystal phase and channel structure of the MnO2 nanorods.

Recently, defect engineering has been used to intruduce half‐metallicity into selected semiconductors, thereby significantly enhancing their electrical conductivity and catalytic/electrocatalytic performance. Taking inspiration from this, we developed a novel bifunctional electrode consisting of two monolayer thick manganese dioxide (δ‐MnO 2 ) nanosheet arrays on a nickel foam, using a novel in‐situ method. The bifunctional electrode exposes numerous active sites for electrocatalytic rections and displays excellent electrical conductivity, resulting in strong performance for both HER and OER. Based on detailed structure analysis and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the remarkably OER and HER activity of the bifunctional electrode can be attributed to the ultrathin δ‐MnO 2 nanosheets containing abundant oxygen vacancies lead to the formation od Mn 3+ active sites, which give rise to half‐metallicity properties and strong H 2 O adsorption. This synthetic strategy introduced here represents a new method for the development of non‐precious metal Mn‐based electrocatalysts for eddicient energy conversion.

Abstract Semiconductor photocatalysis attracts widespread interest in water splitting, CO 2 reduction, and N 2 fixation. N 2 reduction to NH 3 is essential to the chemical industry and to the Earth's nitrogen cycle. Industrially, NH 3 is synthesized by the Haber–Bosch process under extreme conditions (400–500 °C, 200–250 bar), stimulating research into the development of sustainable technologies for NH 3 production. Herein, this study demonstrates that ultrathin layered‐double‐hydroxide (LDH) photocatalysts, in particular CuCr‐LDH nanosheets, possess remarkable photocatalytic activity for the photoreduction of N 2 to NH 3 in water at 25 °C under visible‐light irradiation. The excellent activity can be attributed to the severely distorted structure and compressive strain in the LDH nanosheets, which significantly enhances N 2 chemisorption and thereby promotes NH 3 formation.

SnO2 nanoparticles-reduced graphene oxide (SnO2-rGO) nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by a facile method via hydrothermal treatment of aqueous dispersion of GO in the presence of Sn salts. The combined characterizations including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicate the successful formation of SnO2-rGO nanocomposites. To demonstrate the product on sensing application, gas sensors are fabricated using SnO2-rGO nanocomposites as sensing materials and investigated for detection of NO2 at low operating temperature (50 °C). It is found that SnO2-rGO nanocomposites exhibit high response of 3.31 at 5 ppm NO2, which is much higher than that of rGO (1.13), and rapid response, good selectivity and reproducibility. Furthermore, the reason for enhancing sensing performance by addition of SnO2 nanoparticles has also been discussed.

NO2 gas sensor has been constructed using reduced graphene oxide-ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-rGO) hybrids as sensing materials. Most importantly, the sensor exhibits higher sensitivity, shorter response time and recovery time than those of the sensor based on rGO, indicating that the sensing performances for NO2 sensing operating at room temperature have been enhanced by introduction of ZnO nanoparticles into rGO matrix.

The cancer transcriptome is remarkably complex, including low-abundance transcripts, many not polyadenylated. To fully characterize the transcriptome of localized prostate cancer, we performed ultra-deep total RNA-seq on 144 tumors with rich clinical annotation. This revealed a linear transcriptomic subtype associated with the aggressive intraductal carcinoma sub-histology and a fusion profile that differentiates localized from metastatic disease. Analysis of back-splicing events showed widespread RNA circularization, with the average tumor expressing 7,232 circular RNAs (circRNAs). The degree of circRNA production was correlated to disease progression in multiple patient cohorts. Loss-of-function screening identified 11.3% of highly abundant circRNAs as essential for cell proliferation; for ∼90% of these, their parental linear transcripts were not essential. Individual circRNAs can have distinct functions, with circCSNK1G3 promoting cell growth by interacting with miR-181. These data advocate for adoption of ultra-deep RNA-seq without poly-A selection to interrogate both linear and circular transcriptomes.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biocompatible, nano-sized secreted vesicles containing many types of biomolecules, including proteins, RNAs, DNAs, lipids, and metabolites. Their low immunogenicity and ability to functionally modify recipient cells by transferring diverse bioactive constituents make them an excellent candidate for a next-generation drug delivery system. Here, the recent advances in EV biology and emerging strategies of EV bioengineering are summarized, and the prospects for clinical translation of bioengineered EVs and the challenges to be overcome are discussed.

The α-Fe2O3 hierarchical nanostructures have been successfully synthesized via a simple solvothermal method. The as-prepared samples are loose and porous with flowerlike structure, and the subunits are irregularly shaped nanosheets. The morphology of the α-Fe2O3 structures was observed to be tunable as a function of reaction time. To demonstrate the potential applications, we have fabricated a gas sensor from the as-synthesized hierarchical α-Fe2O3 and investigated it for ethanol detection. Results show that the hierarchical α-Fe2O3 sensor exhibits significantly improved sensor performances in comparison with the compact α-Fe2O3 structures. The enhancement of sensing properties is attributed to the unique porous and well-aligned nanostructure.

Respiration monitoring is important for evaluating human health. Humidity sensing is a promising way to establish a relationship between human respiration and electrical signal. This work describes polymer humidity sensors with ultrafast response for respiration monitoring. The humidity-sensitive polyelectrolyte is in situ cross-linked on the substrate printed with interdigitated electrodes by a thiol-ene click reaction. The polyelectrolyte humidity sensor shows rapid water adsorption/desorption ability, excellent stability, and repeatability. The sensor with ultrafast response and recovery (0.29/0.47 s) when changing humidity between 33 and 95% shows good application prospects in breath monitoring and touchless sensing. Different respiration patterns can be distinguished, and the breath rate/depth of detection subjects can also be determined by the sensor. In addition, the obtained sensor can sense the skin evaporation in a noncontact way.

CdS nanoparticles acting as photosensitizer was grown in situ upon UiO-66 metal-organic framework octahedrons through a hydrothermal process. The resultant CdS/UiO-66 hybrid photocatalysts show remarkably active hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation as compared to CdS and UiO-66 alone. The optimum hybrid with 16 wt% CdS loading shows a hydrogen production rate of 235 μmol h−1, corresponding to 1.2% quantum efficiency at 420 nm. The improved photocatalytic hydrogen production over hybrid CdS/UiO-66 is ascribed to the efficient interfacial charge transfer from CdS to UiO-66, which effectively suppresses the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and thereby enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency.

This paper uses annual urban household survey data of Sichuan Province from 2007 to 2009 to estimate the income and price elasticities of residential electricity demand, along with the effects of lifestyle-related variables. The empirical results show that in the urban area of Sichuan province, the residential electricity demand is price- and income-inelastic, with price and income elasticities ranging from −0.35 to −0.50 and from 0.14 to 0.33, respectively. Such lifestyle-related variables as demographic variables, dwelling size and holdings of home appliances, are also important determinants of residential electricity demand, especially the latter. These results are robust to a variety of sensitivity tests. The research findings imply that urban residential electricity demand continues to increase with the growth of income. The empirical results have important policy implications for the Multistep Electricity Price, which been adopted in some cities and is expected to be promoted nationwide through the installation of energy-efficient home appliances.

The employment of n-n homotypic heterogeneous junctions is an efficient method to improve sensitive performance of metal oxide-based gas sensors owing to the generation of charge accumulation regions. Herein, in order to further enhance nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sensing properties of the sensors based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) at room temperature (RT), n-type ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) decorated n-type SnO2 NPs heterojunctions were successfully constructed on RGO nanosheets (NSs) by combination of the hydrothermal method and the wet-chemical deposition method. The formation of heterostructures between ZnO NPs and SnO2 NPs was confirmed by the nonlinear behavior of current versus voltage (I-V) curve of ZnO/SnO2-RGO. ZnO/SnO2-RGO based sensor displayed remarkably enhanced response (141.0%) for detecting 5 ppm of NO2 at RT, which is almost 4 and 3 times higher than that of SnO2-RGO (34.8%) and ZnO-RGO (43.3%), respectively. Moreover, as far as the ZnO/SnO2-RGO-based sensor is concerned, its response and recovery time (33 and 92 s) are also significantly decreased, compared to SnO2-RGO-based sensor (70 and 39 s) and ZnO-RGO-based sensor (272 and 1297 s). In this work, the improved NO2 sensing properties of the sensors based on RGO not only benefit from the effects of the heterostructures between SnO2 and ZnO, but also derive from the superior electrical characteristics of RGO. In particular, the n-n heterojunctions could offer facile access to effective electronic interaction and improve transfer efficiency of the charges at the interface to adsorbed oxygen. Meanwhile, the n-n heterojunctions can also provide additional reaction center for adsorbing gas.

As the world's biggest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitter and the largest developing country, China faces daunting challenges to peak its emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality within 40 years. This study fully considered the carbon-neutrality goal and the temperature rise constraints required by the Paris Agreement, by developing six long-term development scenarios, and conducting a quantitative evaluation on the carbon emissions pathways, energy transformation, technology, policy and investment demand for each scenario. This study combined both bottom-up and top-down methodologies, including simulations and analyses of energy consumption of end-use and power sectors (bottom-up), as well as scenario analysis, investment demand and technology evaluation at the macro level (top-down). This study demonstrates that achieving carbon neutrality before 2060 translates to significant efforts and overwhelming challenges for China. To comply with the target, a high rate of an average annual reduction of CO2 emissions by 9.3% from 2030 to 2050 is a necessity, which requires a huge investment demand. For example, in the 1.5 °C scenario, an investment in energy infrastructure alone equivalent to 2.6% of that year's GDP will be necessary. The technological pathway towards carbon neutrality will rely highly on both conventional emission reduction technologies and breakthrough technologies. China needs to balance a long-term development strategy of lower greenhouse gas emissions that meets both the Paris Agreement and the long-term goals for domestic economic and social development, with a phased implementation for both its five-year and long-term plans.

This paper provides retrospective firm-level evidence on the effectiveness of China’s carbon market pilots in reducing emissions in the electricity sector. We show that the carbon emission trading system (ETS) has no effect on changing coal efficiency of regulated coal-fired power plants. Although we find a significant reduction in coal consumption associated with ETS participation, this reduction was achieved by reducing electricity production. The output contraction in the treated plants is not due to their optimizing behavior but is likely driven by government decisions, because the impacts of emission permits on marginal costs are small relative to the controlled electricity prices and the reduction is associated with financial losses. In addition, we find no evidence of carbon leakage to other provinces, but a significant increase in the production of non-coal-fired power plants in the ETS regions.

It is of great significance to exploit a simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly preparation method of multifunctional humidity sensors. However, most humidity sensors need complex manufacturing processes, high cost and narrow usage range. Herein, humidity sensors based on glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTAC) modified cellulose paper via a facile solution method were fabricated, among which the paper is used for the purpose of the humidity sensing material and the sensor substrate. The sensitivity of the obtained sensor was improved by the modification of EPTAC, the response time was decreased to 25 s, which is equivalent to the first-rate paper-based humidity sensors. In addition, the paper-based humidity sensor is provided with well flexibility and biocompatibility, and it exhibits multifunctional applications in respiratory monitoring, non-contact switch and skin humidity monitoring. The low cost and facile preparation technique in this work could provide a useful strategy for developing multifunctional humidity sensor.

