C. Masson

Chemical information processing in the olfactory system of insects.C Masson, and H MustapartaC MassonCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Recherche Associée 1190, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bures Sur Yvette, France; and Department of Zoology, University of Trondheim, Dragvoll, Norway, and H MustapartaCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Recherche Associée 1190, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bures Sur Yvette, France; and Department of Zoology, University of Trondheim, Dragvoll, NorwayPublished Online:01 Jan 1990https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1990.70.1.199MoreSectionsPDF (14 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByIdentification of the Female-Produced Sex Pheromone of an Invasive Greenhouse Pest, the European Pepper Moth (Duponchelia fovealis)29 January 2018 | Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 44, No. 3Properties of the Atmosphere in Assisting and Hindering Animal Navigation24 March 2018Carbon dioxide detection in adult OdonataZoology, Vol. 119, No. 2Odorant Concentration Dependence in Electroolfactograms Recorded From the Human Olfactory EpitheliumHadas Lapid, Han-Seok Seo, Benno Schuster, Elad Schneidman, Yehudah Roth, David Harel, Noam Sobel*, and Thomas Hummel*1 October 2009 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 102, No. 4How the choice of method influence on the results in electrophysiological studies of insect olfactionJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 50, No. 6Multiple acyl-CoA desaturase-encoding transcripts in pheromone glands of Helicoverpa assulta, the oriental tobacco budwormInsect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol. 33, No. 6The Neurobiology of Taste in InsectsShort-term memory in olfactory network dynamics9 December 1999 | Nature, Vol. 402, No. 6762Processing of antennular input in the brain of the spiny lobster, Panulirus argusJournal of Comparative Physiology A, Vol. 178, No. 5Signal-induced selection among spontaneous oscillatory patterns in a model of honeybee olfactory glomeruliBiological Cybernetics, Vol. 72, No. 6Morphological analysis of honeybee antennal cells growing in primary culturesTissue and Cell, Vol. 26, No. 4The organization of the chemosensory system in Drosophila melanogaster: a rewiewCell and Tissue Research, Vol. 275, No. 1Coding of odour quality: roles of convergence and inhibition9 July 2009 | Network: Computation in Neural Systems, Vol. 5, No. 2Stereoselective detection of amino acids by lobster olfactory receptor neuronsJournal of Comparative Physiology A, Vol. 171, No. 6Ultrastructure and distribution patterns of sensilla on the palps of caddisflies (Trichoptera)International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, Vol. 21, No. 4Synaptic relationships between GABA-immunoreactive neurons and an identified uniglomerular projection neuron in the antennal lobe of Periplaneta americana: a double-labeling electron microscopic studyHistochemistry, Vol. 96, No. 3Spatial organization of the antennal lobe in Cylindroiulus punctatus (Leach) (Myriapoda : Diplopoda)International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology, Vol. 20, No. 4-5Sex pheromone reception in the moth, Mamestra thalassina. Characterization and distribution of two types of olfactory hairsJournal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 37, No. 8A quantitative ultrastructural study of the honeybee antennal lobeTissue and Cell, Vol. 23, No. 3 More from this issue > Volume 70Issue 1January 1990Pages 199-245 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1990 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1990.70.1.199PubMed2404289History Published online 1 January 1990 Published in print 1 January 1990 Metrics

An important parasitic threat to honey bees, the mite Varroa jacobsoni, is attracted to its major prey, drone larvae, by methyl and ethyl esters of straight-chain fatty acids, in particular methyl palmitate. These esters were extracted from drone larvae with n-hexane and were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their behavioral effect was evaluated with the use of a four-arm airflow olfactometer.

Wholemount analysis with optic and confocal microscopy of iontophoretically stained (cobalt or Lucifer Yellow) bee antennal lobe interneurones led us to identify and classify four main types of olfactory responsive neurones, differing in their morphology and spatial distribution within the glomerular space and amongst the glomeruli in the whole antennal lobe. Two types of local interneurones (LIN), restricted to the antennal lobe were: (i) Homo LIN presenting an apparently similar density of arbors among all the glomeruli where they branch, the fine neurites being limited to the core of the glomeruli; (ii) Hetero LIN, also pluriglomerular, differ from the Homo LIN by a high dense neurite arborization in one particular glomerulus with fine branches invading the core and reaching the outermost part of this glomerulus. Two types of output interneurones (ON) having dendrites in the antennal lobe and axons projecting in other brain parts were: (i) Uni ON with dendrites invading the core and periphery of only one glomerulus; (ii) Pluri ON, pluriglomerular, with dendrites limited to the glomerular cores. The Uni ON axons follow the median tract and project to the mushroom bodies and lateral lobe of the protocerebrum. On the contrary, axons of Pluri ON follow several subtracts of the antenno-glomerular tract and project to various protocerebal structures or to the contralateral antennal lobe. Local interneurones and output interneurones both invade many glomeruli (1/3 to 2/3 and >50% of the total number, respectively), most being distributed in the different glomerular populations. The high complexity demonstrated in the architecture of the bee antennal lobe neurones might support the high functional complexity described elsewhere (Fonta et al., 1991; Sun et al., submitted).

The ontogeny and maturation of the olfactory system in the workerbee have been studied using a combination of neurophysiological (first order neurones) and neuroanatomical techniques (second order neurones). EAG recordings show that normal maturation of the olfactory response takes place during the first 4 days following emergence, and is closely related to the sensory environment during the same period. The synaptic organization of first order and second order neurones of the antennal afferent pathway (analyzed at the level of the glomeruli in the deutocerebrum) is essentially complete three days before emergence. These results are discussed in relation to a possible role of the sensory environment during the period from 3 days before until 8 days after emergence.

Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are small abundant extracellular proteins thought to participate in perireceptor events of odor-pheromone detection by carrying, deactivating, and/or selecting odor stimuli. The honeybee queen pheromone is known to play a crucial role in colony organization, in addition to drone sex attraction. We identified, for the first time in a social insect, a binding protein called antennal-specific protein 1 (ASP1), which binds at least one of the major queen pheromone components. ASP1 was characterized by cDNA cloning, expression in Pichia pastoris, and pheromone binding. In situ hybridization showed that it is specifically expressed in the auxiliary cell layer of the antennal olfactory sensilla. The ASP1 sequence revealed it as a divergent member of the insect OBP family. The recombinant protein presented the exact characteristics of the native protein, as shown by mass spectrometry, and N-terminal sequencing and exclusion-diffusion chromatography showed that recombinant ASP1 is dimeric. ASP1 interacts with queen pheromone major components, opposite to another putative honeybee OBP, called ASP2. ASP1 biosynthetic accumulation, followed by nondenaturing electrophoresis during development, starts at day 1 before emergence, in concomitance with the functional maturation of olfactory neurons. The isobar ASP1b isoform appears simultaneously to ASP1a in workers, but only at approximately 2 weeks after emergence in drones. Comparison of in vivo and heterologous expressions suggests that the difference between ASP1 isoforms might be because of dimerization, which might play a physiological role in relation with mate attraction.

