D. Andrew Merriwether

We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 44 ancient Near Easterners ranging in time between ~12,000 and 1,400 bc, from Natufian hunter-gatherers to Bronze Age farmers. We show that the earliest populations of the Near East derived around half their ancestry from a 'Basal Eurasian' lineage that had little if any Neanderthal admixture and that separated from other non-African lineages before their separation from each other. The first farmers of the southern Levant (Israel and Jordan) and Zagros Mountains (Iran) were strongly genetically differentiated, and each descended from local hunter-gatherers. By the time of the Bronze Age, these two populations and Anatolian-related farmers had mixed with each other and with the hunter-gatherers of Europe to greatly reduce genetic differentiation. The impact of the Near Eastern farmers extended beyond the Near East: farmers related to those of Anatolia spread westward into Europe; farmers related to those of the Levant spread southward into East Africa; farmers related to those of Iran spread northward into the Eurasian steppe; and people related to both the early farmers of Iran and to the pastoralists of the Eurasian steppe spread eastward into South Asia.

Denisovan DNA retained in Melanesians Modern humans carry remnants of DNA from interbreeding events with archaic lineages, such as Neandertals. However, people from Oceania also retain genes from a second ancient lineage, the Denisovans. Vernot et al. surveyed archaic genomic sequences in a worldwide sample of modern humans, including 35 individuals from the Melanesian Islands. All non-African genomes surveyed contained Neandertal DNA, but a significant Denisovan component was found only in the Melanesians. Reconstruction of this genetic history suggests that Neandertals bred with modern humans multiple times, but Denosivans only once, in ancestors of modern-day Melanesians. Science , this issue p. 235

Human genetic diversity in the Pacific has not been adequately sampled, particularly in Melanesia. As a result, population relationships there have been open to debate. A genome scan of autosomal markers (687 microsatellites and 203 insertions/deletions) on 952 individuals from 41 Pacific populations now provides the basis for understanding the remarkable nature of Melanesian variation, and for a more accurate comparison of these Pacific populations with previously studied groups from other regions. It also shows how textured human population variation can be in particular circumstances. Genetic diversity within individual Pacific populations is shown to be very low, while differentiation among Melanesian groups is high. Melanesian differentiation varies not only between islands, but also by island size and topographical complexity. The greatest distinctions are among the isolated groups in large island interiors, which are also the most internally homogeneous. The pattern loosely tracks language distinctions. Papuan-speaking groups are the most differentiated, and Austronesian or Oceanic-speaking groups, which tend to live along the coastlines, are more intermixed. A small “Austronesian” genetic signature (always <20%) was detected in less than half the Melanesian groups that speak Austronesian languages, and is entirely lacking in Papuan-speaking groups. Although the Polynesians are also distinctive, they tend to cluster with Micronesians, Taiwan Aborigines, and East Asians, and not Melanesians. These findings contribute to a resolution to the debates over Polynesian origins and their past interactions with Melanesians. With regard to genetics, the earlier studies had heavily relied on the evidence from single locus mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosome variation. Neither of these provided an unequivocal signal of phylogenetic relations or population intermixture proportions in the Pacific. Our analysis indicates the ancestors of Polynesians moved through Melanesia relatively rapidly and only intermixed to a very modest degree with the indigenous populations there.

The appearance of people associated with the Lapita culture in the South Pacific around 3,000 years ago marked the beginning of the last major human dispersal to unpopulated lands. However, the relationship of these pioneers to the long-established Papuan people of the New Guinea region is unclear. Here we present genome-wide ancient DNA data from three individuals from Vanuatu (about 3,100-2,700 years before present) and one from Tonga (about 2,700-2,300 years before present), and analyse them with data from 778 present-day East Asians and Oceanians. Today, indigenous people of the South Pacific harbour a mixture of ancestry from Papuans and a population of East Asian origin that no longer exists in unmixed form, but is a match to the ancient individuals. Most analyses have interpreted the minimum of twenty-five per cent Papuan ancestry in the region today as evidence that the first humans to reach Remote Oceania, including Polynesia, were derived from population mixtures near New Guinea, before their further expansion into Remote Oceania. However, our finding that the ancient individuals had little to no Papuan ancestry implies that later human population movements spread Papuan ancestry through the South Pacific after the first peopling of the islands.

Abstract The distribution of the four founding lineage haplogroups in Native Americans from North, Central, and South America shows a north to south increase in the frequency of lineage B and a North to South decrease in the frequency of lineage A. All four founding lineage haplogroups were detected in North, Central, and South America, and in Greenberg et al.'s ([1986] Curr. Anthropol. 27: 477–497) three major linguistic groups (Amerind, NaDene, and Eskaleut), with all four haplogroups often found within a single population. Lineage A was the most common lineage in North America, regardless of language group. This overall distribution is most parsimonious with a single wave of migration into the New World which included multiple variants of all four founding lineage types. Torroni et al.'s ([1993a] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53: 563–590) report that lineage B has a more recent divergence time than theother three lineages can best be explained by multiple variants of lineagesA, C, and D, and fewer variants of lineage B entering the New World. Alternatively, there could have been multiple waves of migration from a single parent population in Asia/Siberia which repeatedly reintroduced the same lineages to the New World. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Long-term field research has revealed that male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, affiliate and cooperate in several contexts. Assuming close genetic relationship among males, affiliative and cooperative behaviour have been hypothesized to evolve through the indirect effects of kin selection. We tested the hypothesis that matrilineal genetic relatedness affects patterns of male social affiliation and cooperation in an unusually large community of chimpanzees at the Ngogo study site, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Field observations indicated that six behavioural measures of affiliation and cooperation among 23 adult males were significantly correlated with each other. Sequences of the first hypervariable portion of the mtDNA genome revealed that three pairs of males and one quintet shared mtDNA haplotypes. Matrix permutation tests using behavioural and genetic data showed that males that affiliated and cooperated with each other were not closely related through the maternal line. These findings add to a growing body of empirical evidence that suggest kinship plays an ancillary role in structuring patterns of wild chimpanzee behaviour within social groups. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation of the South American Ticuna, the Central American Maya, and the North American Pima was analyzed by restriction-endonuclease digestion and oligonucleotide hybridization. The analysis revealed that Amerindian populations have high frequencies of mtDNAs containing the rare Asian RFLP HincII morph 6, a rare HaeIII site gain, and a unique AluI site gain. In addition, the Asian-specific deletion between the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COII) and tRNA(Lys) genes was also prevalent in both the Pima and the Maya. These data suggest that Amerindian mtDNAs derived from at least four primary maternal lineages, that new tribal-specific variants accumulated as these mtDNAs became distributed throughout the Americas, and that some genetic variation may have been lost when the progenitors of the Ticuna separated from the North and Central American populations.

Male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, are well known for affiliating and cooperating in a variety of behavioural contexts. Prior field research indicates that maternal kinship does not affect patterns of affiliation and cooperation by males in the same social group. Two questions remain unclear from this finding. First, why do male chimpanzees not bias their behaviour towards maternal kin? Second, what factors account for who affiliates and cooperates with whom? We conducted behavioural observations of an unusually large community of chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda, to test the hypothesis that demographic constraints limit the number of maternal kin with whom male chimpanzees can cooperate, and thereby lead them to form selective bonds with nonkin of similar age and status. Results indicated that male age and rank are significantly associated with four measures of social behaviour. Members of the same age class and individuals close in rank were more likely to affiliate and cooperate than males that belonged to different age and rank classes. Additional analyses replicate earlier findings and show that males who affiliated and cooperated were not closely related through the maternal line, as assayed by mtDNA haplotype sharing. These results add to our growing understanding of the important role demographic and social constraints play in animal behaviour.

Examination of ancient and contemporary Native American mtDNA variation via diagnostic restriction sites and the 9-pb Region V deletion suggests a single wave of migration into the New World. This is in contrast to data from Torroni et al.34 which suggested two waves of migration into the New World (the NaDene and Amerind). All four founding lineage types are present in populations in North, Central, and South America suggesting that all four lineages came over together and spead throughout the New World. Ancient Native American DNA shows that all four lineages were present before European contact in North America, and at least two were present in South America. The presence of all four lineages in the NaDene and the Amerinds argues against separate migrations founding these two groups, although admixture between the groups is still a viable explanation for the presence of all four types in the NaDene.

Melanesian populations are known for their diversity, but it has been hard to grasp the pattern of the variation or its underlying dynamic. Using 1,223 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from hypervariable regions 1 and 2 (HVR1 and HVR2) from 32 populations, we found the among-group variation is structured by island, island size, and also by language affiliation. The more isolated inland Papuan-speaking groups on the largest islands have the greatest distinctions, while shore dwelling populations are considerably less diverse (at the same time, within-group haplotype diversity is less in the most isolated groups). Persistent differences between shore and inland groups in effective population sizes and marital migration rates probably cause these differences. We also add 16 whole sequences to the Melanesian mtDNA phylogenies. We identify the likely origins of a number of the haplogroups and ancient branches in specific islands, point to some ancient mtDNA connections between Near Oceania and Australia, and show additional Holocene connections between Island Southeast Asia/Taiwan and Island Melanesia with branches of haplogroup E. Coalescence estimates based on synonymous transitions in the coding region suggest an initial settlement and expansion in the region at approximately 30-50,000 years before present (YBP), and a second important expansion from Island Southeast Asia/Taiwan during the interval approximately 3,500-8,000 YBP. However, there are some important variance components in molecular dating that have been overlooked, and the specific nature of ancestral (maternal) Austronesian influence in this region remains unresolved.

