Cristina Fernández Bedoya

We present the design and performance of the On-Board electronics for the Drift Tubes (OBDT) for the superlayer theta along the direction parallel to the beam-line, the new board built to substitute part of the CMS DT Muon on-detector electronics. The OBDT-theta is responsible for the time digitization of the DT chamber signals for the theta view, allowing further tracking and triggering of the barrel muons. It is also in charge of part of the slow-control of the DT chamber inner electronics in the theta view. Prototypes of the OBDT-theta board are under validation in different laboratories in CERN, as well as in demonstrator chambers installed in the CMS experiment. This allows evaluation of the full functionality of the boards in real conditions, showing very satisfactory results.

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment prepares its Phase-2 upgrade for the high-luminosity era of the LHC operation (HL-LHC). Due to the increase of occupancy, trigger latency and rates, the full electronics of the CMS Drift Tube (DT) chambers will need to be replaced. In the new design, the time bin for the digitization of the chamber signals will be of around 1 ns, and the totality of the signals will be forwarded asynchronously to the service cavern at full resolution. The new backend system will be in charge of building the trigger primitives of each chamber. These trigger primitives contain the information at chamber level about the muon candidates position, direction, and collision time, and are used as input in the L1 CMS trigger. The added functionalities will improve the robustness of the system against ageing. An algorithm based on analytical solutions for reconstructing the DT trigger primitives, called Analytical Method, has been implemented both as a software C++ emulator and in firmware. Its performance has been estimated using the software emulator with simulated and real data samples, and through hardware implementation tests. Measured efficiencies are 96 to 98% for all qualities and time and spatial resolutions are close to the ultimate performance of the DT chambers. A prototype chain of the HL-LHC electronics using the Analytical Method for trigger primitive generation has been installed during Long Shutdown 2 of the LHC and operated in CMS cosmic data taking campaigns in 2020 and 2021. Results from this validation step, the so-called Slice Test, are presented.

Abstract We present the design and performance of the On-Board electronics for the Drift Tubes (OBDT) for the superlayer theta along the direction parallel to the beam-line, the new board built to substitute part of the CMS DT Muon on-detector electronics. The OBDT-theta is responsible for the time digitization of the DT chamber signals for the theta view, allowing further tracking and triggering of the barrel muons. It is also in charge of part of the slow-control of the DT chamber inner electronics in the theta view. Prototypes of the OBDT-theta board are under validation in different laboratories in CERN, as well as in demonstrator chambers installed in the CMS experiment. This allows evaluation of the full functionality of the boards in real conditions, showing very satisfactory results.

The powerful muon and tracker systems of the CMS detector together with dedicated reconstruction software allow precise and efficient measurement of muon tracks originating from proton-proton collisions. The standard muon reconstruction algorithms, however, are inadequate to deal with muons that do not originate from collisions. This note discusses the design, implementation, and performance results of a dedicated cosmic muon track reconstruction algorithm, which features pattern recognition optimized for muons that are not coming from the interaction point, i.e., cosmic muons and beam-halo muons. To evaluate the performance of the new algorithm, data taken during Cosmic Challenge phases I and II were studied and compared with simulated cosmic data. In addition, a variety of more general topologies of cosmic muons and beam-halo muons were studied using simulated data to demonstrate some key features of the new algorithm.

On the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment for Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN laboratory, the drift tube chambers are responsible for muon detection and precise momentum measurement. In this paper the first level of the read out electronics for these drift tube chambers is described. These drift tube chambers will be located inside the muon barrel detector in the so-called minicrates (MCs), attached to the chambers. The read out boards (ROBs) are the main component of this first level data acquisition system, and they are responsible for the time digitalization related to Level 1 Accept (L1A) trigger of the incoming signals from the front-end electronics, followed by a consequent data merging to the next stages of the data acquisition system. ROBs' architecture and functionality have been exhaustively tested, as well as their capability of operation beyond the expected environmental conditions inside the CMS detector. Due to the satisfactory results obtained, final production of ROBs and their assembly in the MCs has already started. A total amount of 250 MCs and approximately 1500 ROBs are being produced and tested thoroughly at CIEMAT (Spain). One set of tests, the burn-in tests, will guarantee ten years of limited maintenance operation. An overview of the system and a summary of the different results of the tests performed on ROBs and MCs will be presented. They include acceptance tests for the production chain as well as several validation tests that insure proper operation of the ROBs beyond the CMS detector conditions.