According to precise molar mass determined by mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequence, some 25 odorant-binding-like proteins were characterized from the antennae and legs of worker and drone honeybees. Antennal specific proteins, composed of six different molecules, were classified into three subclasses according to N-terminal sequence homology. The major sexual difference was shown to lie in the relative abundance of these antennal specific proteins and in the occurrence of a drone-specific isoform. At least 19 other related proteins were found to occur in antennae and legs, forming another class showing homology with insect OBP. Genotype comparison of two honeybee races revealed a variability limited to this second class. Provided that these odorant-binding-like proteins are indeed able to bind odorants or pheromones, the question of whether their peculiar multiplicity contributes to the remarkable capacity of the honeybee to discriminate among a wide range of odor molecules is raised.

Intracellular responses to olfactory signals (three components and the combination of mixtures which they can provide) of 90 morphological identified local and output interneurones of the bee antennal lobe (the so-called Homo LIN, Hetero LIN, Pluri ON and Uni ON) were analysed and classified into eight main categories of response profiles. The different morphological types exhibit differences in (i) background activity; (ii) response patterns; and (iii) selectivity and responsiveness to pure odours and mixtures. The results demonstrate that the responses to mixtures are unpredictable from the responses to the single components. Olfactory integration includes inhibitory processes. Results of the present work considered together with those related to the morphological and spatial aspects demonstrate that the antennal lobe layer of the bee olfactory neuronal network is characterized by a complex architecture and connectivity underlying highly complex and somewhat unpredictable intracellular responses.

The objective of this work is to describe the glomerular organization of the deutocerebrum in Blaberus craniifer and to test the hypothesis that the glomeruli are identifiable. The problem is studied using the techniques of analytical geometry, i.e., by measuring the location of the glomeruli in cartesian coordinate systems. Computerized geometrical and statistical techniques are described for the three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative study of these brain structures. The invariance of the glomerular organization, and consequently the identifiability of the glomeruli, is based on three criteria: (1) the number of glomeruli per hemideutocerebrum (hDTC) is a constant (109); (2) the position of the glomeruli is symmetrical in the two sides of one individual and identical in the same side of two individuals, except for small local variations,(3) the dimensions of two positionally homologous glomeruli are statistically equal in the same and in different individuals, except for a macroglomerulus which is found only in the male. The causes of variability, from experimental and biological origin, are discussed and quantitatively evaluated. The interindividual biological variability, not ascribable to differences in size between brains, expressed as a 95% interval, is estimated to be 27 micrometer for the location of glomeruli and 12 micrometer for the diamter of glomeruli.

This study investigated the ability of the honeybee to discriminate between six compounds previously identified as oilseed rape floral volatiles: linalool, 2-phenylethanol, methyl salicylate, benzyl alcohol, (E)-2-hexenal and 1-octen-3-ol. These components were tested individually or in a synthetic mixture for their ability to elicit the conditioned proboscis extension response. Three experiments were done: conditioning to the mixture at one concentration (1.0, 0.1 or 0.01 μg per component) and testing to the individual components either at the conditioning or at the other concentrations; conditioning to individual components and testing to the mixture (1.0 μg); conditioning and testing to the individual components (1.0 μg). The results from the proboscis extension assay were then compared to those obtained from free-flying bees in a flight room. From the conditioned proboscis extension assay, a conditioning threshold level was found (0.1 μg for the mixture studied) below which a reliable conditioning could not be achieved. Recognition thresholds were observed: bees responded to concentrations ten-fold higher or lower than that used for conditioning. Responses to lower concentrations were weaker, whilst responses were increased at concentrations higher than the conditioning one. A hierarchy within the compounds tested was found, with linalool, 2-phenylethanol and methyl salicylate cueing mixture recognition more effectively than the other components. The ranking order of the six components was similar in both the conditioned proboscis extension and the conditioned foraging behaviour in flight room. When conditioned and tested to the individual components, bees discriminated a learned odour from a number of others. However, the specificity level for the recognition of the learned odour varied according to the component, the most clearly discriminated being the compounds which were used by the bee in mixture recognition.

Abstract. To test the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in host preferences of Trichogramma maidis Pint. & Voeg., a polyphagous parasitoid, the oviposition behaviour was analysed on two host species: Anagasta kuehniella used for mass rearing) and Ostrinia nubilalis a target pest). Females were compared according to the species on which they had been reared, and to that on which they had an oviposition experience. To quantify an oviposition sequence, the most frequent behavioural succession was established for each experimental situation, individual sequences were then compared with this standard one to count the number of additional behaviours. An affinity coefficient positively related to host acceptance was then calculated from these additional behaviours. A preference for O.nubilalis versus A kuehniella appeared, but rearing on A. kuehniella enhanced the level of spontaneous affinity for this unnatural host. These initial preferences were modified by an oviposition experience: the affinity for a given host was higher after an oviposition on the same species, which suggests a female's ability to learn. This learning ability was higher on the non‐preferred host, which led to an equivalent final parasitic performance on both hosts. Moreover, the learning ability was specific to a given host, since the oviposition on a given species did not provide any improvement in the level of affinity for the other species.

