Chiara Mariotti

Experimental results obtained at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron on the structure-function ratio F2n/F2p in the kinematic range 0.004<x<0.8 and 0.4<Q2<190 GeV2, together with the structure function F2d determined from a fit to published data, are used to derive the difference F2p(x)-F2n(x). The value of the Gottfried sum F(F2p-F2n)dx/x=0.240±0.016 is below the quark-parton-model expectation of 1/3.Received 23 January 1991DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2712©1991 American Physical Society

The muon-proton and muon-deuteron inclusive deep inelastic scattering cross sections were measured in the kinematic range 0.002 < × < 0.60 and 0.5 < Q2 < 75 GeV2 at incident muon energies of 90, 120, 200 and 280 GeV. These results are based on the full data set collected by the New Muon Collaboration, including the data taken with a small angle trigger. The extracted values of the structure functions F2p and F2d are in good agreement with those from other experiments. The data cover a sufficient range of y to allow the determination of the ratio of the longitudinally to transversely polarised virtual photon absorption cross sections, R = σLσT, for 0.002 < × < 0.12. The values of R are compatible with a perturbative QCD prediction; they agree with earlier measurements and extend to smaller x.

We present a new determination of the nonsinglet structure function ${\mathit{F}}_{2}^{\mathit{p}}$ - ${\mathit{F}}_{2}^{\mathit{n}}$ at ${\mathit{Q}}^{2}$=4 ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$ using recently measured values of ${\mathit{F}}_{2}^{\mathit{d}}$ and ${\mathit{F}}_{2}^{\mathit{n}}$/${\mathit{F}}_{2}^{\mathit{p}}$. A new evaluation of the Gottfried sum is given, which remains below the simple quark-parton model value of 1/3.

The structure functions Fp2 and Fd2 measured by deep inelastic muon scattering at incident energies of 90 and 280 GeV are presented. These measurements cover a large kinematic range, 0.006⩽x⩽0.6 and 0.5⩽Q2⩽55GeV2, and include the first precise data at small x, where large scaling violations are observed. The data agree with earlier results from SLAC and BCDMS but exhibit differences with respect to those of EMC-NA2. Extrapolations to small x of recent phenomenological parton distributions are shown to disagree with the present results.

The proton and deuteron structure funtions F2p and F2d were measured in the kinematic range 0.006 < x < 0.6 and 0.5 < Q2 < 75 GeV2, by inclusive deep inelastic muon scattering at 90, 120, 200 and 280 GeV. The measurements are in good agreement with earlier high precision results. The present and earlier results together have been parametrised to give descriptions of the proton and deuteron structure functions F2 and their uncertainties over the range 0.006 < x < 0.9.

This Report summarizes the results of the activities in 2012 and the first half of 2013 of the LHC Higgs Cross Section Working Group. The main goal of the working group was to present the state of the art of Higgs Physics at the LHC, integrating all new results that have appeared in the last few years. This report follows the first working group report Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 1. Inclusive Observables (CERN-2011-002) and the second working group report Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 2. Differential Distributions (CERN-2012-002). After the discovery of a Higgs boson at the LHC in mid-2012 this report focuses on refined prediction of Standard Model (SM) Higgs phenomenology around the experimentally observed value of 125-126 GeV, refined predictions for heavy SM-like Higgs bosons as well as predictions in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model and first steps to go beyond these models. The other main focus is on the extraction of the characteristics and properties of the newly discovered particle such as couplings to SM particles, spin and CP-quantum numbers etc.

This Report summarizes the results of the activities of the LHC Higgs Cross Section Working Group in the period 2014-2016. The main goal of the working group was to present the state-of-the-art of Higgs physics at the LHC, integrating all new results that have appeared in the last few years. The first part compiles the most up-to-date predictions of Higgs boson production cross sections and decay branching ratios, parton distribution functions, and off-shell Higgs boson production and interference effects. The second part discusses the recent progress in Higgs effective field theory predictions, followed by the third part on pseudo-observables, simplified template cross section and fiducial cross section measurements, which give the baseline framework for Higgs boson property measurements. The fourth part deals with the beyond the Standard Model predictions of various benchmark scenarios of Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, extended scalar sector, Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model and exotic Higgs boson decays. This report follows three previous working-group reports: Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 1. Inclusive Observables (CERN-2011-002), Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 2. Differential Distributions (CERN-2012-002), and Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 3. Higgs properties (CERN-2013-004). The current report serves as the baseline reference for Higgs physics in LHC Run 2 and beyond.

Energy harvesting is well established as one of the prominent enabling technologies [along with radio-frequency identification (RFID), wireless power transfer, and green electronics] for the pervasive development of Internet of Things (IoT). This paper focuses on a particular, yet broad, class of systems that falls in the IoT category of large area electronics (LAE). This class is represented by “smart surfaces.” The paper, after an introductory overview about how smart surfaces are collocated in the IoT and LAE scenario, first deals with technologies and architectures involved, namely, materials, antennas, RFID systems, and chipless structures; then, some exemplifying solutions are illustrated to show the present development of these concurrent technologies in this area and to stimulate further solutions. Conclusions and future trends are then drawn.