CMS DT electronics upgrade involves laying down 3500 optical links from the CMS experimental cavern to the service cavern, whose lengths must be matched to minimize skew, so that the present upstream electronics can be reused at an initial stage. In order to assess the cables' compliance, a high resolution and cost-effective system has been developed to measure the length uniformity of these fibres. Transit-time oscillation method has been implemented with matched MTP 12-channel fibre optic transmitter and receiver and a Spartan-6 FPGA. After proper corrections and averaging, millimetre-range accuracy has been achieved.

Energy efficiency is coming to the forefront in the architecture, as, apart from the significance of a reduced environmental impact and increased comfort for users, the current energy crisis and economic recession has bumped up the importance of the financial cost of energy.Since the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997, governments all over the world have been trying to reduce part of the CO2 emissions by tackling building "energy inefficiency".In Europe today, the tertiary and housing sectors account for 40.7% of the energy demand, and from 52 to 57% of this energy is spent on interior heating (Willems & Schild, 2008).The new world energy regulations, set out at the European level by the Commission of the European Communities in the First Assessment of National Energy Efficiency Action Plans as required by Directive 2006/32/EC on Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services, (Commission of the European Communities , 2008) indirectly promote an increase in the thickness of outer walls, which, for centuries, have been the only way of properly insulating a building.The use of vacuum insulation panel (VIP) systems in building aims to minimize the thickness of the building's outer skin while optimizing energy performance.The three types of vacuum chamber insulation systems (VIS) most commonly used in the construction industry today -metallized polymer multilayer film (MLF) or aluminium laminated film, double glazing and stainless steel sheet or plate (Willems & Schild, 2006) -, have weaknesses, such as the fragility of the outside protective skin, condensation inside the chamber, thermal bridges at the panel joints, and high cost, all of which have a bearing on on-site construction (Baetens et al., 2010).Apart from overcoming these weaknesses and being a transparent system, the new F²TE³ (free-form, transparent, energy efficient envelope) system that we propose has two added values.The first is the possibility of generating a structural skin or self-supporting façade.The second is the possibility of designing free-form architectural skins.These are research lines that the Pritzker Architecture Prize winners Zaha Hadid, Frank Gehry, Rem Koolhaas, Herzog & de Meuron, among many other renowned architects, are now exploring and implementing.To determine the feasibility of the new envelope system that we propose, we compiled, studied and ran laboratory tests on the materials and information provided by commercial www.intechopen.comEffective Thermal Insulation -The Operative Factor of a Passive Building Model 62 brands.We compared this information to other independent research and scientific trials on VIPs, such as Annex39 (Simmler et al., 2005), and on improved core materials, such as hybrid aerogels and organically modified silica aerogels (Martín et al., 2008), conducted by independent laboratories like Zae Bayern in Germany (Heinemann et al., 2009), the Lawrence Berkley Laboratory at the University of California (Rubin and Lampert, 1982) or the Technical University of Denmark (Jensen et al., 2005).After studying the results, we discovered valuable innovative ideas that we exploited to design the new high energy efficient envelope that should outperform the elements now on the market.The remainder of the chapter is structured as follows.In Section 2 (Research) we explain the rationale of the epistemological study of the system, and how the experimental study combining computer simulations and empirical trials was run.In Section 3 (Experimental study) we describe the design of the proposed envelope system (F²TE³), explaining the solutions adopted in this new system and the improvements on other existing systems.Section 4 (Free-Form, High Energy Performance, Transparent Envelope System (F²TE³) Design) analyses how the F²TE³ system overcomes the weaknesses detected in existing VIP systems.Finally, Section 5 (Conclusion) discusses final conclusions. ResearchToday's architectural vanguard demands a building system such as is proposed in this research: a lightweight, variable geometry, seamless high energy performance system that also permits the passage of natural light and backlighting.No system combing all these features exists as yet, and similar systems are not absolutely free form and translucent, are not seamless and/or have a very limited thermal response.