This paper describes the ultrastructural organization of the honeybee antennal lobe, including the distribution of synapses within the antennal lobe neuropile and the distribution of the afferent fibres in the antennal nerve and its afferent tracts. We show that: 1) The antennal nerve and tracts T3-T6 are composed of a heterogeneous population of fibres, with respect to their diameters, whereas two afferent tracts (T1 and T2) are composed of fibres of almost homogeneous diameter. 2) Synapses are mainly localized in the glomeruli with a higher frequency in the cortical layer than in the core of the glomerulus. Nevertheless a few synapses are found in the coarse neuropile. 3) Reciprocal synapses have been identified in the cortical layer. At the ultrastructural level, the organization of the bee antennal lobe was largely unknown and these results bring the anatomical background needed in order to carry out a developmental study related to the bee antennal lobe structures.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolation and identification of volatile constituents of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.)Patrick X. Etievant, Mona Azar, Min H. Pham-Delegue, and Claudine J. MassonCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1984, 32, 3, 503–509Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00123a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00123a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views290Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Four distinct hexamerin subunits (referred to as « hexamerins » in the following text) have been identified in the developing honeybee, Apis mellifera, by N-terminal protein sequencing. Hexamerins are abundant in the hemolymph of late larval and early pupal stages, and gradually decline during metamorphosis and adult development. Three hexamerins in the 70 kDa range have been found (Hex70a, Hex70b, Hex70c). In worker and drone, Hex70a is the only hexamerin present in large amount in later adult stages. Hex70b and c exhibit a similar developmental profile, disappearing in the drone just before adult emergence, and in the worker just after. Hex70b or Hex70c are still detectable in the adult queen. Hex80/110 likely exist in at least 3 different subunits, 1 of 110 kDa, and 2 of around 80 kDa, which all share a common N-terminus. They disappear during metamorphosis earlier than Hex70b and c. All these hexamerins have been found also in the antenna, suggesting their utilization in building up of antennal cuticle structures.

Capping of workerApis mellifera cells is elicited by four fatty acid methyl esters (Methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and methyl linolenate) that are present on the surface of the worker and drone larvae only a few hours before the cell is closed. The amount of the pheromone reaches its maximum value when the cell has just been capped, at 8.5 and at 10.25 days of age, respectively, for worker and drone larvae. Thereafter, the amount of the pheromone decreases to its initial level. These data suggest that the esters also have a role in the capping of the drone cells, the temporal signal allowing the worker bees to recognize the age of the larvae and then to do the appropriate behavior. Two pheromonal components, methyl palmitate and methyl linolenate, and the inactive ethyl palmitate are kairomones attractive toVarroa females. Their secretion by the larvae follows the same pattern of development as the pheromonal signal. The longer and greater kairomonal signal in drone larvae, compared to worker secretion, could explain the preference ofVarroa towards drone brood.

Abstract Cypermethrin is highly toxic to the honeybee Apis mellifera ligustica. The action of the chemical is rapid (within 2 days) and it has no long‐term effects. The sensitivity of the bees increases with decrease in breeding temperature and with increasing age of the insect. The commercial formulation ‘QCymbush’ is repellent to bees: the effect appears to be due to the formulation ingredients because cypermethrin itself is not repellent. A floral odour lost its natural attractiveness in the presence of ‘Cymbush’. The repellency appears to persist for some 2 days after treatment, during which time the bees learnt to avoid the crop. No residues of cypermethrin were found in the hive products (pollen, wax or honey), nor in the oilseed rape at harvest.

Nous avons entrepris des etudes multidisciplinaires destinees a elucider les mecanismes neuronaux et comportementaux responsables des capacites d'adaptation de l'abeille aux modifications des conditions environnementales, en nous basant sur l'etude des reponses de cet insecte a des signaux chimiques complexes (fig 1). Des etudes comportementales de la discrimination olfactive ont ete entreprises en utilisant pour stimulus des emissions volatiles florales. L'etude du comportement de butinage, conduite en conditions naturelles et au laboratoire, sur des plantes cultivees telles que le tournesol, associee a l'identification chimique des emissions florales, a montre que:―les preferences inter-genotypes, liees a la qualite du nectar, etaient etablies sur la base d'un nombre limite de constituants discriminatifs au sein des aromes floraux

Abstract The role of antennal sensory projections on the ontogeny of the bee antennal lobe was analyzed using both light and transmission electron microscopy. Normal and deafferented developing antennal lobes were examined. The results obtained show that (1) initiation of synaptogenesis in the antennal lobe is independent of the arrival of sensory inputs; (2) sensory inputs are necessary for setting up the glomerular antennal lobe organization; (3) regressive events, such as the reduction of synapse density, occur during the development of the antennal lobe; and (4) glomeruli formation appears as related to glia development.

A novel technique for the simultaneous monitoring of electroan-tennogram (EAG) and conditioned proboscis extension (CPE) responses of honey bees to the effluent from a gas chromatograph (GC) was developed to locate biologically active components in blends of plant volatiles and to investigate odor recognition at the peripheral and behavioral levels. A six-component mixture, comprising compounds previously identified as oilseed rape floral volatiles, was used as the stimulus. Standard CPE and EAG recordings were done as a reference. EAG responses were elicited from unconditioned bees by all the components presented either in the coupled or the standard mode. Conditioned bees gave larger EAG responses than unconditioned bees, suggesting that antennal sensitivity is enhanced by conditioning. At the behavioral level, in both the standard and the coupled modes, only conditioned bees showed the proboscis extension response, with the majority of individuals responding to linalool, 2-phenylethanol, and benzyl alcohol.

Journal of NeurobiologyVolume 8, Issue 6 p. 537-548 Article Sensory antennal organization in an ant and a wasp Claudine Masson, Claudine Masson Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Sensorielle, E.P.H.E. Cen, B.P. 6, 92260 Fontenay aux Roses—FranceSearch for more papers by this authorColette Strambi, Colette Strambi Institut de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie C.N.R.S., 13274 Marseille Cedex 2, FranceSearch for more papers by this author Claudine Masson, Claudine Masson Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Sensorielle, E.P.H.E. Cen, B.P. 6, 92260 Fontenay aux Roses—FranceSearch for more papers by this authorColette Strambi, Colette Strambi Institut de Neurophysiologie et Psychophysiologie C.N.R.S., 13274 Marseille Cedex 2, FranceSearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1977 https://doi.org/10.1002/neu.480080604Citations: 22AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References Arvy, L. (1958). Les techniques actuelles d'histoenzymologie. Biol. Med. 46: 47 p. 477. Boeckh, J., Ernst, K., Sass, H., and Waldow, U. (1974). Coding of odor quality in the insect olfactory pathway. 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(1887). Etudes histologiques et organologiques sur les centres nerveux et les organes des sens des animaux artieulés. 4. Le cerveau de la guěpe (Vespa crabo et V. vulgaris). Ann. Sci. Natl. (Zool.) 7: 5– 100. Vowles, D. M. (1955). The structure and connexions of the corpora pedunculata in bee and ants. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 96: 239– 255. Waldow, U. (1975). Multimodale Neurone im Deutocerebrum von Periplaneta americana. J. Comp. Physiol. 101: 329– 341. Weiss, M. J. (1974). Neuronal connections and the function of the corpora pedunculata in the brain of the American Cockroach Periplaneta americana L. J. Morphol. 142: 21– 70. Wigglesworth, V. B. (1958). The distribution of esterase in the nervous system and other tissues of the insect Rhodnius prolixus. Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 99: 441– 450. Citing Literature Volume8, Issue6November 1977Pages 537-548 ReferencesRelatedInformation