Self-supported polymer films were fabricated by the thiol-ene click cross-linking reaction in this work. The cross-linked frameworks were used to guarantee the stability the films. The hydrophilic monomer with different contents were introduced into the self-supported thick films and uniformly dispersed in the polymer frameworks. The interdigitated electrodes were screen printed with silver paste on the self-supported films to obtain humidity sensors. Herein, the self-supported film acts as both the sensor substrate and the humidity-sensing material. The humidity sensing performances of the obtained sensors were systematically researched. By optimizing the ratio of hydrophilic monomer in the polymer films, the sensitivities of the sensors were enhanced from 1.58 to 103.75 (in the humidity from 11% RH to 95% RH), the response under low RH environment was significantly improved with good linearity. The response/recovery times of the sensor within the humidity range are measured to be 12.5 s and hundreds of seconds. The prepared flexible sensors possess certain mechanical properties, and exhibit good stability under bending and long-term tests up to 60 days. The applications of the as-prepared sensor in the detection of non-contact human skin humidity, human respiration and relative humidity of green plant were explored. The sensor shows excellent sensing performance in various applications and indicates the potential application in wearable and multifunctional devices.

Humidity is a physical quantity that evaluates the concentration of water vapor in the air. The detection of humidity has received extensive attention in various fields such as industry, agriculture, meteorology, and national defense. Among the many reported humidity detection methods, humidity sensors stand out due to their advantages of portability, easy fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity, and fast response. It is worth noting that the humidity detection limit is becoming more and more stringent in some special industries, and the dynamic range of humidity measurement can be extended from low relative humidity to ppm or ppb or even ppt level. However, the development of high-performance low humidity sensors still faces great challenges due to the very small amount of water molecules that the sensor can adsorb and the limitation of some harsh environments. So far, the literature on low humidity sensors is scarce, and there is no review on its research progress. In this case, a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the research progress of low humidity sensors is of great significance, and it may provide new insights to promote the development of low humidity sensors. Therefore, this paper reviewed the research progress of low humidity sensors for nearly three decades. Firstly, the necessity of low humidity detection, trace moisture generators and various low humidity measurement methods were introduced. Then, the research status of different types of low humidity sensors was highlighted, including capacitance, resistance, QCM, MCL, SAW, optical fiber, fluorescence and other types.

In this study, copper based metal organic frame work (Cu-MOF) was synthesized by using different solvents i. e. H2O, Dimethylformamide (DMF) and DMF ​+ ​C2H5OH ​+ ​H2O solutions at various temperatures. Cu-MOF synthesized in different solvents exhibited a large number of properties and advantages including easy synthesis procedure, high porosity, good crystallinity, high surface area, massive pore volume, controllable pore surface properties (zeta potential), rigid and chemical stability. The as-synthesized Cu- MOF was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, zeta potential, electrostatic attraction and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). A higher BET surface area of 121.1 ​m2 ​g−1 was obtained for Cu-MOF synthesized in DMF ​+ ​C2H5OH ​+ ​H2O compared with H2O (109.3 ​m2 ​g−1) and DMF (115.1 ​m2 ​g−1) solvents. The as-obtained Cu-MOF was used to investigate adsorption kinetic performances of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dye molecules. Compared with other samples, Cu-MOF synthesized in (DMF ​+ ​C2H5OH ​+ ​H2O) has a significantly enhanced adsorption ability for MB but a lower for MO dyes. After 4 ​min, the adsorption co-efficient (k) values were calculated to be 0.506, 0.846 and 1.1915 min−1 for MB and 0.029, 0.024 and 0.005 min−1 for MO dyes for Cu-MOF (H2O), Cu-MOF (DMF) and Cu-MOF (DMF ​+ ​C2H5OH ​+ ​H2O), respectively. It was found that Cu-MOF has a higher adsorption for MB dye but a poor adsorption capacity for MO, which was attributed to the electrostatic attraction/repulsion phenomena. Moreover, compared with Cu-MOF (DMF) and Cu-MOF (H2O), Cu-MOF (DMF ​+ ​C2H5OH ​+ ​H2O) shows an improved stability at 370, 417 and 423 ​°C temperatures. The result obtained through experiment suggested that porous Cu-MOF microstructures synthesized in DMF ​+ ​C2H5OH ​+ ​H2O have potential application for the treatment wastewaters having MB and MO dyes.

Abstract P 2 layered oxides have attracted more and more attention as cathode materials of high‐power sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). During the charging process, the release of sodium ions leads to layer slip, which leads to the transformation of P 2 phase into O 2 phase, resulting in a sharp decline in capacity. However, many cathode materials do not undergo P 2 ‐O 2 transition during charging and discharging, but form a “Z” phase. It is proved that the iron‐containing compound Na 0.67 Ni 0.1 Mn 0.8 Fe 0.1 O 2 formed the “Z” phase of the symbiotic structure of the P phase and O phase during high‐voltage charging through ex‐XRD and HAADF‐STEM. During the charging process, the cathode material undergoes a structural change of P 2 ‐OP 4 ‐O 2 . With the increase of charging voltage, the O‐type superposition mode increases to form an ordered OP4 phase, and the P 2 ‐type superposition mode disappears after further charging to form a pure O 2 phase. 57 Fe‐Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed that no migration of Fe ions is detected. The O–Ni–O–Mn–Fe–O bond formed in the transition metal MO 6 (M = Ni, Mn, Fe) octahedron can inhibit the elongation of the Mn–O bond and improve the electrochemical activity so that P2‐Na 0.67 Ni 0.1 Mn 0.8 Fe 0.1 O 2 has an excellent capacity of 172.4 mAh g −1 and a coulombic efficiency close to 99% at 0.1C.

3,4,5-Trinitropyrazole was successfully functionalized with the trinitromethyl group to give 1-trinitromethyl-3,4,5-trinitropyrazole (3), which was structurally characterized by IR, NMR, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 3 exhibits a super-high density (2.006 g cm−3 at 170 K, 1.964 g cm−3 at 296 K), excellent oxygen balance (+18.1 %), and good thermal stability (160 ℃). With X-ray data and quantum computing, the intermolecular interactions of 3 was carefully studied to investigate its structure–property relationship. The high density, excellent oxygen balance, good thermal stability, along with its green feature (chloride free) make compound 3 a potential replacement for ammonium perchlorate (AP) and ammonium dinitramide (ADN) in solid propellants.

Effect of biofilm on corrosion scales of cast iron pipe was studied with the biofilm community structure investigated by PCR-DGGE to give an explanation to MIC from the viewpoint of microbial phase. Corrosion scales were identified with XRD and XPS. It was demonstrated that biofilm can greatly affect element composition and crystalline phase of corrosion scales. Biofilm can accelerate corrosion in 7 d, but inhibit corrosion after 7 d, which was due to iron bacteria and iron reducing bacteria (IRB), respectively. DGGE fingerprinting gave a well explanation to this transition, which might be contributed to the change of biofilm microbial diversity.

The flower-like CuO nanostructures were hydrothermally synthesized without using any template. The influences of hydrothermal temperature and time on the growth of nanostructures were investigated. The samples were characterized by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (ED), and N2 adsorption isotherm. Interestingly, these architectures are made of three-order structures. The formation mechanism of the flower-like CuO was proposed and explained. Furthermore, the chemiluminescence (CL) and catalysis properties of the flower-like CuO were also investigated. The flower-like nanostructures showed the high-CL intensities and reactive activities for CO oxidation. The flower-like CuO can be used to fabricate a highly sensitive CL detector. This CL mode is a rapid and effective method for the selection of new catalysts from thousands of materials.

Highly uniform silver orthophosphate microcrystals with novel tetrapod morphology are, for the first time, synthesized via a simple hydrothermal route with the assistance of urea. The effect of active crystal facets on the photocatalytic activity is principally investigated. The silver orthophosphate tetrapods exhibit significantly higher visible light activity than the polyhedrons for the degradation of toxic organic compounds due to the highly exposed {110} facets.

At the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Conference in Cancun, in November 2010, the Heads of State reached an agreement on the aim of limiting the global temperature rise to 2 °C relative to preindustrial levels. They recognized that long-term future warming is primarily constrained by cumulative anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, that deep cuts in global emissions are required, and that action based on equity must be taken to meet this objective. However, negotiations on emission reduction among countries are increasingly fraught with difficulty, partly because of arguments about the responsibility for the ongoing temperature rise. Simulations with two earth-system models (NCAR/CESM and BNU-ESM) demonstrate that developed countries had contributed about 60–80%, developing countries about 20–40%, to the global temperature rise, upper ocean warming, and sea-ice reduction by 2005. Enacting pledges made at Cancun with continuation to 2100 leads to a reduction in global temperature rise relative to business as usual with a 1/3–2/3 (CESM 33–67%, BNU-ESM 35–65%) contribution from developed and developing countries, respectively. To prevent a temperature rise by 2 °C or more in 2100, it is necessary to fill the gap with more ambitious mitigation efforts.

In order to achieve the Paris Agreement goals of keeping the temperature rise well below 2 °C or even 1.5 °C, all countries would need to make fair and ambitious contributions to reducing emissions. A vast majority of countries have adopted reduction targets by 2030 in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). There are many alternative ways to analyze the fairness of national mitigation contributions. This article uses a model framework based on six equity principles of effort-sharing, to allocate countries’ reduction targets under global emissions scenarios consistent with meeting the Paris climate goals. It further compares these allocations with the NDCs. The analysis shows that most countries need to adopt more ambitious reduction targets by 2030 to meet 2 °C, and even more for 1.5 °C. In the context of 2 °C, the NDCs of the United States of America and the European Union lack ambition with respect to the approaches that emphasize responsibility; China’s NDC projection falls short of satisfying any approach in 2030. In the context of 1.5 °C, only India, by implementing its most ambitious efforts by 2030, could be in line with most equity principles. For most countries, the NDCs would use most of their allowed emissions space for the entire 21 st century by 2030, posing a major challenge to transform to a pathway consistent with their fair contributions in the long-term.

Au-loaded ZnO hollow nanospheres have been successfully synthesized by using carbon nanospheres as sacrificial templates. This simple strategy could be expected to be extended for the fabrication of similar metal–oxide loaded hollow nanospheres using different precursors. The structural and morphological characteristics of the resultant product were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The hollow nanospheres are porous, with the diameters ranging from 220 to 280 nm. To demonstrate the usage of such Au-loaded ZnO nanomaterial, a chemical gas sensor has been fabricated and investigated for NH3 detection. The Au-loaded ZnO sensor exhibits excellent sensing performances compared with hollow ZnO and compact ZnO sensors. The dynamic transients of the Au-loaded ZnO sensors demonstrated both their fast response (0.8–1.5 s) and recovery (3–4 s) towards NH3 gases. The combination of ZnO hollow structure and catalytic activity of Au loaded gives a very attractive sensing behavior for applications as real-time monitoring gas sensors with fast responding and recovering speed.

In this paper, SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) decorated reduced graphene oxide hybrids with abundant vacancies (designated as SnO2-RGO-OVs) have been successfully prepared by a combined hydrothermal synthesis and chemical solution deposition method. It is found that high density SnO2 NPs with the size of 3–5 nm are uniformly distributed on the surface of RGO nanosheets. Most importantly, SnO2-RGO-OVs hybrids exhibit excellent room-temperature NO2 sensing properties with the low detection limit of 50 ppb. When SnO2-RGO-OVs-based sensor was exposed to 1 ppm NO2, the response is 3.80 and response time and recovery time are 14 s and 190 s, respectively. These sensing performances are superior to those of most reported room-temperature NO2 sensors based on RGO-based materials and other materials. The excellent sensing performances of SnO2-RGO-OVs hybrids can be attributed to their specific structure, e.g., RGO that could facilitate transferring carriers during sensing progress, and abundant OVs that could facilitate adsorption of more NO2 molecules onto SnO2 NPs in SnO2-RGO-OVs hybrids.