En este trabajo se realiza el estudio, el diseno y el desarrollo de un sistema de adquisicion de datos especifico para las camaras de deriva del experimento CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid). El experimento CMS es uno de los grandes detectores que se han construido en los puntos de cruce del colisionador LHC (Large Hadron Collider) del CERN. CMS es un detector multiproposito disenado para aprovechar todo el potencial cien tifico del LHC. El espectrometro de muones, y dentro de el, las camaras de deriva, jugara un papel crucial tanto a la hora de proporcionar un sistema de discriminacion de sucesos como a la hora de reconstruir la trayectoria y el momento de los muones resultantes de las colisiones a partir de su informacion temporal, para lo cual es clave disponer de un sistema de lectura fiable. La problematica a resolver es el diseno de un sistema electronico que realice una digitalizacion temporal de alta resolucion de las senales procedentes de las camaras de deriva y procese la informacion de forma rapida y fiable bajo la tasa de datos y de disparo que se tendran bajo las luminosidades sin precedentes del LHC. El diseno de este sistema de adquisicion de datos se ve condicionado no solo por los aspectos funcionales, sino tambien las caracteristicas ambientales impuestas por la operacion en CMS. La descripcion de este sistema de lectura, junto con la justificacion de las distintas caracteristicas impuestas por los requisitos del entorno de operacion que han desembocado en el presente diseno se detallan a lo largo del texto de esta tesis. El sistema de lectura desarrollado esta formado por dos niveles: las tarjetas ROB (Read Out Board), basadas e n un ASIC HPTDC (High Performance Time to Digital Converter), cuya evaluacion forma parte de esta tesis; y las tarjetas ROS (Read Out Server), que estan formadas por una serie de dispositivos logicos programables interconectados para permitir el procesado paralelo e inteligente de la informacion procedente de las tarjetas ROB, garantizando la integridad de los datos y creando un evento sincrono con el resto de los detectores de CMS. El resultado es un sistema adecuado para las necesidades del...

The Electronics for the Drift Tube Chambers (DT) of CMS will be significantly upgraded during the LHC Long Shutdown 3 (LS3).DTs are responsible for the tracking and triggering of muons in the central region of CMS.As a consequence of the higher L1A rate set by HL-LHC, the new CMS Trigger requirements will exceed the present capabilities of the DT on-detector electronics (so called MiniCrate, MiC).For this reason, having also in mind easier electronics maintainability and chamber aging mitigation arguments, DTs will replace all their MiCs during LS3.The phase-2 on detector electronics for DT will consist of a single type of board called OBDT (On Board electronics for Drift Tubes).A full description of the OBDT will be given along with the status of the prototype production and validation tests on the firmware.