Archaeology, linguistics, and existing genetic studies indicate that Oceania was settled by two major waves of migration. The first migration took place approximately 40 thousand years ago and these migrants, Papuans, colonized much of Near Oceania. Approximately 3.5 thousand years ago, a second expansion of Austronesian-speakers arrived in Near Oceania and the descendants of these people spread to the far corners of the Pacific, colonizing Remote Oceania. To assess the female contribution of these two human expansions to modern populations and to investigate the potential impact of other migrations, we obtained 1,331 whole mitochondrial genome sequences from 34 populations spanning both Near and Remote Oceania. Our results quantify the magnitude of the Austronesian expansion and demonstrate the homogenizing effect of this expansion on almost all studied populations. With regards to Papuan influence, autochthonous haplogroups support the hypothesis of a long history in Near Oceania, with some lineages suggesting a time depth of 60 thousand years, and offer insight into historical interpopulation dynamics. Santa Cruz, a population located in Remote Oceania, is an anomaly with extreme frequencies of autochthonous haplogroups of Near Oceanian origin; simulations to investigate whether this might reflect a pre-Austronesian versus Austronesian settlement of the island failed to provide unequivocal support for either scenario. Archaeology, linguistics, and existing genetic studies indicate that Oceania was settled by two major waves of migration. The first migration took place approximately 40 thousand years ago and these migrants, Papuans, colonized much of Near Oceania. Approximately 3.5 thousand years ago, a second expansion of Austronesian-speakers arrived in Near Oceania and the descendants of these people spread to the far corners of the Pacific, colonizing Remote Oceania. To assess the female contribution of these two human expansions to modern populations and to investigate the potential impact of other migrations, we obtained 1,331 whole mitochondrial genome sequences from 34 populations spanning both Near and Remote Oceania. Our results quantify the magnitude of the Austronesian expansion and demonstrate the homogenizing effect of this expansion on almost all studied populations. With regards to Papuan influence, autochthonous haplogroups support the hypothesis of a long history in Near Oceania, with some lineages suggesting a time depth of 60 thousand years, and offer insight into historical interpopulation dynamics. Santa Cruz, a population located in Remote Oceania, is an anomaly with extreme frequencies of autochthonous haplogroups of Near Oceanian origin; simulations to investigate whether this might reflect a pre-Austronesian versus Austronesian settlement of the island failed to provide unequivocal support for either scenario. Within the boundaries of Oceania, one of the first and one of the last major colonization events by anatomically modern humans occurred. Settlement of New Guinea and Australia, which were then joined as a single landmass known as Sahul, occurred at least 44 kiloannum (ka) ago1Groube L. Chappell J. Muke J. Price D. A 40,000 year-old human occupation site at Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea.Nature. 1986; 324: 453-455Crossref PubMed Scopus (208) Google Scholar, 2Summerhayes G.R. Leavesley M. Fairbairn A. Mandui H. Field J. Ford A. Fullagar R. Human adaptation and plant use in highland New Guinea 49,000 to 44,000 years ago.Science. 2010; 330: 78-81Crossref PubMed Scopus (258) Google Scholar and humans spread essentially instantaneously across the Vitiaz Straight and to the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago.3Leavesley M.G. Bird M.I. Fifield L.K. Hausladen P. Santos G. Di Tada M. Buang Merabak: early evidence for human occupation in the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea.Aust. Archaeol. 2002; 54: 55-57Google Scholar, 4Leavesley M.G. Chappell J. Buang Merabak: additional early radiocarbon evidence of the colonisation of the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea.Antiquity. 2004; 78: 318Google Scholar Descendants of this initial expansion voyaged and settled at least as far as Buka at the northernmost tip of the Solomons archipelago by 28 ka ago,5Wickler S. Spriggs M. Pleistocene human occupation of the Solomon Islands, Melanesia.Antiquity. 1988; 62: 703-706Google Scholar and Manus in the Admiralty Islands by 12 ka ago,6Fredericksen C. Spriggs M. Ambrose W. Pamwak rockshelter: a pleistocene site on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea.in: Smith M.A. Spriggs M. Frankhauser B. Sahul in Review: Pleistocene Archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and Island Melanesia. Australian National University, Canberra1993: 144-154Google Scholar indicating that they possessed sufficient watercraft and sailing skills to voyage at least 200 km. However, there are no indications that they made regular long-distance voyages beyond Near Oceania,7Kirch P.V. On the Road of the Winds-An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. University of California Press, Berkeley2000Google Scholar which comprises New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands as far southeast as Makira. Instead, it seems that the settlement of Remote Oceania (comprising the Reef Islands, Santa Cruz, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, and Polynesia) and possibly much of the Solomon Islands8Kirch P. Peopling of the Pacific: a holistic anthropological perspective.Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2010; 39: 131-148Crossref Scopus (99) Google Scholar was achieved by the descendants of an expansion that began in Taiwan (or possibly elsewhere in Southeast Asia) about 5–6 ka ago,9Blust R. The prehistory of the Austronesian-speaking peoples: a view from language.J. World Prehist. 1995; 9: 453-510Crossref Scopus (120) Google Scholar, 10Trejaut J.A. Kivisild T. Loo J.H. Lee C.L. He C.L. Hsu C.J. Lee Z.Y. Lin M. Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations.PLoS Biol. 2005; 3: e247Crossref PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar, 11Moodley Y. Linz B. Yamaoka Y. Windsor H.M. Breurec S. Wu J.-Y. Maady A. Bernhöft S. Thiberge J.-M. Phuanukoonnon S. et al.The peopling of the Pacific from a bacterial perspective.Science. 2009; 323: 527-530Crossref PubMed Scopus (238) Google Scholar reached Near Oceania between 3.5 and 3.3 ka ago,12Kirch P. Hunt T. Radiocarbon dates from the Mussau Islands and the Lapita colonization of the southwestern Pacific.Radiocarbon. 1988; 30: 161-169Google Scholar, 13Specht J. Gosden C. Dating Lapita pottery in the Bismark Archipelago, Papua New Guinea.Asian Perspect. 1997; 36: 175-199Google Scholar, 14Summerhayes G.R. Lapita in the far west: recent developments.Archaeol. Oceania. 2001; 36: 53-63Crossref Google Scholar and were the first to colonize areas in Remote Oceania beginning around 3.1 ka ago,15Summerhayes G.R. Island Melanesian pasts: a view from archaeology.in: Friedlaender J.S. Genes, Language and Culture History in the Southwest Pacific. Oxford University Press, New York2007: 10-35Google Scholar culminating in the settlement of the Hawai'ian Islands,16Athens J.S. Tuggle H.D. Ward J.V. Welch D.J. Avifaunal extinctions, vegetation change, and Polynesian impacts in prehistoric Hawai'i.Archaeol. Oceania. 2002; 37: 57-78Crossref Scopus (137) Google Scholar Easter Island,17Hunt T.L. Lipo C.P. Late colonization of Easter Island.Science. 2006; 311: 1603-1606Crossref PubMed Scopus (226) Google Scholar and New Zealand18Hogg A.G. Higham T.F.G. Lowe D.J. Palmer J.G. Reimer P.J. Newnham R.M. A wiggle-match date for Polynesian settlement of New Zealand.Antiquity. 2002; 77: 116-125Crossref Scopus (114) Google Scholar within the last 800–1,200 years. Each of these two major expansion events is associated by anthropologists, archaeologists, and linguists with peoples, phenotypes, cultures, and languages. People believed to be descended from the first expansion within Near Oceania are often referred to as Papuan, generally practice patrilocality, tend to have darker skin pigmentation reflecting the root of the region's historical name—Melanesia—as the "dark islands,"7Kirch P.V. On the Road of the Winds-An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. University of California Press, Berkeley2000Google Scholar and speak languages that appear to be so old and deep rooting that linguists are still unsure about their true relationships.19Pawley A. Recent research on the historical relationships of the Papuan languages, or, what does linguistics say about the prehistory of Melanesia.in: Friedlaender J.S. Genes, Language, and Culture History in the Southwest Pacific. Oxford University Press, New York2007: 36-58Google Scholar, 20Hunley K. Dunn M. Lindström E. Reesink G. Terrill A. Norton H. Scheinfeldt L. Friedlaender F.R. Merriwether D.A. Koki G. Friedlaender J.S. Inferring prehistory from genetic, linguistic, and geographic variation.in: Friedlaender J.S. Genes, Language and Culture History in the Southwest Pacific. Oxford University Press, New York2007: 141-154Google Scholar By contrast, the second migration into Near Oceania is indicated by the presence of a particular material culture, including, but not limited to, a distinctive style of pottery (Lapita) and is associated with speakers of Austronesian languages that are clearly related and descended from a single language called Proto Oceanic (see Lynch et al.21Lynch J. Ross M. Crowley T. The Oceanic Languages. Curzon Press, Richmond, Surrey2002Google Scholar and references therein). Reconstructions suggest they lived in small, highly mobile matrilocal groups22Jordan F.M. Gray R.D. Greenhill S.J. Mace R. Matrilocal residence is ancestral in Austronesian societies.Proc. Biol. Sci. 2009; 276: 1957-1964Crossref PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar and were phenotypically more similar to Asian populations (e.g., with generally lighter skin pigmentation) than are Papuans. We can also make genetic ties to both of these founding populations. The Austronesian expansion is associated with the spread of mtDNA haplogroup B, particularly haplogroup B4a1 and its descendent lineages, throughout Island South East Asia, Oceania, and even to Madagascar in the west.10Trejaut J.A. Kivisild T. Loo J.H. Lee C.L. He C.L. Hsu C.J. Lee Z.Y. Lin M. Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations.PLoS Biol. 2005; 3: e247Crossref PubMed Scopus (179) Google Scholar, 23Soodyall H. Jenkins T. Stoneking M. 'Polynesian' mtDNA in the Malagasy.Nat. Genet. 1995; 10: 377-378Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar, 24Kayser M. Brauer S. Cordaux R. Casto A. Lao O. Zhivotovsky L.A. Moyse-Faurie C. Rutledge R.B. Schiefenhoevel W. 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Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences provide new insights into the Polynesian motif and the peopling of Madagascar.Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2010; 18: 575-581Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar, 28Cox M.P. Nelson M.G. Tumonggor M.K. Ricaut F.-X. Sudoyo H. A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar.Proc. Biol. Sci. 2012; 279: 2761-2768Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar In particular, haplogroup B4a1a1a, defined by the "Polynesian motif,"29Melton T. Peterson R. Redd A.J. Saha N. Sofro A.S. Martinson J. Stoneking M. Polynesian genetic affinities with Southeast Asian populations as identified by mtDNA analysis.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1995; 57: 403-414Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar an A-G transition at position 16247, and its descendants are associated with the spread of Austronesians throughout Oceania. This haplogroup reaches near fixation in Remote Oceania,24Kayser M. Brauer S. Cordaux R. Casto A. Lao O. Zhivotovsky L.A. Moyse-Faurie C. Rutledge R.B. Schiefenhoevel W. Gil D. et al.Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific.Mol. Biol. Evol. 2006; 23: 2234-2244Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar, 29Melton T. Peterson R. Redd A.J. Saha N. Sofro A.S. Martinson J. Stoneking M. Polynesian genetic affinities with Southeast Asian populations as identified by mtDNA analysis.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1995; 57: 403-414Crossref PubMed Scopus (36) Google Scholar, 30Redd A.J. Takezaki N. Sherry S.T. McGarvey S.T. Sofro A.S. Stoneking M. Evolutionary history of the COII/tRNALys intergenic 9 base pair deletion in human mitochondrial DNAs from the Pacific.Mol. Biol. Evol. 1995; 12: 604-615PubMed Google Scholar though position 16247 has been found to back-mutate repeatedly on independent lineages and as such must be examined carefully.31Duggan A.T. Stoneking M. A highly unstable recent mutation in human mtDNA.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2013; 92: 279-284Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar Meanwhile, Papuan ancestry is associated with haplogroups Q, P, M27, M28, and M29, which appear to be autochthonous to Near Oceania.24Kayser M. Brauer S. Cordaux R. Casto A. Lao O. Zhivotovsky L.A. Moyse-Faurie C. Rutledge R.B. Schiefenhoevel W. Gil D. et al.Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific.Mol. Biol. Evol. 2006; 23: 2234-2244Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar, 32Friedlaender J. Schurr T. Gentz F. Koki G. Friedlaender F. Horvat G. Babb P. Cerchio S. Kaestle F. Schanfield M. et al.Expanding Southwest Pacific mitochondrial haplogroups P and Q.Mol. Biol. Evol. 2005; 22: 1506-1517Crossref PubMed Scopus (95) Google Scholar, 33Merriwether D.A. Hodgson J.A. Friedlaender F.R. Allaby R. Cerchio S. Koki G. Friedlaender J.S. Ancient mitochondrial M haplogroups identified in the Southwest Pacific.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005; 102: 13034-13039Crossref PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar Studies of Y chromosome SNPs and short tandem repeats (STRs) also support a dual-parental population model for Oceanians, particularly Remote Oceanians.24Kayser M. Brauer S. Cordaux R. Casto A. Lao O. Zhivotovsky L.A. Moyse-Faurie C. Rutledge R.B. Schiefenhoevel W. Gil D. et al.Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific.Mol. Biol. Evol. 2006; 23: 2234-2244Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar, 34Kayser M. Brauer S. Weiss G. Underhill P.A. Roewer L. Schiefenhövel W. Stoneking M. Melanesian origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes.Curr. Biol. 2000; 10: 1237-1246Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar, 35Hurles M.E. Nicholson J. Bosch E. Renfrew C. Sykes B.C. Jobling M.A. Y chromosomal evidence for the origins of oceanic-speaking peoples.Genetics. 2002; 160: 289-303PubMed Google Scholar, 36Scheinfeldt L. Friedlaender F. Friedlaender J. 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Apart from these two well-attested population expansions, there is additional evidence to suggest interactions with Southeast Asia around 5 ka ago. Archaeologically this is evidenced in part by the introduction of domesticated pigs to New Guinea,7Kirch P.V. On the Road of the Winds-An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact. University of California Press, Berkeley2000Google Scholar, 40Bellwood P. Man's Conquest of the Pacific. William Collins Publishers Ltd, Hong Kong1978Google Scholar which is the approximate time frame that previous studies have suggested for the entry of haplogroup E to Near Oceania.25Friedlaender J.S. Friedlaender F.R. Hodgson J.A. Stoltz M. Koki G. Horvat G. Zhadanov S. Schurr T.G. Merriwether D.A. Melanesian mtDNA complexity.PLoS ONE. 2007; 2: e248https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar However, whether these two events are connected remains to be resolved. In this study, we examined the maternal population structure and the history of admixture across Oceania. Previous studies exploring the maternal histories of the area have been limited because they largely make use of only a small portion of the genome known as the hypervariable region (HVR) (e.g., see Kayser et al.,24Kayser M. Brauer S. Cordaux R. Casto A. Lao O. Zhivotovsky L.A. Moyse-Faurie C. Rutledge R.B. Schiefenhoevel W. Gil D. et al.Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific.Mol. Biol. Evol. 2006; 23: 2234-2244Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar Friedlaender et al.,25Friedlaender J.S. Friedlaender F.R. Hodgson J.A. Stoltz M. Koki G. Horvat G. Zhadanov S. Schurr T.G. Merriwether D.A. Melanesian mtDNA complexity.PLoS ONE. 2007; 2: e248https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar Delfin et al.41Delfin F. Myles S. Choi Y. Hughes D. Illek R. van Oven M. Pakendorf B. Kayser M. Stoneking M. Bridging near and remote Oceania: mtDNA and NRY variation in the Solomon Islands.Mol. Biol. Evol. 2012; 29: 545-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar); other studies making use of whole mtDNA sequences from Oceania have been limited in terms of sample sizes and number of populations analyzed (e.g., see Soares et al.,42Soares P. Rito T. Trejaut J. Mormina M. Hill C. Tinkler-Hundal E. Braid M. Clarke D.J. Loo J.-H. Thomson N. et al.Ancient voyaging and Polynesian origins.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2011; 88: 239-247Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (121) Google Scholar Benton et al.43Benton M. Macartney-Coxson D. Eccles D. Griffiths L. Chambers G. Lea R. Complete mitochondrial genome sequencing reveals novel haplotypes in a Polynesian population.PLoS ONE. 2012; 7: e35026https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035026Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar). Our data set is, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive to date, and consists of 1,331 whole mitochondrial genome sequences from 34 populations spread from the Bismarck Archipelago to Polynesia (Figure 1). To facilitate comprehension and visualization of the patterns of variation, these 34 populations have been amalgamated into six groups on the basis of geographic proximity and/or shared cultural features (Figure 1). The first group consists of populations from New Britain in the Bismarck Archipelago (Anem, Ata, Nakanai) and the second group consists of populations from Bougainville and Buka (Buin, Buka, Nagovisi, Nasioi, Siwai, Torau), two islands at the northern tip of the Solomons Archipelago that politically are part of Papua New Guinea, and the easternmost site of known settlement in Pleistocene Oceania.5Wickler S. Spriggs M. Pleistocene human occupation of the Solomon Islands, Melanesia.Antiquity. 1988; 62: 703-706Google Scholar The only other confirmed pre-Austronesian settlements in the Solomons Archipelago are sites from Guadalcanal with indications of human occupation approximately 6 ka ago.44Roe D. Prehistory without pots: prehistoric settlement and economy of North-west Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. PhD thesis. Australian National University, Canberra1993Google Scholar, 45Walter R. Sheppard P. A review of Solomon Islands archaeology.in: Sheppard P. Thomas T. Summerhayes G. Lapita: Ancestors and Descendants. New Zealand Archaeological Association, Auckland2009: 35-72Google Scholar The third group consists of populations found in the islands of the rest of the Solomons Archipelago (Choiseul, Gela, Guadalcanal, Isabel, Kolombangara, Makira, Malaita, Ranongga, Russell, Savo, Shortlands, Simbo, Vella Lavella). Santa Cruz is the only population to be grouped alone; it is treated separately because it has been shown to be a genetic outlier in previous studies of mtDNA and Y chromosome variation41Delfin F. Myles S. Choi Y. Hughes D. Illek R. van Oven M. Pakendorf B. Kayser M. Stoneking M. Bridging near and remote Oceania: mtDNA and NRY variation in the Solomon Islands.Mol. Biol. Evol. 2012; 29: 545-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar, 46Friedlaender J.S. Gentz F. Green K. Merriwether D.A. A cautionary tale on ancient migration detection: mitochondrial DNA variation in Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands.Hum. Biol. 2002; 74: 453-471Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar as well as being linguistically distinct. Originally classified as a Papuan language, currently the Santa Cruz language and closely related languages of the Temotu group are thought to represent a very deep branch of the Oceanic family of Austronesian languages.47Ross M. Næss Å. An Oceanic origin for Äiwoo, the language of the Reef Islands?.Ocean. Linguist. 2007; 46: 456-498Crossref Scopus (50) Google Scholar The final two groupings concern populations believed to be predominantly of Austronesian heritage: these include populations from across Remote Oceania ranging geographically from Fiji to the Cook Islands (Cook Islands, Fiji, Futuna, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu), as well as four populations classified as Polynesian Outliers (Bellona, Ontong Java, Rennell, Tikopia). The latter are populations in Near Oceania that, based on linguistic and cultural evidence, are thought to be descended primarily from back migrations from Polynesia.48Kirch P.V. The polynesian outliers: Continuity, change, and replacement.J. Pac. Hist. 1984; 19: 224-238Crossref Scopus (42) Google Scholar, 49Green R.C. Linguistic, biological and cultural origins of the initial inhabitants of Remote Oceania. NZ.J. Archaeol. 1995; 17: 5-27Google Scholar Samples from New Britain were collected, in the form of whole blood, as described previously.25Friedlaender J.S. Friedlaender F.R. Hodgson J.A. Stoltz M. Koki G. Horvat G. Zhadanov S. Schurr T.G. Merriwether D.A. Melanesian mtDNA complexity.PLoS ONE. 2007; 2: e248https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000248Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar Plasma from these samples was then shipped to Leipzig where they were extracted in 2011 with the QIAGEN DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit, as per the manufacturer's protocol. After extraction samples were quantified for human mtDNA content by qPCR as previously described50Walker J.A. Hedges D.J. Perodeau B.P. Landry K.E. Stoilova N. Laborde M.E. Shewale J. Sinha S.K. Batzer M.A. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous quantitation of human nuclear, mitochondrial, and male Y-chromosome DNA: application in human identification.Anal. Biochem. 2005; 337: 89-97Crossref PubMed Scopus (71) Google Scholar and samples that were found to have mtDNA concentrations of less than 5 ng/μl were subjected to whole-genome amplification with the QIAGEN REPLI-G minikit as per the manufacturer's protocol and then re-extracted with the DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit but replacing the proteinase K incubation with an incubation in QIAGEN Buffer AL. Bougainvillean samples were collected with written informed consent in 2011 as 2 ml of saliva and stored in 2 ml of lysis buffer (50 mM Tris, 50 mM EDTA, 50 mM sucrose, 100 mM NaCl, 1% SDS) as described previously.51Quinque D. Kittler R. Kayser M. Stoneking M. Nasidze I. Evaluation of saliva as a source of human DNA for population and association studies.Anal. Biochem. 2006; 353: 272-277Crossref PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar Extraction was completed with the QIAGEN DNA midi-kit. DNA samples from all other populations have been described previously.24Kayser M. Brauer S. Cordaux R. Casto A. Lao O. Zhivotovsky L.A. Moyse-Faurie C. Rutledge R.B. Schiefenhoevel W. Gil D. et al.Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific.Mol. Biol. Evol. 2006; 23: 2234-2244Crossref PubMed Scopus (187) Google Scholar, 34Kayser M. Brauer S. Weiss G. Underhill P.A. Roewer L. Schiefenhövel W. Stoneking M. Melanesian origin of Polynesian Y chromosomes.Curr. Biol. 2000; 10: 1237-1246Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (163) Google Scholar, 41Delfin F. Myles S. Choi Y. Hughes D. Illek R. van Oven M. Pakendorf B. Kayser M. Stoneking M. Bridging near and remote Oceania: mtDNA and NRY variation in the Solomon Islands.Mol. Biol. Evol. 2012; 29: 545-564Crossref PubMed Scopus (45) Google Scholar, 52Trent R.J. Mickleson K.N. Wilkinson T. Yakas J. Dixon M.W. Hill P.J. Kronenberg H. Globin genes in Polynesians have many rearrangements including a recently described gamma gamma gamma gamma/.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1986; 39: 350-360PubMed Google Scholar, 53Trent R.J. Buchanan J.G. Webb A. Goundar R.P. Seruvatu L.M. Mickleson K.N. Globin genes are useful markers to identify genetic similarities between Fijians and Pacific Islanders from Polynesia and Melanesia.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1988; 42: 601-607PubMed Google Scholar This study was approved by the ethics commission of the University of Leipzig Medical Faculty, the National Research Institute of Papua New Guinea, and the Papua New Guinea Medical Research Advisory Committee. Multiplex sequencing libraries were constructed and enriched for mtDNA sequences according to previous protocols54Meyer M. Kircher M. Illumina Sequencing Library Preparation for Highly Multiplexed Target Capture and Sequencing. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc, Cold Spring Harbor2010Google Scholar, 55Maricic T. Whitten M. Pääbo S. Multiplexed DNA sequence capture of mitochondrial genomes using PCR products.PLoS ONE. 2010; 5: e14004https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014004Crossref PubMed Scopus (369) Google Scholar with additional modifications described previously56Barbieri C. Whitten M. Beyer K. Schreiber H. Li M. Pakendorf B. Contrasting maternal and paternal histories in the linguistic context of Burkina Faso.Mol. Biol. Evol. 2012; 29: 1213-1223Crossref PubMed Scopus (26) Google Scholar and also below. Various Illumina platforms and lengths of sequencing reads were used during this study; the conditions for each sample are provided in Table S1 available online, along with details concerning the coverage and amount of missing data. The 1,331 samples were aligned with MUSCLE v.3.857Edgar R.C. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput.Nucleic Acids Res. 2004; 32: 1792-1797Crossref PubMed Scopus (30229) Google Scholar and visualized in BioEdit.58Hall T.A. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT.Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. 1999; 41: 95-98Google Scholar Heteroplasmies and indels were confirmed with SAMtools.59Li H. Handsaker B. Wysoker A. Fennell T. Ruan J. Homer N. Marth G. Abecasis G. Durbin R. 1000 Genome Project Data Processing SubgroupThe Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools.Bioinformatics. 2009; 25: 2078-2079Crossref PubMed Scopus (31559) Google Scholar There are no significant differences in the number of variant sites called per sequence with respect to coverage or sequencing platform. 536 sequences from the Solomon Islands, Santa Cruz, and Polynesian Outlier populations that belong to haplogroup B4a1a1 and descendent lineages were previously published as part of a study on the instability of the 16247G allele.31Duggan A.T. Stoneking M. A highly unstable recent mutation in human mtDNA.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2013; 92: 279-284Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (16) Google Scholar Haplogroups were assigned to consensus sequences for each sample with the Haplogrep webtool and Phylotree Build 15.60van Oven M. Kayser M. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation.Hum. Mutat. 2009; 30:

Modern humans have occupied New Guinea and the nearby Bismarck and Solomon archipelagos of Island Melanesia for at least 40,000 years. Previous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies indicated that two common lineages in this region, haplogroups P and Q, were particularly diverse, with the coalescence for P considered significantly older than that for Q. In this study, we expand the definition of haplogroup Q so that it includes three major branches, each separated by multiple mutational distinctions (Q1, equivalent to the earlier definition of Q, plus Q2 and Q3). We report three whole-mtDNA genomes that establish Q2 as a major Q branch. In addition, we describe 314 control region sequences that belong to the expanded haplogroups P and Q from our Southwest Pacific collection. The coalescence dates for the largest P and Q branches (P1 and Q1) are similar to each other (approximately 50,000 years old) and considerably older than prior estimates. Newly identified Q2, which was found in Island Melanesian samples just to the east, is somewhat younger by more than 10,000 years. Our coalescence estimates should be more reliable than prior ones because they were based on significantly larger samples as well as complete mtDNA-coding region sequencing. Our estimates are roughly in accord with the current suggested dates for the first settlement of New Guinea-Sahul. The phylogeography of P and Q indicates almost total (female) isolation of ancient New Guinea-Island Melanesia from Australia that may have existed from the time of the first settlement. While Q subsequently diversified extensively in New Guinea-Island Melanesia, it has not been found in Australia. The only shared mtDNA haplogroup between Australia and New Guinea identified to date remains one minor branch of P.