Both energy band and charge separation and transfer are the crucial affecting factor for a photochemical reaction. Herein, the BiOCl nanosheets without and with surface bismuth vacancy (BOC, V-BOC) are prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. It is found that the new surface defect states caused by bismuth vacancy have greatly up-shifted the valence band and efficiently enhanced the separation and transfer rates of photogenerated electron and hole. It is amazing that the photocatalytic activity of V-BOC is 13.6 times higher than that of BOC for the degradation methyl orange (MO). We can develop an efficient photocatalyst by the introduction of defects.

This article describes the development of a kind of full carbon-based humidity sensor fabricated on the paper substrate by handwriting. The electrodes were written by commercial pencils, and the sensitive layer was drawn with an oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (o-MWCNTs) ink marker. The resultant devices exhibit good reproducibility and stability during the dynamic measurement. The response of the optimized paper-based sensor exhibits about five times higher than sensors fabricated on the ceramic substrate, which is owing to the hydrophilic property of the paper substrate. The structure of the sensitive layer formed by dispersing sensitive materials in the porous surface of paper substrates alleviates the inner stress in the process of bending. The response of printing paper-based sensors only shows the 6.7% decay even under an extremely high bending degree.

National and global mitigation scenarios consistent with 1.5°C require an early phase-out of coal in major coal-dependent countries, compared to standard technical and economic lifetimes. This appears particularly apparent in the light of recent massive investments in coal power capacity, the significant pipeline of coal power capacity coming online, as well as upstream supporting infrastructure. This article analyses the existing and planned capital stock in the coal power sector in the light of scenarios consistent with 1.5°C. The article analyses the political economy and labour aspects of this abrupt and significant transition, in the light of domestic equity and development objectives. Firstly, the article examines employment issues and reviews the existing literature and practice with support schemes for regional and sectoral structural adjustment for the reduction of coal sector activity. Secondly, the paper surveys the domestic political economy of coal sector transition in major coal using countries, namely Australia, South Africa, China and India. A final section provides conclusions and policy recommendations.Key policy insights Achieving mitigation pathways in line with limiting warming to 1.5°C, or even well-below 2°C, would require the early retirement of coal sector assets in production and consumption.Historically, coal sector transition has often been associated with prolonged socio-economic dislocation in affected regions.Policies to accompany affected regions are thus a crucial part of policy mixes to limit warming to 1.5°C and even 2°C.Such policies should be anticipatory and long-term, as opposed to reactive policies focused on short-term measures to smooth the transition.A survey of major coal using countries shows that each is a long way from putting in place a long-term framework to transition the coal sector.

In this study, novel molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMCN@MIPs) were prepared by covalent grafting of ofloxacin-imprinted polymer onto the surface of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCNs). SEM analyses indicated that the prepared nanoMCN@MIPs were almost uniform, and their geometrical mean diameter was about 230 nm. The sorption behaviors of the nanoMCN@MIPs including sorption kinetics and isotherms, effect of pH, ionic strength, and cross-reactivity were investigated in detail. The adsorption capacity of the nanoparticles for ofloxacin was 40.98 mg/g, with a selectivity factor of 2.6 compared to the nonimprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMCN@NIPs). The feasibility of removing fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) from environmental waters with the nanoMCN@MIPs was demonstrated using sea water spiked with six typical FQs (ofloxacin, gatifloxacin, balofloxcacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin and sarafloxacin). The nanoMCN@MIPs could be reused at least five times with removal efficiency more than 90% except for norfloxacin.

We analyzed the impacts of incorporating local air quality improvement and environmental co-benefits into the climate policy and mitigation technology assessment of the cement sector in China. Local air quality can benefit from reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which consequently lowers abatement costs and strengthens the cost-effectiveness of mitigation technologies. We used a simplified approach to estimate environmental damage factors due to air pollution at the sub-national level in China. The calculated economic costs of environmental damage due to PM10, NOx, and SO2 were 7,714 $/t, 1,006 $/t, and 902 $/t, respectively. These values vary among the provinces. We found that most energy-saving technologies in the cement industry will create significant co-benefits, ranging from 3 $/t CO2 to 39 $/t CO2 at the national level; however, a tradeoff for carbon capture and storage (CCS) and energy-saving technologies also resulted with increased electricity consumption. Large spatial variations of co-benefits can be gained at the sub-national level and justify the enactment of more stringent climate policies in the wealthier regions in China.

The Paris Agreement introduces long-term strategies as an instrument to inform progressively more ambitious emission reduction objectives, while holding development goals paramount in the context of national circumstances. In the lead up to the twenty-first Conference of the Parties, the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project developed mid-century low-emission pathways for 16 countries, based on an innovative pathway design framework. In this Perspective, we describe this framework and show how it can support the development of sectorally and technologically detailed, policy-relevant and country-driven strategies consistent with the Paris Agreement climate goal. We also discuss how this framework can be used to engage stakeholder input and buy-in; design implementation policy packages; reveal necessary technological, financial and institutional enabling conditions; and support global stocktaking and increasing of ambition. The Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project develops a framework to design low-emission development pathways. This Perspective discusses the framework and how it can support the development of national strategies to meet climate targets, as well as help achieve stakeholder engagement.

A new type of spherically multilayered core–shell structure was prepared via a simple hard template strategy in the case of ZnO. The structure and morphology characteristics of the resultant product were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The ZnO microspheres with hollow interior and porous shells are multilayered structures with diameters ranging from 0.4 to 3.5 μm. Further investigation of the formation mechanism reveals that the preheating program is vital to the formation of the multishelled structures. To demonstrate the usage of such a multilayered nanomaterial, a chemical gas sensor has been fabricated and investigated for toluene detection. The sensor exhibits excellent sensing performances in terms of high response, low detection limit, rapid response-recovery, and superior selectivity.

This paper proposes an allocation scheme based on cumulative emission per capita to achieve a globally equitable carbon emission space. Within this scheme, each country has an equal cumulative emission per capita during the considered time period, and their annual emission per capita would reach the same level in the converged year. It is quantified by assuming a quadratic annual emission per capita for each country in the allocation interval. The country-specific emission trajectories are provided based on long-term targets, and then adjusted to strictly follow the global emission pathway. We analyze the peak years and associated abatement costs with different starting years under this scheme. Compared with three other schemes, this new allocation scheme considers historical emissions and future needs for developed and developing countries simultaneously.

The microstructures of metal oxide-modified reduced graphene oxide (RGO) are expected to significantly affect room-temperature (RT) gas sensing properties, where the microstructures are dependent on the synthesis methods. Herein, we demonstrate the effect of microstructures on RT NO2 sensing properties by taking typical SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) embellished RGO (SnO2 NPs-RGO) hybrids as examples. The samples were synthesized by growing SnO2 NPs on RGO through hydrothermal reduction (SnO2 NPs-RGO-PR), which display the advantages such as high reactivity of the SnO2 surface with NO2, more oxygen vacancies (OV) and chemisorbed oxygen (OC), close contact between SnO2 NPs and RGO, and large surface area, compared to the samples prepared by one-pot hydrothermal synthesis from Sn4+ and GO (SnO2 NPs-RGO-IS), and the assembly of SnO2 NPs on RGO (SnO2 NPs-RGO-SA). As expected, the SnO2 NPs-RGO-PR-based sensor presents high sensitivity towards 5 ppm NO2 (65.5%), but 35.0% for the SnO2 NPs-RGO-IS-based sensor and 32.8% for the SnO2 NPs-RGO-SA-based sensor at RT. Meanwhile, the corresponding response time and recovery time calculated by achieving 90% of the current change of the SnO2 NPs-RGO-PR-based sensor for exposure to NO2 is 12 s and to air is 17 s, respectively, whereas 74/42 s for the SnO2 NPs-RGO-IS-based sensor and 77/90 s for the SnO2 NPs-RGO-SA-based sensor. The results can prove the tailoring sensing behavior of the gas sensor according to different structures of materials.

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-based NO2 sensors have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent advantages of low power consumption and manufacturability to facilitate massive deployment. However, it is still a great challenge to fabricate RGO-based room-temperatureNO2 sensors with excellent sensing performances. Herein, we have demonstrated a combined surface modification and heteroatom doping approach to enhance the sensing performances of RGO-based room-temperature NO2 sensors, where SnO2 nanoparticles modified nitrogen-doped RGO (SnO2/N-RGO) hybrids had been used as sensing materials. The SnO2/N-RGO hybrids were prepared by hydrothermal synthesis method using SnCl4, GO and urea as precursors. The combined characterizations of X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), elemental mapping, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Raman spectra as well as N2 sorption isotherm were used to characterize the materials thus obtained, indicating the successful preparation of SnO2/N-RGO hybrids. During the hydrothermal progress, SnCl4 conversed into SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs), and GO was reduced into RGO, while urea was decomposed into nitrogen-containing molecule and doped into RGO. It is found that SnO2 NPs with the size of 3–5 nm are uniformly dispersed on N-RGO nanosheets. Most importantly, SnO2/N-RGO hybrids-based sensor exhibits superior sensing performances toward NO2 operated at room temperature, which are better than those of pure RGO and SnO2/RGO hybrids. For example, SnO2/N-RGO hybrids show response of 1.38 to 5 ppm NO2 with the response time and recovery time of 45 s and 168 s. The excellent sensing performances are attributed to incorporation of N atoms into RGO and the modification of RGO with SnO2 NPs. This novel sensor based on SnO2/N-RGO hybrids promises to provide an essential sensing platform for the detection of NO2 with excellent sensing performances at room temperature.

The development of NO2 gas sensors is of great importance for air quality monitoring and human health. In this work, In2O3 and zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) heterostructures were synthesized and designed as efficient sensing materials for NO2 detection. The ZIF-8 nanocrystals were uniformly deposited on In2O3 nanofibers (NFs) by using a self-template strategy, where In2O3/ZnO NFs act as the source of Zn2+ for the formation of ZIF-8 and as the template. By tuning the amount of Zn2+ in the composite NFs, different morphologies from In2O3 NFs with minimal ZIF-8 loading to an In2O3/ZIF-8 core-shell complex were obtained. The optimized In2O3/ZIF-8 NFs show a remarkably high response to 1 ppm NO2 (Rg/Ra = 16.4) and enhanced humidity resistance due to the hydrophobicity of ZIF-8 in comparison with those of the pristine In2O3 NF sensor (Rg/Ra = 4.9) at 140 °C. The gas sensing mechanism of In2O3/ZIF-8, which is based on electron transduction, surface chemistry, and the functional interface between the loaded ZIF-8 and In2O3 matrix, was proposed. Additionally, the large number of pores, which were formed by the in situ conversion of ZnO grains in the matrix, ensures that all parts of the In2O3 NFs are accessible to gases. This facile strategy paves the way for the design of metal oxide/MOF complex architectures with tunable metal centers for various applications, including gas sensing.