Abstract Quantum Chromodynamics, the theory of quarks and gluons, whose interactions can be described by a local SU(3) gauge symmetry with charges called “color quantum numbers”, is reviewed; the goal of this review is to provide advanced Ph.D. students a comprehensive handbook, helpful for their research. When QCD was “discovered” 50 years ago, the idea that quarks could exist, but not be observed, left most physicists unconvinced. Then, with the discovery of charmonium in 1974 and the explanation of its excited states using the Cornell potential, consisting of the sum of a Coulomb-like attraction and a long range linear confining potential, the theory was suddenly widely accepted. This paradigm shift is now referred to as the November revolution . It had been anticipated by the observation of scaling in deep inelastic scattering, and was followed by the discovery of gluons in three-jet events. The parameters of QCD include the running coupling constant, $$\alpha _s(Q^2)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , that varies with the energy scale $$Q^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> characterising the interaction, and six quark masses. QCD cannot be solved analytically, at least not yet, and the large value of $$\alpha _s$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> at low momentum transfers limits perturbative calculations to the high-energy region where $$Q^2\gg \varLambda _{{\textrm{QCD}}} ^2\simeq $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>≫</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>QCD</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>≃</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> (250 MeV) $$^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> . Lattice QCD (LQCD), numerical calculations on a discretized space-time lattice, is discussed in detail, the dynamics of the QCD vacuum is visualized, and the expected spectra of mesons and baryons are displayed. Progress in lattice calculations of the structure of nucleons and of quantities related to the phase diagram of dense and hot (or cold) hadronic matter are reviewed. Methods and examples of how to calculate hadronic corrections to weak matrix elements on a lattice are outlined. The wide variety of analytical approximations currently in use, and the accuracy of these approximations, are reviewed. These methods range from the Bethe–Salpeter, Dyson–Schwinger coupled relativistic equations, which are formulated in both Minkowski or Euclidean spaces, to expansions of multi-quark states in a set of basis functions using light-front coordinates, to the AdS/QCD method that imbeds 4-dimensional QCD in a 5-dimensional deSitter space, allowing confinement and spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking to be described in a novel way. Models that assume the number of colors is very large, i.e. make use of the large $$N_c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>N</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> -limit, give unique insights. Many other techniques that are tailored to specific problems, such as perturbative expansions for high energy scattering or approximate calculations using the operator product expansion are discussed. The very powerful effective field theory techniques that are successful for low energy nuclear systems (chiral effective theory), or for non-relativistic systems involving heavy quarks, or the treatment of gluon exchanges between energetic, collinear partons encountered in jets, are discussed. The spectroscopy of mesons and baryons has played an important historical role in the development of QCD. The famous X,Y,Z states – and the discovery of pentaquarks – have revolutionized hadron spectroscopy; their status and interpretation are reviewed as well as recent progress in the identification of glueballs and hybrids in light-meson spectroscopy. These exotic states add to the spectrum of expected $$q{{\bar{q}}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> mesons and qqq baryons. The progress in understanding excitations of light and heavy baryons is discussed. The nucleon as the lightest baryon is discussed extensively, its form factors, its partonic structure and the status of the attempt to determine a three-dimensional picture of the parton distribution. An experimental program to study the phase diagram of QCD at high temperature and density started with fixed target experiments in various laboratories in the second half of the 1980s, and then, in this century, with colliders. QCD thermodynamics at high temperature became accessible to LQCD, and numerical results on chiral and deconfinement transitions and properties of the deconfined and chirally restored form of strongly interacting matter, called the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), have become very precise by now. These results can now be confronted with experimental data that are sensitive to the nature of the phase transition. There is clear evidence that the QGP phase is created. This phase of QCD matter can already be characterized by some properties that indicate, within a temperature range of a few times the pseudocritical temperature, the medium behaves like a near ideal liquid. Experimental observables are presented that demonstrate deconfinement. High and ultrahigh density QCD matter at moderate and low temperatures shows interesting features and new phases that are of astrophysical relevance. They are reviewed here and some of the astrophysical implications are discussed. Perturbative QCD and methods to describe the different aspects of scattering processes are discussed. The primary parton–parton scattering in a collision is calculated in perturbative QCD with increasing complexity. The radiation of soft gluons can spoil the perturbative convergence, this can be cured by resummation techniques, which are also described here. Realistic descriptions of QCD scattering events need to model the cascade of quark and gluon splittings until hadron formation sets in, which is done by parton showers. The full event simulation can be performed with Monte Carlo event generators, which simulate the full chain from the hard interaction to the hadronic final states, including the modelling of non-perturbative components. The contribution of the LEP experiments (and of earlier collider experiments) to the study of jets is reviewed. Correlations between jets and the shape of jets had allowed the collaborations to determine the “color factors” – invariants of the SU(3) color group governing the strength of quark–gluon and gluon–gluon interactions. The calculated jet production rates (using perturbative QCD) are shown to agree precisely with data, for jet energies spanning more than five orders of magnitude. The production of jets recoiling against a vector boson, $$W^\pm $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>W</mml:mi> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> or Z , is shown to be well understood. The discovery of the Higgs boson was certainly an important milestone in the development of high-energy physics. The couplings of the Higgs boson to massive vector bosons and fermions that have been measured so far support its interpretation as mass-generating boson as predicted by the Standard Model. The study of the Higgs boson recoiling against hadronic jets (without or with heavy flavors) or against vector bosons is also highlighted. Apart from the description of hard interactions taking place at high energies, the understanding of “soft QCD” is also very important. In this respect, Pomeron – and Odderon – exchange, soft and hard diffraction are discussed. Weak decays of quarks and leptons, the quark mixing matrix and the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon are processes which are governed by weak interactions. However, corrections by strong interactions are important, and these are reviewed. As the measured values are incompatible with (most of) the predictions, the question arises: are these discrepancies first hints for New Physics beyond the Standard Model? This volume concludes with a description of future facilities or important upgrades of existing facilities which improve their luminosity by orders of magnitude. The best is yet to come!

We present the structure function ratios measured in deep inelastic muonnucleus scattering at a nominal incident muon energy of 200 GeV The kinematic range is covered. For values of x less than 0.002 both ratios indicate saturation of shadowing at values compatible with photoabsorption results.

Results are presented for F2d/F2p and Rd − Rp from simultaneous measurements of deep inelastic muon scattering on hydrogen and deuterium targets, at 90, 120, 200 and 280 GeV. The difference Rd − Rp, determined in the range 0.002 < x < 0.4 at an average Q2 of 5 GeV2, is compatible with zero. The x and Q2 dependence of F2d/F2p was measured in the kinematic range 0.001 < x < 0.8 and 0.1 < Q2 < 145 GeV2 with small statistical and systematic errors. For x > 0.1 the ratio decreases with Q2.

Results are presented on the ratio of neutron and proton structure functions, F2n/F2p, deduced from deep inelastic scattering of muon from hydrogen and deuterium. The data, which were obtained at the CERN muon beam at 90 and 280 GeV incident energy, cover the kinematic range x = 0.002−0.80 and Q2 = 0.1−190 GeV2. The measured structure function ratios have small statistical and systematic errors, particularly at small and intermediate x. The observed Q2 dependence in the range x = 0.1−0.4 is stronger than predicted by perturbative QCD. From the present data together with results from other experiments it is suggested that the twist-four coefficient for the proton is smaller than that for the neutron for x larger than 0.2.

This Report summarizes the results of the first 10 months' activities of the LHC Higgs Cross Sections Working Group. The main goal of the working group was to present the status-of-art on Higgs Physics at the LHC integrating all new results that have appeared in the last few years. The Report is more than a mere collection of the proceedings of the general meetings. The subgroups have been working in different directions. An attempt has been made to present the first Report from these subgroups in a complete and homogeneous form. The subgroups' contributions correspondingly comprise the main parts of the Report. A significant amount of work has been performed in providing higher-order corrections to the Higgs-boson cross sections and pinning down the theoretical uncertainty of the Standard Model predictions. This Report comprises explicit numerical results on total cross sections, leaving the issues of event selection cuts and differential distributions to future publications. The subjects for further study are identified.

Over the last decade, radio frequency identification (RFID) systems have been increasingly used for identification and object tracking due to their low-power, low-cost wireless features. In addition, the explosive demand for ubiquitous rugged low-power, compact wireless sensors for Internet-of-Things, ambient intelligence, and biomonitoring/ quality-of-life application has sparked a plethora of research efforts to integrate sensors with an RFID-enabled platform. The rapid evolution of large-area electronics printing technologies (e.g., ink-jet printing and gravure printing) has enhanced the development of low-cost RFID-enabled sensors as well as accelerated their large-scale deployment. This article presents a brief overview of the recent progress in the area of RFID-based sensor systems and especially the state-of-the-art RFID-enabled wireless sensor tags realized through the use of ink-jet printing technology.

This Report summarises the results of the second year's activities of the LHC Higgs Cross Section Working Group. The main goal of the working group was to present the state of the art of Higgs Physics at the LHC, integrating all new results that have appeared in the last few years. The first working group report Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 1. Inclusive Observables (CERN-2011-002) focuses on predictions (central values and errors) for total Higgs production cross sections and Higgs branching ratios in the Standard Model and its minimal supersymmetric extension, covering also related issues such as Monte Carlo generators, parton distribution functions, and pseudo-observables. This second Report represents the next natural step towards realistic predictions upon providing results on cross sections with benchmark cuts, differential distributions, details of specific decay channels, and further recent developments.

Exclusive ϱ0 and φ muoproduction on deuterium, carbon and calcium has been studied in the kinematic range 2< Q2< 25 GeV2 and 40 < ν < 180GeV. We discuss the Q2 dependence of the cross sections, the transverse momentum distributions for the vector mesons, the decay angular distributions and, in the case of the ϱ0, nuclear effects. The data for 0 production are compatible with a diffractive mechanism. The distinct features of φ production are a smaller cross section and less steep pt2 distributions than those for the 0 mesons.

Vertically-integrated inkjet-printed inductors and transformers are demonstrated for the first time with high levels of performance and repeatability. The inductive components are fabricated using a well-characterized multi-layer inkjet printing process which is substrate independent and has been optimized for the fabrication of RF components. Printed spiral inductors with values of 10 nH and 25 nH are demonstrated with a maximum Q of over 20 at 1 GHz, which is the highest Q value reported to date for printed components, and a repeatability of within 5% between fabrication runs. Printed inductively coupled transformer-based baluns are also demonstrated which operate at 1.4 GHz with a maximum available gain of −1.7 dB.

This paper summarizes the most important technologies, concurrently participating to build the technological platform needed for a realistic implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. At the present state of the evolution of IoT, these technologies are mostly: Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID), Green Electronics (GE), Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) and Energy Harvesting (EH). This contribution briefly explains the reason for that, and shows a collection of scientific contributions which can be seen as examples. The deep description of the proposed systems can be found in the relative referenced papers.

