F. Hartmann

The Double Chooz experiment presents an indication of reactor electron antineutrino disappearance consistent with neutrino oscillations. An observed-to-predicted ratio of events of 0.944±0.016(stat)±0.040(syst) was obtained in 101 days of running at the Chooz nuclear power plant in France, with two 4.25 GW(th) reactors. The results were obtained from a single 10 m(3) fiducial volume detector located 1050 m from the two reactor cores. The reactor antineutrino flux prediction used the Bugey4 flux measurement after correction for differences in core composition. The deficit can be interpreted as an indication of a nonzero value of the still unmeasured neutrino mixing parameter sin(2)2θ(13). Analyzing both the rate of the prompt positrons and their energy spectrum, we find sin(2)2θ(13)=0.086±0.041(stat)±0.030(syst), or, at 90% C.L., 0.017<sin(2)2θ(13)<0.16.

Borexino, a large volume detector for low energy neutrino spectroscopy, is currently running underground at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy. The main goal of the experiment is the real-time measurement of sub-MeV solar neutrinos, and particularly of the monoenergetic (862 keV) 7Be electron capture neutrinos, via neutrino–electron scattering in an ultra-pure liquid scintillator. This paper is mostly devoted to the description of the detector structure, the photomultipliers, the electronics, and the trigger and calibration systems. The real performance of the detector, which always meets, and sometimes exceeds, design expectations, is also shown. Some important aspects of the Borexino project, i.e. the fluid handling plants, the purification techniques and the filling procedures, are not covered in this paper and are, or will be, published elsewhere (see Introduction and Bibliography).

The Double Chooz experiment has observed 8,249 candidate electron antineutrino events in 227.93 live days with 33.71 GW-ton-years (reactor power × detector mass × livetime) exposure using a 10.3 m 3 fiducial volume detector located at 1050 m from the reactor cores of the Chooz nuclear power plant in France.The expectation in case of θ13= 0 is 8,937 events.The deficit is interpreted as evidence of electron antineutrino disappearance.From a rate plus spectral shape analysis we find sin 2 2θ13 = 0.109 ± 0.030(stat) ± 0.025(syst).The data exclude the no-oscillation hypothesis at 99.8% CL (2.9σ).

The radiochemical GALLEX experiment, which has been measuring the solar neutrino flux since May 1991, has performed an investigation with two intense 51Crneutrino sources (> 60 PBq) that were produced in the Siloé nuclear reactor and used at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, one between June and October 1994, and the second between October 95 and February 96. The ratio, R, of the the neutrino source strength derived from the measured rate of 71Geproduction, divided by the directly determined source strength is R=1.01 +0.12−0.11 for the first source and R=0.84 +0.12−0.11 for the second one. The combined value of R for the two source experiments is R=0.93 ± 0.08. It shows that the > 40 % deficit of solar neutrino flux observed by GALLEX cannot be attributed to experimental artifacts and demonstrates the absence of any significant unexpected systematic errors at the 10 % level.

Borexino, a real-time device for low energy neutrino spectroscopy is nearing completion of construction in the underground laboratories at Gran Sasso, Italy (LNGS). The experiment's goal is the direct measurement of the flux of 7Be solar neutrinos of all flavors via neutrino–electron scattering in an ultra-pure scintillation liquid. Seeded by a series of innovations which were brought to fruition by large-scale operation of a 4-ton test detector at LNGS, a new technology has been developed for Borexino. It enables sub-MeV solar neutrino spectroscopy for the first time. This paper describes the design of Borexino, the various facilities essential to its operation, its spectroscopic and background suppression capabilities and a prognosis of the impact of its results towards resolving the solar neutrino problem. Borexino will also address several other frontier questions in particle physics, astrophysics and geophysics.

We report new GALLEX solar neutrino results from 15 runs covering 406 days (live time) within the exposure period 19 August 1992–13 October 1993 (“GALLEX II”). With counting data considered until 4 January 1994, the new result is [78±13 (stat.) ±5 (stat.)] SNU (1σ). It confirms our previous result for the 15 initial runs (“GALLEX I”) of [81±17(stat.)±9(syst.)] SNU. After two years of recording the solar neutrino flux with the GALLEX detector the combined result from 30 solar runs (GALLEX I + GALLEX II) is [79±10(stat.)±6(syst.)] SNU (1σ). In addition, 19 “blank” runs gave the expected null result. GALLEX neutrino experiments are continuing.

This informative monograph describes the technological evolution of silicon detectors and their impact on high energy particle physics. The author here

A 4.8 m3 unsegmented liquid scintillation detector at the underground Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso has shown the feasibility of multi-ton low-background detectors operating to energies as low as 250 keV. Detector construction and the handling of large volumes of liquid scintillator to minimize the background are described. The scintillator, 1.5 g PPO/L-pseudocumene, is held in a flexible nylon vessel shielded by 1000 t of purified water. The active detector volume is viewed by 100 photomultipliers, which measure time and charge for each event, from which energy, position and pulse shape are deduced. On-line purification of the scintillator by water extraction, vacuum distillation and nitrogen stripping removed radioactive impurities. Upper limits were established of < 10−7 Bq/kg-scintillator for events with energies 250 keV < E < 800 keV, and < 10−9 Bq/kg-scintillator due to the decay products of uranium and thorium. The isotopic abundance of 14C12C in the scintillator was shown to be approximately 10−18 by extending the energy window of the detector to 25–250 keV. The 14C abundance and uranium and thorium levels in the CTF are compatible with the Borexino Solar Neutrino Experiment.

The techniques researched, developed and applied towards the measurement of radioisotope concentrations at ultra-low levels in the real-time solar neutrino experiment BOREXINO at Gran Sasso are presented and illustrated with specific results of widespread interest. We report the use of low-level germanium gamma spectrometry, low-level miniaturized gas proportional counters and low background scintillation detectors developed in solar neutrino research. Each now sets records in its field. We additionally describe our techniques of radiochemical ultra-pure, few atom manipulations and extractions. Forefront measurements also result from the powerful combination of neutron activation and low-level counting. Finally, with our techniques and commercially available mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy, new low-level detection limits for isotopes of interest are obtained.

The Intermediate Silicon Layers (ISL) detector is currently being built as part of the CDF II detector upgrade project. The ISL detector will significantly improve tracking in the central region and, together with the Silicon Vertex detector, provide stand-alone 3D track information in the forward/backward regions. In this article, we present the quality of the production sensors manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics, which account for roughly half of the silicon sensors used in the ISL detector.

A large volume (4.8 m3) liquid scintillator detector has been running in Hall C of the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory since February 1995. This detector is called the “Counting Test Facility” (CTF). The main goal of the detector facility is the measurement of ultralow background levels in scintillators and the development of processes able to purify them at this level. The detector has been designed to have exceptional sensitivity using a variety of methods to identify backgrounds. With the CTF, records were achieved in the domain of low background large volume detectors. Limits of 3.5 ± 1.3 × 10−16 g/g and 4.4−1.2+1.5 × 10−16 g/g for the 238U and 232Th daughters, respectively, and 1.85 ± 0.13 ± 0.01 × 10−18 for the isotopic abundance of 14C relative to 12C were obtained. These results are very encouraging and point towards the feasibility of low energy, real time scintillation detectors for solar neutrinos, such as Borexino.

The 14C/12C ratio in 4.8 m3 of high-purity liquid scintillator was measured at (1.94±0.09)×10−18, the lowest 14C abundance ever measured. At this level the spectroscopy of low-energy solar neutrinos, in particular a measurement of the 7Be neutrino flux, will not be obstructed by the 14C β decay intrinsic to a liquid scintillator detector. A comprehensive study of the deviation of the shape of the 14C β spectrum from the allowed statistical shape reveals consistent results with recent observations and calculations. Possible origins of the 14C in the liquid scintillator are discussed.