Based on whole mtDNA sequencing of 14 samples from Northern Island Melanesia, we characterize three formerly unresolved branches of macrohaplogroup M that we call haplogroups M27, M28, and M29. Our 1,399 mtDNA control region sequences and a literature search indicate these haplogroups have extremely limited geographical distributions. Their coding region variation suggests diversification times older than the estimated date for the initial settlement of Northern Island Melanesia. This finding indicates that they were among the earliest mtDNA variants to appear in these islands or in the ancient continent of Sahul. These haplogroups from Northern Island Melanesia extend the existing schema for macrohaplogroup M, with many independent branches distributed across Asia, East Africa, Australia, and Near Oceania.

A widely accepted two-wave scenario of human settlement of Oceania involves the first out-of-Africa migration circa 50,000 years ago (ya), and the more recent Austronesian expansion, which reached the Bismarck Archipelago by 3,450 ya. Whereas earlier genetic studies provided evidence for extensive sex-biased admixture between the incoming and the indigenous populations, some archaeological, linguistic, and genetic evidence indicates a more complicated picture of settlement. To study regional variation in Oceania in more detail, we have compiled a genome-wide data set of 823 individuals from 72 populations (including 50 populations from Oceania) and over 620,000 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We show that the initial dispersal of people from the Bismarck Archipelago into Remote Oceania occurred in a “leapfrog” fashion, completely by-passing the main chain of the Solomon Islands, and that the colonization of the Solomon Islands proceeded in a bidirectional manner. Our results also support a divergence between western and eastern Solomons, in agreement with the sharp linguistic divide known as the Tryon–Hackman line. We also report substantial post-Austronesian gene flow across the Solomons. In particular, Santa Cruz (in Remote Oceania) exhibits extraordinarily high levels of Papuan ancestry that cannot be explained by a simple bottleneck/founder event scenario. Finally, we use simulations to show that discrepancies between different methods for dating admixture likely reflect different sensitivities of the methods to multiple admixture events from the same (or similar) sources. Overall, this study points to the importance of fine-scale sampling to understand the complexities of human population history.

mtDNA RFLP variation was analyzed in 42 Mongolians from Ulan Bator. All four founding lineage types (A [4.76%], B [2.38%], C [11.9%], and D [19.04%]) identified by Torroni and colleagues were detected. Seven of the nine founding lineage types proposed by Bailliet and colleagues and Merriwether and Ferrell were detected (A2 [4.76%], B [2.38%], C1 [11.9%], D1 [7.14%], D2 [11.9%], X6 [16.7%], and X7 [9.5%]). Sixty-four percent of these 42 individuals had "Amerindian founding lineage" haplotypes. A survey of 24 restriction sites yielded 16 polymorphic sites and 21 different haplotypes. The presence of all four of the founding lineages identified by the Torroni group (and seven of Merriwether and Ferrell's nine founding lineages), combined with Mongolia's location with respect to the Bering Strait, indicates that Mongolia is a potential location for the origin of the founders of the New World. Since lineage B, which is widely distributed in the New World, is absent in Siberia, we conclude that Mongolia or a geographic location common to both contemporary Mongolians and American aboriginals is the more likely origin of the founders of the New World.

Mating system theory predicts that differences between the sexes in potential reproductive rate and an operational sex ratio skewed strongly towards males should result in intense male competition, polygynous mating and high variance in male reproductive success. Accordingly, humpback whales are thought to be polygynous with differences in reproduction among males related to alternative mating tactics. However, there is currently a lack of data on male reproductive success. We tested predictions regarding male reproductive success in humpback whales using molecular assessment of paternity in a population in the Mexican Pacific. Parentage analysis was conducted for 125 mother–calf pairs and a sample of 297 males using 13 microsatellite loci. Two separate analyses were conducted, based upon conservative and relaxed criteria for the assignment of paternity. In the conservative analysis, 40 paternities (32.5% of tested calves) were assigned among 33 males, whereas in the relaxed analysis, 62 paternities (49.6% of calves) were assigned among 51 males. Regardless of analysis, the distribution of male reproductive success deviated from a random mating model, with significantly larger than expected variance (conservative, P = 0.011; relaxed, P = 0.022), and significantly more than expected males siring three calves (conservative, P = 0.021; relaxed, P = 0.011). However, most successful males sired only one calf and no male was assigned more than three calves, so reproductive skew was not severe. Therefore we conclude that this population has a polygynous mating system, but without the large variation in male reproductive success expected by apparent skew in the operational sex ratio and degree of male competition for mates.

Past studies have shown a consistent association of a specific set of mitochondrial DNA 9 base pair (bp) deletion haplotypes with Polynesians and their Austronesian-speaking relatives, and the total lack of the deletion in a short series of New Guinea Highlanders. Utilizing plasma and DNA samples from various old laboratory collections, we have extended population screening for the 9-bp deletion into "Island Melanesia," an area notorious for its extreme population variation. While the 9-bp deletion is present in all Austronesian, and many non-Austronesian-speaking groups, it is absent in the more remote non-Austronesian populations in Bougainville and New Britain. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that this deletion was first introduced to this region about 3,500 years ago with the arrival of Austronesian-speaking peoples from the west, but has not yet diffused through all populations there. The pattern cannot be reconciled with the competing hypothesis of a primarily indigenous Melanesian origin for the ancestors of the Polynesians. Although selection clearly has operated on some other genetic systems in this region, both migration and random genetic drift primarily account for the remarkable degree of biological diversity in these small Southwest Pacific populations.

It has been proposed that all native American mitochondrial DNA variation in the New World can be attributed to divergence from four "founding lineages" which entered the New World in three waves of migration from across the Bering Strait (T.G. Schurr et al., 1990, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 46: 613-623; A. Torroni and D. C. Wallace, 1995, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 56: 1234-1236; A. Torroni et al., 1994, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 54: 303-318; A. Torroni et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 1158-1162; A. Torroni et al., 1994, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 93: 189-199; A. Torroni et al., 1993a, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53: 563-590; A. Torroni et al., 1993b, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53: 591-608; Wallace and A. Torroni, 1992, Hum. Biol. 64(3): 403-416). Torroni et al. (1993a) believe that only one haplotype from each of these four founding lineages arrived in the New World via migration, and all the additional variation arose in the New World. Any other types were attributed to Caucasian admixture. G. Bailliet et al. (1994, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 55: 27-33), N. O. Bianchi and F. Rothhammer (1995, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 56: 1236-1238), and D. A. Merriwether (1994, Experientia 50: 592-601; 1995, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 98(4): 411-430) suggest that multiple variants of each lineage entered the New World, and that additional unrelated lineages also entered. We present the distribution of multiple variants of the four founding lineages, plus two additional lineages which we call X6 and X7, throughout the New World, Siberia, and Asia. These distributions are strong evidence that at least nine different founding lineage haplotypes entered the New World. Further, we find these distributions among Native Americans best fit a single wave of migration into the New World.

