David Barney

The amplitude of the signal collected from the PbWO4 crystals of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter is reconstructed by a digital filtering technique. The amplitude reconstruction has been studied with test beam data recorded from a fully equipped barrel supermodule. Issues specific to data taken in the test beam are investigated, and the implementation of the method for CMS data taking is discussed.

The High Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider will deliver 10 times more integrated luminosity than the existing collider, posing significant challenges for radiation tolerance and event pileup on detectors, especially for forward calorimetry. As part of its upgrade program, the Compact Muon Solenoid collaboration is designing a high-granularity calorimeter (HGCAL) to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. It will feature unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout and triggering segmentation for both electromagnetic and hadronic sections. The electromagnetic section and a large fraction of the hadronic section will be based on hexagonal silicon sensors of 0.5–1 cm2 cell size, with the remainder of the hadronic section being based on highly-segmented scintillators with silicon photomultiplier readout. The intrinsic high-precision timing capabilities of the silicon sensors will add an extra dimension to event reconstruction, especially in terms of pileup rejection. First hexagonal silicon modules, using the existing Skiroc2 front-end ASIC developed for CALICE, have been tested in beams at Fermilab and CERN in 2016. We present results from these tests, in terms of system stability, calibration with minimum-ionizing particles and resolution (energy, position and timing) for electrons, and the comparisons of these quantities with GEANT4-based simulation.

Abstract As part of its HL-LHC upgrade program, the CMS collaboration is developing a High Granularity Calorimeter (CE) to replace the existing endcap calorimeters. The CE is a sampling calorimeter with unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout for both electromagnetic (CE-E) and hadronic (CE-H) compartments. The calorimeter will be built with ∼30,000 hexagonal silicon modules. Prototype modules have been constructed with 6-inch hexagonal silicon sensors with cell areas of 1.1 cm 2 , and the SKIROC2-CMS readout ASIC. Beam tests of different sampling configurations were conducted with the prototype modules at DESY and CERN in 2017 and 2018. This paper describes the construction and commissioning of the CE calorimeter prototype, the silicon modules used in the construction, their basic performance, and the methods used for their calibration.

Abstract The upgrade of the CMS experiment for the high luminosity operation of the LHC comprises the replacement of the current endcap calorimeter by a high granularity sampling calorimeter (HGCAL). The electromagnetic section of the HGCAL is based on silicon sensors interspersed between lead and copper (or copper tungsten) absorbers. The hadronic section uses layers of stainless steel as an absorbing medium and silicon sensors as an active medium in the regions of high radiation exposure, and scintillator tiles directly read out by silicon photomultipliers in the remaining regions. As part of the development of the detector and its readout electronic components, a section of a silicon-based HGCAL prototype detector along with a section of the CALICE AHCAL prototype was exposed to muons, electrons and charged pions in beam test experiments at the H2 beamline at the CERN SPS in October 2018. The AHCAL uses the same technology as foreseen for the HGCAL but with much finer longitudinal segmentation. The performance of the calorimeters in terms of energy response and resolution, longitudinal and transverse shower profiles is studied using negatively charged pions, and is compared to GEANT4 predictions. This is the first report summarizing results of hadronic showers measured by the HGCAL prototype using beam test data.

The response of the CMS barrel calorimeter (electromagnetic plus hadronic) to hadrons, electrons and muons over a wide momentum range from 2 to 350 GeV/c has been measured. To our knowledge, this is the widest range of momenta in which any calorimeter system has been studied. These tests, carried out at the H2 beam-line at CERN, provide a wealth of information, especially at low energies. The analysis of the differences in calorimeter response to charged pions, kaons, protons and antiprotons and a detailed discussion of the underlying phenomena are presented. We also show techniques that apply corrections to the signals from the considerably different electromagnetic (EB) and hadronic (HB) barrel calorimeters in reconstructing the energies of hadrons. Above 5 GeV/c, these corrections improve the energy resolution of the combined system where the stochastic term equals 84.7±1.6% and the constant term is 7.4±0.8%. The corrected mean response remains constant within 1.3% rms.

EUDAQ is a generic data acquisition software developed for use in conjunction with common beam telescopes at charged particle beam lines. Providing high-precision reference tracks for performance studies of new sensors, beam telescopes are essential for the research and development towards future detectors for high-energy physics. As beam time is a highly limited resource, EUDAQ has been designed with reliability and ease-of-use in mind. It enables flexible integration of different independent devices under test via their specific data acquisition systems into a top-level framework. EUDAQ controls all components globally, handles the data flow centrally and synchronises and records the data streams. Over the past decade, EUDAQ has been deployed as part of a wide range of successful test beam campaigns and detector development applications.

Performance tests of some aspects of the CMS ECAL were carried out on modules of the "barrel" sub-system in 2002 and 2003. A brief test with high energy electron beams was made in late 2003 to validate prototypes of the new Very Front End electronics. The final versions of the monitoring and cooling systems, and of the high and low voltage regulation were used in these tests. The results are consistent with the performance targets including those for noise and overall energy resolution, required to fulfil the physics programme of CMS at the LHC.

Calibration of the relative response of the individual channels of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS detector was accomplished, before installation, with cosmic ray muons and test beams. One fourth of the calorimeter was exposed to a beam of high energy electrons and the relative calibration of the channels, the intercalibration, was found to be reproducible to a precision of about 0.3%. Additionally, data were collected with cosmic rays for the entire ECAL barrel during the commissioning phase. By comparing the intercalibration constants obtained with the electron beam data with those from the cosmic ray data, it is demonstrated that the latter provide an intercalibration precision of 1.5% over most of the barrel ECAL. The best intercalibration precision is expected to come from the analysis of events collected in situ during the LHC operation. Using data collected with both electrons and pion beams, several aspects of the intercalibration procedures based on electrons or neutral pions were investigated.

Abstract The Compact Muon Solenoid collaboration is designing a new high-granularity endcap calorimeter, HGCAL, to be installed later this decade. As part of this development work, a prototype system was built, with an electromagnetic section consisting of 14 double-sided structures, providing 28 sampling layers. Each sampling layer has an hexagonal module, where a multipad large-area silicon sensor is glued between an electronics circuit board and a metal baseplate. The sensor pads of approximately 1.1 cm 2 are wire-bonded to the circuit board and are readout by custom integrated circuits. The prototype was extensively tested with beams at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron in 2018. Based on the data collected with beams of positrons, with energies ranging from 20 to 300 GeV, measurements of the energy resolution and linearity, the position and angular resolutions, and the shower shapes are presented and compared to a detailed Geant4 simulation.