A honeybee putative general odorant-binding protein ASP2 has been expressed in the methylotrophic yeastPichia pastoris.It was secreted into the buffered minimal medium using either the α-factor preprosequence with and without the Glu-Ala-Glu-Ala spacer peptide ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeor its native signal peptide. Whereas ASP2 secreted using the α-factor preprosequence with the spacer peptide showed N-terminal heterogeneity, the recombinant protein using the two other secretion peptides was correctly processed. Mass spectrometry showed that the protein secreted using the natural peptide sequence had a mass of 13,695.1 Da, in perfect agreement with the measured molecular mass of the native protein. These data showed a native-like processing and the three disulfide bridges formation confirmed by sulfhydryl titration analysis. After dialysis, the recombinant protein was purified by one-step anion-exchange chromatography in a highly pure form. The final expression yield after 7-day fermentation was approximately 150 mg/liter. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of a natural insect leader sequence for secretion with correct processing inP. pastoris.The overproduction of recombinant ASP2 should allow ligand binding and mutational analysis to understand the relationships between structure and biological function of the protein.

A honey bee antennal water-soluble protein, APS2, was purified and characterized as the first Hymenoptera putative odorant-binding protein. Comparison of its measured Mr (13695.2+/-1.6) to that of the corresponding cDNA clone shows it does not undergo any post-translational modification other than a 19-residue signal peptide cleavage and formation of three disulfide bridges. These biochemical features are close to those of Lepidoptera odorant-binding proteins. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrated its specific expression in olfactory areas. Based on its higher expression in the worker than in the drone, ASP2 might be more involved in general odorant than in sex pheromone detection.

Dans la colonie d'abeilles, la pheromone royale induit, principalement chez les ouvrieres âgees de moins de 6 j, un comportement de cour, decrit comme l'attraction d'un groupe d'ouvrieres entourant la reine, effectuant des contacts antennaires, la lechant et la nourrissant. Dans ce travail, nous avons etudie le comportement d'attraction d'ouvrieres d'abeilles (Apis mellifera ligustica L), appartenant a differentes classes d'âges, vis-a-vis d'un signal de reine. Ce comportement a ete observe dans un olfactometre dynamique a quatre voies, en fonction de la nature du signal royal et des conditions d'elevage des ouvrieres

The coupled gas chromatography-proboscis extension assay technique was used on restrained worker bees to study responses to components of an extract of oilseed rape floral volatiles. Bees were stimulated with the effluent from the gas chromatograph after either paired or unpaired conditioning to the extract, or after a control treatment. Proboscis extension activity was elicited in six areas of the chromatogram. However, the number of bees responding in two of these areas were too low to be considered in the present study. One significant area of activity was associated with the major component, (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, whilst the others were associated with several minor components. Although all three groups of bees, irrespective of the treatments applied, showed some responses to the components eluting from the GC column, only bees subjected to paired conditioning consistently responded when re-tested to the mixture. In addition, paired conditioning increased the responsiveness of individuals in terms of the number of bees responding at least once to the effluent from the gas chromatograph. This work confirmed the occurrence of key compounds in floral volatile mixtures. Possible synergistic/inhibitory effects between components, relating to olfactory experience, are discussed.

Whole-cell recording techniques were used to characterize ionic membrane currents and odourant responses in honeybee olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in primary cell culture. ORNs of workerbee (female) and drone (male) were isolated at an early stage of development before sensory axons connect to their target in the antennal lobe. The results collectively indicate that honeybee ORNs have electrical properties similar, but not necessarily identical to, those currently envisaged for ORNs of other species. Under voltage clamp at least four ionic currents could be distinguished. Inward currents were made of a fast transient, tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current. In some ORNs a cadmium-sensitive calcium current was detected. ORNs showed heterogeneity in their outward currents: either outward currents were made of a delayed rectifier type potassium current, which was partially blocked by tetraethyl ammonium or quinidine, or were composed of a delayed rectifier type and a transient calcium-dependent potassium current, which was cadmium-sensitive and abolished by removal of external calcium. The proportion of each of the two outward currents, however, was different within the ORNs of the two sexes suggesting a gender-specific functional heterogeneity. ORNs showed heterogeneity in action potential firing properties: depolarizing current steps elicited either one action potential or, as in most of the cells, it led to repetitive spiking. Action potentials were tetrodotoxin-sensitive suggesting they are carried by sodium. Odourant stimulation with different mixtures and pure substances evoked depolarizing receptor potentials with superimposed action potentials when spike threshold was reached. In summary, honeybee ORNs are remarkably mature at early stages in their development.

Secondary contact zones are natural systems which can be efficiently used to measure genetic differentiation and gene flow and thus provide a good opportunity to assess the level of reproductive isolation between divergent evolutionary lineages. In this study, we used ten Z-linked and nine autosomal loci from seven chromosomes and twenty males to evaluate gene flow across a secondary contact zone between two mitochondrial lineages of the Eurasian Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis), that diverged around 1 million years ago. One lineage (Picus viridissharpei) is distributed throughout the Iberian Peninsula whereas the other one (Picus viridisviridis) is widespread across the Western Palearctic. These two lineages form a secondary contact zone in southern France. Formerly treated as two subspecies of Picus viridis, several authors have recently proposed assigning a specific rank to P. viridis sharpei and P. viridis viridis. Our results indicate no introgression of nuclear loci in allopatric populations located on both sides of the contact zone, which thus acts as an efficient barrier to gene flow. All males sampled within the contact zone and one male sampled near its eastern border were slightly admixed revealing that reproductive isolation between P. viridissharpei and P viridis viridis has not been completely achieved. In accordance with the geographical range of each lineage, the two admixed males sampled near the western border of the contact zone harboured a large proportion of P. viridissharpei alleles whereas admixed males sampled eastwardly near the Rhone Valley had a high proportion of P. viridis viridis alleles. Overall our results further support considering P. viridissharpei and P. viridisviridis as two biological species.