This study reevaluates the hypothesis in Demarchi et al. (2001 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 115:199–203) that Gran Chaco peoples demonstrate a unique pattern of genetic diversity due to a distinct regional population history. Specifically, they found populations in the central part of the Gran Chaco, or Central Chaco, to have higher within- and lower between-population mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup frequency variation compared to populations in other South American regions. To test this hypothesis of regional uniqueness, we applied analytical and simulation methods to mtDNA first hypervariable (HVI) region sequence data from a broad set of comparative South and Central American population samples. Contrary to the results of Demarchi et al. (2001 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 115:199–203), we found that the Gran Chaco's regional within-population diversity is about average among regions, and populations are highly differentiated from each other. When we limited the scale of analysis to the Central Chaco, a more localized subregion of the Gran Chaco, our results fell more in line with the original findings of Demarchi et al. (2001 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 115:199–203). Still, we conclude that neither the Gran Chaco regional pattern, nor the Central Chaco subregional pattern, is unique within South America. Nonetheless, the Central Chaco pattern accords well with the area's history, including pre-European contact lifeways and the documented historical use of the area as an interregional crossroads. However, we cannot exclude post-European contact disruption of traditional mating networks as an equally plausible explanation for the observed diversity pattern. Finally, these results additionally inform broader models of South American genetic diversity. While other researchers proposed an east-west continental division in patterns of genetic variation (e.g., Fuselli et al. 2003 Mol. Biol. Evol. 20:1682–1691), we found that in the geographically intermediate Central Chaco, a strict east-west divide in genetic variation breaks down. We suggest that future genetic characterizations of the continent, and subsequent interpretations of evolutionary history, involve a broad regional sampling of South American populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Genome analysis of the alpaca (Lama pacos, LPA) has progressed slowly compared to other domestic species. Here, we report the development of the first comprehensive whole-genome integrated cytogenetic map for the alpaca using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and CHORI-246 BAC library clones. The map is comprised of 230 linearly ordered markers distributed among all 36 alpaca autosomes and the sex chromosomes. For the first time, markers were assigned to LPA14, 21, 22, 28, and 36. Additionally, 86 genes from 15 alpaca chromosomes were mapped in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius, CDR), demonstrating exceptional synteny and linkage conservation between the 2 camelid genomes. Cytogenetic mapping of 191 protein-coding genes improved and refined the known Zoo-FISH homologies between camelids and humans: we discovered new homologous synteny blocks (HSBs) corresponding to HSA1-LPA/CDR11, HSA4-LPA/CDR31 and HSA7-LPA/CDR36, and revised the location of breakpoints for others. Overall, gene mapping was in good agreement with the Zoo-FISH and revealed remarkable evolutionary conservation of gene order within many human-camelid HSBs. Most importantly, 91 FISH-mapped markers effectively integrated the alpaca whole-genome sequence and the radiation hybrid maps with physical chromosomes, thus facilitating the improvement of the sequence assembly and the discovery of genes of biological importance.

Abstract This paper investigates a mechanism of linguistic and genetic coevolution in Native Central and South America. This mechanism proposes that a process of population fissions, expansions into new territories, and isolation of ancestral and descendant groups will produce congruent language and gene trees. To evaluate this population fissions mechanism, we collected published mtDNA sequences for 1,381 individuals from 17 Native Central and South American populations. We then tested the hypothesis that three well‐known language classifications also represented the genetic structure of these populations. We rejected the hypothesis for each language classification. Our tests revealed linguistic and genetic correspondence in several shallow branches common to each classification, but no linguistic and genetic correspondence in the deeper branches contained in two of the language classifications. We discuss the possible causes for the lack of congruence between linguistic and genetic structure in the region, and describe alternative mechanisms of linguistic and genetic correspondence and their predictions. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Abstract: Forensic anthropologists routinely macerate human bone for the purposes of identity and trauma analysis, but the heat and chemical treatments used can destroy genetic evidence. As a follow‐up to a previous study on nuclear DNA recovery that used pig ribs, this study utilizes human skeletal remains treated with various bone maceration techniques for nuclear DNA amplification using the standard Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) markers. DNA was extracted from 18 samples of human lower leg bones subjected to nine chemical and heat maceration techniques. Genotyping was carried out using the AmpFℓSTR ® COfiler ® and AmpFℓSTR ® Profiler Plus ® ID kits. Results showed that heat treatments via microwave or Biz/Na 2 CO 3 in sub‐boiling water efficiently macerate bone and produce amplifiable nuclear DNA for genetic analysis. Long‐term use of chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide is discouraged as it results in poor bone quality and has deleterious effects on DNA amplification.

Modern Arctic Siberia provides a wealth of resources for archaeological, geological, and paleontological research to investigate the population dynamics of faunal communities from the Pleistocene, particularly as the faunal material coming from permafrost has proven suitable for genetic studies. In order to examine the history of the Canid species in the Siberian Arctic, we carried out genetic analysis of fourteen canid remains from various sites, including the well-documented Upper Paleolithic Yana RHS and Early Holocene Zhokhov Island sites. Estimated age of samples range from as recent as 1,700 years before present (YBP) to at least 360,000 YBP for the remains of the extinct wolf, Canis cf. variabilis. In order to examine the genetic affinities of ancient Siberian canids species to the domestic dog and modern wolves, we obtained mitochondrial DNA control region sequences and compared them to published ancient and modern canid sequences. The older canid specimens illustrate affinities with pre-domestic dog/wolf lineages while others appear in the major phylogenetic clades of domestic dogs. Our results suggest a European origin of domestic dog may not be conclusive and illustrates an emerging complexity of genetic contribution of regional wolf breeds to the modern Canis gene pool.

Over the past decade, the origin of the first Malayo-Polynesian settlers of the island Pacific has become a contentious issue in molecular anthropology as well as in archaeology and historical linguistics. Whether the descendants of the ancestral Malayo-Polynesian speakers moved rapidly through Indonesia and Island Melanesia in a few hundred years, or whether they were the product of considerable intermingling within the more westerly part of the latter region, it is widely accepted that they were the first humans to colonize the distant Pacific islands beyond the central Solomon Islands approximately 3,000 years ago. The Santa Cruz Islands in the Eastern Solomons would have most likely been the first in Remote Oceania to be colonized by them. Archaeologically, the first Oceanic Austronesian settlement of this region appears to have been overlain by various later influences from groups farther west in a complex manner. Molecular anthropologists have tended to equate the spread of various Austronesian-speaking groups with a particular mitochondrial variant (a 9-base-pair [bp] deletion with specific D-loop variants). We have shown before that this is an oversimplified picture, and assumed that the Santa Cruz situation, with its series of intrusions, would be informative as to the power of mitochondrial DNA haplotype interpretations. In the Santa Cruz Islands, the 9-bp deletion is associated with a small number of very closely related hypervariable D-loop haplotypes resulting in a star-shaped Bandelt median network, suggesting a recent population expansion. This network is similar to Polynesian median networks. In a pairwise mismatch comparison, the Santa Cruz haplotypes have a bimodal distribution, with the first cluster being composed almost entirely of the 9-bp-deleted haplotypes-again attesting to their recent origins. Conversely, the nondeleted haplogroups bear signatures of more ancient origins within the general region. Therefore, while the profiles of the two sets of haplotypes indicate very distinctive origins in different populations with divergent expansion histories, the sequence of their introduction into the Santa Cruz Islands clearly does not follow simply.

Skin and hair pigmentation are two of the most easily visible examples of human phenotypic variation. Selection-based explanations for pigmentation variation in humans have focused on the relationship between melanin and ultraviolet radiation, which is largely dependent on latitude. In this study, skin and hair pigmentation were measured as the melanin (M) index, using narrow-band reflectance spectroscopy for 1,135 individuals from Island Melanesia. Overall, the results show remarkable pigmentation variation, given the small geographic region surveyed. This variation is discussed in terms of differences between males and females, among islands, and among neighborhoods within those islands. The relationship of pigmentation to age, latitude, and longitude is also examined. We found that male skin pigmentation was significantly darker than females in 5 of 6 islands examined. Hair pigmentation showed a negative, but weak, correlation with age, while skin pigmentation showed a positive, but also weak, correlation with age. Skin and hair pigmentation varied significantly between islands as well as between neighborhoods within those islands. Bougainvilleans showed significantly darker skin than individuals from any other island considered, and are darker than a previously described African-American population. These findings are discussed in relation to prevailing hypotheses about the role of natural selection in shaping pigmentation variation in the human species, as well as the role of demographic processes such as admixture and drift in Island Melanesia.

Abstract Recent studies of the Uruguayan population revealed different amounts of Amerindian and African genetic contributions. Our previous analysis of Afro‐Uruguayans from the capital city of the Department of Cerro Largo showed a high proportion of African genes, and the effects of directional mating involving Amerindian women. In this paper, we extended the analysis to a sample of more than 100 individuals representing a random sample of the population of the whole Department. Based on 18 autosomal markers and one X‐linked marker, we estimated 82% European, 8% Amerindian, and 10% African contributions to their ancestry, while from seven mitochondrial DNA site‐specific polymorphic markers and sequences of hypervariable segment I, we determined 49% European, 30% Amerindian, and 21% African maternal contributions. Directional matings between Amerindian women and European men were detected, but differences involving Africans were not significant. Data about the specific origins of maternal lineages were also provided, and placed in a historical context. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:513–524, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Archived blood fractions (plasma, settled red cells, white cells) have proved to be a rich and valuable source of DNA for human genetic studies. Large numbers of such samples were collected between 1960 and the present for protein and blood group studies, many of which are languishing in freezers or have already been discarded. More are discarded each year because the usefulness of these samples is not widely understood. Data from DNA derived from 10-35-year-old blood samples have been used to address the peopling of the New World and of the Pacific. Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes from studies using this source DNA support a single wave of migration into the New World (or a single source population for the New World), and that Mongolia was the likely source of the founding population. Data from Melanesia have shown that Polynesians are recent immigrants into the Pacific and did not arise from Melanesia.

Six blood group antigens (ABO, RH, MNS, KK, KP, FY) and five plasma proteins (HP, GC, APOA4, FXIIIB, C1R) were typed in 790 individuals, and 12 mtDNA RFLP and deletion polymorphisms were typed in 657 individuals from the San Luis Valley, Colorado. The 790 nuclear typings were conducted on 399 Anglos and 391 Hispanics, while the 657 mitochondrial haplotypes were generated from 207 Anglos and 450 Hispanics. Chakraborty's ADMIX2 FORTRAN program was used to estimate the average Amerindian admixture using all nuclear loci simultaneously. Since there is no recombination in mtDNA, the sum of the frequencies of the Amerindian/Asian-specific mitochondrial haplotypes represents the level of Amerindian admixture. The nuclear estimates of Amerindian admixture were 33.15 +/- 2.41% for the Hispanics and 9.72 +/- 1.90% for the Anglos, while the strictly maternally inherited mtDNA estimates of Amerindian admixture were 85.11% for the Hispanics and 0.97% for the Anglos. This dramatic difference in estimated levels of admixture between the biparentally derived nuclear estimates and the uniparentally derived mtDNA estimates is indicative of past directional matings between Hispanic males and Amerindian females.