Ensuring the radiation hardness of PbWO4 crystals was one of the main priorities during the construction of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at CERN. The production on an industrial scale of radiation hard crystals and their certification over a period of several years represented a difficult challenge both for CMS and for the crystal suppliers. The present article reviews the related scientific and technological problems encountered.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
 The student teaching experience is important. The student teacher wants to be successful during their student teaching experience. Part of working successfully with the cooperating teacher can greatly impact a student teachers success. The purpose of this study was to investigate school based cooperative teachers’ experiences with student teachers for the purpose of better preparing physical education teacher education majors for their student teaching. For this study 100 experienced physical educators were surveyed to find out what student teachers should expect to do to be successful when student teaching. One of the main findings from this study was for student teachers to successfully communicate with their cooperating teacher.
 實習教學的經驗是教師成功的要素。本研究的目的是調查實習教師與學校教師的經驗交流，共調查了100位具備豐富教學經驗的體育教師，結果顯示實習教師與本科教師溝通是最重要的因素。

There is an expectation that physical educators will provide games, activities, and interactions that will positively affect student attitudes toward being physically active throughout their lives. Unfortunately, certain pedagogical practices have been employed in physical education (PE) classes that negatively affect attitudes toward physical activity. Of those practices, incorporating student exercise as punishment (EAP) was the focus of this investigation. The purpose of this study was to explore individuals’ (i.e., former students in PE) perspectives regarding their experiences of EAP. Findings suggest the use of EAP negatively affected the classroom environment as well as perceptions toward physical educators. Former PE students reported EAP did not teach valuable life lessons, with running and push-ups identified as the most common methods that physical educators used to punish students. Results of this study reveal that EAP may not be an appropriate practice and that physical educators should identify other methods of classroom management to create a more positive learning environment.

Abstract The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC will be upgraded to accommodate the 5-fold increase in the instantaneous luminosity expected at the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) [1]. Concomitant with this increase will be an increase in the number of interactions in each bunch crossing and a significant increase in the total ionising dose and fluence. One part of this upgrade is the replacement of the current endcap calorimeters with a high granularity sampling calorimeter equipped with silicon sensors, designed to manage the high collision rates [2]. As part of the development of this calorimeter, a series of beam tests have been conducted with different sampling configurations using prototype segmented silicon detectors. In the most recent of these tests, conducted in late 2018 at the CERN SPS, the performance of a prototype calorimeter equipped with ≈12,000 channels of silicon sensors was studied with beams of high-energy electrons, pions and muons. This paper describes the custom-built scalable data acquisition system that was built with readily available FPGA mezzanines and low-cost Raspberry Pi computers.

Further tests of lead tungstate crystal matrices made in high-energy electron beams in 1996, using new crystals, new APDs and an improved test setup confirm that an energy resolution of better than 0.6% at 100 GeV can be obtained when the longitudinal uniformity of the struck crystal is adequate. Light loss measurements under low dose irradiation are reported. It is shown that there is no loss of energy resolution after irradiation and it is demonstrated that the calibration change due to light loss can be tracked with a precision monitoring system. Successful tests with a preshower device, equipped with a silicon strip detector readout, are also described.

The performance of electromagnetic calorimeter modules made of proton-irradiated PbWO4 crystals has been studied in beam tests. The modules, similar to those used in the Endcaps of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL), were formed from 5×5 matrices of PbWO4 crystals, which had previously been exposed to 24 GeV protons up to integrated fluences between 2.1× 1013 and 1.3× 1014 cm−2. These correspond to the predicted charged-hadron fluences in the ECAL Endcaps at pseudorapidity η = 2.6 after about 500 fb−1 and 3000 fb−1 respectively, corresponding to the end of the LHC and High Luminosity LHC operation periods. The irradiated crystals have a lower light transmission for wavelengths corresponding to the scintillation light, and a correspondingly reduced light output. A comparison with four crystals irradiated in situ in CMS showed no significant rate dependence of hadron-induced damage. A degradation of the energy resolution and a non-linear response to electron showers are observed in damaged crystals. Direct measurements of the light output from the crystals show the amplitude decreasing and pulse becoming faster as the fluence increases. The latter is interpreted, through comparison with simulation, as a side-effect of the degradation in light transmission. The experimental results obtained can be used to estimate the long term performance of the CMS ECAL.

The tacitly sanctioned practice of publicly picking teams in physical education has been categorized as instructionally inappropriate, yet its practice persists. Therefore, the purpose of this two-study article was to examine its effects on achievement goals orientations and motivational profiles of male junior high school physical education students (n = 233). Students were assigned to one of two conditions (publicly picked teams or confidential draft) in four sports and across four trials. Unexpectedly, findings revealed no significant differences between groups across sports or within trials in (a) goals orientation or (b) self-determined motivation. However, follow-up interviews revealed insights into (a) selection motives, (b) differentiation in conceptions of abilities, and (c) a sense of empathy for peers vulnerable to the practice. Despite nonsignificant findings in survey results, the qualitative data revealed nuances associated with this practice that have allowed us to make specific recommendations against the continued use of this practice.

AbstractAbstractThis article explores how physical education teacher education (PETE) programs can prepare physical education professionals for PLC engagement. A requisite competency domain for PLC engagement can be described as "co-assessment literacy" or "closing the loop" of a results cycle (utilizing assessment data to monitor student learning and improve teaching practice). Using a little-known process assessment called a Programmed Practice Sheet (PPS) can be an efficient way for a physical education PLC team to close the loop. The article concludes by describing how a PETE program utilized PLC structures, principles, and language in guiding undergraduate students in the process of research inquiry. Research inquiry concepts and the PLC results process for closing the loop are explored and compared. Additional informationNotes on contributorsZack BeddoesZack Beddoes (zack_beddoes@byu.edu) is an assistant professor in Department of Teacher Education at Brigham Young University in Provo, UT.Keven PrusakKeven Prusak is an associate professor in Department of Teacher Education at Brigham Young University in Provo, UT.David BarneyDavid Barney is a an associate professor in the Department of Teacher Education at Brigham Young University in Provo, UT.

AbstractAbstractProfessional Learning Communities (PLCs) are becoming increasingly commonplace in America's schools. As part of the school community, physical educators are positioned to add and receive value within PLCs. Given that school-based PLCs are driven by collaborative teams, reaching high performing status requires external supportive school structures coupled with internal positive team dynamics. A PLC can be an emotionally charged collective action formation with the potential to positively enhance teacher practice and student learning or, conversely, be hindered by adult drama. This paper focuses on and provides research-informed practical suggestions for addressing the internal team dynamics aspects of physical education PLCs (PE-PLCs). Drawing from team dynamics literature, this analysis unpacks and applies sub-constructs associated with team member attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions (ABCs) within a PE-PLC setting. Practical suggestions for enhancing ABCs within PLCs are provided. Additional informationNotes on contributorsZack BeddoesZack Beddoes (zack_beddoes@byu.edu) is an Assistant Professor in Department of Teacher Education at Brigham Young University, in Provo, UT.Keven PrusakKeven Prusak is an Associate Professor in Department of Teacher Education at Brigham Young University in Provo, UT.David BarneyDavid Barney is an Associate Professor in Department of Teacher Education at Brigham Young University in Provo, UT.Todd PenningtonTodd Pennington is an Associate Professor in Department of Teacher Education at Brigham Young University in Provo, UT.

The paper discusses the development of an IBM PC® based tool, for calculating train braking distances for various train classes on a rail network. There is discussion on current industry practice and the limitations of that practice, the concept of the tool itself, including the assumptions made, the strategy adopted to minimise the risk of incorrect calculations, and the results of adopting that strategy.

Change in education is inevitable. Physical educators are being positioned to effectively manage change and control their own destiny. In order to manage and facilitate positive change, physical educators should clearly embrace and accept physical education as a public health tool, understand the educational change process in schools, and know how to manage change through the strategic utilization of Professional Learning Communities. Physical educators can shape the culture of schools by increasing physical activity levels for students in physical education while facilitating physical activity opportunities for students and faculty across the school day. Given that physical education is a subsystem of the larger school system, each physical educator must understand the nature of change in schools and how to successfully influence it. Professional Learning Communities provide a structure for physical educators to take the helm by influencing positive and systemic change, shaping culture, and advocating for increased physical activity in schools.