Summary Anguillicola, a parasitic nematode in the swim-bladder of eels (Anguilla anguilla), was introduced into European inland waters probably during the mid 1970's with imported live eels from the Far East and New Zealand. The parasite is spreading rapidly through live transport of eels and can now be found in central Europe ranging from Denmark to Italy and from the UK in western Europe to Poland in the east. Northern Baltic and east Mediterranean countries (except Egypt) as well as Ireland seem presently to be free of this parasite. Infestation rates vary by region and water type from 0 to over 90%. In the Federal Republik of Germany infestation rates of more than 50% are known from some rivers and lakes in the northern part of the country. Glass-eels seem to be uninfested because the parasite does not propagate in saline waters. Eels from fish farms are infested only when farms are stocked with brown eels obtained from the wild. Zusammenfassung Auftreten von Anguillicola in Deutschland und in deutschen Aalimporten Anguillicola, ein parasitischer Nematode in der Schwimmblase des Aals (Anguilla anguilla), wurde vermutlich Mitte der 70er Jahre in europäische Binnengewässer durch Lebendimporte von Aalen aus Fernost und Neuseeland eingeschleppt. Die starke Verbreitung der Parasiten ist auch auf die zahlreichen Lebendaaltransporte zurückzuführen. Der Parasit tritt mittlerweile in Mitteleuropa von Dänemark bis Italien und von England bis Polen auf. Die nordeuropäischen Staaten und die östüchen Mittelmeerstaaten (außer ägypten) und Irland scheinen bislang parasitenfrei zu sein. Die Befallsrate variiert je nach Region und Gewässertyp von 0 bis 90%. In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland treten in einigen Flüssen und Seen Norddeutschlands Befallsraten von über 50% auf. Glasaale werden offensichtlich nicht befallen, da der Parasit nicht ins Meerwasser vordringt. Farmaale sind befallen, wenn parasitierte Gelbaale zur Mast gefangen werden. Résumé Infestation par Anguillicola en Allemagne et dans des importations allemandes d'anguilles Anguillicola, un nématode parasite de la vessie natatoire d'anguilles (Anguilla anguilla) a été introduit dans les eaux intérieures européennes probablement vers le milieu des années 70 avec des anguilles vivantes importées d'Extrême-Orient et de Nouvelle-Zélande. La propagation extrême du parasite est entre autres due au transport d'anguilles vivantes. Le parasite est entre-temps présent en Europe centrale du Danemark sà l'ltalie et du Royaume-Uni sà la Pologne. Les pays du nord de la Scandinavie et de la Méditerranée orientale (excepté l'Egypte) ainsi que l'Irlande semblent actuellement ne pas être touchés par ce parasite. Le taux d'infestation varie de 0 sà 90% selon les régions et le type d'eau. En République fédérate allemande des taux de plus de 50% ont été constatés dans quelques rivières et lacs de l'Allemagne du nord. Les civelles ne semblent pas être infestées car le parasite ne pénètre pas dans l'eau de mer. Les anguilles de culture sont infestées lorsque des anguilles sauvages porteuses de parasites ont été utilisées pour l'élevage.

The successful deployment of the Borexino solar neutrino detector required assorted physical and chemical operations to produce exceptional pure fluids and fill multiple detector zones. The composition and flow rates of high purity gases and liquids had to be precisely controlled to maintain liquid levels and pressures. The system was required to meet exceptional requirements for cleanliness and leak-tightness. A large scale modular system connecting fluid receiving, purification and fluid delivery processes was developed for Borexino. At the core is a flow control system that delivers scintillator components to plants for purification, and then fills the Borexino detector volumes with ultrahigh purity buffer or ultrahigh purity scintillator. The liquid handling system maintains precise control over the liquid levels and differential pressures between the different volumes of the detectors that are separated by flexible nylon vessels. The preparation, commissioning and operation of the system for filling the Borexino detector with scintillator is described.

Over the course of several decades, organic liquid scintillators have formed the basis for successful neutrino detectors. Gadolinium-loaded liquid scintillators provide efficient background suppression for electron antineutrino detection at nuclear reactor plants. In the Double Chooz reactor antineutrino experiment, a newly developed beta-diketonate gadolinium-loaded scintillator is utilized for the first time. Its large scale production and characterization are described. A new, light yield matched metal-free companion scintillator is presented. Both organic liquids comprise the target and "Gamma Catcher" of the Double Chooz detectors.

The catalytic degradation of polyethylene to short-chain hydrocarbons is possible with zirconium hydride compounds (see picture), and represents the first step in the reversal of Ziegler – Natta polymerization. Thus, even in the case of polyolefins the important target of plastics recycling, the recovery of reusable monomers from polymer waste, may be achieved.

We present a search for Lorentz violation with 8249 candidate electron antineutrino events taken by the Double Chooz experiment in 227.9 live days of running. This analysis, featuring a search for a sidereal time dependence of the events, is the first test of Lorentz invariance using a reactor-based antineutrino source. No sidereal variation is present in the data and the disappearance results are consistent with sidereal time independent oscillations. Under the Standard-Model Extension, we set the first limits on 14 Lorentz violating coefficients associated with transitions between electron and tau flavor, and set two competitive limits associated with transitions between electron and muon flavor.Received 26 September 2012DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.86.112009© 2012 American Physical Society

The fluorescence light propagation in a large volume detector based on organic liquid scintillators is discussed. In particular, the effects of the fluor radiative transport and solvent Rayleigh scattering are emphasized. These processes have been modelled by a ray-tracing Monte Carlo method and have been experimentally investigated in the Borexino prototype which was a 4.3 ton, 4π sensitive detector. The comparison between the model prediction and the experimental data shows a satisfactory agreement indicating that the main aspects of these processes are well understood. Some features of the experimental time response of the detector are still under study.

Dunng the past 5 yr nematodes of the genus A n g ~c o l a , that parasitize the swim bladder of eels, have spread throughout Europe.They are especially common in young eels among which infestanon rates as high as 70 O/o have been recorded.These parasites were previously known only from East Asia and Austraha.

Since the fifties, semiconductors have been used as energy spectrometers, mainly in unsegmented ways. With the planar technique of processing silicon sensors in unprecedented precession, strip-like segmentation has allowed precise tracking and even vertexing, culminating in the early eighties with NA11 in the tagging of heavy flavor quarks—here the c-quark. With the later miniaturization of electronics, dense detector application was made possible, and large-scale systems were established in the heart of all LEP detectors, permitting vertexing in barrel-like detectors. At the time of LEP and the TEVATRON, tasks were still bifurcated. Small silicon detectors (up to three layers) did the vertexing and further out, gaseous detectors (e.g., drift chambers or time-projection chambers) with larger lever arms did the tracking. In RUN II of the CDF detector, larger silicon tracking devices, still complemented by a huge drift chamber, began to use a stand-alone tracking. At the LHC, ATLAS and CMS bifurcate in a slightly different way. Silicon pixel detectors are responsible for the vertexing, and large volume silicon strip detectors (up to 14 layers) are the main tracking devices. Silicon tracking systems are a fundamental part of modern multipurpose high-energy physics experiments. Despite the vertexing and thus the heavy quark tagging, silicon tracking detectors in combination with a strong B-field deliver the most accurate momentum measurement, and for a large range, also the best energy measurement. In this paper, the functionality of pixel and strip sensors will be introduced, and historical examples will be given to highlight the different implementations of the past 30 years.

The DELPHI Silicon Tracker, an ensemble of microstrips, ministrips and pixels, was completed in 1997 and has accumulated over 70pb−1 of high-energy data. The Tracker is optimised for the LEP2 physics programme. It consists of a silicon microstrip barrel and endcaps with layers of silicon pixel and ministrip detectors. In the barrel part, three-dimensional b tagging information is available down to a polar angle of 25°. Impact parameter resolutions have been measured of 28μm ⊕71/(psin3/2θ)μm in Rφ and 34μm ⊕69/pμm in Rz, where p is the track momentum in GeV/c. The amount of material has been kept low with the use of double-sided detectors, double-metal readout, and light mechanics. The pixels have dimensions of 330×330μm2 and the ministrips have a readout pitch of 200μm. The forward part of the detector shows average efficiencies of more than 96%, has signal-to-noise ratios of up to 40 in the ministrips, and noise levels at the level of less than one part per million in the pixels. Measurements of space points with low backgrounds are provided, leading to a vastly improved tracking efficiency for the region with polar angle less than 25°.

The prototype of the Borexino detector Counting Test Facility, located in the Gran-Sasso laboratory, has been used to obtain a bound on the stability of the electron. The new lower limit on the mean lifetime defined on 32.1 days of data set is τ(e−→νe+γ)⩾4.6×1026 yr (90% c.l.).