This report describes a re-examination of the remains of a young male child recovered in the Northwest Atlantic following the loss of the Royal Mail Ship Titanic in 1912 and buried as an unknown in Halifax, Nova Scotia shortly thereafter. Following exhumation of the grave in 2001, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hypervariable region 1 sequencing and odontological examination of the extremely limited skeletal remains resulted in the identification of the child as Eino Viljami Panula, a 13-month-old Finnish boy. This paper details recent and more extensive mitochondrial genome analyses that indicate the remains are instead most likely those of an English child, Sidney Leslie Goodwin. The case demonstrates the benefit of targeted mtDNA coding region typing in difficult forensic cases, and highlights the need for entire mtDNA sequence databases appropriate for forensic use.

Human genetic diversity in the Pacific has not been adequately sampled, particularly in Melanesia.As a result, population relationships there have been open to debate.A genome scan of autosomal markers (687 microsatellites and 203 insertions/deletions) on 952 individuals from 41 Pacific populations now provides the basis for understanding the remarkable nature of Melanesian variation, and for a more accurate comparison of these Pacific populations with previously studied groups from other regions.It also shows how textured human population variation can be in particular circumstances.Genetic diversity within individual Pacific populations is shown to be very low, while differentiation among Melanesian groups is high.Melanesian differentiation varies not only between islands, but also by island size and topographical complexity.The greatest distinctions are among the isolated groups in large island interiors, which are also the most internally homogeneous.The pattern loosely tracks language distinctions.Papuanspeaking groups are the most differentiated, and Austronesian or Oceanic-speaking groups, which tend to live along the coastlines, are more intermixed.A small ''Austronesian'' genetic signature (always ,20%) was detected in less than half the Melanesian groups that speak Austronesian languages, and is entirely lacking in Papuan-speaking groups.Although the Polynesians are also distinctive, they tend to cluster with Micronesians, Taiwan Aborigines, and East Asians, and not Melanesians.These findings contribute to a resolution to the debates over Polynesian origins and their past interactions with Melanesians.With regard to genetics, the earlier studies had heavily relied on the evidence from single locus mitochondrial DNA or Y chromosome variation.Neither of these provided an unequivocal signal of phylogenetic relations or population intermixture proportions in the Pacific.Our analysis indicates the ancestors of Polynesians moved through Melanesia relatively rapidly and only intermixed to a very modest degree with the indigenous populations there.

Abstract Of particular significance to human population history in Eurasia are the migratory events that connected the Near East to Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Utilizing 315 HV*(xH,V) mitogenomes, including 27 contemporary lineages first reported here, we found the genetic signatures for distinctive movements out of the Near East and South Caucasus both westward into Europe and eastward into South Asia. The parallel phylogeographies of rare, yet widely distributed HV*(xH,V) subclades reveal a connection between the Italian Peninsula and South Caucasus, resulting from at least two (post-LGM, Neolithic) waves of migration. Many of these subclades originated in a population ancestral to contemporary Armenians and Assyrians. One such subclade, HV1b-152, supports a postexilic, northern Mesopotamian origin for the Ashkenazi HV1b2 lineages. In agreement with ancient DNA findings, our phylogenetic analysis of HV12 and HV14, the two exclusively Asian subclades of HV*(xH,V), point to the migration of lineages originating in Iran to South Asia before and during the Neolithic period. With HV12 being one of the oldest HV subclades, our results support an origin of HV haplogroup in the region defined by Western Iran, Mesopotamia, and the South Caucasus, where the highest prevalence of HV has been found.

Abstract In a series of publications beginning in the 1960s, Neel and colleagues suggested that genetically nonrandom, or “lineal”, population fissions contributed to genetic structure in ancient human groups. The authors reached this conclusion by studying the genetic consequences of village fissions among the Yanomamo, a Native South American group thought to have been relatively unaffected by European contact and, therefore, representative of the human past. On the basis of ethnographic accounts and pedigree data, they further concluded that patrilineal relationships were particularly important in shaping the genetic structure of villages following fissions. This study reexamines the genetic consequences of village fissions using autosomal STRs, Y‐chromosome STRs, and mitochondrial DNA sequences collected from large samples of individuals from multiple Yanomamo villages. Our analyses of the autosomal STRs replicate the previous finding that village fissions have produced substantial genetic structure among the Yanomamo. However, our analyses of Y‐chromosome STRs and mtDNA d‐loop polymorphisms suggest that other population processes, including village movements, inter‐village migration, and polygynous marriage, affect genetic structure in ways not predicted by a simple model of patrilineal fissions. We discuss the broader implications of population fissions for human evolution and the suitability of using the Yanomamo as a model for the human past. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Recent studies have expanded and refined the founding haplogroups of the Americas using whole mitochondrial (mtDNA) genome analysis. In addition to pan-American lineages, specific variants have been identified in a number of studies that show higher frequencies in restricted geographical areas. To further characterize Native American maternal lineages and specifically examine local patterns within South America, we analyzed 12 maternally unrelated Yekuana whole mtDNA genomes from one village (Sharamaña) that include the four major Native American haplogroups A2, B2, C1, and D1. Based on our results, we propose a reconfiguration of one subhaplogroup A2 (A2aa) that is specific to South America and identify other singleton branches across the four haplogroups. Furthermore, we show nucleotide diversity values that increase from north to south for haplogroups C1 and D1. The results from our work add to the growing mitogenomic data that highlight local phylogenies and support the rapid genetic differentiation of South American populations, which has been correlated with the linguistic diversity in the region by previous studies.

Six blood group antigens (ABO, RH, MNS, KK, KP, FY) and five plasma proteins (HP, GC, APOA4, FXIIIB, C1R) were typed in 790 individuals, and 12 mtDNA RFLP and deletion polymorphisms were typed in 657 individuals from the San Luis Valley, Colorado. The 790 nuclear typings were conducted on 399 Anglos and 391 Hispanics, while the 657 mitochondrial haplotypes were generated from 207 Anglos and 450 Hispanics. Chakraborty's ADMIX2 FORTRAN program was used to estimate the average Amerindian admixture using all nuclear loci simultaneously. Since there is no recombination in mtDNA, the sum of the frequencies of the Amerindian/Asian-specific mitochondrial haplotypes represents the level of Amerindian admixture. The nuclear estimates of Amerindian admixture were 33.15 +/- 2.41% for the Hispanics and 9.72 +/- 1.90% for the Anglos, while the strictly maternally inherited mtDNA estimates of Amerindian admixture were 85.11% for the Hispanics and 0.97% for the Anglos. This dramatic difference in estimated levels of admixture between the biparentally derived nuclear estimates and the uniparentally derived mtDNA estimates is indicative of past directional matings between Hispanic males and Amerindian females.

Archaeological evidence of human occupation in Arctic Siberia dates to at least 27,000 years before present (YBP) but the population history of these early inhabitants is not fully understood. Genetic research on contemporary indigenous Siberian populations has suggested a distinct pattern between populations from south/central Siberia and the extreme northeast Siberia. However, the picture is complicated by the fluctuations of movement by various cultural groups in the last millennium that has resulted in admixture as well as genetic drift. In order to better understand the genetic history of early humans in northern Siberia, we obtained ten human skeletal remains from four areas of the eastern Siberian Arctic, stretching from the low Yana River in the west to midstream of Bol'shaya Chukoch'ya River and Kolyma River in the east, and the Zhokhov site in the New Siberian Islands. We extracted DNA from the skeletal remains ranging from around 27,000 YBP to as recent as the 18th century AD and analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. We successfully identified five haplotypes that include haplogroups A2 and C4. The presence of haplogroup C4 in Arctic Siberia by 8000 years ago illustrates the antiquity and widespread distribution of the maternal lineage in the region. On the other hand, haplogroup A2 is frequent among contemporary northeastern Siberian populations. Overall, the results from our ancient DNA analysis suggest maternal lineages among contemporary Siberians were present as far back as 8000 years ago in the Siberian Arctic.

A burial ground located in the Town of Colonie, NY along the Hudson River revealed fourteen individuals dated from the 17th through the early 19th centuries. Bioarchaeological analysis suggested some of these individuals were of African ancestry who had worked and died on the property owned by the prominent Schuyler family. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis was carried out on skeletal remains of seven adults using restriction fragment length polymorphism typing and direct sequencing of the control region to infer their origins and relatedness. Results show that none of the individuals were maternally related, with four individuals identified as African haplogroup L, one identified as Native American haplogroup X, and two identified as haplogroup M and M7. Individuals of African ancestry correlate with published mtDNA data on African Americans and their geographical origins corroborate with the various exit points during the African slave trade to New York State. Individuals identified as haplogroup M7 and M resemble lineages found in Madagascar. Historical documents suggest several hundred people were imported from Madagascar through illegal trading to New York by the end of the 17th century. This study highlights the diverse origins of the enslaved labor force in colonial New York and contributes to our understanding of African American history in the northeast.

We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 44 ancient Near Easterners ranging in time between ~12,000-1,400 BCE, from Natufian hunter-gatherers to Bronze Age farmers. We show that the earliest populations of the Near East derived around half their ancestry from a ‘Basal Eurasian’ lineage that had little if any Neanderthal admixture and that separated from other non-African lineages prior to their separation from each other. The first farmers of the southern Levant (Israel and Jordan) and Zagros Mountains (Iran) were strongly genetically differentiated, and each descended from local hunter-gatherers. By the time of the Bronze Age, these two populations and Anatolian-related farmers had mixed with each other and with the hunter-gatherers of Europe to drastically reduce genetic differentiation. The impact of the Near Eastern farmers extended beyond the Near East: farmers related to those of Anatolia spread westward into Europe; farmers related to those of the Levant spread southward into East Africa; farmers related to those from Iran spread northward into the Eurasian steppe; and people related to both the early farmers of Iran and to the pastoralists of the Eurasian steppe spread eastward into South Asia.