Discoveries at the LHC will soon set the physics agenda for future colliders. This report of a CERN Theory Institute includes the summaries of Working Groups that reviewed the physics goals and prospects of LHC running with 10 to 300 fb−1 of integrated luminosity, of the proposed sLHC luminosity upgrade, of the ILC, of CLIC, of the LHeC and of a muon collider. The four Working Groups considered possible scenarios for the first 10 fb−1 of data at the LHC in which (i) a state with properties that are compatible with a Higgs boson is discovered, (ii) no such state is discovered either because the Higgs properties are such that it is difficult to detect or because no Higgs boson exists, (iii) a missing-energy signal beyond the Standard Model is discovered as in some supersymmetric models, and (iv) some other exotic signature of new physics is discovered. In the contexts of these scenarios, the Working Groups reviewed the capabilities of the future colliders to study in more detail whatever new physics may be discovered by the LHC. Their reports provide the particle physics community with some tools for reviewing the scientific priorities for future colliders after the LHC produces its first harvest of new physics from multi-TeV collisions.

This Report summarizes the results of the first 10 months' activities of the LHC Higgs Cross Sections Working Group. The main goal of the working group was to present the status-of-art on Higgs Physics at the LHC integrating all new results that have appeared in the last few years. The Report is more than a mere collection of the proceedings of the general meetings. The subgroups have been working in different directions. An attempt has been made to present the first Report from these subgroups in a complete and homogeneous form. The subgroups' contributions correspondingly comprise the main parts of the Report. A significant amount of work has been performed in providing higher-order corrections to the Higgs-boson cross sections and pinning down the theoretical uncertainty of the Standard Model predictions. This Report comprises explicit numerical results on total cross sections, leaving the issues of event selection cuts and differential distributions to future publications. The subjects for further study are identified.

This letter presents the design of a Schottky diode frequency doubler suitable for harmonic RFID tags. A microwave frequency doubler is implemented in a cellulose-based (paper) substrate, i.e., an ultra-low cost, recyclable and biodegradable material. The circuit exploits a distributed microstrip structure that is fabricated using a copper adhesive laminate to have low conductor losses. The measurements show a conversion loss of 13.4 dB at the output frequency of 2.08 GHz. This is achieved with an available input power of -10 dBm only. Finally a harmonic RFID experiment proves a reading range of 50 cm, obtained by transmitting 0 dBm and receiving a second harmonic of -60 dBm, i.e., well above the sensitivity of a typical microwave receiver.

In this paper, a review of recent improvements on inkjet-printed microfluidic-based tunable/sensing RF systems is reported. The devices, such as Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) passive wireless tags, coplanar patch antennas, bandstop filters, and loop antennas, are all fabricated by combining the inkjet printing technology on photographic paper for metallization and bonding layers, and laser etching for cavities and channels manufacturing. A novelty is also introduced for the loop antennas where the photographic paper is replaced with a polymer based substrate [i.e., (Poly(methyl-methacrylate))], to reduce the substrate losses for the RF part and solve the issue of paper hydrophylia. Along this paper an evolution toward higher working frequencies and higher detecting performance is shown, demonstrating a sensitivity up to 0.5%/ε <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> with at most 6 μL of liquid in the channel.

This paper aims to demonstrate that novel additive manufacturing (AM) technologies like metal adhesive laminate and multilayer inkjet printing can be effectively exploited to fabricate high-performing radio-frequency passive components on flexible substrates. Both processes are substrate independent and therefore suitable for manufacturing circuits on several unconventional materials, such as photo-paper. In addition, their complementary features can be combined to develop a novel hybrid process. Proof-of-concept AM prototypes of passive components, such as capacitors and inductors, exhibiting quality factors over 70, never achieved before on paper, and self-resonant frequencies beyond 4 GHz are described. The maximum inductance and capacitance per unit area are 1.4 nH/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 6.5 pF/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , respectively. Moreover, an AM RF mixer with a conversion loss below 10 dB is demonstrated still on paper substrate. The mixer, fabricated with the copper adhesive laminate method, operates at 1 GHz and exploits a lumped balun transformer connected to two packaged diodes in series.

The Q2 dependence of the structure functions F2p and F2d recently measured by the NMC is compared with the predictions of perturbative QCD at next-to-leading order. Good agreement is observed, leading to accurate determinations of the quark and gluon distributions in the range 0.008 ⩽ × ⩽ 0.5. The strong coupling constant is measured from the low x data; the result agrees with previous determinations.

This work introduces the material and electrical characterization of two dielectric inks for use with inkjet printing fabrication and the realization of fully-printed multilayer electronic structures. The dielectric inks are categorized by the thickness of their per-layer profiles, where SU-8 polymer and poly(4-vinylphenol)-based solutions are utilized to realize thick (>4 μm) and thin (< 400 nm) inkjet-printed dielectric films, respectively. The material formulations for each ink are outlined in detail in order to achieve the desired viscosity and surface tension for optimal printing with a Dimatix inkjet printing system. Once printability and processing techniques are tuned and established, various material and electrical characterizations are performed, including printed profile measurement, multilayer profile tendencies, thermal reflow processing, UV-ozone surface energy modification, relative permittivity extraction, leakage current density, and dielectric breakdown voltage. Finally, the demonstration of fully-printed post-processed on-chip capacitors utilizing both thin and thick dielectric inks in conjunction with a silver nanoparticle-based metallic ink is presented and compared with other inkjet-printed capacitors.

We present results on J/ψ production in muon interactions with tin and carbon targets at incident muon energies of 200 and 280 GeV. The ratio of cross sections per nucleon for J/ψ production on tin and carbon, R(Sn/C), is studied as a function of pT2, z and x. We find an enhancement for coherent J/ψ production Rcoh(Sn/C) = 1.54 ± 0.07, a suppression for quasielastic production Rqe(Sn/C) = 0.79 ± 0.06 and for inelastic production Rin(Sn/C) = 1.13 ± 0.08. The inelastic cross section ratio can be interpreted within the Colour Singlet model as an enhancement of the gluon distribution in tin with respect to that in carbon. The dependence of the ratio on z and pT2 can explain the discrepancy between the results obtained in previous experiments.

A 24-GHz patch array antenna with integrated feeding network has been fabricated exploiting a multi-layer cellulose-based (i.e. paper) substrate. The adopted microstrip circuitry exploits a copper adhesive laminate that is shaped by a photo-lithographic process and transferred to the hosting substrate using a sacrificial layer. The multi-layer structure is obtained by stacking and gluing two layers of photo-paper with an interposed copper ground plane. The measurements show an input reflection coefficient of about −29 dB at the centre frequency, an operating bandwidth with S 11 ⩽ −20 dB of 540 MHz and a gain of 7.4 dBi. The estimated radiation efficiency is 35%. The proposed design shows the feasibility of low-cost antenna systems for green wireless internet technology and applications up to the boundary between microwaves and millimetre-waves.

This work proposes a chipless radio frequency identification approach based on the working principle of the harmonic radar. A frequency multiplication stage is performed by a non-linearity (i.e. a Shottky diode) on the tag in order for the tag answer to be insulated from the interrogation signal, thus avoiding the need for clutter cancellation techniques. Firstly, the performance of a simple one-bit harmonic tag relying on a low-power frequency doubler is analyzed and then a novel crack sensor, implemented by adding a disposable band-stop filter, is presented. Both solutions demonstrate tag-to-reader operational distances beyond 1 m. The characterizing blocks (namely the frequency doubler and the filter) are fabricated on cellulose substrates (i.e. regular photographic paper), thus being conformal to their implementation for applications in the new paradigm of Internet of Things.

This document summarises the talks and discussions happened during the VBSCan Split17 workshop, the first general meeting of the VBSCan COST Action network. This collaboration is aiming at a consistent and coordinated study of vector-boson scattering from the phenomenological and experimental point of view, for the best exploitation of the data that will be delivered by existing and future particle colliders.