The Pauli exclusion principle (PEP) has been tested for nucleons (n,p) in ${}^{12}{\rm C}$ and ${}^{16}{\rm O}$ nuclei, using the results of background measurements with the prototype of the Borexino detector, the Counting Test Facility (CTF). The approach consisted of a search for $\gamma$ , n, p and/or $\alpha$ ’s emitted in a non-Paulian transition of 1P- shell nucleons to the filled 1S 1/2 shell in nuclei. Similarly, the Pauli-forbidden $\beta^{\pm}$ decay processes were searched for. Due to the extremely low background and the large mass (4.2 tons) of the CTF detector, the following most stringent up-to-date experimental bounds on PEP violating transitions of nucleons have been established: $\tau({}^{12}{\rm C} \rightarrow {}^{12}{\rm\widetilde C} + \gamma) > 2.1\cdot10^{27} \mathrm y$ , $\tau({}^{12}{\rm C} \rightarrow {}^{11}{\rm\widetilde B} + p) > 5.0\cdot10^{26} {\mathrm{y}}$ , $\tau({}^{12}{\rm C} ({}^{16}{\rm O}) \rightarrow {}^{11}{\rm\widetilde C} ({}^{15}{\rm\widetilde O} ) + n) > 3.7 \cdot 10^{26} {\mathrm{y}}$ , $\tau({}^{12}{\rm C} \rightarrow {}^{8}{\rm\widetilde{Be}} + \alpha) > 6.1 \cdot 10^{23} \mathrm y$ , $\tau({}^{12}{\rm C} \rightarrow {}^{12}{\rm\widetilde N} + e^- + \widetilde{\nu_e}) > 7.6 \cdot 10^{27} \mathrm y$ and $\tau({}^{12}{\rm C} \rightarrow {}^{12}{\rm\widetilde B} + e^ + + \nu_e) > 7.7 \cdot 10^{27} \mathrm y$ , all at $90 \%$ C.L.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) is one of the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) under construction at CERN. Its inner tracking system consist of the world largest Silicon Strip Tracker (SST). In total it implements 24,244 silicon sensors covering an area of 206m2. To construct a large system of this size and ensure its functionality for the full lifetime of 10 years under LHC condition, the CMS collaboration developed an elaborate design and a detailed quality assurance program. This paper describes the strategy and shows first results on sensor qualification.

We investigate a new gadolinium-loaded organic liquid scintillator which is designed to detect electron antineutrinos. A model has been developed to account for the various energy transfer paths possible in a liquid scintillator with multiple solvents, one fluor and a quenching component. Experimental light yield measurements were carried out to determine the relative rates for the energy transfers included in the model. Model predictions were used to tune the luminescent properties of the Gd-loaded target scintillator and the unloaded Gamma Catcher scintillator for the reactor neutrino experiment Double Chooz.

Autonomy of vehicles is a widely discussed topic, increasing the need for low power, inexpensive and precise localization and navigation. Due to ongoing research and standardization in last decades, ultra-wideband (UWB) based localization technology is more and more ready for large scale usage. In this paper we propose an embedded UWB localization system, consisting of an inexpensive, low power hardware platform deploying an IEEE 802.15.4a-2011 UWB-PHY standard conform RF chip, enabling communication and localization, a software framework, and localization algorithms. The key contribution of the paper is this system concept and experimental results using a developed system in an underground parking garage. Within this system evaluation we show in an accuracy analysis an achievable positioning error of around 30 cm. Furthermore we show the useage of such an UBW localization system in an use case near scenario.

Abstract This article describes the setup and performance of the near and far detectors in the Double Chooz experiment. The electron antineutrinos of the Chooz nuclear power plant were measured in two identically designed detectors with different average baselines of about 400 m and 1050 m from the two reactor cores. Over many years of data taking the neutrino signals were extracted from interactions in the detectors with the goal of measuring a fundamental parameter in the context of neutrino oscillation, the mixing angle $$\theta _{13}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>θ</mml:mi> <mml:mn>13</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . The central part of the Double Chooz detectors was a main detector comprising four cylindrical volumes filled with organic liquids. From the inside towards the outside there were volumes containing gadolinium-loaded scintillator, gadolinium-free scintillator, a buffer oil and, optically separated, another liquid scintillator acting as veto system. Above this main detector an additional outer veto system using plastic scintillator strips was installed. The technologies developed in Double Chooz were inspiration for several other antineutrino detectors in the field. The detector design allowed implementation of efficient background rejection techniques including use of pulse shape information provided by the data acquisition system. The Double Chooz detectors featured remarkable stability, in particular for the detected photons, as well as high radiopurity of the detector components.

A beam telescope based on the CMS Tracker data acquisition prototype cards has been developed in order to test sensor candidates for S-LHC tracking systems. The telescope consists of up to eight reference silicon microstrip modules and slots for a couple of test modules. Beam tracks, as measured by the reference modules, provide a means of determining the position resolution and efficiency of the test modules. The impact point precision of reference tracks at the location of the test modules is about 4μm. This note presents a detailed description of the silicon beam telescope (SiBT) along with some results from its initial operation in summer 2007 in the CERN H2 beamline.

In current particle physics experiments, silicon strip detectors are widely used as part of the inner tracking layers. A foreseeable large-scale application for such detectors consists of the luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the super-LHC or sLHC, where silicon detectors with extreme radiation hardness are required. The mission statement of the CERN RD50 Collaboration is the development of radiation-hard semiconductor devices for very high luminosity colliders. As a consequence, the aim of the R&D programme presented in this article is to develop silicon particle detectors able to operate at sLHC conditions. Research has progressed in different areas, such as defect characterisation, defect engineering and full detector systems. Recent results from these areas will be presented. This includes in particular an improved understanding of the macroscopic changes of the effective doping concentration based on identification of the individual microscopic defects, results from irradiation with a mix of different particle types as expected for the sLHC, and the observation of charge multiplication effects in heavily irradiated detectors at very high bias voltages.

Double Chooz is unique among modern reactor-based neutrino experiments studying $\bar \nu_e$ disappearance in that data can be collected with all reactors off. In this paper, we present data from 7.53 days of reactor-off running. Applying the same selection criteria as used in the Double Chooz reactor-on oscillation analysis, a measured background rate of 1.0$\pm$0.4 events/day is obtained. The background model for accidentals, cosmogenic $\beta$-$n$-emitting isotopes, fast neutrons from cosmic muons, and stopped-$\mu$ decays used in the oscillation analysis is demonstrated to be correct within the uncertainties. Kinematic distributions of the events, which are dominantly cosmic-ray-produced correlated-background events, are provided. The background rates are scaled to the shielding depths of two other reactor-based oscillation experiments, Daya Bay and RENO.

Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy PhysicsThe High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, pp. 67-99 (2024) Open AccessChapter 3: Upgrade of the Experimental Detectors for High Luminosity LHCF. Hartmann, B. Hippolyte, F. Lanni, T. Nayak, C. Parkes, and P. RumerioF. HartmannKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany, B. HippolyteUSIAS - Université de Strasbourg, 67081, France and CERN, Switzerland, F. LanniBrookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA, T. NayakNational Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 752050, India and CERN, Switzerland, C. ParkesUniversity of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, and P. RumerioUniversity of Alabama, AL 35487, USA and Università di Torino, 10124, Italyhttps://doi.org/10.1142/9789811278952_0003Cited by:0 (Source: Crossref) PreviousNext AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsRecommend to Library ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract: The HL-LHC upgrade plans of ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb are briefly outlined in this chapter. FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Recommended The High Luminosity Large Hadron ColliderMetrics History Information© Oliver S Brüning and Lucio RossiThis is an open access article published by World Scientific Publishing Company. It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY) License.PDF download

We describe the results of the GALLEX solar neutrino experiment after completion of the project. In particular, we summarize the results for GALLEX IV (12 solar runs) and for our 71As - spiking experiments. The integral GALLEX result for all 65 solar runs (GALLEX I–IV) is (78 ± 8) SNU (1σ). This is only slightly more than half of the expected rate. The significance of this deficit is assured. directly by the results from our two 5Cr neutrino source experiments (at the 10% - level), and indirectly by means of experiments in which 71Ge is generated within the target solution from beta-decaying 71As (at the percent level). GALLEX at Gran Sasso is now succeeded by Gallium Neutrino Observatory). The GNO status as of October 1998 is reported.

Der katalytische Abbau von Polyethylen zu kurzkettigen Kohlenwasserstoffen gelingt mit Zirconiumhydrid-Verbindungen (siehe Bild) und stellt einen ersten Schritt für die Umkehrung der Ziegler-Natta-Polymerisation dar. Damit könnte auch bei Polyolefinen das wichtige Ziel des Kunststoffrecyclings erreicht werden, aus Polymerabfällen wiederverwertbare Monomere zu gewinnen.