Coal keeps dominating the primary energy consumption in China, and is highly-related to the carbon emission and air quality challenge. Recently, China has submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and committed to peak the carbon emission around 2030, and reduce the emission intensity by 60%–65% in 2030 compared to the 2005 level. Moreover, severe haze problem blanketed China in recent years and tends to getting worse, which is directly related to fossil fuel combustion, especially coal consumption in China. To address these challenges, this study carried out an analysis on effect of coal control strategy to energy system and local pollutant reduction. A bottom-up model of China-MAPLE is developed, linking the carbon emission and local pollutant emissions to the coal control policy scenarios. Four scenarios are designed for the energy system and co-benefit study. Three main conclusions can be drawn based on the study: first, the deep energy conservation measures including coal control has apparent effect on the energy system optimization, and the coal peaking year is near 2020 which is highly related and consistent with the carbon peaking. Second, the end-of-pipe control measures will significantly reduce the local pollutant emission, however the reduction is not sufficient enough to achieve the air quality standard. Energy conservation measures, especially coal control strategy, are essential for the source control side. Third, for the co-control from both source control and end-of-pipe control, emission of SO2, NOX and PM2.5 in 2030 will be reduced by 78.85%, 77.56% and 83.32% compared to the level of 2010, which fits the air quality targets, together with carbon peaking target achieved. In electricity generation sector, the source control measures will contribute 10%–35% in future and coal control measures contributes 17%–40% to the local pollutant reduction. The strategy of coal control is of high importance for carbon mitigation and also local pollutant control.

It is still a big challenge for Ag3PO4 to be applied in practice mainly because of its low stability resistant to photo corrosion, although it is an efficient photocatalyst. Herein, we have mainly investigated its activity and stability under indoor weak light for the degradation of dye pollutants. It is amazing that under indoor weak light irradiation, rhodamine B (RhB) can be completely degraded by Ag3PO4 polypods after 36 h, but only 18% of RhB by N-doped TiO2 after 120 h. It is found that under indoor weak light irradiation, the degradation rate (0.08099 h(-1)) of RhB over Ag3PO4 polypods are 46 times higher than that (0.00173 h(-1)) of N-doped TiO2. The high activity of Ag3PO4 polypods are mainly attributed to the three-dimensional branched nanostructure and high-energy {110} facets exposed. After three cycles, surprisingly, Ag3PO4 polypods show a high stability under indoor weak light irradiation, whereas Ag3PO4 have been decomposed into Ag under visible light irradiation with an artificial Xe light source. This natural weak light irradiation strategy could be a promising method for the other unstable photocatalysts in the degradation of environmental pollutants.

A catalyst-free Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction has been developed to synthesize hierarchically porous polymeric microspheres (HPPMs) with phloroglucin and dimethoxymethane. HPPMs with uniform size were obtained and the size can be tuned by the concentration of raw materials. The chemical structure and hierarchical porous characteristic of HPPMs were characterized in detail. HPPMs were then loaded with humidity sensitive material LiCl to construct composites for humidity sensor. The optimum sensor based on 3 wt % LiCl-loaded HPPMs shows high sensitivity at the relative humidity (RH) atmosphere of 11-95%, small hysteresis, enhanced durability and rapid response. The sensitive mechanism was discussed through the investigation of complex impedance plots.

Low-carbon economy is an emerging and inevitable pathway toward sustainable development of cold chain logistics. Low-temperature transportation is the crucial link of cold chain logistics to low-carbon economy and the industry is known to have the higher energy consumption. Prior studies are lacking in involving the carbon emission cost in the optimization process. Route optimization of low-temperature transportation is conducive to the low-carbon cold chain logistics. This study aims to introduce the low-carbon economy into the cold chain logistics. There are various costs needed to be considered in cold chain logistics, and a cold chain logistics route optimization model included the carbon emission cost was developed. Ribonucleic acid computing was combined with ant colony optimization to prevent the influence of unreasonable parameter selection on algorithm performance. This novel proposed approach was applied to solve the route optimization problem of a cold chain logistics firm located in the Xiong'an, China. The results showed this method reduced the overall cost of logistics and minimized the amount of carbon emissions. The finding shed the light on the low-carbon transformational development of cold chain logistics firms.

Energy and water have become major factors limiting sustainable development in China. Energy efficiency and optimization of water management are critical for the healthy growth of the Chinese economy. Current national energy policies fail to adequately address water use issues. Similarly, current water policies do not consider the impact of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, few studies have investigated the relationship between energy consumption and water use. The present study analyzes the energy-water nexus in Chinese industries using input–output tables. Coefficients that characterize the relationship between energy consumption and water are used to describe the supply-consumption relationship between the water supply and primary energy sectors. Next, we calculate the water-saving effects associated with the enforcement of energy-saving policies in selected industrial sectors during the eleventh Five-year Plan, from 2005 to 2010. These calculations address the ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals, petrochemical engineering, building materials, and electricity industries as well as key light industries. Our findings indicate that energy-saving efforts in these industries will result in savings in water consumption. This study suggests that a cooperative relationship between water and energy conservation efforts should be an important factor in creating policies that encourage simultaneous savings of both resources. Additionally, the study indicates that government should promote water- and energy-saving techniques in key industrial sectors to encourage cooperative water and energy conservation.

Core–shell α-Fe₂O₃@NiO nanofibers with hollow nanostructures are synthesized by a facile coaxial electrospinning method and calcination procedure and present enhanced HCHO gas sensing performances.

Advanced sensing materials are in high demand for sensitive, real-time, and continuous detection of gas molecules for gas sensors, which have been becoming an effective tool for environmental monitoring and disease diagnosis. Cobalt-containing spinel oxides are promising sensing materials for the gas-sensing reaction owing to their element abundance and remarkable activity. Structural and component properties can be modulated to optimize the sensing performances by substituting Co with other transition metals. Herein, a systematic study of spinel MCo2O4 oxides (M = Mn, Ni, and Zn) toward gas sensing is presented. Results show that ZnCo2O4 materials with a multishelled hollow twin-sphere structure obtained excellent sensing performances to formaldehyde and acetone at different temperatures. The replacement of Co with Zn in the lattice improves the oxygen-chemisorbing ability, which allows new opportunities to synthesize and design highly sensitive chemical sensors.

To date, it is still a big challenge to investigate the charge transfer behavior from bulk to surface for the solar energy conversion and utilization. Herein, the BiF3/BiOCl heterojunction has been prepared through a mild post-synthesis method. Surface photovoltage spectra (SPV) results show that only negative SPV signal can be observed for BiOCl, suggesting that the photogenerated electrons mainly move to the surfaces and accumulate on the surface; both negative and positive signals can be observed for 38% BiF3/BiOCl, indicating that photogenerated electrons and holes can both move to the surfaces and accumulate on the surface; but nearly no SPV signal can be observed for BiF3, demonstrating that nearly no electrons or holes can accumulate on the surface. Furthermore, under ultraviolet light irradiation (λ ≤ 420 nm), the degradation rate is 5.3 and 5.8 times higher than that of BiOCl and BiF3 for the degradation of 2-nitrophenol, respectively. We hold that the charges transfer and separation efficiency of BiF3/BiOCl have been significantly improved by the synergetic effect of the surface electric field, bulk internal electric field and interface electric field. This work could help us to intensively understand the charge transfer behavior of a heterojunction photocatalyst.

The analysis of exhaled human breath has great significance for early noninvasive diagnosis. Poor selectivity and strong humidity are two bottlenecks for the application of gas sensors to exhaled breath analysis. In this work, we utilized the adsorption, dissolution, ionization, and migration processes of ammonia in wet nonconjugated hydrophilic polymers to realize effective ammonia detection. The indispensable high-humidity atmosphere of exhaled breath was turned into a favorable condition for ammonia sensing. Nonconjugated polymer sensors can distinguish ammonia from most other gases because of its extremely high solubility and good ionization ability. A sensor based on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) could detect 0.5 ppm ammonia with an extremely high selectivity. The ammonia-sensing mechanism was thoroughly investigated by complex impedance plots (CIPs) and a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurement. Finally, the potential of the PVP sensor for ammonia detection in exhaled breath was evaluated in simulated environments.

The rod-like α-Fe2O3/NiO heterojunction nanocomposite was prepared by one-step hydrothermal method. These nanorods were composed of numerous NiO and α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The p-n heterojunction between NiO and α-Fe2O3 built the heterojunction barrier at the interface of the two oxides. The amount of oxygen vacancies and the adsorbed oxygens of α-Fe2O3/NiO composite were increased because of the existence of the heterojunction, which enhanced the gas sensing properties. The response of α-Fe2O3/NiO sensor reached 290 for 100 ppm acetone at the optimum work temperature of 280 °C. Besides, it exhibited the fast response/recovery time (28 s/40 s), good selectivity and long-term stability. Therefore, this work provides a facile approach to prepare α-Fe2O3/ NiO heterojunction nanocomposite as a promising material of gas sensors for detecting acetone.

In this work, the chitosan wrapped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-CS) composited material was prepared by surface deposition and crosslinking method. This mild process can maintain the unique properties of the original carbon nanotubes intact. The morphological character of MWCNTs-CS was examined via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. MWCNTs-CS was used as sensing film to fabricate quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) humidity sensors. The optimized sensor possesses high response sensitivity (46.7 Hz/% RH), negligible humidity hysteresis (around 1.1% RH), quick response and recovery time (75 s/34 s), and remarkable reversibility, repeatability, long-term stability and selectivity. Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was used to study the adsorption process of water molecules on MWCNTs-CS film, and the Gibbs free adsorption energy was calculated as −21.85 kJ/mol. By combining the good mechanic properties of MWCNTs and the high hydrophilia of chitosan, the MWCNTs-CS composites are promising for humidity sensing application.

A series of Cu-doped layered P2-type Na0.67Ni0.33-xCuxMn0.67O2 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.33) were fabricated using a convenient solid-state method and studied as cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The microstructure and morphology of the cathode materials were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. The electrochemical characteristics of Na0.67Ni0.33-xCuxMn0.67O2 samples have been investigated systematically and it shows good capacity retention, cycling stability and rate performance by introducing electrochemically active Cu2+ ions as substituents. When x= 0.15, the sample delivers an initial discharge capacity of 120 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C in the voltage range 2–4.3 V with a capacity retention of 78% after 200 cycles, and a reversible capacity of 62 mAh g-1 can be obtained at a high current rate of 20 C. Compared with the pristine compound, the enhanced electrochemical performance can be attributed to the Cu2+ inserted into the transition metal (TM) layer, which stabilizes the P2-phase structure against P2-O2 phase transition when charging to high voltage. Meanwhile, the presence of copper also contributes to the reversible capacity based on the Cu2+/Cu3+ redox reaction. This strategy can improve the cyclability and rate performance by enhancing the stability between TM layers.

The global expansion and intensification of toxic cyanobacterial blooms require effective algaecides. Algaecides should be selective, effective, fast-acting, and ideally suppress cyanotoxin production. In this study, whether both maximum growth suppression and minimal toxin production can be simultaneously achieved was tested with a selective algaecide H2O2, through its ability to induce apoptosis-like programmed cell death (AL PCD) in a common bloom species Microcystis aeruginosa. Under doses of 1−15 mg L−1, non-monotonic dose-response suppression of H2O2 on M. aeruginosa were observed, where maximal cell death and minimal microcystin production both occurred at a moderate dose of 10 mg L−1 H2O2. Maximal cell death was indeed achieved through AL PCD, as revealed by integrated biochemical, structural, physiological and transcriptional evidence; transcriptional profile suggested AL PCD was mediated by mazEF and lexA systems. Higher H2O2 doses directly led to necrosis in M. aeruginosa, while lower doses only caused recoverable stress. The integrated data showed the choice between the two modes of cell death is determined by the intracellular energy state under stress. A model was proposed for suppressing M. aeruginosa with AL PCD or necrosis. H2O2 was demonstrated to simultaneously maximize the suppression of both growth and microcystin production through triggering AL PCD.

