Daniel Winterbottom

Abstract As the population in North America continues to age, long-term care facilities for housing the elderly are likely to become even more important. Because one of the primary foci of these facilities is on sustaining and enhancing quality of life while eventually helping patients and families cope with the dying process, both the physical and social environments are critical to the facilities' success and the users' well-being. Healing, or restorative gardens and other designed green spaces have been suggested by many academics and practitioners as important components of these environments, yet there has been relatively little systematic research on the use and benefits of nature in this context. Do elderly residents of long-term care facilities benefit from access to outdoor areas? What are the design characteristics that are most important for this unique population? Forty elderly residents of three different urban long-term care facilities were interviewed about the importance of outdoor green spaces and views within the facility, their use of the facility's outdoor spaces, benefits they derive from those spaces, and barriers to using the spaces. Facilities differed both in terms of the amount of nature in their outdoor spaces and in the design of, scale of, and access to those spaces. Results show that overall residents place a high value on access to green spaces and derive a number of benefits from these spaces, yet they spend relatively little time in these settings. Barriers to greater use of outdoor spaces included physical limitations, lack of staff assistance, and design issues. Implications for the value of nature spaces in long-term care facilities are discussed, along with specific design recommendations.

Landscape preference (LP) is often a critical interdisciplinary research topic that explores the interaction between human beings and their environments. Human preferences for landscape can have a profound influence on how the preservation, reconstruction, and restoration of the landscape is approached, both consciously and unconsciously. Theories of LP emerged in the 1960s and can be divided into three need categories: (1) the need for survival, (2) the need for affection, and (3) the need for cognition. However, these theories lack a unifying framework. The hypothesis presented herein is that LPs are derived from innate human needs. Based on cognitive neuroscience, positive psychology, and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, an integrated theoretical model explaining the neural basis and mental processes that inform LPs is developed. The concept of “positive landscape” and the argument that landscape change could be a potential tool for regulating human LPs are proposed. Two regulatory strategies used to actively manipulate LPs in a way that benefits both the ecosystem and human wellbeing are described in this study.

As a concept that emerged in Europe, a bio-district is an area where different actors work together for the innovative and integrated transformation of rural food systems and the sustainable management of local resources, based on the principles of organic farming and with farmers playing a central role. Traditional Chinese villages represent sustainable models for the management of rural food systems and natural resources, developed by indigenous peoples who have been in “dialogue” with the land over millennia and adapted to specific geographical and ecological environments. These models encompass well-established edible green infrastructure (EGI) ecological structures, rich in indigenous knowledge and understanding of the environment that support food supply and regional ecological sustainability. Our case study focuses on a well-preserved village of the Dong ethnic group in southwest China, which maintains traditional livelihoods and a local food system. We used field surveys, interviews, participatory mapping to propose an EGI model of the traditional Dong village, which comprises the following key elements: the “rice-fish-duck” cycle as a key factor of traditional livelihoods, the hierarchical ecological structure of “households-groups-village,” and corresponding management models. This study aims to comprehensively understand the knowledge of sustainable food systems and natural resource management derived from traditional China. It achieves this by theoretically analyzing the traditional village EGI that has evolved over China’s thousand-year agricultural civilization. The objective is to apply this understanding to the construction of bio-districts in rural China. EGI model in traditional villages worldwide have the potential to offer lessons from millennium-old indigenous agricultural systems, which may have relevance for current environmental and food crises faced by our industrialized world, the construction of bio-districts and organic regions, and the sustainable management of local resources.

A number of benchmark scenarios for NMSSM Higgs boson searches via Higgs-to-Higgs decays at the LHC have been proposed by the NMSSM Subgroup of the LHC HWG3. Some of them are already in use by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations for the interpretation of their results from Run 2. In this document we summarize the theory setup, the underlying procedures and reproduce the benchmark scenarios in table form.