Results are presented on the difference in R, the ratio of longitudinally to transversely polarised virtual photon absorption cross sections, for the deuteron and the proton. They are obtained by comparing the ratio of cross sections for the deep inelastic scattering of muons from deuterium and hydrogen targets at 90 and 280 GeV incident energy. The results cover the range x=0.01–0.30, at an average Q2 of 9 GeV2. The measured difference Rd-Rp shows no significant x dependence and is compatible with zero, as well as with expectations from perturbative QCD. We use the same method to obtain the difference RCa-RC from cross section ratios measured on carbon and calcium targets at 90 and 200 GeV incident energy.

A 24 GHz single-balanced diode mixer in paper substrate is presented. The microstrip 180 degrees hybrid junction (rat-race) is fabricated exploiting a copper adhesive tape that is shaped by a photo-lithographic process and transferred to the hosting (paper) substrate using a sacrificial layer. Only three discrete devices are necessary for the mixer operation, namely: two low-barrier, Schottky diodes and a 0 Ω resistor, used as a jumper. The measurements show a conversion loss of about 10 dB at 24 GHz with a 50 MHz IF signal. At the same frequency the isolation between LO and RF ports is better than 35 dB. The record performance achieved demonstrates, for the first time, the feasibility of K-band mixers exploiting cellulose-based materials.

Let?s conform electronics to objects! Up to now, the most common approach has been exactly the opposite: the size, weight, and shape of the electronic devices around us have been conformed to the electronics. However, the Internet of Things (IoT) vision will necessarily lead to a paradigm shift, where the electronics need to conform to the objects.

Vertically-integrated metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors on silicon are demonstrated for the first time utilizing an entirely additive RF-specific inkjet-printing process. The inkjet-printed MIM capacitors demonstrate a high capacitance per unit area of up to 33 pF/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> by utilizing novel dielectric inks, while achieving quality factors (Q) up to 25 and self-resonant frequencies (SRFs) above 1 GHz. Measurements of dielectric permittivity, leakage current, voltage breakdown, and fabrication repeatability are presented confirming the high-performance operation of the printed MIM capacitors.

In this paper, a novel inkjet-printed microfluidic tunable coplanar patch antenna combining microfluidic-based sensing technology and inkjet printing technique is proposed. The antenna is fabricated using a rapid, low-cost, and environmental friendly inkjet printing process on paper substrate. Based on the fluid pumped in the sensor, the resonant frequency of the antenna is tuned due to variation in the fluid permittivity. 13% frequency shift can be easily achieved, which verifies that the sensitivity of this antenna is good and allows for an easy tunability of the operating frequency from 3.8 GHz, for an empty microfluidic channel, to 3.3 GHz, for a water-filled channel. The antenna features a return loss better than 30 dB in the tunable frequency range of 3.5 to 3.8 GHz. This antenna can be used in multiple applications such as liquid monitoring and identification, bio-liquids sensing as well as low-cost reconfigurable antennas with the advantage of requiring the use of less than 25 uL of liquid.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment prepares its Phase-2 upgrade for the high-luminosity era of the LHC operation (HL-LHC). Due to the increase of occupancy, trigger latency and rates, the full electronics of the CMS Drift Tube (DT) chambers will need to be replaced. In the new design, the time bin for the digitization of the chamber signals will be of around 1 ns, and the totality of the signals will be forwarded asynchronously to the service cavern at full resolution. The new backend system will be in charge of building the trigger primitives of each chamber. These trigger primitives contain the information at chamber level about the muon candidates position, direction, and collision time, and are used as input in the L1 CMS trigger. The added functionalities will improve the robustness of the system against ageing. An algorithm based on analytical solutions for reconstructing the DT trigger primitives, called Analytical Method, has been implemented both as a software C++ emulator and in firmware. Its performance has been estimated using the software emulator with simulated and real data samples, and through hardware implementation tests. Measured efficiencies are 96 to 98% for all qualities and time and spatial resolutions are close to the ultimate performance of the DT chambers. A prototype chain of the HL-LHC electronics using the Analytical Method for trigger primitive generation has been installed during Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC and operated in CMS cosmic data taking campaigns in 2020 and 2021. Results from this validation step, the so-called Slice Test, are presented.

Damage surveys after earthquakes showed that unreinforced masonry buildings are prone to local failure modes related to out-of-plane mechanisms of walls caused by the poor connection with the orthogonal walls. Otherwise, if the masonry element rises isolated it may be subject to overturning mechanisms rather than in-plane collapse. Nowadays, several methods can be used to evaluate collapses. These methods require quite a high computational cost, not beneficial to practitioners. Advanced numerical models can be applied, such as the discrete element and non-smooth contact dynamics methods, which treat the masonry as a set of either rigid or deformable blocks that can slide and impact each other. In this paper, an ancient (isolated) masonry wall is analysed, and the results provide the first comparison between two numerical models to estimate the influence of the intervention placed on the top of the wall.

Results are presented for six nuclei from Be to Pb on the structure function ratios F2A/F2C(x) and their A dependence in deep inelastic muon scattering at 200 GeV incident muon energy. The data cover the kinematic range 0.01 < x < 0.8 with Q2 ranging from 2 to 70 GeV2. The A dependence of nuclear structure function ratios is parametrised and compared to various models.

The structure function ratiosF 2 C /F 2 Li ,F 2 Ca /F 2 Li andF 2 Ca /F 2 C were measured in deep inelastic muonnucleus scattering at an incident muon energy of 90 GeV, covering the kinematic range 0.0085<x<0.6 and 0.8<Q 2<17GeV2. The sensitivity of the nuclear structure functions to the size and mean density of the target nucleus is discussed.

In this work, a new technique to fabricate microwave circuits in paper substrates is adopted. This technique relies on a copper adhesive tape that is shaped by a photo-lithographic process and then transferred to the hosting substrate by means of a sacrificial layer. Microstrip lines in paper substrates have been electromagnetically characterized accounting also for the adhesive layers. Then a simple CAD model is proposed and experimentally validated in the microwave frequency range. Measured results show an insertion loss of about 1.8 dB/cm at 30GHz. Finally, a branch-line coupler, working at 24 GHz has been designed using the previous characterization, fabricated and measured. The experiment shows a 4.1 dB insertion loss in good agreement with the simulations.

This paper proposes a review of several circuits for communication and wireless sensing applications implemented on cellulose-based materials. These circuits have been developed during the last years exploiting the adhesive copper laminate method. Such a technique relies on a copper adhesive tape that is shaped by a photo-lithographic process and then transferred to the hosting substrate (i.e., paper) by means of a sacrificial layer. The presented circuits span from UHF oscillators to a mixer working at 24 GHz and constitute an almost complete set of building blocks that can be applied to a huge variety communication apparatuses. Each circuit is validated experimentally showing performance comparable with the state-of-the-art. This paper demonstrates that circuits on cellulose are capable of operating at record frequencies and that ultra- low cost, green i.e., recyclable and biodegradable) materials can be a viable solution to realize high frequency hardware for the upcoming Internet of Things (IoT) era.

This letter presents a novel interconnect for coupling millimeter-wave (mmW) signals from integrated circuits to air-filled waveguides. The proposed solution is realized through a slot antenna implemented in embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) process. The antenna radiates into a high-resistivity (HR) silicon taper perpendicular to its plane, which in turn radiates into an air-filled waveguide. The interconnect achieves a measured average insertion loss of 3.4 dB over the frequency range of 116-151 GHz. The proposed interconnect is generic and does not require any galvanic contacts. The utilized eWLB packaging process is suitable for low-cost high-volume production and allows heterogeneous integration with other technologies. This letter proposes a straightforward cost-effective high-performance interconnect for mmW integration, and thus, addressing one of the main challenges facing systems operating beyond 100 GHz.

