Bibhuti Parida

Current anticancer drug research includes tumor-targeted administration as a critical component because it is the best strategy to boost efficacy and decrease toxicity. Low drug concentration in cancer cells, nonspecific distribution, rapid clearance, multiple drug resistance, severe side effects, and other factors contribute to the disappointing results of traditional chemotherapy. As an innovative technique of treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in recent years, nanocarrier-mediated targeted drug delivery systems can overcome the aforesaid limitations via enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) and active targeting. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor Gefitinib (Gefi) has dramatic effects on hepatocellular carcinoma. Herein, we developed and assessed an αvβ3 integrin receptor targeted c(RGDfK) surface modified liposomes for better targeting selectivity and therapeutic efficacy of Gefi on HCC cells. The conventional and modified Gefi loaded liposomes, i.e., denoted as Gefi-L and Gefi-c(RGDfK)-L, respectively, were prepared through the ethanol injection method and optimized via Box Behnken design (BBD). The FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy verified that the c(RGDfK) pentapeptides had formed an amide bond with the liposome surface. In addition, the particle size, Polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in-vitro Gefi release of the Gefi-L and Gefi-c(RGDfK)-L were measured and analyzed. As indicated by the MTT assay on HepG2 cells, Gefi-c(RGDfK)-L displayed considerably higher cytotoxicity than Gefi-L or Gefi alone. Throughout the incubation period, HepG2 cells took up significantly more Gefi-c(RGDfK)-L than Gefi-L. According to the in vivo biodistribution analysis, Gefi-c(RGDfK)-L accumulated more strongly at the tumor site than Gefi-L and free Gefi. Furthermore, HCC-bearing rats treated with Gefi-c(RGDfK)-L showed a substantial drop in liver marker enzymes (alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and total bilirubin levels) compared to the disease control group. Gefi-c(RGDfK)-L suppresses tumour growth more effectively than Gefi-L and free Gefi, according to an in vivo analysis of their anticancer activities. Thus, c(RGDfK)-surface modified liposomes, i.e., Gefi-c(RGDfK)-L may serve as an efficient carrier for the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs.

In this paper, we report a study of $Z$ boson kinematic distributions in the $Z$+ 1-jet events from proton-proton ($pp$) collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) using Leading-Order (LO) event generators. Three LO event generators, namely Pythia8, Herwig7 and Sherpa2, are explored with the implementation of appropriate Parton Shower (PS) and Matrix Element (ME) corrections. The $Z$ boson is reconstructed from oppositely charged di-lepton pairs ($\mu^+\mu^-$ and $e^+e^-$), and the associate leading jet is reconstructed with the anti-$k_T$ algorithm with radius $r$=0.4. The di-lepton invariant mass, $M_{\ell^+\ell^-}$, and the transverse momentum of the reconstructed $Z$ boson, $p_{T}^Z$, distributions are extensively studied by comparing three of the Monte Carlo (MC) predictions. In addition to this, we also explore several other kinematic distributions associated with the candidate lepton and the jet to distinguish the modelling of the LO event generators in depth. Furthermore, various showering modules within these event generators are explored for $Z$ + 1-jet production. While the three of these MC frameworks reproduce the $Z$ + 1-jet kinematics similarly, certain discrepancies in their predictions are identified in some variables. We analyzed them using different statistical tests. The best match of the $p_{T}^Z$ spectra was found between the Pythia8 and Sherpa2 results.

A model for pion diffractive dissociation as a two-stage process is examined, where first the pion breaks up to $q\overline{q}$ system, followed by the hadronization of this quark-antiquark system. This model appears to be consistent with the present experimental data. Implications of this hypothesis for a study of quark-antiquark jets is suggested.

On the basis of a field-theoretic quark model proposed recently, the width of ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}(3770)$ has been calculated in terms of quark-model parameters. This has been utilized to obtain $\ensuremath{\sigma}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}D\overline{D})$ around the center-of-mass energy corresponding to the ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ resonance, where also the effect of $\ensuremath{\psi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ as intermediate states for $D\overline{D}$ production has been included. With ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{ee}}({\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}})$ as a free parameter, the results of the calculations have been compared with the experimental results. ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\mathrm{ee}}$ appears to be smaller than earlier estimates.