Music is an everyday occurrence in a person’s life. Music is heard in the workplace, in homes, and in the mall. Music can also be heard as a person exercises. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of music on junior high students (n = 305) step counts and time in activity in junior high school physical education classes. In this study, students wore pedometers, and a 2 (conditions: with and without music) × 2 (activities: basketball and volleyball) crossover design was used. It was found that across all grades (7th, 8th, and 9th) and gender, more steps were taken with music in both activities versus without music. No significant differences were noted in time in activity between activities with music (2,839 steps taken in basketball) than without music (2,494 steps taken in basketball). Music is a tool that can assist junior high school physical educators in meeting the objectives of having students in physical activity for a majority of class time. It made students’ physical activity experience enjoyable.

The performance of lead tungstate crystals using photomultipliers and Si avalanche photodiodes to detect the scintillation light has been studied using high energy electron, pion and muon beams at CERN. Results from tests carried out in 1993 and 1994 are presented. Good energy resolution has been obtained using photomultipliers. Some further development is required of crystals and avalanche photodiodes in order to achieve a performance, with avalanche photodiode readout, similar to that obtained using photomultipliers.

Using matrices of lead tungstate crystals, energy resolutions better than 0.6% at 100 GeV have been achieved in the test beam in 1995. It has been demonstrated that a lead tungstate electromagnetic calorimeter read out by avalanche photodiodes can consistently achieve the excellent energy resolutions necessary to justify its construction in the CMS detector. The performance achieved has been understood in terms of the properties of the crystals and photodetectors.

Music is a pervasive presence in society and is routinely used to influence human behavior in a variety of settings and for a variety of purposes including exercise behaviors and physical education (PE) classes. However, little evidence exists to support what effect, if any, music has on learner outcomes in PE. The effects that playing music during elementary PE lessons had on children's physical activity (PA) rates were examined in this study. Physical activity rates (via pedometry) of elementary PE students (Grades 3 to 5, n = 115) were measured under two treatment conditions (music or no music) and across two lesson types (walking or Frisbee) in a crossover design. Data were analyzed using a within-and-within repeated measures ANOVA. Findings indicate that including music throughout PE lessons significantly increases PA for both genders and across both activities (p < .000). Also, a significant music-by-activity type interaction effect was noted (p < .000), indicating that music has an increased effect as the nature of the activity becomes more vigorous. A significant gender effect (p < .000) was also noted. Using music may be a beneficial environmental change that will increase PA in elementary PE and is more pronounced as intensity increases.

We describe the detectors and trigger system used in the CERN WA92 experiment. The experiment was designed to study the production and decay of beauty particles from 350 GeV/c π− interactions in copper and tungsten targets. Charged particle tracking is performed using the omega spectrometer. Silicon microstrip detectors are used to provide precise tracking information in the region of the production and the decay of heavy-flavoured particles and to trigger on the resulting high impact parameter tracks. The precision of vertex reconstruction corresponds to ±3.7% of the mean B-decay proper lifetime. Lepton and high transverse momentum hadron signals are also used in the trigger, which accepts 23% of B-decays and rejects 98.4% of non-beauty interactions.

The Decay Detector is a compact array of 10 μm pitch silicon microstrip detectors designed to give charged track data which is sufficient, both in quantity and in precision, to allow reconstruction of beauty particle decays. It has been built for Beatrice, a fixed-target hadroproduction experiment at CERN. This “electronic bubble chamber” consists of sixteen 5 mm × 5 mm microstrip planes comprising more than 8000 detector channels packed into a volume of less than 0.8 cm3. The pulse heights of all channels are read by analogue front-end electronics and are then compared with individually set thresholds and pedestals. The performance of the Decay Detector has been studied in a test beam and data are presented on its spatial precision, efficiency, and other characteristics.

Physical educators have long proclaimed that physical education class is an important academic discipline to a students’ education. With learning objectives taking place in the affective, cognitive and psychomotor domains. Yet, physical education has been marginalized in today’s society. One way to gain support of physical education is getting support from other educators. The literature suggests that teacher’s need to promote their programs to gain support and lose the marginality tag that has been place on physical education. For this study the researchers surveyed elementary classroom teachers (n=219). The survey consisted of seven questions, and of the five questions the classroom teachers were asked to further explain their responses to the survey question. The purpose of this study was to obtain and better understand elementary classroom teacher’s attitudes and perspectives regarding elementary physical education. Generally, elementary classroom teachers attitudes were positive towards elementary physical education.?

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the contributions of walking when participating in disc golf and achieving the recommended 10,000 steps per day. Data from men (n = 226) and women (n= 109) participants who played on 15 disc golf courses were analyzed to determine if gender, age, score or playing format had an effect on the average number of steps walked per hole. Each participant wore a pedometer while playing. Participants averaged 311 steps per hole, which equates to 5613 steps for an 18- hole round of disc golf. Women took 69.3 fewer steps per hole than men and each additional throw resulted in 3.2 additional steps per hole. Playing an 18-hole round of disc golf provided for over half of the recommended 10,000 steps per day for healthy living, but these steps were not evenly distributed across all types of players.

National standards for physical education (PE) encompass five principles for the purpose of defining what high school students should recognize and be able to perform as a result of a quality PE program. The expectation is that youth will develop an active, healthy lifestyle into adulthood from activities and skills taught in PE. Researchers from the United Kingdom and the United States have identified team sports as the primary curricular design in high school PE. However, it has been suggested the use of team sports is not an effective way to encourage students to be physically active throughout their lives. Participants for this study were 1,034 college-aged students from a private university located in the western United States. Responses from the questionnaire (Questions 9, 12, and 14) indicated a significant difference at the p < 0.05 level when gender was compared. Cohen's d for statistically significant values indicated low to moderate practical significance. Seven open-ended questions were used to investigate in which activities students enjoyed participating during high school PE. A majority of college students reflected the desire of being taught or exposed to lifetime activities during their high school PE class. College students who were surveyed tended to want to attain skills in high school that they could use throughout their lives. Study results indicate that some college students' reflections on past PE exposure were not beneficial.

The CMS preshower is a fine grain detector that comprises 4288 silicon sensors, each containing 32 strips. The raw data are transferred from the detector to the counting room via 1208 optical fibres. Each fibre carries a 600-byte data packet per event. The maximum average level-1 trigger rate of 100 kHz results in a total data flow of ~72 GB/s from the preshower. For the readout of the preshower, 56 links to the CMS DAQ have been reserved, each having a bandwidth of 200 MB/s (2 kB/event). The total available downstream bandwidth of GB/s necessitates a reduction in the data volume by a factor of at least 7. A modular VME-based system is currently under development. The main objective of each VME board in this system is to acquire on-detector data from at least 22 optical links, perform on-line data reduction and pass the concentrated data to the CMS DAQ. The principle modules that the system is based on are being developed in collaboration with the TOTEM experiment.