Tremendous progress has been achieved in neutrino oscillation physics during the last few years. However, the smallness of the $\t13$ neutrino mixing angle still remains enigmatic. The current best constraint comes from the CHOOZ reactor neutrino experiment $\s2t13 &lt; 0.2$ (at 90% C.L., for $\adm2=2.0 10^{-3} \text{eV}^2$). We propose a new experiment on the same site, Double-CHOOZ, to explore the range of $\s2t13$ from 0.2 to 0.03, within three years of data taking. The improvement of the CHOOZ result requires an increase in the statistics, a reduction of the systematic error below one percent, and a careful control of the cosmic ray induced background. Therefore, Double-CHOOZ will use two identical detectors, one at $\sim$150 m and another at 1.05 km distance from the nuclear cores. The plan is to start data taking with two detectors in 2008, and to reach a sensitivity of 0.05 in 2009, and 0.03 in 2011.

To improve tracking in the very forward direction for running at LEP200, the angular acceptance of the DELPHI Vertex detector has been extended from 45° to 11° with respect to the beam axis. Pixel detector crowns cover the region between 25° and 13°. Due to very tight space and material thickness constraints it was necessary to develop new techniques (integrated busses in the detector substrate, high density layout on Kapton, etc.). About 1000 cm2 of pixels are already installed and working in DELPHI. Techniques, tests and production of these detectors will be described, as well as the main problems encountered during this work.

A novel liquid scintillator system using metal β-diketonate chemistry based on loadings of indium, a target of current interest in low energy solar neutrino detection, is developed. The optical absorption, fluorescence and scintillation properties for this new system are described. The scintillation light output as found from the irradiation by low energy gamma-rays is presented. Notable light yields are found.

Abstract Kristallstrukturanalysen der Zinkkomplex L Ph ZnCl ( A ) und Zn(L Ph ) 2 ( B ) des potentiell drei‐Zänigen Stickstoffliganden L Ph − = HB(3‐Phpz) 3 − 3‐Phpz = 3‐Phenylpyrazolyl zeigen unerwartet in bei‐den Fällen eine tetraedrische Metallkoordination. Der Bisligandzinkkomplex B bildet sich beim Zerfall in‐stabler Hydroxy‐ und Alkoxykomplexe der Formel ZnOR. Als weiteres Produkt dieser Zerfallsreaktion konnte ein Komplex der Formel [η 3 HB(3‐Phpz) 3 Zn(3‐PhpzH)] + ClO 4 − identifiziert werden welcher ein erstes Beispiel für die kationische Spezies [L Ph Zn(Neutralligand)] + ist. A kristallisiert trigonal a = 11,449(2) und c = 11,365(2) Å in der Raumgruppe P 3 , Z = 2, d ber. = 1,396 mg/mm 3 . B kristallisiert orthorhombisch mit a = 22,675(3), b = 10,797(2) und c = 19,699(3) Å in der Raumgruppe Pbcn; Z = 4, d ber. = 1,306 mg/mm 3 . Die Kristallstrukturen wurden mit 1 687 ( A ) und 2 341 ( B ) beobachteten Reflexen bestimmt und bis R = 0,03 bzw. 0,04 verfeinert. A stellt einen Chloro‐Tripod‐Komplex mit der Eigensymmetrie 3‐C 3 dar, die Koordination des Zn‐Atoms ist verzerrt tetraedrisch (Winkel ClZnN 122,9(1) und NZnN′ 93,3(1)°, B ist ein Bisligandkomplex mit der Eigensymmetrie 2‐C 2 mit ebenfalls verzerrt tetraedrischer Koordination des Zn‐Atoms (Winkel NZnN 101,5(1) bis 118,9(1)°.

In December 1999, the CMS collaboration decided to use an all-silicon solution for the tracker. In total the CMS tracker implements 24328 silicon sensors covering an area of 206 m2. To control a large system of this size and ensure its functionality after 10 years under LHC condition, CMS developed an elaborate design and a detailed quality assurance program.

We present combined experimental and model studies of the light yield and energy transfer properties of a newly developed high light yield scintillator based on indium(III)-tris(2,4-pentanedionate) in a 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-phenyloxazole (BPO), methoxybenzene organic liquid; of interest to the detection of solar electron neutrino oscillations. Optical measurements are made to understand the energy transfer properties and a model is advanced to treat the unusual conditions of high metal and fluor loadings. Such scintillator types are of interest to the exploration of novel luminescent materials and the development of large-scale detectors for studying fundamental properties of naturally occurring neutrinos.

At the present time, test and validation of autonomously driving vehicles cannot keep pace with their rapidly increasing popularity and development. This dilemma manifested in several incidents over the last years, revealing that suitable methodologies for test and validation of autonomous driving are needed. In order to develop and research test and validation strategies, a testbed for autonomous driving functionality is under development at our institute. This testbed contains an autonomous vehicle, which itself consists of different systems providing its autonomy. Key subsystems for this functionality are a path planning and a localization system, supplying the ability to determine the vehicle's position and future track as precisely as possible. In this paper we present a multi-sensorial localization solution suitable for test and validation of autonomous driving. Within this solution, a position is calculated based on time-of-flight measurement within a ultra wideband (UWB) network in addition to odometry and inertial measurements, using a tightly coupled extended Kalman filter with a constant turn rate and constant velocity (CTRV) model to determine the position. The main contribution of this paper is an experimental evaluation of a UWB-based GPS-independent localization solution achieving a localization accuracy of in median 0.25 m with three anchors and up to 0.17 m with seven anchors in dynamic driving situations.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in wireless sensor networks for monitoring systems within the civil and structural engineering community. There has been not only research on wireless sensor networks for monitoring structural performance and health, but also on localization of building materials and construction machinery. Furthermore, wireless sensor networks are due to their potential of reducing wiring cost also recently investigated for monitoring disturbing emissions like air pollution, noise and hazardous ground vibrations. We propose a wireless sensor network system enabling long term and real-time monitoring of environmental parameters, to detect emissions on a construction site and ensure the compliance of maximum permissible values in real-time. In this novel approach we combine various sensors measuring specific environmental parameters (dust, noise, vibration, position, timestamps), a data acquisition unit, and a radio unit to directly transfer information to a data sink. We conclude that the proposed system offers great possibilities for future deployments at low cost.

Two different dosages, 2 and 5 mg l-', of Levamisol (anthelmintic), applied in a water bath, were tested over a long term against various developmental stages of the swim bladder parasite Anguillicola crassus in the European eel Anguilla anguilla.Almost all preadult and adult nematodes, which live in the lumen of the swim bladder, show signs of paralysis 6 h after therapy.During the following weeks, many are killed off.However, some nematodes are able to regenerate after suffering sublethal damage.The mortality rates of preadult and adult parasites were similar at both dosages.The final juvenile stages of the parasite, which live in the swim bladder wall, are less sensitive to the medication.The highest mortality rate observed among this group was 48 %.It was mainly the larger juveniles, from 3 to 5 mm, that suffered lethal damage, especially at the higher dosage.About 3 wk after treatment, the infestation rate with intact nematodes in the swim bladder lumen begins to increase again, due to the recovery of preadult and adult nematodes and the migration of surviv~ng juveniles into the lumen of the swim bladder.The eggs and newly hatched larvae (L2) of A. crdssus, which are released in the lumen of the swim bladder, show no reaction to the medicine.

We present a detailed examination of the heavy flavor properties of jets produced at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. The data set, collected with the Collider Detector at Fermilab, consists of events with two or more jets with transverse energy ET>~15GeV and pseudorapidity |η|<~1.5. The heavy flavor content of the data set is enriched by requiring that at least one of the jets (lepton-jet) contains a lepton with a transverse momentum larger than 8GeV/c. Jets containing hadrons with heavy flavor are selected via the identification of secondary vertices. The parton-level cross sections predicted by the HERWIG Monte Carlo generator program are tuned within theoretical and experimental uncertainties to reproduce the secondary-vertex rates in the data. The tuned simulation provides new information on the origin of the discrepancy between the bb¯ cross section measurements at the Tevatron and the next-to-leading order QCD prediction. We also compare the rate of away-jets (jets recoiling against the lepton-jet) containing a soft lepton (pT>~2GeV/c) in the data to that in the tuned simulation. We find that this rate is larger than what is expected for the conventional production and semileptonic decay of pairs of hadrons with heavy flavor.Received 2 December 2003DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.69.072004©2004 American Physical Society

Einführende Darstellung zu den gegenwärtig relevanten Theorien über Medien und Kommunikation. Der umfassende Überblick reicht von den philosophischen Wurzeln der Begriffe über diskursbegründende Theorien im 20. Jahrhundert bis hin zu den Lehr- und Forschungsansätzen der Gegenwart. Divergierende Grundfragen eines breiten Wissensgebietes werden vor dem Hintergrund des Medienwandels und der Theorieentwicklung systematisch für das Feld der Medienwissenschaften erschlossen.