Quasielastic production of J/ψ mesons has been measured in muon interactions with hydrogen, deuterium, carbon and tin targets at incident muon energies of 200 and 280 GeV. The hydrogen and deuterium data were used to study the transverse momentum distribution of the J/ψ's. These data have been analysed together with previously published ϱ0 data in the framework of the vector meson dominance model. The radii of the Jψ and the ϱ0 as well as the total J/ψ-N and ϱ0-N cross sections were deduced. From the tin and carbon data the ratio of the quasielastic J/ψ production cross sections, Rqe(Sn/C), has been extracted and found to be less than unity. In the Glauber approach this suppression can be related to the J/ψ absorption probability in nuclei. The suppression is also compared to those predicted by various colour transparency models.

We have studied transverse momentum distributions for exclusiveρ 0 muoproduction on protons and heavier nuclei at 2<Q 2<25 GeV2. TheQ 2 dependence of the slopes of thep 2 andt′ distributions is discussed. The influence of the non-exclusive background is investigated. Thep 2 -slope for exclusive events is 4.3±0.6±0.7 GeV−2 at largeQ 2. Thep 2 spectra are much softer than inclusivep 2 spectra of leading hadrons produced in deep inelastic scattering.

A 1.2 V, 0.9 mW, 998 MHz voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) adopting a distributed hairpin resonator in paper substrate is described. The microstrip resonator exploits a copper adhesive tape that is shaped by a photo-lithographic process and transferred to the hosting substrate using a sacrificial layer. To minimize the number of components, a cross-coupled differential VCO circuit is adopted. As a consequence only 3 external devices are necessary: a single-package BJT pair, a resistor and a by-pass capacitor. The measurements show a phase noise of -99 dBc/Hz at 100 KHz offset from the carrier. At 1.2 V the output power is -22 dBm, whereas the tuning sensitivity is about - 100 MHz/V. The proposed design shows the feasibility of low-power oscillators for autonomous wireless sensors based on green materials.

This Report summarises the results of the second year's activities of the LHC Higgs Cross Section Working Group. The main goal of the working group was to present the state of the art of Higgs Physics at the LHC, integrating all new results that have appeared in the last few years. The first working group report Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 1. Inclusive Observables (CERN-2011-002) focuses on predictions (central values and errors) for total Higgs production cross sections and Higgs branching ratios in the Standard Model and its minimal supersymmetric extension, covering also related issues such as Monte Carlo generators, parton distribution functions, and pseudo-observables. This second Report represents the next natural step towards realistic predictions upon providing results on cross sections with benchmark cuts, differential distributions, details of specific decay channels, and further recent developments.

This report will review the Higgs boson properties: the mass, the total width and the couplings to fermions and bosons. The measurements have been performed with the data collected in 2011 and 2012 at the LHC accelerator at CERN by the ATLAS and CMS experiments. Theoretical frameworks to search for new physics are also introduced and discussed.

Interstrip and backplane capacitances on silicon microstrip detectors with p+ strip on n substrate of 320μm thickness were measured for pitches between 60 and 240μm and width over pitch ratios between 0.13 and 0.5. Parametrisations of capacitance w.r.t. pitch and width were compared with data. The detectors were measured before and after being irradiated to a fluence of 4×1014protons/cm2 of 24GeV/c momentum. The effect of the crystal orientation of the silicon has been found to have a relevant influence on the surface radiation damage, favouring the choice of a 〈100〉 substrate. Working at high bias (up to 500 V in CMS) might be critical for the stability of detector, for a small width over pitch ratio. The influence of having a metal strip larger than the p+ implant has been studied and found to enhance the stability.

There are many possibilities for new physics beyond the Standard Model that feature non-standard Higgs sectors. These may introduce new sources of CP violation, and there may be mixing between multiple Higgs bosons or other new scalar bosons. Alternatively, the Higgs may be a composite state, or there may even be no Higgs at all. These non-standard Higgs scenarios have important implications for collider physics as well as for cosmology, and understanding their phenomenology is essential for a full comprehension of electroweak symmetry breaking. This report discusses the most relevant theories which go beyond the Standard Model and its minimal, CP-conserving supersymmetric extension: two-Higgs-doublet models and minimal supersymmetric models with CP violation, supersymmetric models with an extra singlet, models with extra gauge groups or Higgs triplets, Little Higgs models, models in extra dimensions, and models with technicolour or other new strong dynamics. For each of these scenarios, this report presents an introduction to the phenomenology, followed by contributions on more detailed theoretical aspects and studies of possible experimental signatures at the LHC and other colliders.

Boson-boson scattering and Higgs production in boson-boson fusion hold the key to electroweak symmetry breaking. In order to analyze these essential features of the Standard Model we have performed a partonic level study of all processes $q_1 q_2 \to q_3 q_4 q_5 q_6 l \nu$ at the LHC using the exact matrix elements at $\O(\alpha_{em}^6)$ provided by \Phase, a new MC generator. These processes include also three boson production and the purely electroweak contribution to \toptop production as well as all irreducible backgrounds. Kinematical cuts have been studied in order to enhance the VV scattering signal over background. \Phase has been compared with different Monte Carlo's showing that a complete calculation is necessary for a correct description of the process.

This Report summarises the activities of the SM and working group for the Workshop Physics at TeV Colliders, Les Houches, France, 2-20 May, 2005. On the one hand, we performed a variety of experimental and theoretical studies on standard candles (such as W, Z, and ttbar production), treating them either as proper signals of known physics, or as backgrounds to unknown physics; we also addressed issues relevant to those non-perturbative or semi-perturbative ingredients, such as Parton Density Functions and Underlying Events, whose understanding will be crucial for a proper simulation of the actual events taking place in the detectors. On the other hand, several channels for the production of the Higgs, or involving the Higgs, have been considered in some detail. The report is structured into four main parts. The first one deals with Standard Model physics, except the Higgs. A variety of arguments are treated here, from full simulation of processes constituting a background to Higgs production, to studies of uncertainties due to PDFs and to extrapolations of models for underlying events, from small-$x$ issues to electroweak corrections which may play a role in vector boson physics. The second part of the report treats Higgs physics from the point of view of the signal. In the third part, reviews are presented on the current status of multi-leg, next-to-leading order and of next-to-next-to-leading order QCD computations. Finally, the fourth part deals with the use of Monte Carlos for simulation of LHC physics.

An innovative wearable, partially self-powered, health monitoring and indoor localization shoe-mounted sensor module is presented. The system's novel shoe sole serves the double role of (i) medical-grade temperature probe for human body monitoring and (ii) renewable energy scavenger, which transforms the human motion to electrical energy. Mounted on the shoe is also an NFC reader for proximity-based localization purposes. An Adidas™-logo-shaped dual-band communication antenna is fabricated that exhibits great performance despite the close proximity to the high lossy human body. The proposed platform can be extended to other sensors applications, for example by embedding into the sole normal and/or shear force sensors in order to monitor the sport performances of the athletes as well as to improve the rehabilitation techniques.

This paper presents a miniaturized Doppler radar that can be used as a motion sensor for low-cost Internet of things (IoT) applications. For the first time, a radar front-end and its antenna are integrated on a multilayer cellulose-based substrate, built-up by alternating paper, glue and metal layers. The circuit exploits a distributed microstrip structure that is realized using a copper adhesive laminate, so as to obtain a low-loss conductor. The radar operates at 24 GHz and transmits 5 mW of power. The antenna has a gain of 7.4 dBi and features a half power beam-width of 48 degrees. The sensor, that is just the size of a stamp, is able to detect the movement of a walking person up to 10 m in distance, while a minimum speed of 50 mm/s up to 3 m is clearly measured. Beyond this specific result, the present paper demonstrates that the attractive features of cellulose, including ultra-low cost and eco-friendliness (i.e., recyclability and biodegradability), can even be exploited for the realization of future high-frequency hardware. This opens opens the door to the implementation on cellulose of devices and systems which make up the "sensing layer" at the base of the IoT ecosystem.