Deep decarbonization pathways (DDPs) can be cost-effective for carbon mitigation, but they also have environmental co-benefits and economic impacts that cannot be ignored. Despite many empirical studies on the co-benefits of NDCs at the national or sectoral level, there is lack of integrated assessment on DDPs for their energy, economic, and environmental impact. This is due to the limitations of bottom-up and top-down models when used alone. This paper aims to fill this gap and link the bottom-up MAPLE model with a top-down CGE model to evaluate China's DDPs' comprehensive impacts. First, results show that carbon dioxide emissions can be observed to peak in or before 2030, and non-fossil energy consumption in 2030 is around 27%, which is well above the NDC target of 20%. Second, significant environmental co-benefits can be expected: 7.1 million tons of SO2, 3.96 million tons of NOx, and 1.02 million tons of PM2.5 will be reduced in the DDP scenario compared to the reference scenario. The health co-benefits demonstrated with the model-linking approach is around 678 billion RMB, and we observe that the linked model results are more in accordance with the conclusions of existing studies. Third, after linking, we find the real GDP loss from deep decarbonization is reduced from 0.92% to 0.54% in 2030. If the environmental co-benefits are considered, the GDP loss is further offset by 0.39%. The primary innovation of this study is to give a full picture of DDPs' impact, considering both environmental co-benefits and economic losses. We aim to provide positive evidence that developing countries can achieve targets higher than stated in the NDCs through DDP efforts, which will have clear environmental co-benefits to offset the economic losses.

Understanding the underlying forces of China’s climate governance, and assessing the effectiveness of China’s climate institutions, are critical to the global climate governance architecture. This paper reviews the evolution of China’s climate governance system over the past three decades, and examines how factors such as socioeconomic transitions, cognitive shifts associated with climate change, as well as international climate politics have influenced China’s climate institutions. We argue that the evolution of climate governance is influenced by the varying dynamics between climate change and Chinese state’s quest for performance legitimacy. The positive co-benefits between climate change, energy conservation and environment quality triggered the creation of a dedicated climate agency, which then become an anchor to China’s Five-Year Plan and a centerpiece of climate policy communities. The announcement of a climate neutrality target marked a new moment for China as climate change become a new source of performance legitimacy.

Electronic skins (e-skins) with an excellent sensing performance have been widely developed over the last few decades. However, wearability, biocompatibility, environmental friendliness and scalability have become new limitations. Self-healing ability can improve the long-term robustness and reliability of e-skins. However, self-healing ability and integration are hardly balanced in classical structures of self-healable devices. Here, cellulose nanofiber/poly(vinyl alcohol) (CNF/PVA), a biocompatible moisture-inspired self-healable composite, was applied both as the binder in functional layers and the substrate. Various functional layers comprising particular carbon materials and CNF/PVA were patterned on the substrate. A planar structure was beneficial for integration, and the active self-healing ability of the functional layers endowed self-healed e-skins with a higher toughness. Water served as both the only solvent throughout the fabrication process and the trigger of the self-healing process, which avoids the pollution and bioincompatibility caused by the application of noxious additives. Our e-skins could achieve real-time monitoring of whole-body physiological signals and environmental temperature and humidity. Cross-interference between different external stimuli was suppressed through reasonable material selection and structural design. Combined with conventional electronics, data could be transmitted to a nearby smartphone for post-processing. This work provides a previously unexplored strategy for multifunctional e-skins with an excellent practicality.

A flexible dual functional electrochemical sensor based on macroscopic polyaniline (PANI) film is reported. The PANI film is prepared by interfacial synthesis without any additional templates and surfactants, and is easily transferred from the water surface to any substrate. The surface of PANI film is flat and has a certain degree of crystallization. The PANI film exhibits good electrochemical properties, which is attributed to the order structure of PANI. The flexible sensor based on PANI film exhibits good electrochemical performances to pH and lactate. And the flexible PANI sensor has good reproducibility, selectivity and long-term stability. Meanwhile, the PANI sensor is also applied to detect the actual sample (such as food and human sweat), and the results are in accordance with the commercial pH meter, indicating the reliability of the PANI sensor.

Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) play an important role in controlled cancer drug delivery. Anticancer drugs can be conjugated or encapsulated by polymeric nanocarriers, which are known as polymeric nanomedicine. Polymeric nanomedicine has shown its potential in providing sustained release of drugs with reduced cytotoxicity and modified tumor retention, but until now, few delivery systems loading drugs have been able to meet clinical demands, so more efforts are needed. This research reviews the current state of the cancer drug-loading system by exhibiting a series of published articles that highlight the novelty and functions from a variety of different architectures including micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, polymersomes, hydrogels, and metal-organic frameworks. These may contribute to the development of useful polymeric NPs to achieve different therapeutic purposes.

In this work, Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) are prepared by a simple solvothermal method, in which acetic acid/N, N-dimethylformamide (HAc/DMF) mixture solvents are employed to regulate the particle morphology, exposed facets and ligand defects. At HAc/DMF = 0/50, 5/45 and 8/42 (volume ratio), the irregular particles (MIL-53(Fe)), elongated icosahedrons (5H-MIL-101(Fe)) and icosahedrons (8H-MIL-101(Fe)) are obtained, respectively. Under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm) and the addition of sodium persulfate (PS), 5H-MIL-101(Fe) shows the highest degradation activity for tetracycline (TC). Specifically, 80% of TC has been removed by 5H-MIL-101(Fe) within 25 min, and the degradation kinetics rate is 3.03 times higher than that over MIL-53(Fe). The improvement of catalytic activity is mainly attributed to the active facets exposed and ligand defects of 5H-MIL-101(Fe). Density functional theory (DFT) calculation further confirms that the active facets exposed and ligand defects of 5H-MIL-101(Fe) favor the adsorption and activation of PS, benefiting the generation of •SO4−. Besides, a probable degradation pathway of TC is proposed based on trapping experiments and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) test. Furthermore, the toxicities of intermediates are predicted by the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) mathematical model. This work demonstrates that visible light enhanced PS activation (Vis-PSA) can more effectively degrade organic pollutants, and this work also provides a simple strategy to precisely regulate ligand defects and actively exposed facets of Fe-MOFs to enhance the adsorption and activation of PS.

Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2) is a tight junction protein that is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors such as gastrointestinal cancer and oesophageal cancer. It has been identified as a promising target and a potential biomarker to diagnose tumor, evaluate efficacy, and determine patient prognosis. TST001 is a recombinant humanized CLDN18.2 antibody that selectively binds to the extracellular loop of human Claudin18.2. In this study, we constructed a solid target radionuclide zirconium-89 (89Zr) labled-TST001 to detect the expression of in the human stomach cancer BGC823CLDN18.2 cell lines. The [89Zr]Zr-desferrioxamine (DFO)-TST001 showed high radiochemical purity (RCP, >99%) and specific activity (24.15 ± 1.34 GBq/μmol), and was stable in 5% human serum albumin, and phosphate buffer saline (>85% RCP at 96 h). The EC50 values of TST001 and DFO-TST001 were as high as 0.413 ± 0.055 and 0.361 ± 0.058 nM (P > 0.05), respectively. The radiotracer had a significantly higher average standard uptake values in CLDN18.2-positive tumors than in CLDN18.2-negative tumors (1.11 ± 0.02 vs. 0.49 ± 0.03, P = 0.0016) 2 days post injection (p.i.). BGC823CLDN18.2 mice models showed high tumor/muscle ratios 96 h p.i. with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-TST001 was much higher than those of the other imaging groups. Immunohistochemistry results showed that BGC823CLDN18.2 tumors were highly positive (+++) for CLDN18.2, while those in the BGC823 group did not express CLDN18.2 (-). The results of ex vivo biodistribution studies showed that there was a higher distribution in the BGC823CLDN18.2 tumor bearing mice (2.05 ± 0.16 %ID/g) than BGC823 mice (0.69 ± 0.02 %ID/g) and blocking group (0.72 ± 0.02 %ID/g). A dosimetry estimation study showed that the effective dose of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-TST001 was 0.0705 mSv/MBq, which is within the range of acceptable doses for nuclear medicine research. Taken together, these results suggest that Good Manufacturing Practices produced by this immuno-positron emission tomography probe can detect CLDN18.2-overexpressing tumors.

Equity and efficiency are two important factors guiding the mitigation of anthropogenic emissions to achieve the Paris climate goals. Previous studies have proposed a range of allocations of global carbon budgets, but few have quantified the equity–efficiency interaction. Based on an investigation of the existing allocation literature, this study conducts a novel analysis using a ‘mixed’ allocation ‘big-data’ framework to understand the equity–efficiency interaction in the distribution of global carbon budgets under 2 °C and 1.5 °C warming targets. At a global scale, a carbon Gini coefficient and aggregate abatement costs are used as quantitative metrics to reflect equity and efficiency, respectively. Results show an equity–efficiency frontier that reflects the opportunity for the international community to co-improve equity and efficiency on top of existing allocations. However, the frontier also features strong trade-offs to further improve equity and efficiency if national allocations are to be achieved individually. Our analysis verifies that such trade-offs are sensitively dependent on the level of global connection and integration. Linking national mitigation actions and potentials can help promote equity–efficiency synergies and contribute to the efficient achievement of the Paris Agreement's temperature and equity goals.

This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of solids retention time (SRT) and influent nutrient concentration on the specific growth rate and nutrient removal efficacy of Monoraphidium sp. in a continuous mode membrane photobioreactor (MPBR). At SRT of 1 d, maximum biomass productivity of 421 mg·L−1·d−1 and nutrient removal rates of 59.9 % and 79.8 % for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were achieved. After reducing the influent nutrient concentration, Monoraphidium sp. maintained high biomass productivity of 385 mg·L−1·d−1 and nutrient removal rates of >95 % for TN and TP. The most important factor in Monoraphidium sp. growth assessment was intracellular nitrogen concentration (QN) rather than extracellular nutrient concentration. Flynn modified Droop model showed a better fit when the dimensionless parameter (Kq) was 0.235 for the relationship between the specific growth rate (μ) and QN. The model also revealed that even at low nitrogen concentrations (0.1 mg·L−1), the nitrogen removal capacity of Monoraphidium sp. was equal to its maximum removal capacity. Even at different extracellular nutrient concentrations, the Flynn model showed a linear relationship between μ and light irradiance per unit algae biomass (Iavp), when Iavp was below 18 μmol·g−1·s−1. This study highlights the promising potential of Monoraphidium sp. in MPBR. It demonstrates that considering QN and Iavp is essential for optimizing MPBR to achieve high biomass production and inorganic nutrient removal from secondary wastewater effluent.

This study addresses the high cost and high carbon emissions associated with the transportation sector. An environmental cold chain logistics distribution center location model has been designed by considering various constraints such as demand, time windows, and cost factors associated with cargo damage, refrigeration of cold chain cargo, and carbon emissions. An environmental cold chain logistics distribution center location model is designed for the raw materials of low-temperature storage and transportation in the semiconductor supply chain to achieve sustainable development by reducing carbon emissions. This study effectively reduces transportation costs and carbon emissions. To address the issues of slow convergence speed and susceptibility to local optima in the conventional whale optimization algorithm (WOA), a hybrid arithmetic whale optimization algorithm (HAWOA) is proposed by combining arithmetic optimization and the honey badger algorithm. Simulation analysis shows that the HAWOA is capable of obtaining the location scheme with the minimum distribution cost under the same number of iterations, which provides a substantial advantage compared to other algorithms.