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 213:165-175 (2001) - doi:10.3354/meps213165 Phylogenetic relationships of mid-oceanic ridge and continental lineages of Lasaea spp. (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the northeastern Atlantic Diarmaid Ó Foighil1,*, Robert Jennings1,**, Joong-Ki Park1, D. Andrew Merriwether2 1Museum of Zoology and Department of Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079, USA 2Departments of Anthropology and Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1382, USA *E-mail: diarmaid@umich.edu **Present address: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA ABSTRACT: Direct-developing lineages of the genus Lasaea are common constituents of both oceanic island and continental rocky shore crevice faunas in the eastern North Atlantic. We utilized mitochondrial gene sequence variation to flesh out the phylogenetic relationships of individuals sampled from 2 Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores, Madeira) and from downstream continental (Iberian) sites. There was no evidence for colonization of the islands by upstream western North Atlantic congeners. Of 5 Lasaea clades detected in Iberia, 1 was also present on Madeira, whereas 4 of the 5 had representatives on the Azores. Madeira did not share haplotypes with the other sampling locations. In contrast, the Azorean and Iberian samples shared multiple haplotypes and our phylogenetic tree topologies were consistent with a minimum of 6 inferred migration events across the >1400 km oceanic expanse separating these 2 regional populations. Three of the putative migration events involved a predominantly island clade whose topology was consistent with colonization by ancestral continental lineages, extensive island cladogenesis, and secondary downstream migrations back to the mainland. The remaining 3 inferred migration events were distributed across the tips of the phylogenetic trees, a topology consistent with evolutionarily recent migrations against the prevailing current fields. Our results indicate that the pattern of easterly surface flow in the study area may generate differentially effective dispersal filters downstream of the Azorean and Madeiran archipelagos. Evidence for countercurrent migration in marine populations should be assessed in light of the totality of surface-flow patterns in the study system, not merely the prevailing one. KEY WORDS: Biogeography · 16S rDNA · Azores · Madeira · Oceanic island Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 213. Online publication date: April 04, 2001 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2001 Inter-Research.

Summary A large outbred population of Drosophila melanogaster was subjected to artificial selection on lipid and glycogen storage. In three separate experiments, two replicates underwent sib selection for both increased and decreased storage. In the first study, flies were selected on the basis of total triacylglycerol for ten generations. This experiment resulted in no significant direct response, but there was a significant change in total body weight, underscoring the importance of concern for the allometric relationship between body weight and lipid content. In the second study, selection was performed for 15 generations on the percentage of body composition that was triacylglycerol. A significant direct response was obtained, and the two replicates revealed heritability estimates of 0·40 and 0·43. The third study selected glycogen content for 15 generations, and produced a significant response with heritabilities of 0·25 and 0·31. A series of 12 biochemical and enzyme kinetic traits was examined at five generation intervals in all experiments, and a number of correlated responses were detected. The results are interpreted with respect to the evolutionary constraints on energy storage evolution and the genetic basis of the allometric relationship between body weight and fat content.

Abstract Situated along a corridor linking the Asian continent with the outer islands of the Pacific, Papua New Guinea has long played a key role in understanding the initial peopling of Oceania. The vast diversity in languages and unique geographical environments in the region have been central to the debates on human migration and the degree of interaction between the Pleistocene settlers and newer migrants. To better understand the role of Papua New Guinea in shaping the region's prehistory, we sequenced the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of three populations, a total of 94 individuals, located in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea. We analyzed these samples with a large data set of Oceania populations to examine the role of geography and language in shaping population structure within New Guinea and between the region and Island Melanesia. Our results from median‐joining networks, star‐cluster age estimates, and population genetic analyses show that while highland New Guinea populations seem to be the oldest settlers, there has been significant gene flow within New Guinea with little influence from geography or language. The highest genetic division is between Papuan speakers of New Guinea versus East Papuan speakers located outside of mainland New Guinea. Our study supports the weak language barriers to genetic structuring among populations in close contact and highlights the complexity of understanding the genetic histories of Papua New Guinea in association with language and geography. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:613–624, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This chapter investigates the fit of genetic, phenotypic, and linguistic data to two well-known models of population history. The first of these models, termed the population fissions model, emphasizes population splitting, isolation, and independent evolution. It predicts that genetic and linguistic data will be perfectly tree-like. The second model, termed isolation by distance, emphasizes genetic exchange among geographically proximate populations. It predicts a monotonic decline in genetic similarity with increasing geographic distance. While these models are overly simplistic, deviations from them were expected to provide important insights into the population history of northern Island Melanesia. The chapter finds scant support for either model because the prehistory of the region has been so complex. Nonetheless, the genetic and linguistic data are consistent with an early radiation of proto-Papuan speakers into the region followed by a much later migration of Austronesian speaking peoples. While these groups subsequently experienced substantial genetic and cultural exchange, this exchange has been insufficient to erase this history of separate migrations.

Abstract Population biologists use fairly elementary methods to estimate parameters associated with DNA mismatch distributions, which serve as one basis for their formulation of an evolutionary history of the population. This paper presents new statistical methodology that allows better estimation of these quantities and their standard errors. It is shown, in particular, how inference based on a chi-square parametrization of the DNA differences can be replaced with a more robust nonparametric analysis. Mismatches of a sample of DNA sequences yield information on the heterogeneity of the population under study. The mode of the distribution of these differences enables estimation of the expansion times for genetically isolated populations;similarly, the steepness of the frontal wave allows an estimate of the size of the initial population.

Earlier reports suggest a distinct pattern of genetic variation linked to both language and geographic distance in Island Melanesia. Inland Papuan-speaking populations from different islands tend to share one allelic profile, while shore-based or more cosmopolitan populations share another, related to Southeast Asian influence over the past 3000 years. In the present paper, we report the genotypes and allele frequencies of an informative 9.1-thousand-base-pairs (kb) insertion/deletion polymorphism in 19 populations living in Island Melanesia. The populations studied inhabit the islands of New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover, and Mussau in the Bismarck Archipelago, and speak either Austronesian or Papuan languages. We also include for reference a collection from New Guinea and Bougainville. The data show a marked fluctuation in the allele frequency among the different isolates, with the 9.1-kb(-) allele frequency ranging from 0.67 to 0.98. The deletion allele reaches fixation in some Papuan-speaking interior populations of New Britain, as well as in the interiors of New Guinea and Bougainville. However, certain inland Austronesian-speaking populations also share a similar high frequency of the deletion. Our data suggest that language distinctions are generally, but not invariably, indicative of diverse allelic patterns in this complex region, where inland groups on large islands tend to be often distinctive from shore-based populations.

The llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are important domesticated species, endemic to South America. South American camelids helped ensure the success of humans in the Andes, much like the horse in Europe. Two wild South American camelids, the guanaco and the vicuña have been proposed as the ancestors of these domestic forms. Some scientists have hypothesized that crossbreeding started after the Spanish conquest in the 1500's, since before this event, indigenous people are thought to have kept both domestic breeding lines separate. In an effort to avoid the confounding effects of crossbreeding, ancient DNA from pre-conquest South American camelids was analysed from sites in Bolivia and Ecuador. Our mitochondrial pre-conquest results for Cerro Narrío in Ecuador show that all ancient samples which do not naturally occur in this region and were likely domesticated camelids, had maternal guanaco ancestry. At the Bolivian site of Iwawi, near Lake Titicaca, matrilineal ancestry from both wild species contributed to the domestic forms. These results help disentangle the complex ancestry of the domestic South American camelids and inform future breeding strategies. Additionally confirm the occurrence of crossbreeding between camelids pre-Spanish conquest. La llama (Lama glama) y la alpaca (Vicugna pacos) son organismos domesticados importantes y endémicos Sudamericanos. Similar a los caballos en Europa, los camélidos sudamericanos ayudaron a asegurar la supervivencia humana en los Andes. Dos especies salvajes de camélidos se han propuesto como ancestros a las formas domésticas, la vicuña y el guanaco. Algunos científicos han teorizado que alpacas y llamas comenzaron a cruzarse luego de la conquista española en los años 1500s, ya que antes del evento se presume que los indígenas mantenían líneas separadas para las dos formas domésticas. Con el propósito de evitar la confusión causada por la reciente hibridación, se analizó ADN antiguo de muestras de camélidos sudamericanos provenientes de dos sitios arqueológicos, uno en Bolivia y otro en Ecuador. Todas las muestras precolombinas colectadas en Cerro Narrío en Ecuador, un lugar localizado fuera del rango natural de ambos camélidos silvestres, señalan que la herencia materna provenía del guanaco para estos individuos. Por otro lado, en el sitio arqueológico de Iwawi en Bolivia, cerca del lago Titicaca, se encontró contribución materna de ambos camélidos silvestres. Estos resultados ayudan a desenredar la complicada historia de la domesticación de los camélidos sudamericanos domésticos y a informar futuras estrategias de reproducción para las razas. Además nuestros datos confirman eventos de hibridación entre camélidos suramericanos que datan de antes de la colonización española.

Genome analysis of the alpaca (<i>Lama pacos</i>, LPA) has progressed slowly compared to other domestic species. Here, we report the development of the first comprehensive whole-genome integrated cytogenetic map for the alpaca using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and CHORI-246 BAC library clones. The map is comprised of 230 linearly ordered markers distributed among all 36 alpaca autosomes and the sex chromosomes. For the first time, markers were assigned to LPA14, 21, 22, 28, and 36. Additionally, 86 genes from 15 alpaca chromosomes were mapped in the dromedary camel (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>, CDR), demonstrating exceptional synteny and linkage conservation between the 2 camelid genomes. Cytogenetic mapping of 191 protein-coding genes improved and refined the known Zoo-FISH homologies between camelids and humans: we discovered new homologous synteny blocks (HSBs) corresponding to HSA1-LPA/CDR11, HSA4-LPA/CDR31 and HSA7-LPA/CDR36, and revised the location of breakpoints for others. Overall, gene mapping was in good agreement with the Zoo-FISH and revealed remarkable evolutionary conservation of gene order within many human-camelid HSBs. Most importantly, 91 FISH-mapped markers effectively integrated the alpaca whole-genome sequence and the radiation hybrid maps with physical chromosomes, thus facilitating the improvement of the sequence assembly and the discovery of genes of biological importance.