The NASPE Appropriate Practices for High School Physical Education document was published for the purpose of "addressing key aspects of instructional strategies and practices that are essential to delivery of quality physical education to adolescents and young adults" (pg.3). The purpose of this study was to investigate high school student's knowledge of appropriate practices in high school physical education. Three hundred and sixty-nine high school students were surveyed regarding appropriate practices in high school physical education. It was found that picking teams in class was appropriate, that dressing out for class and attendance is a part of their grade in class and that out of class assignments is inappropriate for student to have in class.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was investigate the use of personal music players (PMPs) during exercise, including their purpose(s), how they affect exercise, and the most common music listened to. A representative sample of 184 undergraduate students from two separate university wellness centers completed a 17-item, content validated questionnaire containing demographic information and questions related music and exercise preference and music player use. The most popular types of music listened during exercise were hip hop (27.7%), rock (24%), pop (20.3%), and country (12.7%). The most common modes of exercise while listening a PMP were free weights (27.2%), treadmill (26%), machine weights (19.6%), and elliptical trainer (17.4%). The most common reasons listen a PMP were to work out harder, (22.4%) make the exercise seem easier, (21.4%) and to work out longer (20.2%). Significantly more participants indicated they would work out more frequently while using a PMP (53.3% yes; 26% no, 21% unsure; X2 33.70, 2, p=Keywords: fitness, health, RPE, motivationIntroductionMusic plays a noticeable role in our everyday lives. For example, we listen music as we drive our vehicles, do household chores, and work in our offices. We hear music in the elevator, in stores, and during commercials and cartoons on television. Music is both ubiquitous and often goes unnoticed; yet it is in many facets of our lives. An additional area in which music affects our lives is exercise, with recent literature noting that music can be influential during exercise. Tempo, volume, and style of music are some of the factors associated with exercise (Karageoghis, Jones, & Low, 2006; Priest, Karageorghis, & Sharp, 2004). Karageoghis, et al. investigated the relationship between heart rate and music tempo and found increased preference for fast tempo music as workload intensity increased. The authors also noted an overall preference for fast tempo music during exercise.Priest, et al., (2004) had earlier studied the effects of tempo during exercise and found health club members preferred music that was upbeat and motivational. A wide variety of music types were also preferred during workouts. Exercisers preferred louder music, which served improve their motivation for exercise.Gfellar (1988) surveyed college students enrolled in an aerobic activity class regarding their attitude towards certain types of music played during class activities. It was found that 96% of the students liked music with a beat, and felt music with a good tempo provided a proper rhythmic structure and temporal cue for their aerobic activities in addition providing added motivation.Examining the effects of motivational music upon sub-maximal exercise intensity and affective responses such as attitudes during and after exercise and perceived effort, Elliot, Carr, and Orne (2005) engaged participants in three 20-minute cycle ergometer trials while listening motivational music. The authors found that motivational music was a means of elevating sub-maximal exercise intensity, manipulating effort sense, improving in-task affect, and inducing positive attitudes towards the exercise experience. Participants in the music conditions exercised at a higher intensity (M = 122 Watts) compared those in the no music condition (M = 108 Watts). Comparisons also revealed that participants traveled significantly farther (p

Social-emotional learning (SEL) has become an important topic in education. SEL is also important in physical education (PE). The nature of PE has students learning in the affective, cognitive, and psychomotor domains, thus providing many opportunities for SEL. And who facilitates SEL? The PE teacher has the opportunity to provide games, activities, and experiences to assist and strengthen their students' SEL by implementing appropriate instructional practices (AIP) in PE. This article will highlight a number of AIP that PE teachers can implement to develop their students' SEL.

We report on the associated production of charmed hadrons in π−-nucleon interactions at s≃26 GeV at the CERN Ω′ spectrometer. Results on the azimuthal correlation of charmed particle pairs are presented and compared to the predictions of Next-to-Leading-Order QCD calculations.

The CMS Preshower is part of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) system. It is a sampling calorimeter that was installed to improve ?0 rejection in the forward direction. It is composed of two layers of lead, each followed by a layer of silicon sensors. The Preshower is installed at each end of CMS, at about ?310 cm from the CMS interaction point. The sensors are exposed to a wide spectrum of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, causing an increase of the bulk leakage current and a change of the effective doping concentration, resulting in a change of the full depletion voltage.This paper presents the measurements of the bulk current increase from the 2010 and 2011 LHC runs, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6.17 fb?1, including luminosity taken outside stable beam conditions, at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV.A computer program based on the Hamburg model was developed for calculating the effects of simultaneous irradiation and annealing on the bulk leakage currents. The calculated currents, as a function of time, were found to be in good agreement with the bulk leakage currents measured in 2011. The program will be used to estimate the long-term evolution of the bulk leakage currents. The absolute level of the bulk leakage current, and its radial dependence, is in good agreement with the predictions obtained with the Hamburg model folded with the FLUKA simulation of the CMS radiation field.

The purpose of this study was to explore grade-level differences (7th, 8th, and 9th) among junior high school students’ perceptions of the effects of participation in physical education (PE) class on individual environmental stress. The role of physical activity as a stress reduction tool has been well documented. However, physical activity as a stressful event in the school and PE environment has been less established, particularly in junior high school students. Study participants comprised 872 junior high school students, 585 males (67%) and 287 females (33%), enrolled in four junior high schools. Stratified by grade, 315 seventh-grade (228 males, 87 females; M = 1.28, SD = .448), 281 eighth-grade (204 males, 77 females; M = 1.27, SD = .447), and 276 ninth-grade (153 males, 123 females; M = 1.45, SD = .498) students responded. By grade level, significant differences (p &lt; .05) were reported for five of the 12 scaling questions. In general, seventh graders were more likely to respond they could better handle stress after participating in PE class, to look forward to coming to their PE class, to report lower stress levels before arrival to PE class, and to report lower stress levels after participation in PE class than were eighth and ninth graders. Altogether, follow-up qualitative findings reported three major themes regarding the PE environment and stress. PE acted as a stress mitigation mechanism and an opportunity for social bonding. Qualitative findings also referenced classmates as a negative stress mechanism in the PE environment. Subscribe to TPE

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.&#x0D; The purpose of this study was to investigate school administrators’ knowledge of appropriate instructional practices in physical education. For this study 130 k-12 school administrators from two states in the United States were surveyed regarding their knowledge of appropriate instructional practices in physical education. University Institutional Review Board granted approval to conduct this study. Surveys were sent electronically to the school administrators to take. At the completion of the survey the school administrators were able to click a submit button and have the surveys returned to the researchers. It was found that school administrators identified dodge ball, relay races and elimination tag as an appropriate instructional practice. Also, full-sided games (30 students divided into two teams) were appropriate for students to participate in. These instructional practices are considered inappropriate for students to participate in. The implications of this study are to inform school administrators what practices are appropriate and inappropriate. It is hoped that physical educators and school administrators will work together to see that appropriate instructional practices are taught in physical education, thus benefitting students to become competent in their participation in physical activity.&#x0D; 本研究的目的是探討學校管理者對體育的教學實踐知識。在這項研究中，邀請兩個州份的130位 K-12學校行政人員進行調 查，並獲大學機構審查委員會准許進行這項研究。調查以電子方式發送給學校管理者採取。結果發現，學校的管理者確定躲避球和接力賽作為適當的教學實踐。希望體育教師和學校管理者將共同努力，看到合適的體育教學實踐，從而惠及學生參與體能活動。

The design and results of a radiation hard switched gain charge amplifier optimised for a large dynamic range and large input capacitance are described. The peaking time is 25 ns, dynamic ranges are 0.1–50 minimum ionising particles (MIPs) (high gain) and 1–400 MIPs (low gain), signal to noise (S/N)>10 for Cin<56 pF and radiation tolerance to 10 Mrads(Si) and 4×1013 n cm−2.