Demonstrated is a novel method to the fabrication of microfluidic devices utilizing a dual-sensor approach. The fabrication incorporates the use of poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) and inkjet-printing techniques. PMMA, a low-cost, robust material with low dielectric loss, is ideal for sensor fabrication. In addition, inkjet-printing polymer (SU-8) as a bonding layer dramatically improves the bonding strength and pressure handling. Furthermore, this system integrates two independent sensors in the same circuit, enabling concurrent calibration of two fluids. Based on the reaction in one sensor, response in another sensor for the same fluid can be predicted. The two sensors both have a sensitivity over 21 %/log(r) and a good independence in calibrating fluids. The sensor system works at microwave frequency, enabling applications in wireless sensing including various chemical analysis.

A low-cost and disposable microfluidic-tunable bandstop filter is presented which is fabricated utilizing a novel inkjet-printing based microfluidics platform. The proposed bandstop filter is based on a split-ring-resonator (SRR) unit cell embedded within the ground of a co-planar waveguide (CPW) transmission line. By loading the capacitive gap of the SRR with an array of fluids with different permittivities, the resonant frequency of the resonator can be tuned over a wide bandwidth. Utilizing only 6 μL of fluid, which is approximately one twentieth of a drop of water, a 30%, or 0.4%/ε <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</sub> change in resonant frequency can be achieved which is higher than current cleanroom-fabricated microfluidic RF devices in the literature. The high temperature stability of the low-cost microfluidic filter is presented, which demonstrates below 1% variance in resonant frequency for operating temperatures ranging from 273K to 332 K.

This paper presents, for the first time, a 24-GHz Continuous Wave (CW) radar front-end, entirely realized on a cellulose-based (i.e. paper) substrate. The front-end uses a microstrip circuitry that is fabricated using a copper adhesive laminate to have low conductor losses. A single dielectric layer is adopted to reduce complexity and, in perspective, costs. The radar exploits an external oscillator and transmits a power of about 2 mW. The antenna has a gain of 7 dBi and features an half-power beam width of 42 degrees. Its efficiency is 25%, including the feeding line. A singly-balanced diode mixer is adopted in the receiver chain. The mixer conversion loss is 11 dB with a local oscillator driving level of 0 dBm. In Doppler mode, the radar is able to detect a small fan (i.e. the movement of its rotor) at 1 m distance from the antenna. This contribution demonstrates that circuits on cellulose are capable to operate up to the boundary between microwave and millimeter-waves.

The increasing attention of ICT community towards Internet of Things (IoT) is leading to the need of optimizing the management of an amount of information that grows with the addition of more objects connected to the internet. In this paper we will focus on the challenges that this scenario is inspiring and will dare suggest an holistic vision to look for solutions respectful of the environment.

This paper presents the design of a novel chipless harmonic RFID sensor in paper substrate based on a variable attenuator implemented as a π resistive network, which drives a single Schottky diode frequency doubler and a system of nested tapered annular slot antennas. The passive tag is interrogated by a signal at f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> = 1.2 GHz and the signal transmitted back to the reader is converted to 2f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> = 2.4 GHz in order for the system to be immune to clutter returns. The sensor information is encoded in the magnitude of the re-transmitted signal and a dynamic range around 20 dB is experimentally demonstrated.

This paper presents waveguide interconnects implemented in an embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) packaging technology. The interconnects operate at D-band (110-170 GHz), hence are enabling the realization and commercialization of high-data-rate systems. The interconnects rely on implementing radiating structures on the technology's redistribution layers instead of using conventional ball grid arrays for the transmission of the RF signal to/from the package. The interconnects interface with standard WR-6.5 waveguides. Moreover, they do not require any galvanic contacts with the waveguide. The interconnects achieve a measured insertion loss of 2.8 dB over a bandwidth of 33%. The adopted eWLB packaging technology is suitable for low-cost high-volume production and allows heterogeneous integration with other technologies. This paper proposes cost-effective high-performance interconnects for THz integration, thus addressing one of the main challenges facing systems operating beyond 100 GHz.

An innovative conception of indoor localization for human beings is proposed. A person, moving within a building can be localized and tracked by using a self-powered RFID system consisting of a nomadic reader interrogating an array of passive tags embedded in the floor tiles. The whole system is based on environmentally friendly technologies: the piezoelectric (PZT) based energy harvesting to power the hardware as well as the on-paper inkjet printing for the tag antenna.

This paper presents the design and implementation in paper substrate of a harmonic RFID chipless sensing tag. The proposed sensor is based on a Wheatstone bridge, where two of the four impedances change dynamically according to a physical parameter that has to be monitored. The passive tag is interrogated by a signal at f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> = 1.04 GHz and the signal transmitted back to the reader at 2f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> = 2.08 GHz is proportional to the magnitude of the parameter variation. A harmonic RFID experiment proves that this kind of architecture is capable of providing a dynamic range of more than 40 dB.

This paper describes the design, realization and application of a custom temperature sensor devoted to the monitoring of the temperature differential between the leaf and the air. This difference is strictly related to the plant water stress and can be used as an input information for an intelligent and flexible irrigation system. A wireless temperature sensor network can be thought as a Decision Support System (DSS) used to start irrigation when effectively needed by the cultivation, thus saving water, pump fuel oil and preventing plant illness caused by over-watering.

This paper presents a novel D-band interconnect implemented in a low-cost embedded Wafer Level Ball Grid Array (eWLB) commercial process. The non-galvanic transition is realized through a slot antenna directly radiating to a standard air filled waveguide. The interconnect achieves low insertion loss and relatively wide bandwidth. The measured average insertion loss is 3 dB across a bandwidth of 22% covering the frequency range 110138 GHz. The measured average return loss is -10 dB across the same frequency range. Adopting the low-cost eWLB process and standard waveguides makes the transition an attractive solution for interconnects beyond 100 GHz. This solution enables mm-wave system on chip (SoC) to be manufactured and assembled in high volumes cost effectively. To the authors' knowledge, this is first attempt to fabricate a packaging solution beyond 100 GHz using eWLB technology.

In October 2001 the first produced CMS Barrel Drift Tube (DT) Muon Chamber was tested at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) using a muon beam. A Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) was attached to the top of the DT chamber, and, for the first time, both detectors were operated coupled together. The performance of the DT chamber was studied for several operating conditions, and for gamma rates similar to the ones expected at LHC. In this paper we present the data analysis; the results are considered fully satisfactory.

This work describes the realization of a fully organic “chip-less” tag, based on the harmonic RFID architecture, operating at 7.5 and 15 MHz. The tag is fabricated on paper substrate and includes an organic pentacene-based diode, as a non-linear component, to generate harmonics. The communication between reader and tag is provided by coupled resonators operating at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies. A measure campaign of the complete reader-tag system has been performed and the results are here reported.

Abstract Fermilab experiment E760 will perform precision measurements of charmonium masses and widths, as well as search for the yet unconfirmed η′ c , 1 P 1 , and 1,3 D 2 states, using a hydrogen gas jet target in the Antiproton Accumulator. The E760 detector includes a forward electromagnetic calorimeter which has been calibrated with electron beams from 0.06 to 3 GeV, as well as π 0 's produced in proton-proton collisions in an engineering run in the Accumulator. Results of these tests and other features of the calorimeter are presented.

The activity to which the present work belongs aims at the realization of an RFID-based indoor localization system utilizing ink-jet printing on organic substrate. A person, moving within a building, is localized and tracked by using an RFID system consisting of a nomadic reader interrogating an array of passive tags embedded in the floor tiles. The project described in this paper will be focused on the RFID tag development, and mostly on the antenna design and the relevant environmental influence on the antenna radiating characteristics and performances.