Strip detectors with an area of 16cm2 were processed on high resistivity n-type magnetic Czochralski silicon. In addition, detectors were processed on high resistivity Float Zone wafers with the same mask set for comparison. The detectors were irradiated to several different fluences up to the fluence of 3×10151MeVneq/cm2 with protons or with mixed protons and neutrons. The detectors were fully characterized with CV- and IV-measurements prior to and after the irradiation. The beam test was carried out at the CERN H2 beam line using a silicon beam telescope that determines the tracks of the incoming particles and hence provides a reference measurement for the detector characterization. The n-type MCz-Si strip detectors have an acceptable S/N at least up to the fluence of 1×1015neq/cm2 and thus, they are a feasible option for the strip detector layers in the SLHC tracking systems.

For the luminosity upgrade of the LHC, the SLHC, the tracking systems of the LHC experiments need to be replaced. A main concern is the extreme radiation hardness requirement up to 1×1016cm-2 1 MeV neutron equivalent. This paper describes an extract of recent results on radiation hardening technologies developed within the RD50 Collaboration (http://www.cern.ch/rd50) [1] for the tracker upgrades. Silicon detectors have been designed and produced on n- and p-type wafers made by Float Zone, epitaxy and Czochralski technology. Their charge collection efficiency after proton, neutron and mixed irradiation has been studied. Novel detector concepts, as 3D detectors, have been designed, produced and studied as well. Radiation induced microscopic disorder has been also investigated and correlated with the performance degradation of irradiated detectors.

Semiconductor sensors have been around since the 1950s and today, every high energy physics experiment has one in its repertoire. In Lepton as well as Hadron colliders, silicon vertex and tracking detectors led to the most amazing physics and will continue doing so in the future. This contribution tries to depict the history of these devices exemplarily without being able to honor all important developments and installations. The current understanding of radiation damage mechanisms and recent R&D topics demonstrating the future challenges and possible technical solutions for the SLHC detectors are presented. Consequently semiconductor sensor candidates for an LHC upgrade and a future linear collider are also briefly introduced. The work presented here is a collage of the work of many individual silicon experts spread over several collaborations across the world.

Over the last decades Ultra-Wideband (UWB) radio communication has gathered an increasing interest in the research community, due to its unique features resulting out of large bandwidth like the capability for precise localization. Nevertheless in dense indoor environments, multi-path propagation often leads to unpredictable errors in the time-of-flight based ranging process, leading to unreliable range measurements. In this paper, we present measurements within different environments and discuss the effects during the ranging process that lead to incorrect measurements. As the key contribution of our paper we present a method of gaining a quality measure for obtained range measurements, which enables to filter out erroneous measurements. In addition, we show first results applying this approach.

The importance of location based services (LBS) is steadily increasing with progressive automation and interconnectedness of systems and processes. However, a comprehensive localization and navigation solution is still part of research. Especially for dynamic and harsh indoor environments, accurate and affordable localization and navigation remains a challenge. In this paper, we present a hybrid localization system providing position information and navigation aid to pedestrian in dynamic indoor environments, like construction sites, by combining an IMU and a spatial non-uniform UWB-network. The key contribution of this paper is a hybrid localization concept and experimental results, demonstrating in an application near scenario the enhancements introduced by the combination of an inertial navigation system (INS) and a spatial non-uniform UWB-network.

There has been superb progress in understanding the neutrino sector of elementary particle physics in the past few years. It is now widely recognized that the possibility exists for a rich program of measuring CP violation and matter effects in future accelerator {nu} experiments, which has led to intense efforts to consider new programs at neutrino superbeams, off-axis detectors, neutrino factories and beta beams. However, the possibility of measuring CP violation can be fulfilled only if the value of the neutrino mixing parameter {theta}{sub 13} is such that sin{sup 2} (2{theta}{sub 13}) greater than or equal to on the order of 0.01. The authors of this white paper are an International Working Group of physicists who believe that a timely new experiment at a nuclear reactor sensitive to the neutrino mixing parameter {theta}{sub 13} in this range has a great opportunity for an exciting discovery, a non-zero value to {theta}{sub 13}. This would be a compelling next step of this program. We are studying possible new reactor experiments at a variety of sites around the world, and we have collaborated to prepare this document to advocate this idea and describe some of the issues that are involved.

Ab 1800 begann die Ära der Telekommunikation. Die Weltwahrnehmung änderte sich zusehends und inmitten der Industriegesellschaft bahnte sich das Zeitalter der Information an. Ab 1900 wurde die Medienkultur weltumspannend. Wie das geschah, diskutiert der Autor anhand dreier medientechnischer Innovationen: - Kabel. Die Anwendung von Elektrizität für den internationalen Nachrichtenverkehr (Telegraphie, Telefonie) - Wireless. Die Nutzung des Elektromagnetismus für die drahtlose Sendung (Funk, Radio, Satelliten) - Online. Die Konstruktion eines elektronischen Datenraumes mit universellen Interfaces (Internet)

Pad and strip detectors processed on high resistivity n-type magnetic Czochralski silicon (MCz-Si) were irradiated to several different fluences with protons.The pad detectors were characterized with the Transient Current Technique (TCT) and the full-size strip detectors with a reference beam telescope and a 225 GeV muon beam.The TCT measurements indicate a double junction structure and space charge sign inversion in MCz-Si detectors after 6 × 10 14 1 MeV n eq /cm 2 fluence.In the beam test a S/N of 50 was measured for a non-irradiated MCz-Si sensor, and a S/N of 20 for the sensors irradiated to the fluences of 1 × 10 14 1 MeV n eq /cm 2 , and 5 × 10 14 1 MeV n eq /cm 2 .

With an expected 10-fold increase in luminosity in S-LHC, the radiation environment in the tracker volumes will be considerably harsher for silicon-based detectors than the already harsh LHC environment. Since 2006, a group of CMS institutes, using a modified CMS DAQ system, has been exploring the use of Magnetic Czochralski silicon as a detector element for the strip tracker layers in S-LHC experiments. Both p+/n-/n+ and n+/p-/p+ sensors have been characterized, irradiated with proton and neutron sources, assembled into modules, and tested in a CERN beamline. There have been three beam studies to date and results from these suggest that both p+/n-/n+ and n+/p-/p+ Magnetic Czochralski silicon are sufficiently radiation hard for the R>25cm regions of S-LHC tracker volumes. The group has also explored the use of forward biasing for heavily irradiated detectors, and although this mode requires sensor temperatures less than −50 °C, the charge collection efficiency appears to be promising.

Multipurpose detectors are used widely in high energy physics experiments. They work on the same set of fundamental operating principles although specialized in their design goals and detection features. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has four major experiments exploiting these techniques, and in the future the International Linear Collider (ILC) will employ the detectors that are being designed presently and will utilize the particle-flow algorithms in order to obtain the desired dijet mass resolution. A complete understanding of the above mentioned detectors, their designs and the particle detection mechanisms can enable the prediction of the most desirable attributes of an ideal particle-detector design. In this introductory paper, we highlight the techniques used for radiation detection particularly at LHC, and the articles that follow in this volume.

A new pixel detector for the CMS experiment was built in order to cope with the instantaneous luminosities anticipated for the Phase~I Upgrade of the LHC. The new CMS pixel detector provides four-hit tracking with a reduced material budget as well as new cooling and powering schemes. A new front-end readout chip mitigates buffering and bandwidth limitations, and allows operation at low comparator thresholds. In this paper, comprehensive test beam studies are presented, which have been conducted to verify the design and to quantify the performance of the new detector assemblies in terms of tracking efficiency and spatial resolution. Under optimal conditions, the tracking efficiency is $99.95\pm0.05\,\%$, while the intrinsic spatial resolutions are $4.80\pm0.25\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ and $7.99\pm0.21\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ along the $100\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ and $150\,\mu \mathrm{m}$ pixel pitch, respectively. The findings are compared to a detailed Monte Carlo simulation of the pixel detector and good agreement is found.