A culture technique for the in vitro growth of antennal cells from honeybee is described. On the basis of morphological and immunocytochemical criteria, the cultured cells could be classified into neural and non-neural cells. Neural cells (type D) exhibited the main morphological features of insect olfactory receptor neurones (ORNs). Non-neural cells were large, flat cells that could be divided into three main types: Type A, B and C cells. Type A cells were spindle-like cells and resembled insect myocytes in culture. Type B cells were large cells with a veil-like cytoplasm. These cells tended to group and vacuolate towards the center of the cellular aggregate. Type C cells were either bipolar (Type C1) or multipolar (Type C2) flat cells which closely resembled insect glial cells in cultures.

We present a neural model for olfactory sensory memory in the honeybee's antennal lobe. To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying odor discrimination and memorization, we exploit a variety of morphological, physiological, and behavioral data. The model allows us to study the computational capacities of the known neural circuitry, and to interpret under a new light experimental data on the cellular as well as on the neuronal assembly level. We propose a scheme for memorization of the neural activity pattern after stimulus offset by changing the local balance between excitation and inhibition. This modulation is achieved by changing the intrinsic parameters of local inhibitory neurons or synapses.

Dans une colonie d'abeilles, le developpement des ovaires des ouvrieres et le comportement d'oviposition sont fortement inhibes par la presence du couvain. L'existence d'une pheromone responsable de cette inhibition a ete souvent postulee, mais jamais demontree. Nous avons teste sur le developpement des ovaires d'ouvrieres adultes l'influence d'un melange de 10 esters d'acides gras (esters methyliques et ethyliques des acides palmitique, oleique, linoleique, linolenique et stearique) presents naturellement sur la cuticule des larves. Trois modes d'application differents des esters ont ete testes: par contact, par diffusion et par ingestion. Le melange des 10 composes a inhibe le developpement ovarien des ouvrieres quel que soit le mode d'application

We present a model of the specialist olfactory system of selected moth species and the cockroach. The model is built in a semirandom fashion, constrained by biological (physiological and anatomical) data. We propose a classification of the response patterns of individual neurons, based on the temporal aspects of the observed responses. Among the observations made in our simulations a number relate to data about olfactory information processing reported in the literature; others may serve as predictions and as guidelines for further investigations. We discuss the effect of the stochastic parameters of the model on the observed model behavior and on the ability of the model to extract features of the input stimulation. We conclude that a formal network, built with random connectivity, can suffice to reproduce and to explain many aspects of olfactory information processing at the first level of the specialist olfactory system of insects.

Antennal afferent pathway topography was studied in the queen honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae) by staining with cobalt chloride applied directly to the cut antennal axons. Antennal lobe organization in the queen was compared with those in worker and drone bees. The organization is similar in queen and worker bees. For the first time in a female insect the possible existence of a macroglomerulus is shown, which may be involved in the processing of species-specific information. A comparative quantitative neuromorphological study of the glomeruli was performed between young queens (8-day old) and 1-yr-old queens. The mean volume of the glomeruli is 46% greater in the older queens.

Abstract Honeybees have evolved numerous mechanisms for increasing colony‐level foraging efficiency, mainly the combined system of scout‐recruit division of labour and recruitment communication. A successful forager performs waggle dances on the surface of the comb where it interacts with nectar receivers and dance followers. A forager uses tremble dance when it experiences difficulty finding a receiver bee to unload food upon return to the hive. A bee colony containing numerous subfamilies may increase its efficiency in dance communication if dances are realized by particular groups of specialized individuals or subfamilies rather than by undifferentiated workers. In this study, we determined the subfamily frequencies of waggle and tremble dancers in a colony headed by a naturally mated queen, where the 17 subfamilies can be identified by microsatellite genetic markers. Our results demonstrate that a genetic component is associated with the dance communication in honeybees. More than half of the waggle dances and the tremble dances were performed by workers from only four subfamilies in each case.

Nuclear glycoconjugates were detected in situ by two lectins--Concanavalin A and Wheat germ agglutinin--on tissue sections embedded in the hydrophilic resin glycol methacrylate. These lectins were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate for fluorescence microscopy, and labelled with ferritin for electron microscopy. The ovarian follicle of the lizard Lacerta vivipara was chosen for this study, because it enables four types of nuclei, with different ultrastructures and physiology to be observed on the same section. In this material, all the nucleoli were found to contain a high concentration of receptors for both lectins. The distribution of the receptors located in the chromatin and nucleoli was observed to vary within the same type of nucleus, depending on the lectin used. Some of our results suggest that increased labelling by Wheat germ agglutinin might depend on increased production of ribosomal precursors.

Patterns of phenotypic and genic frequencies across hybrid zones provide insight into the origin and evolution of reproductive isolation. The Reunion grey white-eye, Zosterops borbonicus, exhibits parapatrically distributed plumage colour forms across the lowlands of the small volcanic island of Reunion (Mascarene archipelago). These forms meet and hybridize in regions that are natural barriers to dispersal (rivers, lava fields). Here, we investigated the relationship among patterns of differentiation at neutral genetic (microsatellite) markers, phenotypic traits (morphology and plumage colour) and niche characteristics across three independent hybrid zones. Patterns of phenotypic divergence revealed that these hybrid zones are among the narrowest ever documented in birds. However, the levels of phenotypic divergence stand in stark contrast to the lack of clear population neutral genetic structure between forms. The position of the hybrid zones coincides with different natural physical barriers, yet is not associated with steep changes in vegetation and related climatic variables, and major habitat transitions are shifted from these locations by at least 18 km. This suggests that the hybrid zones are stabilized over natural dispersal barriers, independently of environmental boundaries, and are not associated with niche divergence. A striking feature of these hybrid zones is the very low levels of genetic differentiation in neutral markers between forms, suggesting that phenotypic divergence has a narrow genetic basis and may reflect recent divergence at a few linked genes under strong selection, with a possible role for assortative mating in keeping these forms apart.