An original design and prototype for the first-time reported low-cost inkjet printed 1:4 GHz planar, multi-layer transformer is presented. The proposed transformer is a balun and consists of a three-parallel turns center-tapped primary coil and a two turns, including overpasses, secondary coil for conformal and rollable antenna applications. The hosting substrate is Liquid Crystalline Polymer (LCP) by Rogers Corporation, the conductive layers are realized through the nano-particle silver inkjet printing technique and the dielectric layers, used to separate the overpasses of the turns, are made by means of SU-8 inkjet printing. Based on the fabrication technology, we achieved a design with a good maximum available gain (MAG) of about -1.765 dB (given the lossy conductive ink) and high self-resonant frequencies of the coils. The MAG indicates that 67% of the input power is received at the output, given appropriate matching. The transformer has an inductance of 6.1 nH and 14.2 nH for the primary and the secondary respectively at 1.4 GHz. The simulated k-factor is equal to 0.49.

The feasibility study of a harmonic RFID chipless sensing tag is presented. The tag sensor is composed by an antenna at f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> = 1.2 GHz, a Schottky diode (HSMS2850), a balanced impedances bridge with a sensing variable element, and a second antenna working at 2f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> = 2.4 GHz. When interrogated with a signal at f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> the tag responds with a signal at 2f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> only when the bridge is unbalanced due to a variation of the sensible impedance value of at least 5 Ω. With this approach the system is energetically autonomous, being activated by the received signal and responds only when there is a change in the sensed quantity. No IC for carrier modulation is required to transfer the information.

Two drift tubes (DTs) chambers of the CMS muon barrel system were exposed to a 40 MHz bunched muon beam at the CERN SPS, and for the first time the whole CMS Level-1 DTs-based trigger system chain was tested. Data at different energies and inclination angles of the incident muon beam were collected, as well as data with and without an iron absorber placed between the two chambers, to simulate the electromagnetic shower development in CMS. Special data-taking runs were dedicated to test for the first time the Track Finder system, which reconstructs track trigger candidates by performing a proper matching of the muon segments delivered by the two chambers. The present paper describes the results of these measurements.

This Report summarizes the results of the activities of the LHC Higgs Cross Section Working Group in the period 2014-2016. The main goal of the working group was to present the state-of-the-art of Higgs physics at the LHC, integrating all new results that have appeared in the last few years. The first part compiles the most up-to-date predictions of Higgs boson production cross sections and decay branching ratios, parton distribution functions, and off-shell Higgs boson production and interference effects. The second part discusses the recent progress in Higgs effective field theory predictions, followed by the third part on pseudo-observables, simplified template cross section and fiducial cross section measurements, which give the baseline framework for Higgs boson property measurements. The fourth part deals with the beyond the Standard Model predictions of various benchmark scenarios of Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, extended scalar sector, Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model and exotic Higgs boson decays. This report follows three previous working-group reports: Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 1. Inclusive Observables (CERN-2011-002), Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 2. Differential Distributions (CERN-2012-002), and Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 3. Higgs properties (CERN-2013-004). The current report serves as the baseline reference for Higgs physics in LHC Run 2 and beyond.

WW scattering is an important process to study electroweak symmetry breaking in the Standard Model at the LHC, in which the Higgs mechanism or other new physics processes must intervene to preserve the unitarity of the process below 1 TeV. This channel is expected to be one of the most sensitive to determine whether the Higgs boson exists. In this paper, the final state with two same sign Ws is studied, with a simulated sample corresponding to the integrated luminosity of 60 fb−1 in pp collision at $\sqrt{s}=10$ TeV. Two observables, the invariant mass of μμ from W decays and the azimuthal angle difference between the two μs, are utilized to distinguish the Higgs boson existence scenario from the Higgs boson absence scenario. A good signal significance for the two cases can be achieved. If we define the separation power of the analysis as the distance, in the log-likelihood plane, of pseudo-experiments outcomes in the two cases, with the total statistics expected from the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the nominal center-of-mass energy of 14 TeV, the separation power will be at the level of 4 σ.

This work introduces a novel idea for wireless energy transfer, proposing for the first time the unit-cell of an indoor localization and RF harvesting system embedded into the floor. The unit-cell is composed by a 5.8 GHz patch antenna surrounded by a 13.56 MHz coil. The coil locates a device and activate the patch which, connected to a power grid, radiates to wirelessly charge the localized device. The HF and RF circuits co-existence and functionality are demonstrated in this paper, the novelty of which is also in the adoption of low cost and most of all ecofriendly materials, such as wood and cork, as substrates for electronics.

In this paper an approach to fully 3D print Radio-Frequency (RF) components and devices, with commercial, low-cost platforms, is presented. The manufacturing methodology and materials are described, while ring resonators and microstrip lines are used to characterize the materials up to 8 GHz. The substrate used is Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), which has been demonstrated to have a permittivity of 2:8 and losses of 0:02, with the printing settings adopted in this work. The metals are made with a low cost copper (Cu) paint, commonly employed in EM shielding; its conductivity is demonstrated to be 1e5 S/m. Results related to a fully 3D printed patch antenna working at 10 GHz, are shown.

Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming a driving paradigm for the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) evolution. This paradigm is not a revolution, yet is a way to look at, use and evolve existing technologies and apply them to new solutions. Among these technologies, Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) and related ones can be certainly considered enabling for IoT. WPT in fact, on the one hand is the core of Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) systems, that represents likely the most promising physical layer communication platform for IoT; on the other hand WPT itself can be a means to power supply “things” and make them independent from grid connection and batteries, especially when massive localized concentration of granular devices can be envisaged, such as, for instance, in the case of “smart surface” implementation, “smart gravel” and so on. Example applications will be showed in this contribution in a comprehensive and holistic way, emphasizing the consistency of the developed technological solutions and architectures with short term and long term constraints and requirements for electronic apparatuses conceived for smart objects. Namely: data acquisition, wireless connectivity (short term), energy autonomy and object compatibility (long term).

This paper demonstrates the feasibility to manufacture high performance radio-frequency passive components on cellulose substrates by exploiting two novel technologies: the vertically integrated inkjet printing and the copper laminate method. Both processes are substrate independent and thus suitable for fabricating circuits on paper as well; moreover, in a future perspective, they can be easily combined together in order to exploit their complementarity. Passive components such as capacitors and inductors, with Qs up to 22, never registered before on cellulose substrates, and Self-Resonant-Frequency (SRF) up to 4 GHz are described. The obtained values of the capacitance and inductance per unit area are 0.8 pF/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 43 nH/mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , respectively.

This article reviews Bretton Woods Institutions' approach to public services, including during the recent COVID-19 crisis. Drawing on the specific case of IMF and World Bank's response to the multiple crisis triggered by the pandemic, it shows that there is a discourse-practice disjuncture in the institutions approach to public services as they continue to favour austerity and market-oriented solutions for the delivery of public services. The article therefore seeks to demystify the Bretton Woods institutions rhetoric and demand the adoption of a different way of understanding public services, and social policy more broadly.

This Letter presents a non-galvanic D-band (110–170 GHz) interconnect realised in embedded wafer level ball grid array (eWLB) packaging technology. The interconnect consists of a patch-radiator-based waveguide transition implemented using one of the technology's redistribution layers. The patch radiates to a WR-6.5 standard waveguide perpendicular to its plane. An electromagnetic band-gap structure realised by metal patches is used to suppress undesired modes and improve the performance of the transition. The proposed solution is experimentally verified, and measurement results show that the transition exhibits an average insertion loss of 2 dB across the frequency range 122–146 GHz which, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, is the lowest reported loss for a D-band packaging solution in eWLB technology and hence addresses one of the main integration challenges facing millimetre-wave systems.