We consider here diffractive dissociation processes like $A+B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}A+X$ in a field-theoretic quark model with a phenomenological current-current interaction in quark space used earlier for discussing diffraction scattering in the same model. The process $A+B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}A+X$ is interpreted as being diffractive for the hadron $A$ with correlation to the form factor of $A$, and is incoherent for the hadron $B$ with correlation to the structure function of $B$. These assumptions in the quark model yield that the cross sections $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}}d{M}^{2}$ have the same structure as is otherwise derived on the basis of the more established triple-Pomeron coupling, which could probably be partly anticipated since the Pomeron corresponds to a spin-1 object with vacuum quantum numbers. The results are compared with experiments, and broad agreement at high energies is observed. With these ideas, in the region of small mass of the dissociated system, the contributions to the cross section from diffractive dissociation and from diffractive production of resonances can be separated, where a limitation for the incoherent scattering in quark-parton models is used.

We develop a nonperturbative technique in field theory to study properties of infinite nuclear matter at zero temperature as well as at finite temperatures. Here we dress the nuclear matter with off–mass shell pions. The techniques of thermofield dynamics are used for finite temperature calculations. Equation of state is derived from the dynamics of the interacting system in a self consistent manner. The transition temperature for nuclear matter appears to be around 15 MeV.

The GRAPES-3 experiment consists of a large area (560 2 ) muon telescope consisting of 3712 proportional counters of each dimension of 6m x 0.1m x 0.1m.A similar muon telescope next to the existing one is under construction.The new muon telescope is designed to have a 70% larger field of view (2.3 sr to 3.9 sr) as compared to the existing one.One of the 16 modules of the new muon telescope has been made operational.The energy threshold is 0.5 GeV for vertically incident muons.We present the measurements of integrated muon flux and the angular distributions and compare with the prediction from simulations.

The GRAPES-3 extensive air shower consisting of a dense scintillator array and a 560 m square area tracking muon detector is designed to study the cosmic ray energy spectrum and composition over the knee region. Another muon telescope similar to the existing one is under construction and is expected to be operational within a year's time since the muon content is a sensitive parameter of the cosmic Ray primary composition, with the doubling of the area of the expanded muon detector, the mass separation of the different primary composition rays is expected to be improved at low energy when the muon density is low. Here we present our simulation studies of the sensitivity of the expanded muon telescope to the primary composition over 10-100 TeV. We used Corsika for shower simulation and GEANT-4 for simulating the detector response.

We consider here the energy dependence of different inclusive and semi-inclusive processes in the quark-cascade jet model for hadron production. The corresponding integral equations for inclusive quark fragmentation functions are derived. The energy dependence of individual multiplicities for quark-antiquark jets is also discussed. The results are calculated with different primordial quark fragmentation functions and compared with experiments. It is further suggested that the diffractive dissociation of mesons may also be possible examples of hadronization of high-energy quark-antiquark pairs corresponding to the invariant mass of the dissociated hadrons and this hypothesis is examined in the context of the present model. There is general agreement with the experimental results when the energies are not too high.

We consider the neutron matter quark matter phase transition along with possible existence of hybrid quark stars. The equation of state for neutron matter is obtained using a nonperturbative method with pion dressing of the neutron matter and an analysis similar to that of symmetric nuclear matter. The quark matter sector is treated perturbatively in the small distance domain. For bag constant $B^{1/4}$=148 MeV, a first order phase transition is seen. In the context of neutron quark hybrid stars, Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations are solved using the equations of state for quark matter and for neutron matter with a phase transition as noted earlier. Stable solutions for such stars are obtained with the Chandrasekhar limit as 1.58 $M_\odot$ and radius around 10 km. The bulk of the star is quark matter with a thin crust of neutron matter of less than a kilometer.