The hydrological system of thebasin of Lake Urmia is complex, deriving its supply from a network comprising 13 perennial rivers, along withnumerous small springs and direct precipitation onto the lake’s surface. Among these contributors, approximately half of the inflow is attributed to the Zarrineh River and the Simineh River. Remarkably, Lake Urmia lacks a natural outlet, with its water loss occurring solely through evaporation processes. This study employed a comprehensive methodology integrating ground surveys, remote sensing analyses, and meticulous documentation of historical landslides within the basin as primary information sources. Through this investigative approach, we preciselyidentified and geolocated a total of 512 historical landslide occurrences across the Urmia Lake drainage basin, leveraging GPS technology for precision. Thisarticle introduces a suite of hybrid machine learning predictive models, such as support-vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), decision trees (DT), logistic regression (LR), fuzzy logic (FL), and the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS). These models were strategically deployed to assess landslide susceptibility within the region. The outcomes of the landslide susceptibility assessment reveal that the main high susceptible zones for landslide occurrence are concentrated in the northwestern, northern, northeastern, and some southern and southeastern areas of the region. Moreover, when considering the implementation of predictions using different algorithms, it became evident that SVM exhibited superior performance regardingboth accuracy (0.89) and precision (0.89), followed by RF, with and accuracy of 0.83 and a precision of 0.83. However, it is noteworthy that TOPSIS yielded the lowest accuracy value among the algorithms assessed.

The structural and electronic properties of two heteroleptic iridium complexes Ir(dfppy)2(pic) (FIrpic) and Ir(dfppy)2(acac) (FIracac) have been investigated theoretically, where dfppy = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl) pyridine, pic = picolinic acid, and acac = acetoylacetonate. The geometries of ground and excited states are optimized at PBE0/LANL2DZ and CIS/LANL2DZ levels, respectively. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method is employed to explore the absorption and emission properties. In the ground state, the highest-occupied molecular orbital has a significant mixture of metal Ir(d) and dfppy(pi), the lowest-unoccupied orbital locates primarily on pi* of pic for FIrpic and pi* of dfppy for FIracac. The luminescence of each complex originates from the lowest triplet excited state, which is assigned to the mixing of metal-to-ligand charge transfer and intraligand charge transfer characters. The effects of ancillary ligands pic and acac on absorption and emission spectra are observed by analysis of TDDFT results. The connection between the nature of excited states and the behavior of the complexes with different ancillary ligands is elucidated.

In this study the relationships between attachment to parents, parental rearing, and adolescent subjective well-being were investigated. A total of 448 senior high school students completed the Adult Attachment Relationship Questionnaire (RQ; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991), the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale (ECR; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998), EMBU (Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran, or "Own memories of parental rearing"), the Index of Well-Being (IWB) and the Face Subjective Well-Being (FSWB; Andrews & Withey, 1976). The results suggested that the subjective well-being of securely attached adolescents was higher than that of insecurely attached adolescents. Avoidance of parents negatively predicted adolescents' subjective well-being. Maternal punishment was negatively associated with Chinese adolescents' subjective well-being. However, paternal care and warm emotion, as well as paternal overprotection, were positively associated with Chinese adolescents' subjective well-being. Furthermore, maternal negative rearing and paternal positive rearing predicted male adolescents' subjective well-being.

La0.5Sr0.5MnO3 single-crystal cubes and nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal and citrate routes, respectively. Their catalytic properties for low-temperature CO oxidation and high-temperature CH4 combustion were evaluated, and the effects of crystal structure and morphology on the catalytic properties of the catalysts were investigated. The activity (220 °C) of the complete oxidation of CO over the single cubes was lower than that (190 °C) over the nanoparticles. After running at 600 °C for 48 h under the reaction conditions, the surface area of the nanoparticles decreased significantly, but the cubes nearly maintained their surface area. For CH4 combustion, the La0.5Sr0.5MnO3 cubes showed a higher activity (T10=360°C, T10: the temperature at 10% conversion of CH4) than the nanoparticles (T10=440°C). The different activities were attributed to their different crystal structures and morphologies.

Hierarchical hollow Au-loaded NiO hybrid microspheres have been synthesized with good uniformity by a surfactant-free hydrothermal route and subsequent heat treatment. This method requires high concentrations of a nickel precursor (0.2 M) and introduction of a trace amount of Au nanoparticles into the reaction system. The hierarchical hollow Au-loaded NiO hybrid microsphere comprises several nanorods and nanosheets. To demonstrate the usage of such hierarchical hybrid nanomaterials, a gas sensor has been fabricated from the as-synthesized Au-loaded NiO microspheres and investigated for acetone detection. The Au-loaded NiO sensor exhibits significantly improved sensing performances in terms of high sensitivity, low detection limit, better selectivity, rapid response, and good reproducibility in comparison with pure NiO. The effects of Au loading on the acetone-sensing properties of hierarchical NiO microspheres have been investigated.

A plate-like carbon-coated Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP/C) powder composed of nanoplates was synthesized by a hydrothermal route. The structure and electrochemical properties of the LVP/C are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling. This LVP/C electrode exhibits good rate performance at room temperature with a specific capacity of 113.8 and 128.8 mAh g−1 at 6 C rate in the voltage range of 3.0–4.3 V and 3.0–4.8 V, respectively. The sample also shows good cycling performance with 91.4% and 85% of capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 C rate. Even at −20 °C, the plate-like LVP/C delivers a stable cycling performance with a specific capacity of 120.7 mAh g−1, being 95.3% of the capacity at room temperature, and after 80 cycles, the capacity retention is 97.2%.

Advanced MaterialsVolume 22, Issue 24 p. 2702-2705 Communication Color-stable White Electroluminescence Based on a Cross-linked Network Film Prepared by Electrochemical Copolymerization Cheng Gu, Cheng Gu State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorTeng Fei, Teng Fei State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorYing Lv, Ying Lv State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorTao Feng, Tao Feng State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorShanfeng Xue, Shanfeng Xue State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorDan Lu, Dan Lu State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorYuguang Ma, Corresponding Author Yuguang Ma ygma@jlu.edu.cn State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China).Search for more papers by this author Cheng Gu, Cheng Gu State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorTeng Fei, Teng Fei State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorYing Lv, Ying Lv State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorTao Feng, Tao Feng State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorShanfeng Xue, Shanfeng Xue State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorDan Lu, Dan Lu State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)Search for more papers by this authorYuguang Ma, Corresponding Author Yuguang Ma ygma@jlu.edu.cn State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China)State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials Jilin University Changchun, 130012 (P. R. China).Search for more papers by this author First published: 28 June 2010 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201000347Citations: 73Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Abstract The first white-emissive cross-linked films and devices obtained by electrochemical copolymerization that have significantly improved color stability are reported (see figure). The device exhibited the CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.35), a CRI of 88, and extremely stable white-light emission over a wide range of driving voltages of 8–22 V. This kind of new ECP film afforded more opportunities to develop color-stable white-light-emission. Citing Literature Supporting Information Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as "Supporting Information". Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Filename Description adma_201000347_sm_suppdata.pdf430 KB suppdata Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article. Volume22, Issue24June 25, 2010Pages 2702-2705 RelatedInformation

In2O3 micro/nanotubes (MNTs) with different diameters are successfully synthesized by an effective and template-free coaxial electrospinning method. The diameters of the MNTs can be simply tailored by controlling the ratio of reactants. The HCHO sensing tests of as-prepared MNTs reveal that the samples possess high response value, fast response and recovery rate, and favorable selectivity. Moreover, compared with the large diameter (∼1 μm or ∼500 nm) In2O3 MNTs, the small diameter (∼100 nm) In2O3 MNTs exhibit highly enhanced sensing properties. The gas sensing mechanism of In2O3 MNTs has been discussed in detail. The promising HCHO-sensing properties enable In2O3 MNTs to be a competitive candidate for detecting poisonous HCHO in practice. The experiment also indicates that the coaxial electrospinning is an environmental friendly and easy method for constructing tubular structure of metal oxides with different diameters for various applications.

The flower-like pristine (ZnO) and PdO-decorated ZnO (PdO-ZnO) materials with hierarchical structure were synthesized by a surfactant-free hydrothermal route and subsequent heat treatment. This method requires high concentrations of a zinc precursor (0.1 M) and introduction of an amount of PdO nanoparticles into the reaction system. The flower-like ZnO nanostructures comprises many aggregative rods with the diameter of about 200 nm. Having fabricated gas sensors based on the pristine and PdO-decorated flower-like ZnO, we find that the PdO-ZnO sensor exhibits a response of 100 ppm C7H8 and C2H5OH, which is about 4–5 times higher than that of pristine ZnO at the optimal operating temperature of 240 and 320 °C. The enhanced sensing performance demonstrates that the distinct increases in response are attributed to the sensitisation effect of PdO. The effects of PdO decorating on the sensing properties of flower-like ZnO structures have been investigated.

Hollow NiO–SnO2 nanospheres have been fabricated via a simple one-pot template-free method. The synthesis is based on solvothermal treatment of stannate and nickel nitrate as the precursor in a mixed solvent of heptane–ethanol. The hollow nanospheres show diameters of about 200–300 nm with the wall thickness of about 50 nm, and the shell consists of numerous small nanoparticles. The gas sensor based on hollow NiO–SnO2 nanospheres exhibits high response and quick response–recovery to NH3, which are much better compared with sensors based on solid NiO–SnO2 nanospheres. The enhanced sensor performances are attributed to the larger surface area and fast gas diffusion.

The highly porous Co3O4 nanorods are prepared by a simple hydrothermal method, in which CO(NH2)2 is employed as precipitating agent, and K60 (PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone) is used as surfactant to improve the stability of the nanoparticles. For comparison, the bulk Co3O4 is prepared by thermal decomposition of cobalt nitrate. The samples are characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (ED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, N2 adsorption, Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), H2-temperature programmed reduction (TPR), CO-, CH4-, and O2-temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The catalluminescence (CTL) and catalytic properties of the samples are investigated extensively. The results show that the Co3O4 nanorods are composed of nanoparticles, and have a large number of pores with a narrow pore size distribution (1.5–7 nm). Compared with the bulk Co3O4, the porous nanorods have a higher CTL intensity of CO oxidation, and a higher activity of CH4 combustion especially at a higher gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), which has been ascribed to its porous structure and larger surface area.

We report the photodegradation of rhodamine B (RhB), methyl orange (MO) and their mixture solutions at different pH values by the Ag3PO4 dodecahedrons, which are synthesized by a simple precipitation method at room temperature. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and UV–vis diffuse-reflection spectra (UV-DRS). The contrast experiments, in which dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is added as the scavenger of ·OH, confirm that the addition of acid favors the formation of more ·OH free radicals. As a result, the higher degradation efficiency can be achieved under acidic condition than under alkaline and neutral conditions for RhB, MO and their mixture dyes. Furthermore, the Ag3PO4 dodecahedrons also show a high visible-light degradation activity for the RhB–MO mixture dye solution, in which the degradation efficiency of MO is significantly superior to that of RhB. This work could be expected to make a big step toward the practical application of photocatalysis technology.

China recently announced its national emissions trading scheme, advancing market-based approaches to cutting greenhouse gas emissions. Its evolution over coming years will determine whether it becomes an effective part of China’s portfolio of climate policies.

China׳s 12th Five-Year Plan, released in March 2011, specifies water management targets in addition to energy and carbon intensity targets. Energy and water resources are becoming the major bottlenecks restricting sustainable development in China. Energy and water are interconnected and complementary; however, macroenergy policies do not consider the impact on water resources, while water related policies do not consider the impact on energy consumption. In this paper, an energy-water evaluation methodology based on an input–output model was introduced, and correlation between energy and water supply sectors was established by this methodology. The correlation coefficients for the energy-water nexus, allowing the water savings associated with energy saving policies in China to be estimated, particularly for key industrial sectors during the 12th Five-Year Plan period were provided. These results indicate that by achieving the energy saving targets in the end of the 12th Five-Year Plan, progress will also be made toward achieving the water use targets. It is believed that targets for the synergies between energy savings and water conservation should be improved. The effect of water conservation resulting from energy savings varies greatly in different sectors, and to maximize the synergies, energy and water conservation technologies should be promoted in key industrial sectors.