Based on simulated LHC beam loss scenarios, fully depleted CMS silicon tracker modules and sensors were exposed to 42ns-long beam spills of approximately 1011 protons per spill at the PS at CERN. The ionisation dose was sufficient to short circuit the silicon sensors. The dynamic behaviour of bias voltage, leakage currents and voltages over coupling capacitors were monitored during the impact. Results of pre- and post-qualification as well as the dynamic behaviour are shown.

The importance of location based services (LBS) has largely increased for consumer applications and becoming more and more relevant in industrial applications. For example location dependent information can support occupational safety staff to ensure the safety at work in emergency scenarios. In outdoor environments localization can be obtained easily by using a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). For harsh indoor environments, however, where most industrial applications require localization, an accurate localization remains a challenge in general. In this paper we present a hybrid localization system enabling navigation in challenging environments. The hybrid system fuses received signal strength (RSS) based wireless sensor network (WSN) ranging and a foot mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU). The key contribution of this paper is a hybrid localization concept and experimental results using a deployed system in an industrial environment. We characterize the wireless sensor network signal propagation and evaluate the magnetic field for heading stabilization in such environments. The accuracy analysis shows a typical error of 2 meters. In comparison to a pure inertial navigation system (INS) approach, we demonstrate the enhancements introduced by the combination of an inertial navigation system and a wireless sensor network received signal strength based localization.

The status of the pixel detector for the DELPHI Silicon Tracker is presented. The main characteristics of the detector, the readout chip and the assembly are summarized.

We describe the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of the Borexino detector and the agreement of its output with data. The Borexino MC “ab initio” simulates the energy loss of particles in all detector components and generates the resulting scintillation photons and their propagation within the liquid scintillator volume. The simulation accounts for absorption, reemission, and scattering of the optical photons and tracks them until they either are absorbed or reach the photocathode of one of the photomultiplier tubes. Photon detection is followed by a comprehensive simulation of the readout electronics response. The MC is tuned using data collected with radioactive calibration sources deployed inside and around the scintillator volume. The simulation reproduces the energy response of the detector, its uniformity within the fiducial scintillator volume relevant to neutrino physics, and the time distribution of detected photons to better than 1% between 100 keV and several MeV. The techniques developed to simulate the Borexino detector and their level of refinement are of possible interest to the neutrino community, especially for current and future large-volume liquid scintillator experiments such as Kamland–Zen, SNO+, and Juno.

The Tracker Control System (TCS) is a distributed control software to operate about 2000 power supplies for the silicon modules of the CMS Tracker and monitor its environmental sensors. TCS must thus be able to handle about 104 power supply parameters, about 103 environmental probes from the Programmable Logic Controllers of the Tracker Safety System (TSS), about 105 parameters read via DAQ from the DCUs in all front end hybrids and from CCUs in all control groups. TCS is built on top of an industrial SCADA program (PVSS) extended with a framework developed at CERN (JCOP) and used by all LHC experiments. The logical partitioning of the detector is reflected in the hierarchical structure of the TCS, where commands move down to the individual hardware devices, while states are reported up to the root which is interfaced to the broader CMS control system. The system computes and continuously monitors the mean and maximum values of critical parameters and updates the percentage of currently operating hardware. Automatic procedures switch off selected parts of the detector using detailed granularity and avoiding widespread TSS intervention.

Tracking detectors are of vital importance for most experiments in high-energy and nuclear physics. They are used to determine the charge, momentum, and energy of traversing particles and to allow quark-flavor identification through the reconstruction of secondary vertices. Gaseous and semiconductor detectors are the two main types of tracking detectors; other, more exotic ones are fiber or transition radiation tracking devices. These detectors originated with cloud and bubble chambers in the 1950s and wire chambers in the 1970s, which dominated the field until the 1980s, when silicon sensors were developed. Today, silicon strip and pixel sensors, time-projection chambers, gas electron multipliers, and micromegas define the field. More advanced detector types are described in this review, with an emphasis on application examples and future plans.

This document discusses the silicon-based detectors planned for the High Luminosity LHC. The special aspects to cope with the new environment and its challenges, e.g. very high radiation levels and very high instantaneous luminosity thus high pile-up, high occupancy and high data rates, are addressed. The different design choices of the detectors are put into perspective. Exciting topics like trackers, high granularity silicon-based calorimetry with novel 8 inch processing, fast timing and new triggers are described.

The DELPHI Vertex Detector has been upgraded for LEP200 with 2 layers of pixel detectors and 2 layers of ministrips as endcaps, thus covering the polar angular range between 10° and 21° and allowing for standalone pattern recognition. During the 1995/96 shutdown the first 95 modules were installed and the installation was completed in May 97 with all 152 modules. Production yields and failures during the assembly will be presented. The detector operated at a threshold of around 9000 electrons resulting in a number of noisy pixels at the 10−3 level. After masking these hot pixels in the readout, the remaining number of random hits per event is at the 10−6 level. The observed resolution of about 100 μm is close to the expectation for binary readout. The track reconstruction efficiency increased by more than 100% in the central part of the forward tracker.

The status of the BOREXINO experiment is presented. The physics potential of the experiment is reviewed.

We have processed full-size strip detectors on Czochralski grown silicon wafers with resistivity of about 1.2 kΩ cm. Wafers grown with Czochralski method intrinsically contain high concentrations of oxygen, and thus have potential for high radiation tolerance. Detectors and test diodes were irradiated with 10 MeV protons. The 1-MeV neutron equivalent irradiation doses were 1.6×1014 and 8.5×1013 cm−2 for detectors, and up to 5.0×1014 cm−3 for test diodes. After irradiations, depletion voltages and leakage currents were measured. Czochralski silicon devices proved to be significantly more radiation hard than the reference devices made on traditional detector materials.

Monitoring the manufacturing process of silicon sensors is essential to ensure stable quality of the produced detectors. During the CMS silicon sensor production we were utilising small Test Structures (TS) incorporated on the cut-away of the wafers to measure certain process-relevant parameters. Experience from the CMS production and quality assurance led to enhancements of these TS. Another important application of TS is the commissioning of new vendors. The measurements provide us with a good understanding of the capabilities of a vendor's process. A first batch of the new TS was produced at the Institute of Electron Technology in Warsaw Poland. We will first review the improvements to the original CMS test structures and then discuss a selection of important measurements performed on this first batch.

Multimediale Kommunikation im Digitalzeitalter – das eröffnet neue Fragen zu den Grundlagen der Medienkultur. Dieser Band liefert den Überblick: Schriftlichkeit, Bildlichkeit, Sound, Desktop &amp; Maus, Interface. Frank Hartmann erläutert die Technologien von Internet und World Wide Web und diskutiert aktuelle Entwicklungen des Netzes und Tendenzen von Web 2.0.

The silicon tracking and vertexing detectors at the LHC are built to sustain fluxes of 10 14 or even 10 15 1MeV/cm 2 _neutron_equivalent particles depending on their radial position.According to the original design the outer layers should last up to integrated luminosities of L =500 f b -1 or even more while the inner ones are, in some cases, planned to be exchanged after some years.Simulations had been done to model radiation levels at the different positions in space of the detectors with respect to the delivered luminosity while radiation damage evolution of the sensors has been modelled and empirically determined.It is crucial to measure and understand the radiation damage evolution and compare it with the original model to predict the lifetime of the detectors and give first insights to the design of the next generation of radiation tolerant sensors.This contribution describes the strategies of the different LHC detector groups: ATLAS, CMS and LHCb VELO to measure the evolution of the critical parameters and how they compare with the available models.It also provides the first glimpses of the results at early stages below and around integrated luminosities of L =40 pb -1 to 1 fb -1 .The goal of this document is to present the different techniques and to start a common discussion between the experiments of the next steps.