The processing of odorant signals is performed, in the olfactory bulb of vertebrates or in the antennal lobe of insects, by different types of neurons which display specific morphological and functional features. The present work characterizes the morphogenesis of the main neuronal types which participate in olfactory discrimination in the adult honeybee (Apis mellifera). Neurons were stained intracellularly with Lucifer yellow at different stages of pupal development and in the adult, and imaged by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Attending to branching patterns, all pupal neurons could be attributed to morphological types previously established in the adult. Given the functional importance of intraglomerular dendritic arbors in the processing of olfactory information, the study focused on their development. The two main classes, dense and sparse intraglomerular arbors, display adultlike features as early as the second day of pupal development. However, morphometric measurements and confocal observations show that their general pattern undergoes continuous maturation processes until late pupal stages and after emergence of the adult. Among these, the results point out a pruning of dendritic branches in sparse arbors, but not in dense arbors.

An important sexual dimorphism is demonstrated in the drone at the level of the first central relay of the antennal olfactory pathway (antennal lobe of the deutocerebrum), represented by large and easily identifiable glomerular complexes. This preparation seems to be an excellent model for a functional study of the olfactory system.

A culture technique for the in vitro growth and differentiation of antennal lobe cells from the honeybee, Apis mellifera, is described and the ultrastructure of the growing cells is analysed. Two types of cell are present in the cultures and from their morphology and ultrastructure they can be identified as glial cells and neurones. The neurones have a granular cytoplasm, abundant endoplasmic reticulum and a small, densely stained nucleus. They produce long processes with varicosities that contain dense-core and clear vesicles. In contrast the glial cells have clear cytoplasm, little endoplasmic reticulum and a distinct cytoskeletal organisation. These cells produce short, flat processes that spread over the surface of the culture dish. Although a number of cell contacts have been identified in the cultures no synapses have yet been seen. These cultures provide a good in vitro model for an analysis of the interactions between cells derived from the antennal lobe of the honey bee.

Nous présentons ici la mise au point chez l'abeille d'une méthode neuroanatomique appliquée à l'étude de l'organisation de la voie afférente antennaire par migration axonale passive d'ions cobalt.Des résultats préliminaires sont donnés à titre d'illustration. REMERCIEMENTSLes auteurs remercient vivement d'une part M. Jean THeuaKnuFF de la Station de Recherches sur l'Abeille et les Insectes sociaux à Bures sur Yvette, d'autre part M. Jean F RESNAYE de la Station

Journal Article Structural and functional studies of the peripheral olfactory nervous system of male and female bumble-bees (Bombus hypnorum and Bombus terrestris) Get access Caroline Fonta, Caroline Fonta Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparée des InvertébrésINRA — CNRS, UA 1190 CNRS, F-91440 Bures sur Yvette, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Claudine Masson Claudine Masson Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Comparée des InvertébrésINRA — CNRS, UA 1190 CNRS, F-91440 Bures sur Yvette, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Chemical Senses, Volume 12, Issue 1, February 1987, Pages 53–69, https://doi.org/10.1093/chemse/12.1.53 Published: 01 February 1987 Article history Received: 01 September 1985 Accepted: 01 September 1986 Published: 01 February 1987

Une étude histologique de la région postérieure du protocérébron (calices des corps pédonculés), réalisée, au cours des dernières phases du développement, chez une Fourmi primitive (Mesoponera caffraria, sous-famille des Ponerinae), a mis en évidence, au niveau des cellules globuleuses, l'existence de deux groupes de cellules qui diffèrent par la taille et l'activité mitotique. Cette dualité se maintient durant plusieurs étapes de l'ontogénèse jusqu'à un stade avancé de la période nymphale. Le premier groupe, localisé au centre de la cupule du calice, est composé de cellules de grande taille possédant de gros noyaux; tandis que le second groupe, entourant le premier, est formé de petites cellules toutes identiques. On voit peu à peu les petites cellules envahir la totalité du volume occupé par les cellules globuleuses chez l'adulte, et le groupe de grosses cellules diminuer de volume pour finalement disparaître. On observe dans les grandes cellules centrales des figures mitotiques: il y a donc multiplication tardive des cellules globuleuses à partir de neuroblastes préexistants.

Both intrinsic (programmed) and extrinsic (non-programmed) factors are thought to play a role in the morphogenesis of neurones in the honeybee antennal lobe (the first relay station in the olfactory pathway) during development. We present here a morphometric and statistical analysis of a large population of pupal honeybee antennal lobe neurones grown in primary culture. Quantitative parameters were used to characterize neuronal shapes. On the basis of such morphometric measurements, an automatic classification allowed three morphological types to be distinguished. Their main characteristics are presented and the role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in their determination is discussed.

This study was undertaken to examine the expression of the protooncogene c-fos in an invertebrate, the honeybee. We investigated first the expression of Fos-like proteins, testing different methodologies (immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, immunoblotting). These studies were carried out at the embryonic, nymphal and adult stages. We found immunoreactive bands at approximately 30 kD and 57 kD. The first ones are revealed at the embryonic, nymphal and adult stages. The approximately 57 kD proteins are present at the adult stage. Beside this qualitative variation, intensive modification occurs with a burst of protein expression a few days after the insect emergence. The results suggest that Fos-like proteins are found in the developing and maturing nervous system. Basal level of expression is found in the olfactory pathway, convincing to explore the protooncogene c-fos expression in the cellular and molecular analyses of olfactory plasticity.

The antennal olfactory receptors of the ant Camponotus vagus can qualitatively and quantitatively discriminate between several organic substances which are tested at their maximum vapour pressure (at 22°C). Repetitive stimulation by the same substance evokes unitary discharges which exhibit either sensitization or adaptation. The influence of the cell's autoactivity on the pattern of firing is also discussed. The responses given by one cell stimulated by different substances at the same concentration are described: if the substances have an identical chemical function, the quantitative parameters of firing are generally correlated with respective p.m.; for the others, it is possible to define a differential efficacy order for each substance in the cell. This order varies with the cell, but it is not modified by the cell's autoactivity. Different concentrations of the same substance give responses whose frequency and duration become that much more important as the concentration is high (Figs. 14 and 15). Reaction delay is also a function of concentration. These effects can be modified by spontaneous activity of the cell.

In response to changes in odorous environmental conditions, most species (ranging from lower invertebrates to mammals), demonstrate high adaptive behavioral performances. Complex natural chemical signals (i.e. odorous blends involved in food search), are particularly unstable and fluctuating, in quality, space and time. Nevertheless, adapted behavioral responses related to meaningful odor signals can be observed even in complex natural odorous environments, demonstrating that the underlying olfactory neural network is a very dynamic pattern recognition device. In the honeybee, a large amount of experimental data have been collected at different levels of observation within the olfactory system, from signal processing to behavior, including cellular and molecular properties. However, no set of data considered by itself can give insight into the mechanisms underlying odor discrimination and pattern recognition. Here, by concentrating on deciphering the neural mechanisms underlying encoding and decoding of the olfactory signal in the two first layers of the neural network, we illustrate how a theoretical approach helps us to integrate the different experimental data and to extract relevant parameters (features) which might be selected and used to store an odor representation in a behavioral context.