In this paper, we demonstrate room-temperature NO2 gas sensors using Pd nanoparticles (NPs) and SnO2 NPs decorated reduced graphene oxide (Pd-SnO2-RGO) hybrids as sensing materials. It is found that ultrafine Pd NPs and SnO2 NPs with particle sizes of 3-5 nm are attached to RGO nanosheets. Compared to SnO2-RGO hybrids, the sensor based on Pd-SnO2-RGO hybrids exhibited higher sensitivity at room temperature, where the response to 1 ppm NO2 was 3.92 with the response time and recovery time being 13 s and 105 s. Moreover, such sensor exhibited excellent selectivity, and low detection limit (50 ppb). In addition to high transport capability of RGO as well as excellent NO2 adsorption ability derived from ultrafine SnO2 NPs and Pd NPs, the superior sensing performances of the hybrids were attributed to the synergetic effect of Pd NPs, SnO2 NPs and RGO. Particularly, the excellent sensing performances were related to high conductivity and catalytic activity of Pd NPs. Finally, the sensing mechanism for NO2 sensing and the reason for enhanced sensing performances by introduction of Pd NPs are also discussed.

The systematic clarification of the photocatalytic process in different kinds of systems is significantly instructive to recognize the photocatalytic mechanism and design novel efficient photocatalysts. The types of the active species (such as OH and O2−) generated in the photocatalytic process are complicated and their roles playing in the photocatalysis remain obscure and controversial. Aimed at these problems, the active species in the degradation process of methyl orange (MO) were investigated by using TiO2 and ZnO photocatalysts. Various surface analysis techniques (NMR, ESR, photoluminescence technique, etc.) were used to study their mechanisms in the degradation of MO under UV light irradiation. As a result, it was found that in TiO2 system, OH was generated by photo-generated holes; while in ZnO system, OH was generated by photo-generated holes and O2−. The larger numbers of the active species and their incessant sources in ZnO system contributed to the better activity. The conclusions were first found in the investigation of the active species between the two catalysts and would provide certain theoretical guidance in seeking the new pathway to increase the concentration of the active species and the photocatalytic activity.

Mg-Al-Pb-Zn alloy is a typical anode material used for high-power seawater activated battery. The chemical composition of a series of Mg-Al-Pb-(Zn) alloys is optimized by a L9 orthogonal array test and the effects of alloying elements, such as aluminium, lead and zinc, on electrochemical properties are investigated through signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) analysis. Microstructure characterization and half-cell test demonstrate that the selected optimal Mg-6%Al-7%Pb-0.5%Zn (wt%) alloy is a good candidate as an anode material for seawater activated battery application due to its high discharge activity, negative discharge potential in large current densities and comparatively higher anode utilization efficiency. The prototype battery assembled with Mg-6%Al-7%Pb-0.5%Zn alloy as anode and AgCl as cathode reveals excellent discharge performance, reaching a superior specific energy of 155 Wh·kg−1.

A simple, low-cost alkaline treatment method not only greatly increases the BET surface area, but also improves the charge separation efficiency of ZnS.

The microstructure, deformation and fracture behaviour of a Nb-20Si-24Ti-2Al-2Cr alloy with a ductile/stiffening NbSS/Nb5Si3 structure prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and arc melting (AM) techniques were investigated. An ultra-fine NbSS/Nb5Si3 microstructure, approximately ~ 2 μm in phase size, was obtained when this Nb-Si based alloy powder prepared by the plasma rotating electrode atomization technique (PREA) was SPSed, and the SPS sample consisted of a continuous Nb matrix with equiaxed- and worm-like Nb5Si3 islands. The AM sample contained largely primary Nb5Si3 phase and coarsened NbSS/Nb5Si3 eutectic that was distributed in the primary Nb5Si3 boundaries. Different deformation and failure modes were present in the NbSS phase of the SPS and AM samples. The active dislocation of 〈1 1 1〉/2 operated in the fine SPS NbSS phase, resulting in a dimple failure of the SPS NbSS phase and a fracture toughness (KQ) of the bulk SPS NbSS/Nb5Si3 microstructure as high as 18.4 MPa·m1/2. However, the immovable dislocation of 〈1 0 0〉 enhanced {0 0 1} cleavage failure of the coarsened AM NbSS phase, which significantly decreased KQ of the bulk AM NbSS/Nb5Si3 microstructure to 11.5 MPa·m1/2.

In this work, we have reported a novel NO2 sensor using molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles (MoS2 NPs) decorated RGO (MoS2-RGO) hybrids as sensing materials, where MoS2-RGO hybrids were prepared by a two-step wet-chemical method. Firstly, MoS2 NPs prepared by modified liquid exfoliation method from bulky MoS2 powder. Then, MoS2-RGO hybrids were obtained by self-assembly of MoS2 NPs and GO nanosheets, followed by a facile hydrothermal treatment progress. The combined characterizations indicate that MoS2 NPs with the size of 3–5 nm are uniformly dispersed on RGO nanosheets. Most importantly, the sensor based on MoS2-RGO hybrids could detect NO2 at room temperature. To further improve sensing performances, especially response and recovery rate, sensing properties are further examined by increasing the operation temperature to 160 °C. It is notably seen that MoS2-RGO-based NO2 sensor not only shows improved sensitivity to NO2 compared to pure RGO-based sensor, but also exhibits fast response and recovery characteristics (response time and recovery time are 8 s and 20 s toward 3 ppm NO2). This work paves a new way for application of MoS2 and RGO in chemical sensors, providing an effective method for fabrication of NO2 sensors with high sensitivity and fast response/recovery rate.

Endocrine therapy resistance invariably develops in advanced estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We have identified C-terminal SRC kinase (CSK) as a critical node in a previously unappreciated negative feedback loop that limits the efficacy of current ER-targeted therapies. Estrogen directly drives CSK expression in ER+ breast cancer. At low CSK levels, as is the case in patients with ER+ breast cancer resistant to endocrine therapy and with the poorest outcomes, the p21 protein-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) becomes activated and drives estrogen-independent growth. PAK2 overexpression is also associated with endocrine therapy resistance and worse clinical outcome, and the combination of a PAK2 inhibitor with an ER antagonist synergistically suppressed breast tumor growth. Clinical approaches to endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer must overcome the loss of this estrogen-induced negative feedback loop that normally constrains the growth of ER+ tumors.

Owing to the outstanding dielectric properties derived from the conjugated π-electron systems, conjugated polymers have been explored and developed in capacitive humidity sensors for a few decades. In this work, a series of composites - mesoporous silica and semiconducting polymers - MCM-41 (MCM, Mesoporous Crystalline Material)/PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) were chemically obtained by in-situ polymerization at 0 °C, while the amounts of PEDOT were adjusted by different evaporation times of EDOT (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) in the porous MCM-41 film. Additionally, it was able to modulate both the dielectricity and porosity of the composites via this convenient approach. The obtained capacitive humidity sensors based on MCM-41/PEDOT composites exhibit much better sensing performance than their bulk counterparts, with wider humidity sensing range, higher sensitivity and much faster response speed.

Understanding the energy use and choice behaviors in urban China is essential to curb its energy consumption and air pollutant emissions. Current energy consumption estimates for urban households in China rarely account for the effects of building types on energy choice behavior, thus may lead to biased policy implications. In this paper, we estimate the determinants of household energy consumption for different energy choice scenarios through the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) model, using urban household data. The empirical results show that household use of various energy carriers is driven by household income, fuel price, demographics, building attributes and lifestyles. Results show building types have a significant effect on household energy consumption behaviors. Households living in old houses have less access to clean energy, such as piped gas. Income and price elasticities of energy consumption vary with energy type in each scenario, and there exist certain substitution effects among different types of energy carriers. In particular, inter-fuel substitute elasticities between coal and clean energy are asymmetric. Our study highlights the significance of city planning and infrastructure expansion policies and also offers a better basis for coordinating and designing energy policies in urban China and other developing countries.

Sensitive detection of ammonia (NH3) in exhaled human breath, may offer useful information for early diagnosis of kidney disease. Traditional chemical NH3 sensors usually suffer from ambient humidity. In this work, NH3 sensor operating under high humidity at 25 ℃ with enhanced response and selectivity has been achieved based on biomass hydrogel poly-l-glutamic acid and l-glutamic acid (PGA/GA). The response of the optimum PGA/GA sensor to 50 ppm NH3 at 80% relative humidity (RH) reaches 8.4, and the sensor can detect 0.5 ppm NH3. The special ionic conductive NH3 mechanism of the PGA/GA sensor was intensively studied by complex impedance plots and a quartz crystal microbalance. The high response, low detection limit, high stability and the non-toxic characteristics of biomaterials suggest PGA/GA sensors are promising for exhaled breath analyzer.

The development of gas sensor with innovative designs is highly desirable for widespread deployments of sensors in applications of monitoring indoor air quality and industrial safety. Herein, an approach is put forward to substantially improve gas sensing performance via electrospinning of metal ion and cross-linked polymer to porous and hetero indium trioxide (In2O3) ribbon combined with cobaltosic oxide (Co3O4) particles. The structural evaluation was systematically discussed and the content of the Co3O4 was subtly regulated. The gas sensing results indicated that the obtained vacancy oxygen and adsorbed oxygen-abundant In2O3-Co3O4 ribbons exhibited significantly high response towards volatile organic compounds (VOCs) encompassing acetone (52, 280 °C) and formaldehyde (39, 260 °C), which can be ascribed to hierarchical porous hetero-structures, ion mismatch and catalytic property of p-type Co3O4. This facile way sheds light on the rational design of gas sensitive materials via structure and composition engineering, resulting in facilitating the gas molecules adsorption and diffusion.

Due to interference by the high moisture content and complicated compositions of human exhaled breath, the trace-level detection of ammonia (NH3) with desirable selectivity and stability is a large challenge for exhaled breath analysis. Carboxyl-sensitized hydrogels can be activated by moisture to exhibit a significant response and excellent selectivity to NH3. However, the high activity of carboxyl groups in hydrogels is a double-edged sword, resulting in poor chemical stability during NH3 detection. Herein, organic acids were embedded into a cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel via thiol−ene photochemistry to form stable hydrogels for NH3 detection in a humid atmosphere. As a result, under high humidity conditions (80% RH), the optimal sensors exhibited superior selectivity to NH3 among various interfering gas species, a remarkably high NH3 response (Za/Zg=6.20) towards 20 ppm NH3, and an extremely low actual detection limit (50 ppb) at room temperature. Moreover, the sensors exhibited excellent chemical stability due to the moderate equilibrium water content of the hydrogel composites and acid dissociation constant of the acid groups. The moisture-activated NH3 sensing mechanism was thoroughly investigated by complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS), quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To explore the application prospects of cross-linked hydrogel sensors for detecting NH3 in exhaled breath, a simulated exhaled breath test was also performed.