Ultra-pure construction materials are required for the next generation of neutrino physics, dark matter and environmental science applications. These materials are also important for use in high-purity germanium spectrometers used in screening materials for radiopurity. The next-generation science applications require materials with radiopurity levels at or below 1 μBq/kg 232Th and 238U. Yet radiometric analysis lacks sensitivity below ~10 μBq/kg for the U and Th decay chains. This limits both the selection of clean materials and the validation of purification processes. Copper is an important high-purity material for low-background experiments due to the ease with which it can be purified by electrochemical methods. Electroplating for purification into near-final shapes, known as electroforming, is one such method. Continued refinement of the copper electroforming process is underway, for the first time guided by an ICP-MS based assay method that can measure 232Th and 238U near the desired purity levels. An assay of electroformed copper at a μBq/kg level has been achieved and is described. The implications of electroformed copper at or better than this purity on next-generation low-background experiments are discussed.

This chapter introduces the basic silicon properties and their technical application to set the scene and provide understanding of the silicon sensors functionality. The writing concentrates on examples of detectors used in particle physics experiments – in the High Energy Physics HEP. It also describes the working principle of silicon sensors as particle detectors, together with an explanation of their production processes and design parameter considerations.

Die Transformation von Energieversorgungssystemen ist durcheinhohesMaßanUnsicherheitengekennzeichnet.Dies trifft auch auf die

Materie und Materialität standen lange im Schatten des Geistigen und der Ideen. Alle Materie, so die Prämisse, ist beschränkt, weil in den Grenzen ihrer physikalischen Bedingungen verhaftet. Dass jedoch Geistiges und Materielles einander bedingen, dass Materie und Materialität unser Denken formen und den Umgang mit Artefakten prägen, wurde insbesondere auf dem Gebiet der Künste weitgehend ignoriert. Dabei hat die Ästhetik, verstanden als Kunst-Wahrnehmung und künstlerische Gestaltung, eine besondere Bindung an Materialität: Die Materialien der Künste erzeugen eine spezifische Sinnlichkeit, sie regen zu neuen Produktionsverfahren an und sind Gegenstand kultureller De- und Re-Kontextualisierungen, die einen veränderten Blick auf die Wirklichkeit ermöglichen. Die Beiträge dieses Bandes beschäftigen sich aus der Perspektive von Philosophie, Kultur-, Kunst- und Literaturwissenschaft sowie Design mit der Materialität von scheinbar Immateriellem wie Licht, elektromagnetischen Strahlungen und Düften, aber auch mit klassischen Materialien wie Plastik, Blei und Papier. Mit Beiträgen von Peter Sloterdijk, Thomas Macho, Cornelia Ortlieb, Claudia Mareis u.a.

Abstract The CMS Tracker is the largest tracker ever built entirely based on silicon detectors. Surrounding the innermost pixel system, strip detectors populate the radial region between 20 and 110 cm, for a total active surface of 206 m 2 and almost 10 million readout channels. A complex organization has been put in place to build the detector and qualify in depth all the production and assembly steps, to ensure the delivery of a fully functional tracking system. An overview of the construction and qualification procedures is given, discussing the present status in the final year of the project and the perspectives for the completion of the detector.

Kommunikation und Information sind Begriffe, die erst im 20. Jahrhundert ins Zentrum von Kultur und Technik gerückt sind. Nicht von ungefähr hat sich die Bezeichnung Informationsgesellschaft etabliert – er bringt jene Veränderungen zum Ausdruck, die sich als Medienkultur über das etablierte Gefüge der Industriekultur legen. Damit ist sowohl das breite Feld technischer Entwicklungen angesprochen wie auch neue Formen von Interaktion und Kommunikation. Die Geschichte des Informationsdesigns ist sowohl die eines neuen Gegenstandes mit der Bezeichnung »Information« als auch der damit verbundenen Ideen und Konzepte. Es gibt dabei neue kulturelle Objekte (Interfaces, Screens), deren Gestaltung ansteht, und es gibt mit den veränderten technischen Codierungen neue und sich ändernde Kontexte, in denen das geschieht (konvergente Digitalmedien). Dabei ist es überraschend, dass in der neueren Diskussion um die zunehmend technischen, zur hyperrealen Perfektion errechneten Bilder in unserer gegenwärtigen Medienkultur offenbar völlig vergessen wurde, auf den Beitrag des Informationsdesigns einzugehen.

Astronomische NachrichtenVolume 10, Issue 21 p. 310-312 Article Beilage 1. An den Herrn Hofmechanicus Hohnbaum F. Hartmann, F. Hartmann Capt. a. DSearch for more papers by this author F. Hartmann, F. Hartmann Capt. a. DSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1833 https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.18330102107AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume10, Issue211833Pages 310-312 RelatedInformation

The large hadron collider (LHC) at the Centre Europeenne pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland, is a proton-proton collider with a luminosity of 10/sup 34//cm/sup 2/s and will be working for ten years (starting in 2007). Compact muon solenoid (CMS) will be one of the four general-purpose detectors. The CMS tracker consists of ten barrel layers, plus 2 /spl times/ 9 end cap discs, which amounts to a total of 24 328 silicon sensors with a total area of 206 m/sup 2/ silicon, covering a pseudorapidity of |/spl eta/|/spl les/2.5. For the sensors close to the beam pipe, fluences of 1.6/spl middot/10/sup 14/n/sub 1 MeV//cm/sup 2/ are expected over the ten-year lifetime. To guarantee the functionality of the single-side silicon sensors during the runtime of the LHC, quality assurance was developed. In the two Irradiation Qualification Centers (IQCs) in Karlsruhe, Germany, and Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, a fraction of 1% of the sensors are electrically qualified. In Karlsruhe, the sensors are irradiated with 26-MeV protons and in Louvain-la-Neuve with neutrons at an average energy of 20 MeV. For reasons of flux uncertainties in the CMS tracker, sensors are irradiated with a fluence 50% higher than predicted. For standard float zone silicon, large material dependencies have been observed under irradiation resulting in changes to various electrical parameters. To guarantee the functionality of the sensors in the tracker, it is very important to know these parameters. These electrical parameters have been determined before and after irradiation and are discussed in the following sections.

In 1996 the DELPHI experiment at LEP has upgraded its silicon tracker. In the forward region, pixel detectors were installed. The pixel commissioning and the first results are reported.

The CMS tracking detector uses about 26 000 silicon sensors to equip 206m2 of silicon [F. Hartmann, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 478 (2002); J.L. Agram, et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 517 (2004) 77]. During our quality and process control, including long term testing of the silicon sensors, strange stains on the guard and bias rings have been observed. The result of a systematic investigation proved that our detectors are affected by Al2O3 corrosion after time under voltage in a humid environment. Depth profiling showed that the metal structures are compromised down to the level of SiO2. Finally, significant concentrations of potassium (K) were found precisely at the location of the corrosion, serving as a catalyst for the electrochemical reaction. A systematic study and origin of these stains will be presented.

The Compact Muon Solenoid DCS (CMS) Silicon Strip Tracker is by far the largest detector ever built in micro-strip technology. It has an active surface area of 198 m2 consisting of 15,148 silicon modules with 9,316,352 readout channels read via 75,376 Analog Pipeline Voltage (APV) front-end chips and a total of 24,244 sensors. The Detector Control System (DCS) for the Tracker is a distributed control system that operates ∼2000 power supplies for the silicon modules and also monitors its environmental sensors. The DCS receives information from about 103 environmental probes (temperature and humidity sensors) located inside the detector's volume and values from these probes are driven through the Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) of the Detector Safety System (DSS). A total of 105 parameters are read out from the dedicated chips in the front-end electronics of the detector via the data acquisition system, and a total of 105 parameters are read from the power supply modules. All these parameters are monitored, evaluated and correlated with the detector layout; actions are taken under specific conditions. The hardware for DCS consists of 10 PCs and 10 PLC systems that are continuously running the necessary control and safety routines. The DCS is a fundamental tool for the Tracker operation and its safety.

P-on-n silicon strip sensors having multiple guard-ring structures have been developed for High Energy Physics applications. The study constitutes the optimization of the sensor design, and fabrication of AC-coupled, poly-silicon biased sensors of strip width of 30μm and strip pitch of 55μm. The silicon wafers used for the fabrication are of 4 inch n-type, having an average resistivity of 2–5 kΩ cm, with a thickness of 300μm. The electrical characterization of these detectors comprises of: (a) global measurements of total leakage current, and backplane capacitance; (b) strip and voltage scans of strip leakage current, poly-silicon resistance, interstrip capacitance, interstrip resistance, coupling capacitance, and dielectric current; and (c) charge collection measurements using ALiBaVa setup. The results of the same are reported here.