The soundscape quality of urban parks can influence the mental and physical health of park visitors. This paper proposes strategies for optimizing soundscape quality by correlating the physical parameters to the human perception. The data has been gathered through a case study of Greenlake Park located in Kunming, China. The objective physical acoustic indexes and the subjective soundscape perception were analyzed using a combination of GIS spatial statistical analysis from 1224 pieces of environmental sound pressure level data and questionnaire data of human perception collected through soundwalks. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Compared with water bodies, lands perform better in absorbing and reducing the environmental sound pressure level with a decrease of 2.0 dB every 15 m in the terrestrial landscape of rich plant layers and high degree of enclosure, compared to a decrease of 1.5 dB every 15 m in the water landscape with lotus leaves, cruise ships or structures; (2) Sound pressure level and types of sound sources profoundly affect our soundscape perception. Acoustic environment evaluation, soundscape suitability, visual preferences, pleasure perception and relaxation perception are positively correlated with natural sound perception (p < 0.01), while significantly negatively correlated with sound pressure level, human activity and mechanical sound perception. In the end, the correlation between landscape elements and sound pressure level, sound sources and soundscape perception are discussed, and a soundscape optimization strategy for urban parks supported by research data is proposed.

Abstract The benefits and constraints of the design/build learning model as developed for landscape architecture curriculum at the University of Washington are described. Design/build projects integrate design, construction and professional practice and address concerns of landscape educators and professionals for preparing students for practice. Projects have focused on ecological, social and health issues in under-served communities. Students are immersed in the community design process and challenged to work as a team, to plan and communicate design responsively. Design and construction are synthesized in the principle that a linking of thinking and making is fundamental to good design. Students are encouraged to test and explore traditional and non-traditional materials and construction processes. Constraints include a condensed schedule for completing projects. As a service learning model, the University sees beneficial community relations. Examples include a public wash facility using harvested rainwater, a garden for children infected with AIDS, a healing garden for a cancer support facility and an adopt-a-park for an inner city community in Seattle, Washington. An outline of the process, a typical schedule, results of a student survey and funding sources are given.

Humans have innately established close and profound ties with the, and through these relationships shaped many kinds of landscapes. Among these are sacred landscapes, which have drawn the attention of researchers due to their cultural significance. In the field of health geography, large-sized sacred regional landscapes are now the focus of studies for their therapeutic properties. However, few scholars have focused on small sacred landscape systems at the community level (constructed by local communities) or the physical and psycological health benefits that these landscapes offer to the local residents. These small-sized and widespread, but often hidden, sacred landscapes are closely tied to people's daily lives and work. They have evolved and grown over millennia to become critical sociocultural phenomena. This study takes the sacred bao ye landscape of the Dong people of China as the research subject. By adopting the case study approach, field research, semi-structured interviews, and textual analysis, it summarizes the types, geographical distribution, rituals and processes of bao ye as a sacred landscape of the Huanggang village in Guizhou Province, and concludes with an analysis of motivation and health benefits to the bao ye worship. In this paper we argue that bao ye is a sacred landscape system focusing on the healthy development of children, and constitutes a local belief developed in an isolated environment lacking medical resources, which remains in practice. The sacred landscape of bao ye offers a therapeutic environment, providing children with increased opportunities to engage with and build deep connections to nature. Thruogh this process children may develop a bond with nature that inspires them to protect nature on their own accord. We argue that bao ye offers an important case study for understanding the landscape-people-healing interactivity at the community level.

BACKGROUND: Adjusting to incarceration is traumatic. An under-utilized strategy understood to buffer and counteract the negative impacts of incarceration are nature interventions. OBJECTIVE: Outcomes of an interdisciplinary design studio course focused on developing masterplans for a women’s prison in the Pacific Northwest (US) are presented. Course objectives included comprehension and application of therapeutic and culturally expressive design principles to increase the benefits of environmental design within a carceral setting; collaboration, developing a deeper, more representative understanding of how design processes can improve the lives of marginalized populations; and enhancing design skills, including at masterplan and schematic scale using an iterative process and reflection. METHODS: A landscape architect, occupational therapist, and architect teaching team, with support from architects and justice specialists facilitated an elective design studio course to redesign the Washington Corrections Center for Women campus. RESULTS: In a ten-week academic quarter, six student design teams created conceptual masterplans for therapeutic outdoor spaces at the Washington Corrections Center for Women. Students presented their plans to prison staff, current and ex-offenders, and architects and landscape architects in practice, and then received positive feedback. CONCLUSION: Despite well-documented need for and value of nature interventions to improve health and wellbeing for everyone regardless of circumstance or situation, the project awaits administrative approval to move forward to installation.