This study investigated perceptions of teaching by four-year college pre-service teachers (N=20) before and after participation in a semester long practicum in elementary physical education classes. A survey consisting of 13 open-ended questions was prepared and administered to male (n = 11) and female (n = 9) pre-service teachers. Qualitative data analyses were used to interpret pre- and post-practicum survey responses. A qualitative, thematic content analysis was performed on transcribed interviews to identify relative themes supporting each open-ended question. Findings suggest a comprehensive teaching perspective by those educators preparing four-year college pre-service physical education teachers, particularly focusing on classroom.

Elementary physical educators promote their content to help students learn in the psychomotor, affective, and cognitive domains. One of the best methods to reach this is by implementing appropriate instructional practices. For this study, 2,479 elementary-aged students participated. Students were surveyed (survey of 24 statements) to ascertain their knowledge of appropriate instructional practices in elementary physical education. A majority of students incorrectly identified 11 of the 24 survey statements. For example, elementary-aged students feel it is appropriate to have captains pick teams in front of the whole class and that it is appropriate to play dodge ball. With these results, elementary physical educators have a great opportunity educate and expose their students to appropriate instructional practices.

A sample of 475 events, in which two charmed-particle decays are observed, is analyzed to determine distributions of two-particle kinematic variables. One charmed particle with xF > 0 is fully reconstructed and the other is at least partially recontructed. The distributions of Δø and pT2 are compared with a next-to-leading order QCD calculation.

The CMS Endcap Preshower (ES) sub-detector comprises 4288 silicon sensors, each containing 32 strips. The data are transferred from the detector to the counting room via 1208 optical fibres running at 800Mbps. Each fibre carries data from two, three or four sensors. For the readout of the Preshower, a VME-based system, the Endcap Preshower Data Concentrator Card (ES-DCC), is currently under development. The main objective of each readout board is to acquire on-detector data from up to 36 optical links, perform on-line data reduction via zero suppression and pass the concentrated data to the CMS event builder. This document presents the conceptual design of the Reduction Algorithms as well as their implementation in the ES-DCC FPGAs. These algorithms, as implemented in the ES-DCC, result in a data-reduction factor of 20.

Objectives: To provide further information regarding physical education (PE) teachers’ perceptions of incorporating music in PE lessons and to evaluate the influence of music on the classroom environment using a qualitative approach. Method: Electronic survey interviews were conducted with 26 veteran PE instructors (10 male, 16 female), from 7 states and 24 schools (7 elementary schools, 15 middle schools, 4 high schools). Participant teaching experience ranged from 1 to 25 years. Results: Analyses of interview transcripts revealed four major themes concerning the use of music in the PE environment: (1) classroom management, (2) student learning, (3) class climate, and (4) music as a motivational tool. Two repeating themes within the major theme of classroom management were the assistance of music in starting and stopping class activities. Other classroom environmental factors within the major themes of student learning, class climate, and music as a motivational tool were specific to student focus, the predilection of contemporary music by students in the classroom, and perceived increased motivation in classroom activities by students, respectively. Conclusions: Study findings point to the fact PE teachers find music as a helpful tool to assist in class activities. Incorporated during class activities, music may help to create a positive class climate, serving as a tool to help PE teachers manage students and keep them on task. Subscribe to TPE

A physical education lesson usually consists of four parts (introductory activity, fitness component, lesson focus, and closing game). The first part of the lesson, the introductory/warm-up activities, has the potential to set the tone for the rest of the lesson. It also provides an opportunity for students to get into instant activity upon entering the gym or playing field. This study investigated physical education (PE) teachers’ perceptions of introductory/warm-up activities in their physical education lessons. For this study, 26 K–12 PE teachers were interviewed through an electronic survey, which was e-mailed to the participants. Analysis of the interview data revealed four themes concerning introductory/warm-up activities: (1) importance of introductory/warm-up activities in a PE lesson, (2) the practical nature of the introductory/warm-up activities, (3) how introductory/ warm-up activities benefit students, and (4) using music to enhance the introductory/warm-up activities. Data show that introductory/ warm-up activities are an important aspect of any PE lesson that PE teachers use to prepare their students for the rest of the activities for the lesson.Subscribe to TPE

This study examined the chosen teaching styles of teacher candidates in a university PE high school teaching methods course (a) to see if teaching styles were chosen with equal probability and (b) to see if there was a difference of the distribution of styles used by males compared to females. A chi-square goodness of fit test determined if one or more teaching styles was more popular than at least one other, and a post hoc test compared all pairs of proportions. A two-sided normal-based test tested whether reproductive and productive styles were equally popular. A test for independence of gender and preferred teaching style was conducted, followed by post hoc tests. The following pairs of teaching style proportions were significantly different: practice with all the other styles except reciprocal. Overall, reproductive styles were more popular. Female candidates preferred reproductive styles at a significantly higher rate than male candidates did, and male candidates preferred productive styles at a significantly higher rate than female candidates did. Reasons for style preference are explored and recommendations made for environmental enhancements that help teachers to develop productive styles.Subscribe to TPE

Research has shown that secondary physical education (6-12) is full of team sport activities (football, basketball, volleyball, etc.). These activities are not bad, yet secondary-age students want a greater variety of activities to participate in. One activity that secondary physical educators can implement is Land paddling. Land paddling is similar to stand-up paddle boarding, which is commonly seen in beach areas. Its revolutionary design allows for better balance and control on the long board, while giving riders an upper body and core workout. This new fitness activity is becoming popular not only in physical education programs, but also with many sport teams due to its core training benefits. The purpose of this article is to introduce this activity and inform secondary physical educators how to incorporate it in their curriculum.

We have searched for the decay D0 → μ+μ− among 1.25 × 105 μ+μ− pairs produced by 350 GeV/cπ− particles interacting in copper and tungsten targets. Using a high-resolution silicon-microstrip detector followed by a large-acceptance magnetic spectrometer and a muon filter we are able to discriminate between prompt and non-prompt muons and to measure dimuon masses. No candidate compatible with a D0 → μ+μ− decay has been found, allowing us to set an upper limit on the branching fraction B(D0 → μ+μ−) of 7.6 × 10−6 at the 90% confidence level.

Using a sample of 108 triggered events, produced in π−−Cu interactions at 350 GeV/c, we have identified 26 beauty events. The estimated background in this sample is 0.6 ± 0.6 events. From these data, assuming a linear A-dependence, we measure a beauty production cross section integrated over all χF of 5.7−1.1+1.3 (stat.)−0.5+0.6 (syst.) nb/N.

The student teaching experience can be a time of application and learning for the student. The purpose of this study was to investigate the types of interactions student teachers had during their elementary physical education teaching experience. The subjects were three senior physical education majors that had completed all of their class work and were concluding their course work with their student teaching experience. For this study the types of interactions that were investigated were positive and negative interactions and general vs. specific interactions of teachers with students. It was found that student teachers generally had positive and general interactions with students.?