The CMS drift tubes (DT) muon detector, built for withstanding the LHC expected integrated and instantaneous luminosities, will be used also in the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) at a 5 times larger instantaneous luminosity and, consequently, much higher levels of radiation, reaching about 10 times the LHC integrated luminosity. Initial irradiation tests of a spare DT chamber at the CERN gamma irradiation facility (GIF++), at large (∼ O(100)) acceleration factor, showed ageing effects resulting in a degradation of the DT cell performance. However, full CMS simulations have shown almost no impact in the muon reconstruction efficiency over the full barrel acceptance and for the full integrated luminosity. A second spare DT chamber was moved inside the GIF++ bunker in October 2017. The chamber was being irradiated at lower acceleration factors, and only 2 out of the 12 layers of the chamber were switched at working voltage when the radioactive source was active, being the other layers in standby. In this way the other non-aged layers are used as reference and as a precise and unbiased telescope of muon tracks for the efficiency computation of the aged layers of the chamber, when set at working voltage for measurements. An integrated dose equivalent to two times the expected integrated luminosity of the HL-LHC run has been absorbed by this second spare DT chamber and the final impact on the muon reconstruction efficiency is under study. Direct inspection of some extracted aged anode wires presented a melted resistive deposition of materials. Investigation on the outgassing of cell materials and of the gas components used at the GIF++ are underway. Strategies to mitigate the ageing effects are also being developed. From the long irradiation measurements of the second spare DT chamber, the effects of radiation in the performance of the DTs expected during the HL-LHC run will be presented.

This paper presents a 2.4 GHz vector modulator fabricated on mechanically flexible, low-cost, environmentally friendly, celluose-based substrate. This circuit can be adopted either as a digitally controlled target for radars' testing, or, more in general, as an I/Q modulator in RF systems. The system is composed by a directional coupler, two mixers and a Wilkinson divider, all of them designed in microstrip technology and resulting in a (64 × 119) mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> planar device. The modulator functionality is demonstrated by showing the results of a wired test in which the modulator is connected to a signal generator (input), to a spectrum analyzer (output) and digitally controlled by means of an Arduino board.

Data taken by DELPHI during the 1995 and 1996 LEP runs have been used to search for the supersymmetric partners of electron, muon and tau leptons and of top and bottom quarks. The observations are in agreement with standard model predictions. Limits are set on sfermion masses. Searches for long lived scalar leptons from low scale supersymmetry breaking models exclude stau masses below 55 GeV/c2 at the 95% confidence level, irrespective of the gravitino mass.

Searches for a Higgs boson in models beyond the Standard Model at the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider are discussed. No sign of new physics is present in the data collected at 7 and 8 TeV proton center of mass energies. Limits on model parameters are set. Future studies at higher energy are presented.

The design of complex RF devices such as oscillators, amplifiers and mixers requires accurate CAD simulations. Usually these devices are designed by using the “Harmonic Balance” frequency domain technique that calculates the magnitude and phase of voltages (or currents) in a non-linear circuit. The passive part of the sub-system (matching circuits, filters, feeding networks) is simulated exploiting a linear, lumped element equivalent circuit based simulator, usually integrated in the same software suite. In order to improve the overall accuracy of the design method the passive part of the circuit can be optimized by means of EM full-wave simulations. This paper proposes an efficient and accurate approach exploiting the interfacing capabilities of the modern EM software to design an innovative 24 GHz single-balanced diode mixer exploiting cellulose substrate; the ADS Harmonic Balance simulator has been adopted for the non-linear part and the CST Microwave Studio for the passive one.

In the upcoming era of ubiquitous cognition, the capability of gathering, processing, and presenting vast amounts of data captured by spatially distributed sensors in an efficient and low-cost way is as essential as ever. Although a plethora of ultra-low cost but yet powerful and physically small sensors have been demonstrated, only a few of these research efforts have managed to integrate these sensing modules with massive wireless sensor network (WSN) platforms: a sine-qua-non step.

The production of Z bosons via Vector Boson Fusion at the LHC collider at 10 TeV centre-of-mass energy has been studied. The aim is to investigate the possibility to isolate a known Standard Model process to be used as reference for the measurement of the detector performance for the search of the Higgs Boson produced via Vector Boson Fusion. The signal to background ratio has been estimated considering only the dominant sources of background.

The CMS muon barrel drift tubes system has been recently fully installed and commissioned in the experiment. The performance and the current status of the detector are briefly presented and discussed.

This letter deals with microwave noise diodes in avalanche regime. Starting from the model proposed by Hines and Gliden in 1966, the asymptotic excess noise ratio (ENR) expression is derived for ω→0. The developed theory is then validated against ENR measurements of three noise diodes already published in the literature. The agreement between theory and measurements is good and the obtained formula also predicts the 1/I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> behavior of the ENR at low frequencies. This study is relevant because it simplifies the experimental determination of the average time between two ionizations (the Hines τ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> model parameter) by means of low-frequency noise measurements only.

During the High Luminosity LHC, the Drift Tube chambers installed in the CMS detector need to operate with an integrated dose ten times higher than expected at the LHC due to the increase in integrated luminosity from 300 fb-1 to 3000 fb-1. Irradiations have been performed to assess the performance of the detector under such conditions and to characterize the radiation aging of the detector. The presented analysis focuses on the behaviour of the high voltage currents and the dose measurements needed to extrapolate the results to High Luminosity conditions, using data from the photon irradiation campaign at GIF++ in 2016 as well as the efficiency analysis from the irradiation campaign started in 2017. Although the single-wire loss of high voltage gain observed of 70% is very high, the muon reconstruction efficiency is expected to decrease less than 20% during the full duration of High Luminosity LHC in the areas under highest irradiation.

The results on J/ψ production in a Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) experiment at an incident muon energy of 280 GeV are presented. Hydrogen, deuterium, carbon and tin targets were used. It is found that the Colour Singlet (CS) model provides a good description of the measured differential cross sections. In the framework of this model the gluon momentum distribution of free nucleons is extracted from the H2 and D2 data; the result can be parametrised as χG(χ) = η+12(1−χ)η, with η = 5.1±0.9. Cross section ratios for J/ψ production in H2 and D2, R(D2/H2), and in C and Sn, R(Sn/C) are also presented. The ratio R(D2/H2) = 1.01 ± 0.09 is independent of Z and Pt2. A strong dependence on these variables is observed for R(Sn/C).

The final result on the direct search of the Standard Model Higgs at LEP are reviewed. A lower bound on its mass of 114.4 GeV/c2 has been established, at 95% confidence level.

This work introduces a novel concept of Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) for indoor environments and applications. In the proposed system, WPT is combined with a passive, localization system the aim of which is to localize devices to be charged and activate the WPT radiators only in the areas of interest. This allows for the efficiently empowering electronic devices inside the buildings by embedding a grid of RF power radiators (i.e. patch antennas) into the floor. In particular, each unit-cell of the grid is composed by a patch antenna at 2.45 GHz surrounded by a 13.56 MHz coil connected to a HF RFID tag with localization purposes.

Creazione di un sistema di prevenzione per diminuire il rischio in due ambiti e secondo due modalita: per i farmaci in infusione continua, mediata un foglio informatizzato di calcolo della terapia; per tutti i farmaci endovenosi utilizzati in tin, mediante la realizzazione di schede specifiche per ciascun farmaco

The short-range wireless transmission of sensor information finds application in several fields ranging from the monitoring of biological parameters in medicine [1–6], to the measurements of mechanical quantities in industrial applications [7–10] and robot guidance [11]. In the last years several technologies have been developed to this purpose, and the emerging one is based on the Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) concept [12]. This is due to the convergence of several new ideas and approaches like RF energy harvesting [13, 14], RF carrier re-use, the load modulation method, and organic [15–23] and inkjet-printed [24–29] electronics. RF energy harvesting and RF carrier re-use, for example, make possible battery-less (i.e. passive) RFID sensors that can operate for years without any maintenance.

This paper presents a 2.4 GHz vector modulator fabricated on mechanically flexible, low-cost, environmentally friendly, celluose-based substrate. This circuit can be adopted either as a digitally controlled target for radars' testing, or, more in general, as an I/Q modulator in RF systems. The system is composed by a directional coupler, two mixers and a Wilkinson divider, all of them designed in microstrip technology and resulting in a (64 × 119) mm2 planar device. The modulator functionality is demonstrated by showing the results of a wired test in which the modulator is connected to a signal generator (input), to a spectrum analyzer (output) and digitally controlled by means of an Arduino board.