We consider here quark-diquark hadronization for different processes in an integrated manner in a quark-cascade jet-production model proposed recently. With a simple primordial diquark fragmentation function, related to the baryon signal, the model is found to yield reasonable results for average charged multiplicities along with some observed semi-inclusive and exclusive cross sections. Further, we also find a clear indication that at higher energies as well as for larger multiplicities, the quark-cascade jet-production model becomes inadequate and is to be supplemented by other dynamical mechanisms which increase the multiplicity.

A search for dark matter (DM) particles production in association with a hadronically decaying W/Z/Z with 36.1fb-1 of pp collision data at a center-of-mass energy of √ s = 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector is presented.No significant excess over the Standard Model prediction is observed.The results of the mono-W/Z search are interpreted in terms of limits on the invisible Higgs boson decays into dark matter particles, constraints on the parameter space of the simplified vector-mediator model and generic upper limits on the visible cross sections for the W /Z + DM production.The results of the mono-Z search are presented in the frame of several simplifiedmodel scenarios involving the DM production in association with the Z boson.

The p + p (proton + proton) collisions are important to understand particle production mechanism in partonic collisions and are also used as baseline for heavy ion collisions. We present systematic study of meson spectra in p + p collisions at LHC energies (√s = 0.9, 2.76 and 7.0 TeV). We also studied the transverse mass (m T ) spectra of pion and kaon for p + p collisions at all above mentioned energies. In an earlier study [1], it was shown that all the mesons produced in p + p and d + Au collisions at √s NN = 200 GeV follow m T scaling while in Au + Au collisions at same energy the mesons with strange and charm quark contents do not follow m T scaling which can be attributed to medium modifications. Here we fit all pion spectra with Hagedorn distribution and extract all the output parameters from the fitting. Then we fit kaon spectra using m T scaling with the help of those extracted fitting parameters along with a normalizing factor. We observed that m T scaling in case of kaon is valid in p + p collisions at LHC energies. The normalizing factor of kaon with respect to pion (K/π) is almost constant in all energies . This study is important for the observation of strangeness enhancement in heavy ion collisions, which is an important probe of quark gluon plasma (QGP). It is also used as a baseline for the study of medium modifications in heavy ion collisions. Kaon spectra provides a unique opportunity to identify new flavor and CP violating interactions beyond the Standard Model (SM).

Abstract A modified concept tree graph technique is used to identify the alternative conceptions that pupils have of the interrelation between concepts in the domain of ‘reflection of light’. A comparative study of the alternative conceptions of pupils and teachers is performed. The conceptual gaps, between the formal concepts and the personal concepts thus identified, are discussed. The change in alternative conceptions over time is also analysed. The potential of this technique for future research is briefly reviewed.

In order to track and comprehend the academic achievement of students, both private and public educational institutions devote a significant amount of resources and labour. One of the difficult issues that institutes deal with on a regular basis is understanding the exam shortcomings of students. The performance of a student is influenced by a variety of factors, including attendance, attentiveness in class, understanding of concepts taught, the teachers ability to deliver the material effectively, timely completion of home assignments, and the concern of parents and teachers for guiding the student through the learning process. We propose a data driven approach that makes use of Machine Learning techniques to generate a classifier called credit score that helps to comprehend the learning journeys of students and identify activities that lead to subpar performances. This would make it easier for educators and institute management to create guidelines for system development to increase productivity. The proposal to use credit score as progress indicator is well suited to be used in a Learning Management System. In this article, we demonstrate the proof of the concept under simplified assumptions using simulated data.

We present a searchParida, Bibhuti for Dark Matter (DM) particles production in the mono- $$W/Z(q\bar{q})$$ channel using pp collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of $$\sqrt{s}$$ = 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.1 $$\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$$ , recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). No significant excess over the Standard Model (SM) prediction is observed. The search results are interpreted in terms of limits on invisible Higgs boson decays into DM particles, constraints on the parameter space of the simplified vector-mediator model and generic upper limits on the visible cross section for $$W/Z +$$ DM production.