Cast out of their highland villages, many Mayans have resettled around the garbage dump in Guatemala City. Children went to the dump to work salvaging plastic, cardboard and food. In 2004, children were banned from the dump and now stay at home without supervision. In 2006, the University of Washington Landscape Architecture Design/Build Program collaborated with Safe Passage to design a portion of their school facilities and to transform their donated, decommissioned dump site into a therapeutic garden. This environment is designed to help the children learn about the natural world, their culture, science, math and writing, gain vocational skills and ultimately reconstruct their lives in a healthier direction. This paper focuses on the role of natural places in rebuilding children's lives concurrent with a disaster and how the rebuilding of a place for safe play, learning and skill building can help children endure and move beyond the immediate effects of the disaster.

In our increasingly multi-cultural society many voices are not expressed in the public landscape. The design of public space often reflects a class based system, representing the values of those in power. Often these places ignore the psychological, spiritual or therapeutic needs of the users (Kaplan and Kaplan 1989,1995). This is magnified for recent immigrants who may be undergoing a sense of loss and displacement, alienation from the culture around them and loss of empowerment and self esteem. With the increase of moving populations at a global scale, this is an issue common to many cities around the world. In New York City, a unique form of park spaces have been created on reclaimed neglected urban land which meet many of the community needs, social, spiritual, cultural and ecological. In these gardens, activities range from passive meditation to active children’s play areas. The raising of food and medicinal crops engage the users and offer a sense of belonging to those who may feel disconnected and lonely. As green oases in typically chaotic environments these gardens are valued by the users for their restorative benefits including stress reduction, ability to regain focus, a calming engagement with nature and increased sense of well being. Created by Puerto Rican immigrants, these lush oases, re-creations of their indigenous landscapes, provide respite from the surrounding streets in a familiar “home” setting. Casitas constitute a unique blend of landscape, vernacular architecture and art. This paper will present how these spaces are used as restorative refuges and as places to express and affirm traditional cultural values, how they offer a meaningful alternative to traditional western gardens and public parks for local communities, and ease the process of displacement, alienation and adaptation in a new environment. These gardens foster and reinforce identity, self efficacy, self esteem and place congruent continuity (Winterbottom 1999). The community garden should be a place not only of great plant diversity, but offers a wide range of uses and meanings. In this iteration of community gardens the building of and attraction to the casita represents both a connection to and a celebration of traditional Puerto Rican culture and a reclamation and adaptation of the environment by the Puerto Rican community.

The aim of this paper is to emphasize some of the detrimental effects that moving vehicles have in residential areas. The main factors considered are noise and, to a lesser extent, noxious fumes and vibration.

Preparing future landscape architects for practice involves not only teaching them about globally important cultural, social, and ecological issues but also the processes for addressing them successfully in the built environment. An educational model that immerses students in these issues through community and cross-cultural dialog is the Design/Build Studio. (Winterbottom, 1999)

We propose that design for healing gardens would benefit from typological study of workplace, religious and health care gardens from cross-disciplinary and international perspectives, theory, and practice (Ward-Thompson, Aspinall, & Bell, 2010). Using place and affordance theories, and the perspectives of occupational therapy, environmental psychology, and the history and theory of design, we compare four gardens for different user needs to argue that universal and interdisciplinary approaches to landscape design drive innovation. These are the Rab Psychiatric Hospital gardens, Rab Croatia, the Walter Reed National Naval Military Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA, gardens for the newly built Cistercian monastery of Our Lady of Novy Dvur, Czech Republic, the roof gardens of the Nomura Bank in London.

The results of several searches for additional neutral and charged Higgs bosons are presented, using data collected with the CMS detector at $\sqrt{s}=13~\mathrm{TeV}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $138~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. The searches for neutral Higgs bosons target the decays into $\tau\tau$, WW, and pairs of lighter Higgs bosons. Each of these searches observes modest excesses of data with respect to the background expectation with local significances in the range of 3.1-3.8 standard deviations. The search for a charged Higgs boson targets its decay into a W and a neutral Higgs boson. No significant excess of data with respect to the background-only hypothesis was observed.