This paper describes the architecture of PACE3 and the key design parameters for a large dynamic range front-end amplification and low noise analog memory. Measured results from PACE3 are presented characterizing the chip's performance in terms of gain, pulse shaping characteristics, noise, power consumption and radiation tolerance with respect to total ionizing dose and robustness to single event upsets (SEU).

The TOTEM Front End Driver, so-called TOTFED, receives and handles trigger building and tracking data from the TOTEM detectors, and interfaces to the global trigger and data acquisition systems. The TOTFED is based on the VME64x standard and has deliberately been kept modular. It is very flexible and programmable to deal with the different TOTEM sub-detectors and possible evolution of the data treatment and trigger algorithms over the duration of the experiment. The main objectives for each unit are to acquire ondetector data from up to 36 optical links, to perform fast data treatment (reduction, consistency checking, etc.), to transfer it to the next level of the system (via the Slink64 interface), and to store data on request for slow spy readout via VME64x or USB2.0. The TOTFED is fully compatible with CMS and permits TOTEM to run both standalone and together with CMS. The TOTEM Front End Driver, its components and applications in the TOTEM experiment are presented in this paper.

On 30 March 2010 the first high-energy collisions brought the LHC experiments into the era of research and discovery. Millions of viewers worldwide tuned in to the webcasts and followed the news via Web 2.0 tools, such as blogs, Twitter, and Facebook, with 205,000 unique visitors to CERN's Web site. Media coverage at the experiments and in institutes all over the world yielded more than 2,200 news items including 800 TV broadcasts. We describe the new multimedia communications challenges, due to the massive public interest in the LHC programme, and the corresponding responses of the ATLAS and CMS experiments, in the areas of Web 2.0 tools, multimedia, webcasting, videoconferencing, and collaborative tools. We discuss the strategic convergence of the two experiments' communications services, information systems and public database of outreach material.

The bell rings signaling the end of class and 27 sweaty high school students begin to grumble. “Why does class have to be over?” complains one student. “I wish I could have this class every day,” s...

An elementary classroom teacher (ECT) has a busy day. The teachers teach their class, prepare class materials, and may supervise the lunchroom or the playground at recess time (Daily Physical Activity in School, 2005), attend meetings with parents and perform a number of other responsibilities. For this reason planning time is a very important component for the ECT. Planning time for the ECT is usually taken when students are in elementary physical education. This study investigated how elementary physical education can assist the ECT in their planning time. In this study 219 ECT from three states and 18 different schools participated in this study. The ECT was given a short survey to fill out regarding how, or if, planning time helps or benefits the ECT. The results found that the ECT appreciated the planning time that it was needed in order for them to be successful in the classroom and because of planning time the students would benefit. The results also showed a great respect from the ECT for elementary physical education, which can be beneficial for principals and other school administrators.

We have each been given a name. With this given name, we are known among our families, friends, and other associates. Our name becomes an integral part of our identity. A common and important place where a person is addressed by name is the educational setting, more specifically a school setting, including physical education (PE) classes. The PE setting offers many opportunities for teachers and students to use student names. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of PE teachers using each student’s given name, along with the effect of this use on students. For this study, 278 junior high school students (165 males, 113 females) were surveyed regarding teachers using student names in PE class. This study found that junior high PE students liked when their PE teacher knew and used their name in PE class. From these results, it is hoped that PE teachers seriously consider this aspect of pedagogy of using student names as they interact with their students.

There is growing evidence that increased physical fitness and physical activity (PA) rates are positively associated with academic achievement. Recent efforts toward Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs (CSPAP) include the use of PA breaks during academic learning activities. This study examined the acute and chronic effects of PA breaks (via GoNoodle) on the reading fluency of 384 elementary school children. Reading scores (words per minute, reading accuracy, and words retold) increased significantly in certain chronic and acute conditions. Findings provide additional support of the growing body of research for the use of PA for enhancing academic achievement, specifically reading fluency.

Preparing future teachers is a complex endeavor, yet there are tools that help prepare preservice teachers (PST). One tool is digital video (DV). DV provides opportunities for PST to see and hear themselves teach and make the needed corrections in their lessons and activities. This study examined the accounts of elementary education majors’ experiences with DV self-analysis and how these related to noticing skills in their teaching elementary physical education lessons. The PST benefited from noticing themselves teach and that DV is an appropriate tool in the preparation of PST.

As part of its HL-LHC upgrade program, the CMS collaboration is replacing its existing endcap calorimeters with a high-granularity calorimeter (CE). The new calorimeter is a sampling calorimeter with unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout for both electromagnetic and hadronic compartments. Due to its compactness, intrinsic time resolution, and radiation hardness, silicon has been chosen as active material for the regions exposed to higher radiation levels. The silicon sensors are fabricated as 20 cm (8") wide hexagonal wafers and are segmented into several hundred pads which are read out individually. As part of the sensor qualification strategy, 8" sensor irradiation with neutrons has been conducted at the Rhode Island Nuclear Science Center (RINSC) and followed by their electrical characterisation in 2020-21. The completion of this important milestone in the CE's R&D program is documented in this paper and it provides detailed account of the associated infrastructure and procedures. The results on the electrical properties of the irradiated CE silicon sensors are presented.

Having parental support in a child’s education is very important. Parents are, and can be, a valuable force when it comes to their child’s education. The purpose of this study was to investigate parent’s knowledge of appropriate practices in their child’s elementary physical education classes. The data were obtained by surveying 311 parents. Parents were asked to complete a 40-statement survey dealing with appropriate practices in elementary physical education. The data showed that parents tended to correctly identify appropriate practices in their child’s elementary physical education class. Yet, from the 40 survey statements, six statements were incorrectly answered by a majority of parents. It is hoped, if parents are more educated regarding their child’s physical education experience, then there is a greater chance they will be more willing to support, or continue to support, elementary physical education in their child’s education.

The essential feature of the described experimental techniques is the use of two specially designed pieces of hardware: a high precision “decay detector” and a fast secondary vertex trigger processor. Experiment WA92 should be able to obtain a sufficient data sample to measure lifetimes of B± and B0 and the B hadroproduction cross section.

This study investigated the relationship between use of distractions during exercise and (a) heart rate (HR), (b) rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and (c) enjoyment during exercise. Quasi-experimental design with six intact, single-gender high school classes was used. A control group experienced no distraction, while a treatment group first experienced no distraction, followed by 2 days each of listening to music and of watching a movie. HR was collected continuously in real time and RPE and enjoyment at 5-min intervals. In the treatment group, HR and RPE were not different between no distraction and music conditions but decreased while watching a film. The control group also decreased in the same measures during the third condition. No differences were seen in enjoyment. While various distractions may work in fitness settings, in the PE setting distractions in and of themselves are insufficient and cannot replace quality pedagogy and an engaging teacher. One cannot simply turn on the music or video and leave students to their own devices. Future research needs to investigate distraction use in combination with good pedagogy, engaging instruction, and the impact of sociality in physical education.Subscribe to TPE

The incorporation of music in the physical education (PE) environment during physical activity has been shown to be beneficial for participants. Karageorghis et al. (1999) created a conceptual framework focusing on asynchronous music, identifying four factors important to a given piece of music: rhythm response, musicality, cultural impact, and association. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two conditions, with and without the incorporation of music, in the PE environment on student moods in 948 junior high school students (501 males, 447 females). The conditions were measured using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) Short Form. Significant differences were observed in the mean scores of POMS between preintervention (without music) and postintervention (with music) for total mood disturbance, tension, anger, fatigue, depression, and confusion (all p values &lt; 0.0001), as well as significantly higher mean scores for esteem-related affect and vigor (p values &lt; 0.0001). Results from this study, and others, provide an impetus for PE teachers and PE teacher education to incorporate music during games/activities for the purpose of improving student moods and subsequent activity levels.