Anthropology NewsVolume 42, Issue 1 p. 49-50 Biological Anthropology Section D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editor Send your contributions to this column to D Andrew Merriwether, Dept of Anthropology, U of Michigan, 1020 LSA Building, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382; 313/647-6777 (O), 313/764-6896 (Lab), fax 313/763-6077, andym@umich.edu, http:www.umich.eduandymSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editor Send your contributions to this column to D Andrew Merriwether, Dept of Anthropology, U of Michigan, 1020 LSA Building, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382; 313/647-6777 (O), 313/764-6896 (Lab), fax 313/763-6077, andym@umich.edu, http:www.umich.eduandymSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2001.42.1.49.2Citations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume42, Issue1January 2001Pages 49-50 RelatedInformation

ABSTRACT A widely accepted two-wave scenario of human settlement of Oceania involves the first out-of-Africa migration ca 50,000 ya, and one of the most geographically-widespread dispersals of people, known as the Austronesian expansion, which reached the Bismarck Archipelago by about 3,450 ya. While earlier genetic studies provided evidence for extensive sex-biased admixture between the incoming and the indigenous populations, some archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence indicates a more complicated picture of settlement. To study regional variation in Oceania in more detail, we have compiled a genome-wide dataset of 823 individuals from 72 populations (including 50 populations from Oceania) and over 620,000 autosomal SNPs. We show that the initial dispersal of people from the Bismarck Archipelago into Remote Oceania occurred in a “leapfrog” fashion, completely by-passing the main chain of the Solomon Islands, and that the colonization of the Solomon Islands proceeded in a bi-directional manner. Our results also support a divergence between western and eastern Solomons, in agreement with the sharp linguistic divide known as the Tryon-Hackman line. We also report substantial post-Austronesian gene flow across the Solomons. In particular, Santa Cruz (in Remote Oceania) exhibits extraordinarily high levels of Papuan ancestry that cannot be explained by a simple bottleneck/founder event scenario. Finally, we use simulations to show that discrepancies between different methods for dating admixture likely reflect different sensitivities of the methods to multiple admixture events from the same (or similar) sources. Overall, this study points to the importance of fine-scale sampling to understand the complexities of human population history.

Past studies have shown a consistent association of a specific set of mitochondrial DNA 9 base pair (bp) deletion haplotypes with Polynesians and their Austronesian-speaking relatives, and the total lack of the deletion in a short series of New Guinea Highlanders. Utilizing plasma and DNA samples from various old laboratory collections, we have extended population screening for the 9-bp deletion into “Island Melanesia,” an area notorious for its extreme population variation. While the 9-bp deletion is present in all Austronesian, and many non-Austronesian-speaking groups, it is absent in the more remote non-Austronesian populations in Bougainville and New Britain. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that this deletion was first introduced to this region about 3,500 years ago with the arrival of Austronesian-speaking peoples from the west, but has not yet diffused through all populations there. The pattern cannot be reconciled with the competing hypothesis of a primarily indigenous Melanesian origin for the ancestors of the Polynesians. Although selection clearly has operated on some other genetic systems in this region, both migration and random genetic drift primarily account for the remarkable degree of biological diversity in these small Southwest Pacific populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 110:243–270, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Anthropology NewsVolume 39, Issue 9 p. 40-40 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1998.39.9.40.3Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume39, Issue9December 1998Pages 40-40 RelatedInformation

An intergenic region V Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 9 bp deletion located between the genes for tRNA{sup LYS} and cytochrome oxidase II was discovered in a small percentage of Nigerian and Ivory Coast natives. Previously this deletion has been described as Asian-specific and has been reported throughout the New World, Asia, S.E. Asia, and the Pacific Islands at frequencies ranging from 0% to 100%. In the New World and the Pacific Islands, the deletion is almost always accompanied by an Hae III restriction site gain at nt 16517. All 9 occurrences of the deletion observed in Africa (from four different populations) co-occur with the Hae III 16517 site gain, indicating that the African deletion probably shares a common origin with the deletion described as {open_quotes}Asian-specific{close_quotes}. The deletion was found in Benin and Sokoto, Nigeria in 2/54 Edo Bini, 1/2 Edo Ishan, 3/99 Hausa, 0/18 Fulani, and 0/16 other Nigerians. The deletion was also detected in 3/115 Ivory Coast natives from Abidjan. A 9 bp insertion (triplication) was observed in 1/115 Ivory Coast natives. The triplicated individual also possessed the Hae III 16517 site gain. The fragment containing the African deletion was sequenced and found to be identical in sequence to themore » Asian deletion region. D-loop sequence of nts 15975 to 00048 revealed that 2 of the 3 Ivory Coast deleted individuals and 1 of the 6 Nigerians deleted (Hausa) had a T-C transition at nt position 16189 which is common in New World-deleted individuals. These results raise the possibility that the occurrence of this deletion predates the separation of Asian and African populations from a common ancestral populations, or that the deletion has occurred more than once in human evolution. Either explanation requires that caution be exercised when using the 9 bp deletion as a population marker.« less

Anthropology NewsVolume 41, Issue 6 p. 101-102 Boological Anthropology Section D. Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D. Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editor Dept of Anthropology, U of Michigan, 1020 LS. SA Bldg, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382; tel 734/764-6896, fax 734/763-6077; andym@umich.edu.Search for more papers by this author D. Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D. Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editor Dept of Anthropology, U of Michigan, 1020 LS. SA Bldg, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382; tel 734/764-6896, fax 734/763-6077; andym@umich.edu.Search for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2000.41.6.101AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue6September 2000Pages 101-102 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 41, Issue 9 p. 45-45 Biological Anthropology Section In the News D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editorandym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editorandym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2000.41.9.45.1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue9December 2000Pages 45-45 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 41, Issue 3 p. 57-58 Biological Anthropology Section Postdoctoral Opportunities in Anthropology Anne Stone, Anne Stone U New MexicoSearch for more papers by this authorD Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editorandym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author Anne Stone, Anne Stone U New MexicoSearch for more papers by this authorD Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editorandym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2000.41.3.57.3AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue3March 2000Pages 57-58 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 42, Issue 5 p. 45-45 Biological Anthropology Section International Primatological Society D ANDREW MERRIWETHER, D ANDREW MERRIWETHER Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this authorLinda Wolfe, Linda WolfeSearch for more papers by this author D ANDREW MERRIWETHER, D ANDREW MERRIWETHER Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this authorLinda Wolfe, Linda WolfeSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2001.42.5.45.2AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume42, Issue5May 2001Pages 45-45 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 41, Issue 1 p. 59-59 AWARD WINNERS Tattersall Wins Howells Prize D ANDREW MERRIWETHER, D ANDREW MERRIWETHER MICHIGAN, ANN ABORSearch for more papers by this author D ANDREW MERRIWETHER, D ANDREW MERRIWETHER MICHIGAN, ANN ABORSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2000.41.1.59.2AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue1January 2000Pages 59-59 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 42, Issue 3 p. 46-46 Biological Anthropology Section Membership Report D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2001.42.3.46.1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume42, Issue3March 2001Pages 46-46 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 41, Issue 8 p. 54-55 Biological Anthropology Section Darkness in Journalism D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editor Dept of Anthropology, U Michigan, 1020 LSA Bldg, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382; 734/764-6896, fax 734/763-6077, andym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editor Dept of Anthropology, U Michigan, 1020 LSA Bldg, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382; 734/764-6896, fax 734/763-6077, andym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2000.41.8.54.4AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue8November 2000Pages 54-55 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 41, Issue 8 p. 55-55 Biological Anthropology Section River of Fiction D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editor Dept of Anthropology, U Michigan, 1020 LSA Bldg, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382; 734/764-6896, fax 734/763-6077, [email protected]Search for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editor Dept of Anthropology, U Michigan, 1020 LSA Bldg, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382; 734/764-6896, fax 734/763-6077, [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2000.41.8.55.1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue8November 2000Pages 55-55 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 41, Issue 1 p. 80-80 Biological Anthropology Section D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2000.41.1.80.1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue1January 2000Pages 80-80 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 41, Issue 4 p. 56-57 Biological Anthropology Section D. Andrew Merriwether, D. Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D. Andrew Merriwether, D. Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2000.41.4.56.2AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue4April 2000Pages 56-57 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 41, Issue 8 p. 54-54 Biological Anthropology Section D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editor Dept of Anthropology, U Michigan, 1020 LSA Bldg, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382; 734/764-6896, fax 734/763-6077, andym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editor Dept of Anthropology, U Michigan, 1020 LSA Bldg, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382; 734/764-6896, fax 734/763-6077, andym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2000.41.8.54.3AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue8November 2000Pages 54-54 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 41, Issue 3 p. 57-57 Biological Anthropology Section D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editorandym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editorandym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2000.41.3.57.2AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue3March 2000Pages 57-57 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 41, Issue 9 p. 44-45 Biological Anthropology Section D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editorandym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, Corresponding Author D Andrew Merriwether Contributing Editorandym@umich.eduSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.2000.41.9.44.4AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume41, Issue9December 2000Pages 44-45 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 40, Issue 2 p. 42-43 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1999.40.2.42.3AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume40, Issue2February 1999Pages 42-43 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 38, Issue 8 p. 35-35 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1997.38.8.35.3AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume38, Issue8November 1997Pages 35-35 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 38, Issue 9 p. 38-39 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1997.38.9.38.2AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume38, Issue9December 1997Pages 38-39 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 40, Issue 1 p. 41-41 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1999.40.1.41.1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume40, Issue1January 1999Pages 41-41 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 39, Issue 6 p. 74-74 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1998.39.6.74.1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume39, Issue6September 1998Pages 74-74 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 40, Issue 5 p. 46-47 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1999.40.5.46AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume40, Issue5May 1999Pages 46-47 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 39, Issue 4 p. 43-44 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1998.39.4.43.3AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume39, Issue4April 1998Pages 43-44 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 38, Issue 8 p. 2-2 Purity D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether U of Michigan, Ann ArborSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether U of Michigan, Ann ArborSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1997.38.8.2.1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume38, Issue8November 1997Pages 2-2 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 39, Issue 2 p. 34-35 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1998.39.2.34.2AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume39, Issue2February 1998Pages 34-35 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 38, Issue 7 p. 37-37 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1997.38.7.37.1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume38, Issue7October 1997Pages 37-37 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 38, Issue 6 p. 51-52 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1997.38.6.51.4AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume38, Issue6September 1997Pages 51-52 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 39, Issue 5 p. 27-27 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D. Andrew Merriwether, D. Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D. Andrew Merriwether, D. Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1998.39.5.27.1AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume39, Issue5May 1998Pages 27-27 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 39, Issue 8 p. 40-41 BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY SECTION D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1998.39.8.40.2AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume39, Issue8November 1998Pages 40-41 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 30, Issue 1 p. 11-12 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STUDENT ANTHROPOLOGY D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: January 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1989.30.1.11AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume30, Issue1January 1989Pages 11-12 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 30, Issue 4 p. 9-10 National Association Of Student Anthropologists D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Corresponding EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Corresponding EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1989.30.4.9AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume30, Issue4April 1989Pages 9-10 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 30, Issue 7 p. 14-15 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STUDENT ANTHROPOLOGISTS D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Contributing EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-4372.1989.tb00076.xAboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume30, Issue7October 1989Pages 14-15 RelatedInformation

Anthropology NewsVolume 30, Issue 3 p. 11-12 National Association of Student Anthropologists D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Corresponding EditorSearch for more papers by this author D Andrew Merriwether, D Andrew Merriwether Corresponding EditorSearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/an.1989.30.3.11AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume30, Issue3March 1989Pages 11-12 RelatedInformation