Honeybee-plant relationships are based on a conditioning process in which olfactory (plant aroma) and gustatory cues (mainly nectars) are closely linked, leading to a selective foraging behaviour. Among crops dependent upon entomophilous cross-pollination, the sunflower has recently undergone extensive expansion due to hybrid variety selection. Sunflower hybrid seed production is strictly dependent upon pollinating insects, mainly the honeybees, but foragers may have preferences among the parental lines, leading to a lack of pollen carriage and consequently to a decrease of hybrid seed yield. In order to define the role of plant chemicals (aromas, nectars) involved in the pollination process, we set up a study combining behavioural and chemical assays. It appears that even though volatile chemical blends are much more complex compared to glucidic blends, for both kinds of cues only a 'limited chemical pattern' is responsible for foragers' choices. Therefore, it is henceforth possible to take these molecular criteria into account for plant improvement.

La dénutrition de la personne âgée est reconnue aujourd’hui comme une pathologie à part entière. Elle est le résultat de trop faibles apports alimentaires par rapport aux besoins (énergie, protéines, autres nutriments et micronutriments) ou d’un désordre métabolique en lien avec une pathologie. L’alimentation est un élément essentiel pour maintenir un bon état de santé à condition de proposer des aliments certes nutritionnellement intéressants, mais aussi aux goûts adaptés et dont la composition assurera une bonne biodisponibilité. Les partenaires du projet Aaginov ont eu comme objectif de développer des enrichissements aides culinaires (E), incorporés dans les 5 composantes du menu (entrées, viande, accompagnement, fromage et dessert) et spécialement conçus pour les personnes âgées. Ces développements ont ciblé : i) des mélanges de protéines garantissant une bonne composition nutritionnelle et une biodisponibilité ; ii) le caractère gourmand en formulant avec des ingrédients aromatiques ; iii) une praticité des aides culinaires à l’usage des professionnels ; et iv) des aides culinaires pouvant être incorporées dans des matrices de textures différentes (molles M et dures D) pour répondre aux problèmes de la sphère orale et assurer un apport calorique et protéique en cas de baisse d’appétit. Pour répondre à l’objectif, un échantillon de 123 résidents de 10 EHPAD en France ont été recrutés pour tester 4 menus différents au déjeuner tous les 15 j avec une répétition (texture molle enrichie et non enrichie/texture dure enrichie et non enrichie). Les prises alimentaires ont été mesurées par pesées au déjeuner et une estimation des consommations a été faite aux goûters et dîners suivants. Les résultats préliminaires montrent de meilleures consommations énergétique et protéique des menus enrichis par rapport aux menus non enrichis. Notre hypothèse selon laquelle l’enrichissement de toutes les composantes du plat pourrait être une solution pour lutter contre la dénutrition est démontrée.

Divers auteurs ont mis en évidence le rôle des signaux chimiques dans la communication entre indivi- dus dans la colonie de Bourdons.Les sensilla placodea sont des organes sensoriels portés par les antennes et impliqués dans la détection de substances volatiles, en particulier des phéromones.Leur répartition est étudiée ici chez Bombus hypnorum, au moyen de la microscopie électronique à balayage : il n'apparaît aucune différence statistiquement significative entre reine, ouvrière et mâle de cette espèce.Les autres types de sensilles (olfactives, gustatives, proprioceptrices) sont décrites mais n'ont pas fait l'objet d'une étude quantifiée.

We present a model of the specialist olfactory system of selected moth species and the cockroach. The model is built randomly, constrained by biological (physiological and anatomical) data. Among the observations made in our simulations a number relate to data about olfactory information processing reported in the literature, others may serve as predictions and as guidelines for further investigations. We discuss the effect of the random parameters of the model on the observed model behavior and on the ability of the model to extract features of the input stimulation.

Experiment to determine the oviposition behavior and locomotor activity of Homoeosoma nebulellum Denis and Schiffermüller were conducted under laboratory conditions with a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D). When provided with oviposition sites dusted with sunflower pollen, females began to lay eggs on the day following mating, with a maximum fecundity during the first 2 d. During a single life span, the total fecundity per female ranged from 50 to 337 eggs (167.9 ± 72.2) ( |$\bar x$| ± SD). Most eggs were laid during the first 2 h of the scotophase. Locomotor activity of individuals of both sexes was recorded during the scotophase. Virgin females were active mainly at the beginning and end of this period. The activity of virgin males increased at the end of the scotophase, which coincides with female calling behavior. Mated females without oviposition sites showed a high and sustained level of activity.

Using nested-PCR amplification of honeybee cDNA with degenerate primers derived from mammalian sequences, we have cloned four DNA fragments from putative odour receptor genes. This conclusion is based on high amino acid sequence similarity with published sequences from vertebrates and hydrophilicity profiles in agreement with including these genes in the super family of seven transmembrane domain receptor genes. These results are discussed in the context of the evolution of the olfactory receptor genes.

La pyrale europeenne du tournesol (Homoeosoma nebulellum Denis & Schiffermuller) est un insecte ravageur qui pond uniquement sur les fleurs de composees. Nous avons etudie l'influence de la presence de pollen de deux plantes hotes (tournesol et chardon Marie) et de pollen d'une plante non-hote (noisetier) sur les comportements de ponte et d'appel de cette espece. Nos resultats ont ete compares a ceux obtenus par Delisle et al. (1989) et McNeil & Delisle (1989) sur la pyrale americaine du tournesol (Homoeosoma electellum). Alors que la presence de pollen ne modifie pas le comportement d'appel des femelles âgees de 24 h, on observe chez les femelles âgees de 48 h un avancement de l'heure de l'appel, aussi bien en presence du pollen de plantes hotes que du pollen d'une plante non-hote (...)