The physical education context is fun yet challenging. There is the potential for teachers to offer a multitude of games and activities for students. Thus, PE teachers should put the students in the best position to learn the content. One method involves PE teachers putting students in small-sided groups during games and activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate K–12 physical education teachers’ perceptions of small-sided games and activities in their PE lessons. Thirty-one K–12 physical educators from five states participated in this study. The PE teachers were emailed a survey. The questions were structured to produce short answers to the survey. Analysis of the interview data revealed five themes concerning small-sided games and activities in physical education lessons: (1) the importance of small-sided groups, (2) PE teachers’ observations of students in 2v2 and 3v3 games and activities, (3) how do PE teachers know small-sided groups are better than large-sided groups, (4) small-sided groups and classroom management, and (5) small-sided groups’ effect on student attitudes. The data show that small-sided games and activities are helpful and important to student learning, that students have more interaction with the equipment, and that students feel more comfortable participating in small-sided games and activities.

In March 2012 the high voltage system of the silicon-sensor-based CMS Preshower detector underwent a significant upgrade. In order to increase the granularity of the bias distribution lines, the number of power supplies was doubled and fully configurable distribution boards were developed and installed. These new boards provide much improved flexibility in the powering, necessary to cope with the expected evolution of the 4288 silicon sensors with radiation damage. They also provide measurement of the ∼ 2200 bias-voltage lines that go to the detector, enabling fast identification/diagnosis of any anomalous currents and providing detailed knowledge of the sensor current evolution over time.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.&#x0D; Many times a child will be asked, “What do you want to be when you grow up?” The answers are varied, yet their responses usually reflect what their parents employ may be. For this study, factors were investigated that have an effect on college student’s decision to become a physical education. For this study it was found that former physical education and coaches were the most influential people affecting college student’s decision to become physical education teachers, not parents. It was also found that many of these college student’s were actively involved in high school athletics, thus also affecting their decision to become a physical education teacher. The results from this study can serve PETE faculty to capitalize on their PETE student’s excitement to teach physical education.&#x0D; 本文旨在探索影響體育師範學生教學的決定因素，包括有師範學生的前體育老師及運動教練。

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese. For many years students have been exposed to inappropriate instructional practices in physical education, resulting in bad experiences and inadequate learning. Introducing pre service physical education (PE) majors to Appropriate Instructional Practices (AIP) is a recommended method of preparation. Unfortunately, many PE majors have been exposed to inappropriate instructional practice; thus they perceive those practices as appropriate to use in their teaching. To determine PE majors’ understanding of AIP, 313 PE majors (161 males &amp; 152 females) from 7 different institutions participated in this study. Based on incorrect responses it was found that PE majors believed that organizing students in large group for activities was an appropriate instructional practice. In addition, results demonstrated that PE majors thought students should be graded for wearing prescribed clothing in class and be required to sit out if not dressed appropriately. With these results PETE faculties have a great opportunity and have a better understanding of preparing their PE majors in appropriate instructional practices. 如果學生接觸到不恰當的體育教學，容易造成不好的經驗和學習的不足。本文邀請313體育本科生(男161，女152)參加了這項研究。結果表明，體育本科生認為需要分級穿著規定體育服裝，以及理解他們體育專業的教學實踐。

The analysis of 150 GeV/c muon data collected during a test of a CMS Preshower prototype is presented. The test took place in 2004 in the H4 beam at CERN. The muon signal extraction is possible after pedestal subtraction and common mode correction. The results of a Geant-4-based simulation, developed for the Preshower prototype test, are also presented. The results of the simulation are found to be in excellent agreement with the data. It is also demonstrated that by combining the results of the data analysis and simulation an absolute calibration of the CMS Preshower detector system can be performed.

A flexible test system for evaluating the CMS Preshower [1] on-detector electronics (analogue and digital) has been built using off-the-shelf components. The system utilizes an FPGA and a microcontroller, and is controlled via a standard USB link by a PC running LabVIEW. The testbench emulates the full functionality of the CMS Timing, Trigger and Control (TTC) system [2], as well as the CMS Tracker front-end control system (FEC) [3] and provides an electrical and/or optical data acquisition system, without the need for VME electronics. The testbench will be the principle evaluation and production testing system for all Preshower on-detector electronic components/systems, and can be easily adapted for other CMS (and non-CMS) systems. I. CMS PRESHOWER ON-DETECTOR ELECTRONICS CMS Preshower front-end electronics are organized as an analogue pipeline, where events are stored on front-end chips, followed by an on-detector analogue to digital conversion stage and a non-zero-suppressed data transmission system to the counting room. The general architecture is shown in Fig.1. The Preshower on-detector system is composed of: 1. Analogue front-end ASICs, called PACE, that provide 32channel pre-amplification and shaping, DC-coupled to 32strip silicon sensors, as well as analogue pipelines for the detector signals. A sensor and associated electronics (plus support structure) forms a “micromodule” (Fig.2). There are ~4300 of these micromodules in the CMS Preshower. 2. Digital front-end ASICs, called K-chips, that collect the digitized (by ADCs) data from a group of up to four PACE chips, and format the information in a way suitable for serial transmission via gigabit optical hybrids (GOH) to the counting room. 3. Front-end control ASICs (CCU, PLL etc) used for distributing fast timing control signals to the front-end readout ASICs as well as for providing system monitoring and control capabilities. 4. 40MHz bi-directional digital optical hybrids (DOH) used to deliver the fast timing signals (clock, trigger, reset, etc) to the embedded electronics and also to relay control and status information between the embedded electronics and the electronics in the counting room [4]. The Preshower on-detector system board contains the electronics necessary (items 2&3) to digitize and transmit the signals from a number (7, 8 or 10) of micromodules. The first prototype of the system board is shown in Figure 3. Figure 1: Preshower Readout & Control Architecture Figure 2: Photograph of a prototype micromodule Figure 3: Photograph of the first prototype of the CMS Preshower on-detector system board with two PACE hybrids attached. ADCs ADCs

Pre-Service Physical Education Teachers' Knowledge of Appropriate Instructional Practices in Secondary School Physical Education Secondary school can serve as a time for youth to prepare themselves for the ‘real world’, and physical education can play an important role in this preparation. Yet in the past, secondary school physical education has not been very effective in preparing youth for life after secondary school. One area to help improve secondary school physical education is in the preparation of pre-service physical education teachers. It is during the preparation of pre-service physical education teachers that they will be taught and trained regarding appropriate instructional practices in secondary school physical education. The National Association of Sport and Physical Education created a document regarding appropriate educational practices in secondary school physical education. For this study, a survey was adapted from the National Association of Sport and Physical Education appropriate instructional practice document. Three hundred and thirteen pre-service physical education teachers from seven institutions of higher education throughout the United States were surveyed regarding their knowledge of appropriate instructional practices in secondary school physical education. It was found that pre-service physical education teachers inappropriately answered six of the 18 survey statements (33%) regarding appropriate instructional practices in secondary school physical education. When pre-service physical education teachers graduate and expose secondary school pupils to appropriate practices, there is a better chance the pupils will be prepared for the ‘real world’.