A process for recycling steelmaking waste is proposed, and high value-added lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) electrode materials LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 are prepared. The precursor material FePO4·xH2O is prepared from the iron-rich filtrate formed after HCl leaching the waste residue. Using FePO4·xH2O and Li2CO3 as raw materials by the carbothermal reduction method, LiFePO4 containing a small amount of metal doping is prepared. By comparing the XRD patterns, it is found that the purity of the synthesized LiFePO4 material is higher if the precursor whose Fe–P molar ratio is close to the theoretical value of 1 is used as the raw material. The initial discharge capacity of LiFePO4/C at 0.1C is 139.3 mAh·g−1, and after 50 cycles, the capacity retention rate is 94.97%. In sulfuric acid medium, NH3·H2O and H2O2 are used to selectively leaching Ti from the titanium-rich slag. High-purity TiO2 is prepared by calcining the peroxy titanium compound. The spinel-type lithium-ion battery anode material Li4Ti5O12 is prepared with TiO2 as the precursor. The initial discharge capacity of the battery assembled with Li4Ti5O12 at 0.1C is 163.3 mAh·g−1. This study is helpful to solve the environmental pollution problem and the energy crisis.

Size matching molecular design utilizing host-guest chemistry is a general, promising strategy for seeking new functional materials. With the growing trend of multidisciplinary investigations, taming the metastable high-energy guest moiety in well-matched frameworks is a new pathway leading to innovative energetic materials. Presented is a selective encapsulation in hydrogen-bonded hydroxylammonium frameworks (HHF) by screening different sized nitrogen-rich azoles. The size-match between a sensitive high-energy guest and an HHF not only gives rise to higher energetic performance by dense packing, but also reinforces the layer-by-layer structure which can stabilize the resulting materials towards external mechanic stimuli. Preliminary assessment based on calculated detonation properties and mechanical sensitivity indicates that HHF competed well with the energetic performance and molecular stability (detonation velocity = 9286 m s-1, impact sensitivity = 50 J). This work highlights the size-matched phenomenon of HHF and may serve as an alternative strategy for exploring next generation advanced energetic materials.

Abstract Electronic skins (e‐skins) are a promising design paradigm for health care systems and human–machine interactions. Piezoresistive sensors made with simple structures, high sensitivity, mass production methods, light weight, and comfort for long‐term wearing and physiological signal monitoring remain a challenge and are urgently desirable. Here, a breathable and lightweight all‐nanofiber piezoresistive (ANFP) sensor is presented, which is composed of three layers of electrospun nanofibers (NFs). A specific interpenetrating network of conductive polyvinylpyrrolidone NFs coated by polypyrrole (PVP@PPy) and insulating polyacrylonitrile NFs is constructed by controlling the vapor growth position of PPy to enhance the sensitivity. The ANFP sensor can achieve the real‐time monitoring of multiple parts of physiological signals, and a wireless detection system is designed for the online monitoring of human pulses. The NF network endows excellent breathability and heat dissipation to the ANFP sensors during practical application, which ensures comfort and device stability during long‐term wearing. Finally, a pressure sensing array with 5 × 5 pixels is fabricated to demonstrate the potential applications in spatial pressure detection. This work provides a viable strategy to improve the wearability of e‐skins, which can promote health care and human–machine interaction applications.

In this work, we mainly investigate the adsorption properties of the simulated single and mixture wastewaters over porous Bi2MoO6@[email protected] ([email protected]@MOF-199), including methylene blue (MB), rhodamine blue (RhB), methyl orange (MO) and chromium (VI). It is found that [email protected]@MOF-199 has a high adsorption capacity for MB, but a poor adsorption capacity for MO. Specifically, for single MB solution, 67%, 80% and 96% of MB are adsorbed by [email protected], MOF-199 and [email protected]@MOF-199, respectively. The higher adsorption capacity of [email protected]@MOF-199 could be due to its higher surface area and larger pore volume. For single MO solution, nevertheless, only 16%, 13% and 7% of MO are adsorbed by [email protected], MOF-199 and [email protected]@MOF-199, respectively. The different adsorption efficiency for MB and MO could be relative to their different molecular structures, which have different electrostatic interactions with adsorbent surface. For single RhB and single Cr(VI) solution, [email protected]@MOF-199 has adsorbed 30% RhB and 10% Cr(VI). In RhB-MO mixture solution, 32% RhB and 9% MO can be adsorbed by [email protected]@MOF-199, while in Cr(VI)–RhB-MO mixture solution, 7% Cr(VI), 3% RhB and 42% MO can be adsorbed by [email protected]@MOF-199. It is seen that in RhB-MO mixture solution, the adsorption efficiencies of RhB and MO by [email protected]@MOF-199 do not obviously change as compared to single RhB and single MO solution, while in Cr(VI)–RhB-MO mixture solution, the adsorption efficiency of MO has increased by 5 times, compared to single MO solution; but the adsorption efficiency of RhB has decreased by 9.7 times as compared to single RhB solution, and the adsorption efficiency of Cr(VI) has decreased slightly, compared to single Cr(VI) solution. The results are mainly attributed to the competitive adsorption on the adsorbent surface. This work can help us to understand the adsorption process for practical wastewater.

Abstract This study was conducted to explore the therapeutic effect of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BLa80 on inflammatory bowel disease. A model of ulcerative colitis (UC) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by administering of 2.5% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) for 8 days. After developing UC, some mice were treated via intragastric administration of BLa80 at a dose of 10 9 colony-forming units to assess the preventive effects of BLa80 on DSS-induced UC. Compared with non-treated UC model mice, BLa80-treated mice had reduced colon shortening and improvements in colonic tissue structure. Treatment with BLa80 also decreased the serum concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-17 in mice. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that BLa80 increased gut microbial diversity in mice and modulated UC-associated imbalances in the gut microbiota. BLa80 selectively promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria, including Romboutsia and Adlercreutzia , the abundances of which were negatively correlated with concentration of cellular inflammatory factors. In summary, the study results demonstrated that pretreatment with B . lactis BLa80 reduced intestinal inflammation and altered the gut microbiota, implying that BLa80 is a promising probiotic strain with potential therapeutic function in UC.

Residential greenness offers health benefits to old people, but evidence of its association with the health of old people with disability is scarce. Moreover, due to the limited mobility of this vulnerable population, air pollutants may play an indispensable mediating role in that association, which however remains understudied.This study aimed to investigate the association between residential greenness and all-cause mortality risk and the joint mediation effect of air pollutants among old people with disability.A total of 34,075 old people with disability were included in the Chengdu Long-term Care Insurance cohort. Participants' residential greenness exposure was measured by an enhanced vegetation index within the 500 m buffer zone (EVI500m). Causal mediation analysis was conducted to assess the total effect (TE) of residential greenness and the natural indirect effect (NIE) through PM2.5, CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 on all-cause mortality.The TE of EVI500m on the all-cause mortality risk in overall participants showed negative, which, decreased from the 2nd quartile (HR = 0.93, 95 % CI: 0. 91, 0.95) to the 4th quartile (HR = 0.81, 95 % CI: 0.76, 0.85); the NIE through the five air pollutants also decreased from the 2nd quartile (HR = 0.96, 95 % CI: 0.95, 0.98) to the 4th quartile (HR = 0.90, 95 % CI: 0.88, 0.93), with the proportion mediated decreased from 48 % to 44 %. The stronger TE or NIE were observed in participants aged <80 years old, men, with mild-moderate disability, and having outdoor experience every week.Exposure to residential greenness was associated with a decreased risk of mortality, partially through the pathways of air pollutants, which varied by age, sex, degree of disability, and frequency of weekly outdoors. Our findings would provide evidence to develop aging-friendly cities.

High friction and large deformation under high-speed sideslip landing conditions cause rapid heating and severe abrasion of aircraft tire, which seriously threatens landing safety. Therefore, theories of energy dissipation and transient heat transfer are discussed. A thermo-mechanical-abrasive (TMA) coupling analysis method is proposed for solving the thermomechanical problem. Laws of temperature and abrasion under different slip angles are revealed experimentally. Results show that sideslip conditions lead to increase of friction energy dissipation and wear as well as an asymmetric distribution of temperature field; Considering abrasion can effectively improve prediction accuracy of thermomechanical analysis (an increase of 27.65%), the predicted temperature and abrasion profile are in good agreement with the experiment data.

The hydrogen bonding interactions are potentially employed to fabricate high-performance room-temperature gas sensors for detection of organophosphorus. Nevertheless, the low response toward target gases of conventional sensing materials hinders their further applications. Herein, an isolated Cu-N5 sites engineering strategy is reported to improve sensing performances for polypyrrole-reduced graphene oxide hybrids (PPy-rGO)-based room-temperature dimethyl methyl phosphate (DMMP) sensors. The isolated Cu-N5 sites were simply constructed by adsorption of Cu2+ ions with PPy-rGO hybrids owing to strong metal-support interactions. X-ray absorption fine structure analysis indicates that Cux+ ions with mean chemical valence of + 1.07 nearly atomically distributed on support with coordination structure of Cu-N5. Benefiting from the structure regulation by Cux+ ions, as-constructed DMMP sensor demonstrated 4.5-fold improvement in response to 100 ppm DMMP and 2.5-fold improvement in limit of detection, compared to PPy-rGO hybrids. The density functional theory, spectroscopic characterizations and quartz crystal microbalance tests prove that the construction of Cu-N5 sites not only heightens hydrogen bonding interactions between NH bonds and DMMP molecules induced by newly formed coordination interactions between Cux+ ions and NH bonds, but also serves as new active sites for adsorption of DMMP molecules. This work offers a new avenue for developing high-performance room-temperature gas sensors by heightening hydrogen bonding interactions.

It is highly desirable to efficiently produce hydrogen utilizing industry wastewater and to clean wastewater at the same time. Herein, WS2 with sulfur vacancy (Vs) is synthesized through a simple molten salt method. The WS2 samples with less and more Vs are labeled as WS2-1 and WS2-2, respectively. The results show that in a 1 M KOH solution, the oxygen evolution reaction overpotentials at 10 mA/cm2 (η10) are 306 and 220 mV for WS2-1 and WS2-2, respectively; while the overpotentials at 10 mA/cm2 (η10) of WS2-1 and WS2-2 are both 220 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Besides, density functional theory calculations prove that the introduction of Vs regulates the electronic structure of WS2 and promotes the adsorptions of H2O and OH−. In addition, a higher Vs concentration can further boost the conductivity, electron density, and adsorptions of H2O and OH−. Moreover, while using the simulated norfloxacin wastewater as the electrolyte, the hydrogen evolution reaction is obviously improved by norfloxacin oxidation reaction. After operating at 1 V for 2 h, 41.6% of norfloxacin has been degraded over WS2-2 and 95.7% of current density is still retained, confirming a good stability. This work demonstrates that hydrogen production and pollutant degradation can be achieved synchronously, and this work provides a win-win strategy for wastewater recycling and treatment.

The long lunar night, which cannot be powered by solar energy, brings a huge challenge to the lunar base energy system. Closed Brayton cycle (CBC) system is considered as an effective solution, but cannot be driven by low temperature heat sources. Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system is used to couple into the CBC system to recover waste heat and produce more electricity. In this paper, a mathematical model of CBC-ORC system driven by collector or heat storage unit is developed, the variation of thermal efficiency, exergy destruction, and Brayton-Rankine rotating unit (BRRU) mass is evaluated during the whole lunar day. Results are as follows: when the helium mole fraction is 0.9, CBC stops on the day of 7.7 at night, which is earlier than the stop time for other helium mole fractions. The maximum power generation can reach 169.21 kW. Thermal and exergy efficiency can reach 34.49% and 31%, respectively. After three-objective optimization, the results of thermal efficiency (30.07%), exergy destruction (169.62 kW) are similar to the basic working condition, and the BRRU mass (720.3 kg) can be extremely reduced by 78.76% compared to the basic working condition, which is essential to the practical applications.