Abstract In order to identify molecules involved in the development of the honeybee olfactory pathway, hybridoma technology has been used. Among different cell lines, A2B7 has been selected. It produces a specific antibody for a surface glycoprotein of 91 kDa. This protein is mainly expressed by both the antennal receptor cells and mushroom body neurons. Based on (i) the spatio‐temporal pattern of expression during pupal development; (ii) the cell surface location of the antigen; and (iii) the partial molecular characterization of the antigen, a putative role for this protein in axonal fasciculation and guidance is discussed.

Glycoproteins are thought to play a crucial role in cell—cell interactions during nervous system ontogeny both in vertebrates and invertebrates. In order to investigate the putative involvement of such molecules during bee brain ontogeny we used lectins for their ability to bind specifically carbohydrate moieties. The expression of four lectin receptors, i.e. Arachis hypogea (PNA), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Glycine max (SBA), and Concanavalin A (Con A) has been studied during pupal development and in the adult. The antennal lobe shows a complementary pattern of expression of Con A which stains both neuron somata and glomerular contours, and PNA, which stains the glomerular neuropile. SBA strongly stained the perineurium, trachea and mushroom body neuropile, while other neuropiles were not stained. WGA stained neuronal somata and the core of the glomeruli.

BACKGROUND: Protein distribution profiles along the human intestinal tract of transporters involved in the absorption of cholesterol and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) have been scarcely evaluated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In post-mortem samples from 11 subjects, intestinal transporter distribution profiles were determined via Western Blot. Differences in transporter protein levels were statistically tested using ANOVA and Tukey's Post Hoc comparisons. Levels in all segments were expressed relative to those in duodenum. Except for ABCG5 and FATP4, levels (mean+/-SEM) were the highest in the ileum. For ABCA1, ileal levels (1.80+/-0.26) differed significantly from those in duodenum (P = 0.049) and proximal colon (0.92+/-0.14; P = 0.029). ABCG8 levels in ileum (1.91+/-0.30) differed from those in duodenum (P = 0.041) and distal colon (0.84+/-0.22; P = 0.010) and jejunum (1.64+/-0.26) tended to be higher than distal colon (0.84+/-0.22; P = 0.087). Ileal NPC1L1 levels (2.56+/-0.51) differed from duodenum levels (P = 0.019) and from distal colon (1.09+/-0.22; P = 0.030). There was also a trend (P = 0.098) for higher jejunal (2.23+/-0.37) than duodenal NPC1L1 levels. The levels of ABCG5 did not correlate with those of ABCG8. FAT/CD36 levels in ileum (2.03+/-0.42) differed from those in duodenum (P = 0.017), and proximal and distal colon (0.89+/-0.13 and 0.97+/-0.15 respectively; P = 0.011 and P = 0.014). FABPpm levels in ileum (1.04+/-0.13) differed from proximal (0.64+/-0.07; P = 0.026) and distal colon (0.66+/-0.09; P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The distribution profiles showed a bell-shape pattern along the GI-tract with the highest levels in ileum for ABCA1, ABCG8, NPC1L1, FATCD36 and FABPm, suggesting a prominent role for ileum in transporter-mediated uptake of cholesterol and LCFAs.

Afin de mieux comp:-endre certains des mécanismes à la base des différences existant dans l'activité de butineuses d'abeilles de race pure et d'abeilles hybrides, les auteurs ont entrepris au laboratoire une étude comparée du comportement de butinage au niveau d'une source alimentaire artificielle chimiquement connue (solution sucrée et odeur associée constantes), de l'hybride triple Apis mellifica (ligustica X caucasica) X mellifica et de l'abeille de race pure Apis mellijica ligustica (ab--ille italienne).Il apparaît que le comportement de butinage de l'hybride triple se distingue de celui de l'abeille italienne par une phase de recrutement plus intense, rapidement consécutive à la décou- verte de la source alimentaire par les première butineuses, et par un rythme plus rapide des visites.L'intensité de recrutement des hybrides, observée en conditions contrôlées, peut permettre d'expliquer leurs bonnes qualités sur le plan apicole et en tant qu'agents pollinisateurs.'

Analyse du comportement d'approvisionnement chez A. mellifera et de la repartition de ce comportement en fonction de l'âge des ouvrieres. Comparaison de ces resultats obtenus en milieu naturel a ceux obtenus en milieu controle. Evaluation du degre de flexibilite de la repartition des tâches

Based on precise data collected from experiments conducted at different organizational levels (anatomy, electrophysiology and behavior), we propose an investigation of the possible mechanisms of sensory memory in the bee’s olfactory system. In this goal, we have investigated the modulation and control between the two levels of olfactory information processing, the antennal lobe glomeruli and the mushroom bodies. We use simplified neurons, but realistic architecture. As a first conclusion, we postulate that sensory memory may be achieved by modulation of the inhibitory synaptic activity of antennal lobe neurons. These first results are in good accordance with behavioral and pharmacological data.

L'organisation generale du lobe sensoriel du deutocerebron des bourdons, etudiee au moyen de la technique de migration axonale passive d'ions cobalt, presente de nombreuses analogies avec celles d'autres insectes sociaux. Les glomerules sont situes a la peripherie du neuropile, ils forment des groupes spatialement determines par les faisceaux des fibres sensorielles qui s'y projettent. Un dimorphisme sexuel a ete observe: chez le mâle trois glomerules ont une taille superieure aux autres structures glomerulaires; ce phenomene n'existe pas chez les femelles

Les preferences de l'insecte entomophage T. maidis vis-a-vis de deux especes hotes Anagasta kuehniella (hote d'elevage) et Ostrinia nubilalis (hote naturel) et les modulations induites sous l'effet d'une experience d'oviposition ont ete etudiees au laboratoire. L'analyse frequentielle de la succession des actes constitutifs de la sequence de ponte montre que celle-ci, varie en fonction de l'espece hote et de l'experience du parasitoide

It is known from biological data that the response patterns of interneurons in the olfactory macroglomerulus (MGC) of insects are of central importance for the coding of the olfactory signal. We propose an analytically tractable model of the MGC which allows us to relate the distribution of response patterns to the architecture of the network.

Based on precise anatomical data of the bee's olfactory system, we propose an investigation of the possible mechanisms of modulation and control between the two levels of olfactory information processing: the antennallobe glomeruli and the mushroom bodies. We use simplified neurons, but realistic architecture. As a first conclusion, we postulate that the feature extraction performed by the antennallobe (glomeruli and interneurons) necessitates central input from the mushroom bodies for fine tuning. The central input thus facilitates the evolution from fuzzy olfactory images in the glomerular layer towards more focussed images upon odor presentation.