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.&#x0D; Attitudes are formed by beliefs and experiences a person has had in their life (Silverman &amp; Subramanian, 1999). This principle applies to middle school students’ attitudes in physical education. The purpose of this study was to determine middle school students’ attitudes towards physical education. For this study 227 middle school students in the Midwest of the United States were surveyed, then 28 students were interviewed regarding the attitudes towards physical education. It was found that middle school students tend to have positive attitudes towards physical education more specifically, the student felt that physical education is important their education and that the activities they participate in are fun and the physical education class is an important aspect of a students’ school day.&#x0D; 態度是由個人生活的信念和經驗所形成的(Silverman和Subramanian, 1999)。這一原則適用於初中學生的對體育課的態度。本研究的目的是要確定中學生對體育課的態度。本研究有227名中學生參與，在美國中西部地區進行調查，然後28名學生再進行面訪對體育的態度。結果發現，中學生往往對體育課有積極的態度，學生認為體育是重要的教育，參加活動感覺很有趣，體育課是學生的一個重要學習天。

An overview of electromagnetic and hadronic shower development is presented, including how they lead to the design of modern calorimeters for energy measurements of high-energy particles. The differences between sampling and homogeneous calorimeters are explored, with the pros and cons of each being presented. Some real-world examples are given, focusing on state-of-the-art detectors designed and operating at the Large Hadron Collider. Methods to increase the information content from future calorimeters are given, and the challenges that these new calorimeters pose to detector physicists and engineers are discussed. Advances in large-area highly-segmented detectors are providing possibilities for high-granu-larity calorimetry. The CMS HGCAL, being designed to replace the existing CMS endcap calorimeters for the HL-LHC era, is one example. It is a sampling calorimeter, featuring unprecedented transverse and longitudinal readout segmentation for both electromagnetic (CE-E) and hadronic (CE-H) compartments. This will facilitate particle-flow calorimetry, where the fine structure of showers can be measured and used to enhance pileup rejection and particle identification, whilst still achieving good energy resolution. The CE-E and a large fraction of CE-H will use hexagonal silicon sensors as active detector material. The lower-radiation environment will be instrumented with scintillator tiles with on-tile SiPM readout. These concepts borrow heavily from designs produced by the CALICE collaboration but the design of such a detector at a hadron collider is considerably more challenging than at the linear colliders.

The National Association of Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) have created three documents (elementary, middle school and high school) to guide physical educators in appropriate instructional practices (AIP) in physical education. The purpose of these documents is to aid physical educators in exposing their students to lessons and activities that will enable them to be successful in physical education classes and physical activity. Unfortunately, many students have been exposed to such activities as dodge ball, having captains picking teams in front of the whole class, and many others. This paper is a review of research dealing with appropriate instructional practices in physical education with a multitude of different populations. From these different populations, eight instructional practices have been repeatedly misidentified. These eight repeat offenders will be discussed.

The life of a college student could be considered stressful. There are assignments, term papers, midterm exams, and final exams, all of which may create varied amounts of stress. One method of combatting these stressors is participation in physical activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate college students’ perceptions of their participation in physical activity courses on their stress. A total of 356 college students were surveyed regarding their perceptions of how participation in physical activity affects their stress. Results showed that participation in physical activity classes helped them to control the stress related to their coursework.

When discussing the game of dodgeball, people usually discuss it with fond memories and excitement for the thrill that came from the game. Then there were those who strongly disliked it for reasons that it was embarrassing, hurtful, and just not fun. The game of dodgeball has been played by many students in their physical education (PE) classes, for better and for worse. The purpose of this study was to better understand the perceptions, experiences, and opinions of recently former K–12 students toward dodgeball in PE. The results of the study indicate that generally males more than females view dodgeball as appropriate and competitive.

Physical activity (PA) has been found to benefit a person in many ways. One benefit of being physically active is the social component. This deals with interacting with someone before, during, or after the activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of social interactions on college-aged students during their PA class. Participants for this study included 408 college-aged students (272 males, 136 females) who were surveyed regarding their interactions during their PA class. The survey contained Likert scale questions and open-ended questions, which required the students to respond with written answers. In short, these students thought that their interactions during their PA were important and that the interactions were enjoyable. These results, along with other results from this study, highlight the positive benefits that come from being involved in PA.

The CMS Preshower is a fine grain detector that comprises 4288 silicon sensors, each containing 32 strips. The data are transferred from the detector to the counting room via 1208 optical fibres running at 800 Mbps. This enormous total data flow of about 1 Tbps necessitates a significant reduction in the data volume. For the readout of the Preshower, a VME-based system is currently under development. The main objective of each readout board is to acquire on-detector data from up to 36 optical links, perform online data reduction and pass the concentrated data to the CMS event builder. The principle modules that the system is based on are being developed in collaboration with the TOTEM experiment.

(2005). Dribbling a Basketball: Activities for Fun and Improvement. Strategies: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 7-8.

Physical educators are always looking for new and exciting games and activities in which students can participate. This article describes Bumball, a high-intensity game that provides the opportunity for students to use many common game skills, such as hand-eye coordination, passing to a target, running, playing defense, and getting to an open space. The game was developed in Denmark and is regularly played in several European countries. It is an affordable, adaptable, and amusing game that is appropriate for physical education classes and recreational settings.

While diagnostic criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorders (AS D) is clear, misconceptions of AS D create barriers andchallenges for children with AS D and their interaction in the educational environment around them.The social model of disability states people with disabilities are more limited by social constraints than actual impairment (Llewellyn andHogan 2000). In hopes to diminish these social constraints, continued education and progression of programs for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders is essential.When observing the different teaching strategies educators used to assist children with AS D, no one educational strategy was deemedappropriate for use. Findings revealed there were no defined guidelines on how to interact with autistic children and left teachers to use their own teaching methods. Literature reflect a lack of educational strategies for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders in an academic setting; at the various grade levels. One of the newer strategies to be investigated is the role of physical activity in children with AS D.Regular physical activity is highly beneficial towards the health of all children with or without disabilities. However, social and behavioralimpairments leave little opportunity for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders to be successful in participating in physical activity; resulting in a possible higher risk of being inactive.Exercise options such as martial arts, swimming and yoga programs have been shown to be successful for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

One desired outcome ofk-12 physical education is that all students will have positive experiences during their classes. If students have positive experiences in physical education, they will physically likely be physically active throughout their lives (Barney & Strand, 2008). Unfortunately, for some students the physical education experience has been boring, unnecessary, a waste of time, or just not cool (Rice, 1988). One tool physical educators can manipulate to ensure that student's have positive experiences in physical education, is the curriculum. Barney and Deutsch (2009) found that the curriculum used in a middle school program played a major role in affecting students' attitudes, both positively and negatively. In this instance, the middle school students liked the games and activities they participated in, which were made up of mostly team sports.