Both the practitioners and professors of landscape architecture are seeing a shift toward more collaboration. Collaboration in the design-build process is essential to its efficacy. In the historic model the master designer was a solitary, elevated guru of form giving. Collaboration in design-build elevates an open exchange of ideas, a communal responsibility for the quality of the project and a workforce that integrates instead of segments the building and design processes. The academic collaborative design-build model is commonly delivered using the studio class format typical in environmental design programs. Opportunities for design-build exist beyond the studio model both within and outside of academia. Professors use full-scale mockups and prototyping of design ideas within a tradition design studio to integrate design application with theory-based approaches. In traditional design studios students can develop their designs as “kits” with instructions for construction that can be used for a community implementation once at a future point. Depending on MLA thesis requirements, theses can be structured around a design-build approach to test a hypothesis, explore spatial relationships and address community needs. Graduating students aim to address issues of equity, sustainability and ecology as they enter practice. They can choose alternative practice firms and take internships and careers in community design-build with organizations such as Habitat for Humanity and Engineers Without Borders. Many community development entities have partnerships with struggling communities in need of affordable housing and improved school environments and recreational facilities. Other NGOs provide post-disaster recovery services using design-build methods. Non-Profits such as City Repair offer design-build activities for neighborhood improvements and creative reclamation of urban public space.

The latest Higgs boson measurements in final states with tau leptons are reviewed.These measurements are based on 137 fb -1 of data collected with the CMS experiment at centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV.An overall signal strength of 0.85 +0.12 -0.11 with respect to the standard model prediction is observed.A measurement of the CP properties of the tau Yukawa coupling is also presented for the first time.The mixing angle between CP-even and CP-odd tau Yukawa couplings was found to be 4 ± 17 • .The observed significance of the separation between the CP-even and CP-odd hypotheses is 3.2 standard deviations.

Daniel Winterbottom Residual Space Re-evaluated As urban dwellers in Seattle struggle to increase the amount of open space within their neighborhoods, many are recognizing the exis- tence and value of residual space and the tremendous potential it has for transforming local communities. From median strips planted with corn to a bridge embankment from which a troll sculpture emerges, residual spaces are being reincorporated creatively into the fabric of Seattle neighbor- hoods. They are providing space for recreational activities, spiritual regeneration and growing food; many declare or reinforce community iden- tity; some even provide niches for urban wildlife. Most of the residual space projects in Seattle have been driven and managed by local communities, and the process of creating these projects can evolve meaning as much as the outcomes. Several factors are contributing to Seattle’s rediscovery of residual space. The city’s voters recently rejected a tax increase to fund a large- scale public open space project, Seattle Com- mons, with sentiment leaning toward smaller- scale, more manageable neighborhood-based pro- jects. There is a much-celebrated precedent of public art projects that address community con- cerns and character using commonly neglected urban spaces, such as traffic islands, road right of ways and parking lots. And the voices of neigh- borhood councils are growing stronger as Seattle wraps up a citywide neighborhood planning pro- cess in compliance with its comprehensive plan. In Seattle, the rediscovery of residual spaces is helping to address a number of problems. One is the fragmentation of neighborhoods through insensitive siting of arterials, bridges, freeway ramps and strip development. Another concern is that as infill housing projects are built, the amount of informal open space available to communities is decreasing. Meanwhile, budgets for public land acquisition are shrinking, and voters have proven less willing to fund parkland projects. 1 What kinds of space do communities need? How can the planning and design process foster PLACES 13:3

Wood as a Building Material. History of Wood in Landscape Architecture. MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES. Wood Composition. Sizing and Surfacing. Finishes and Coatings. Wood Preservative Treatments. Mechanical Fasteners and Connectors. Wood Connectors. Adhesives. CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGIES. Structures. Fences. Gates. Retaining Walls. Freestanding Walls. Decks. Arbors and Pergolas. Freestanding Structures: Gazebos, Pavilions, and Cabins. Bridges. Appendices. Glossary. References. Index.

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