To tolerate HL-LHC (High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider) data taking conditions the on detector electronics of the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) DT (Drift Tubes) chambers needs to be replaced during Long Shutdown 3 (LS3). A new system has been designed to comply with the increased occupancy in the chambers and acquisition rate in CMS, extracting maximal performance from the existing chambers, which will remain in place with similar performance. The new architecture ships all the time-digitized chamber hits to the backend where we expect to achieve resolutions comparable to the ones that the CPU-based High Level Trigger can obtain nowadays and allowing combining information across chambers. In this way, the new system will provide improved performance with respect to present system, and in particular it will be more resilient to potential aging degradation. The first prototypes of the HL-LHC electronics for the CMS On detector Board for the Drift Tube chambers (OBDT) have been installed in one sector of DT chambers on the CMS detector and integrated in the central data acquisition and trigger system during LS2. An algorithm for the trigger primitive generation that runs on backend boards used for the DT Phase 1 upgrade (TM7) has been developed and implemented in firmware. They have operated together with the first backend prototypes for timing distribution and slow control. After a months-long data-taking campaign of cosmic rays in the underground cavern, the full chain has been commissioned, showing very good performance as expected from the Phase-2 design. We plan to run this Phase-2 parallel system during collisions in Run 3, which will allow to test final pre-production prototypes under realistic conditions (radiation, magnetic field) and further refine trigger algorithms.

The first layer of the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) DT (Drift Tube) read-out system is built around the ROBs (Read-Out Boards), which are responsible for the time measurement of the chamber signals to allow reconstruction of charged particle tracks with a resolution of per cell.ROB boards have shown an excellent performance during LHC operation and are expected to continue their operation safely during all LHC Phase 1 up to 2022.Present LHC upgrades for Phase 2 foresee an increase of instantaneous luminosity up to which will increase significantly the expected hit rate.Moreover, CMS is studying to increase the Level 1 Accept (L1A) latency of the trigger signal from to to allow including tracking subdetector information into the Level 1 trigger decision and also the L1A frequency from maximum to up to , in order to accommodate the increase of trigger rate due to the higher luminosity.ROB operation under such conditions has been studied and tested in the laboratory and results are presented in this paper.

The DT chambers of the CMS experiment are responsible for muon identification, precise momentum measurement and triggering. After several years of installation and commissioning, the DT system has finally been operated under proton-proton and heavy ions collisions in the LHC at CERN during the 2010 campaign. Operation of the detector and its electronics during this period has been outstanding. More than 99% of the system has been fully operational and the downtime has been below 0.1% throughout the whole year. The operation of the trigger and data acquisition systems during this period has been remarkable. The main results summarizing the performance of the DT detector and its electronics with 2010 collision data are presented. Details about chamber and local trigger efficiency, calibration and synchronization are described, showing how well the challenging design goals have been met.

The CMS Drift Tubes readout system has been upgraded during the 2017-2018 technical stop to a new MicroTCA-based system to deliver the performance required by the increase of LHC luminosity. It comprises 3 µTCA crates with up to 25 boards, each processing 3 sectors from each CMS wheel. The µROS board is built around a Virtex-7 FPGA, and is able to receive 72 input links. The 240-Mbps inputs are deserialized using oversampling and adaptative phase detection. Event building, synchronization, data integrity monitoring and error correction have been implemented. The uROS system is fully operational, taking collision data satisfactorily.

On the CMS experiment for LHC collider at CERN, the drift tube chambers (DT's) are responsible of muon detection and precise momentum measurement. Described in this paper is the first level of the read out electronics for these DT chambers that will be located inside the muon barrel detector in the so-called minicrates (MC), attached to the chambers. The read out boards (ROB) are the main component of this first level data acquisition system, and they are in charge of the time digitalization related to level 1 accept trigger of the incoming signals from the front-end electronics, following a consequent data merging to next stages of the data acquisition chain. Its architecture and functionality has been exhaustively tested, as well as its capability of operation beyond the expected environmental and radiation conditions inside the CMS detector. The satisfactory results obtained have allowed to proceed with ROB final production and its assembly in the MCs. A total amount of 250 MCs and around 1500 ROBs are being produced and tested thoroughly at CIEMAT (Spain), including burn-in tests for guaranteeing ten years of limited maintenance operation. An overview of the system and a summary of the different results of the tests performed on ROB's and MC will be presented. They include acceptance tests for the production chain as well as some validation tests that insured proper operation of the ROB's beyond the CMS detector conditions.