Gleichsam im Schatten seiner massenmedialen Präsenz baut Peter Sloterdijk seit nunmehr einem Vierteljahrhundert an einem philosophischen Werk, das heute – weit davon entfernt, abgeschlossen zu sein – in Umrissen als komplexes Ganzes sichtbar zu werden beginnt. Der Band versammelt erstmals Essays herausragender Intellektueller aus dem deutschsprachigen und internationalen Raum, die sich von Sloterdijks philosophischer Erhellung unserer Gegenwart inspiriert zeigen und von den unterschiedlichsten disziplinären und persönlichen Blickwinkeln aus theoretische Tangenten an sein Werk anlegen. Entsprechend der Breite des Sloterdijkschen Oevres beschäftigen sich die Autoren mit philosophischen, politolo- gischen, sozio- und psychologischen sowie gegenwartsdiagnostischen Fragestellungen und nehmen dabei auf sämtliche Hauptwerke des Philosophen Bezug: von der 'Kritik der zynischen Vernunft' (1983) über die Sphären-Triologie (1998-2004) und 'Im Weltinnenraum des Kapitals' (2005) bis hin zu 'Zorn und Zeit' (2006) sowie dem 2009 erscheinenden Buch über Anthropotechnik 'Du mußt dein Leben ändern'. Essays mit strikter Referenz auf Peter Sloterdijk sind ebenso vertreten wie Texte, die aufgrund seiner Anregungen an Sachthemen weiterdenken.

AuszugWie organisiert eine Kultur ihre Diskurse? Welche Mechanismen sorgen für ihre Kontinuierung? In der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts macht der Aufstieg des Computers zum zentralen Medium unserer Zivilisation deutlich, wie abstrakte technische Strukturen als mächtige, die menschliche Handlung überlagernde Faktoren wirken. Folglich muss kulturwissenschaftliche Forschung ein neues Verhältnis zur Technik finden. Dieses wurde von einem — technischen wie epistemologischen — Paradigmenwechsel eingeleitet, der die Abkehr vom Subjekt, von Bewusstsein und Handlungen ebenso wie vom bloß Gesellschaftlichen und Kulturellen implizierte. Der Name Friedrich Kittler steht wie kein anderer für einen medientheoretischen Ansatz, der in diesem Sinn die Materialität von Kommunikation zum nicht hintergehbaren Ausgangspunkt nimmt.

Creating new organs increases the mental, often also the physical strength of humans. Thus technologically-induced change led to new instruments which were thought of either as potentially dangerous prostheses or as auxiliary organs which help to conquer space and time. Ernst Kapp was thus inverting the Cartesian tradition of regarding the organic as a mere mechanism by considering mechanical artifacts as unconscious projections of organic potentiality. As mechanical tools are unconscious projections of the osteomuscular apparatus and instruments are eventually projections of human organs, the international cable networks can be explained as projections of the nervous system. Historical artifacts such as cave discoveries and archaeological excavations signaled a new history of human development. Less a visionary and more a forgotten analyzer of the intrinsic relationship between tools and organs, Kapp demystified the advance of modern technology and avant la lettre thus offered a defense for the need for a cultural theory of technology or even a media philosophy.

Two hydrates and an acetate of the uncharged, very strong phosphazene base tris(dimethylamino)methyliminophosphorane, (Me 2 N) 3 P=NMe (for short Me-P 1 ), have been characterized by their crystal structures. A monohydrate, Me-P 1 · H 2 O , mp. 3°C, is monoclinic with space group P2 1 /n and Z = 4 formula units per unit cell of dimensions a = 8.585, b = 11.107, c = 13.083 Å, and β = 97.76° at -30°C. Another hydrate, Me-P1 · 1.75 H 2 O, mp. - 11°C. is triclinic with P1̅, Z = 4, a = 7.924, b = 11.768, c = 14.257 Å, α = 89.70°,β = 86.30°, and 7 = 86.54° at -100°C. An acetate, Me-P 1 · CH 3 COOH, mp. 88°C, is also triclinic with P1̅, Z = 2, a = 7.558, b = 8.193, c = 11.431 A, a = 93.60°, β = 96.52°, and γ = 92.12° at-100°C. In the hydrate Me-P 1 · H 2 O , a centrosymmetric dimer of the formula unit is formed by O-H···N hydrogen bonds arranged in a four-membered ring. In the hydrate Me-P 1 · 1.75 H 2 O , two rings of this kind are linked by additional water molecules into an infinite chain each. Both hydrate structures are those of molecular adducts, in spite of the great strength of the base. By contrast, the structure of the acetate Me-P 1 · CH 3 COOH is clearly ionic, with an ion pair being formed by a bifurcated (three-center) hydrogen bond N-H(···O) 2 from the protonated N atom of the base cation to both O atoms of one and the same acid anion.

The High-Luminosity LHC upgrade (HL-LHC) is expected to increase the present luminosity by an order of magnitude in the years after 2022. This will necessitate the construction of silicon tracking detectors with a significantly higher radiation hardness and a higher channel granularity to cope with the higher track occupancy. In addition, a contribution from the tracking system to the first trigger stage and a reduction of the material budget would be desirable. The current concept for an upgraded CMS Tracker is based on silicon sensor modules formed of a sandwich of two strip sensors with front-end electronics at the sensor edge. This arrangement allows us to use the displacement of coincident hits in the two stacked sensor planes as a measure of particle momentum. As a consequence it is possible to identify locally particles with low transverse momentum which are not relevant for the Level-1 trigger decision. By applying a momentum cut of 1–2 GeV, the data rate can be reduced by an order of magnitude. This paper introduces a new strip sensor design with a fourfold segmentation along the strips. The inner strips have an offset of half a pitch with respect to the outer strips and are connected to the pre-amplifiers at the edge via routing lines in between the outer strips. The challenge lies in minimizing the induced signals on the routing lines. Several prototypes have been tested and the results are reported. The possible application for the CMS Tracker upgrade is discussed.

The Central European Consortium designed and prototyped generic test structures (TS) in a R&D study to allow standard monitoring of the process quality of silicon sensors of any given vendor. Furthermore, some novel signal routing strategies for silicon sensors have been applied on the wafers to achieve an implementation of a pitch adapter directly in the sensor, either in the first metal layer or in a second additional metal routing layer. These improvements would allow to connect the readout chip directly to the sensor, omitting an additional pitch adapter. The on-sensor pitch adapter would be reflected by a substantial material budget saving which would be of special interest for the tracking detectors at the super-LHC. After a first batch of improved TS was produced in 2007, a second batch of enhanced TS and additional sensors, with integrated pitch adapters, has been produced by the Institute of Electron Technology in Warsaw, Poland. Some improvements of the TS and the designs of the sensors will be shown. Afterwards a selection of measurements on TS and sensors will be discussed as well as a testbeam and its first results.

In the present study the water movement in a bottom ash landfill from a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) was investigated. The pore regime of such landfills consists of macropores (with diameter &gt; 50 [.mu]m), which make up about two-thirds of the total porosity and micropores. The program MACRO, which describes flow through porous media and takes both macro- and micropore flows into account, was applied. The model was calibrated with a time series from the landfill Riet, near Winterthur in Switzerland. In the present study the model was recalibrated at a time series for 1 year. With this scenario the influence of an expected reduction or increase of the porosity on leachate behaviour of such landfills over a long time (&gt; 100 years) was studied (‘long-term behaviour’). It has been shown that reliable information about water percolation can only be provided by obtaining more information about the hydraulic structure of such landfills. In particular, the number of macropores and the porosity exert great influence on the water movement.

Abstract As a result of the high luminosity phase of the SLHC, for CMS a tracking system with very high granularity is mandatory and the sensors will have to withstand an extreme radiation environment of up to 10 16  part/ 2 . On this basis, a new geometry with silicon short strip sensors (strixels) is proposed. To understand their performances, test geometries are developed whose parameters can be verified and optimized using simulation of semiconductor structures. We have used the TCAD-ISE (SYNOPSYS package) software in order to simulate the main electrical parameters of different strip geometries, for p-in-n-type wafers.

The intent of this chapter is to introduce the radiation effects and give a general understanding of radiation damage – its mechanism, microscopic and macroscopic effects.

In the view of increasing uncertainties of social developments, there is a wide consensus for the necessity of strategic (or corporate) foresight in science and politics as well as in business.