Angshuman Saha

Objectives: Increased iron deposition in the brain may occur in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD). Iron deposits shorten T2 relaxation times on T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. Iron-dependent contrast increases with magnetic field strength. We hypothesized that T2 mapping using 3 T MR imaging (MRI) can disclose differences between normal controls and AD subjects. Methods: High-resolution brain imaging protocols were developed and applied to 24 AD patients and 20 age-matched controls using 3 T MRI. Eight anatomical regions of interest were manually segmented, and T2 histograms were computed. A visual analysis technique, the heat map, was modified and applied to the large image data sets generated by these protocols. Results: A large number (163) of features from these histograms were examined, and 38 of these were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the groups. In the hippocampus, evidence was found for AD-related increases in iron deposition (shortened T2) and in the concentration of free tissue water (lengthened T2). Imaging of a section of postmortem brain before and after chemically extracting the iron established the presence of MRI-detectable iron in the hippocampus, cortex, and white matter in addition to brain regions traditionally viewed as containing high iron concentrations.

Introduction: Water exchange (WE) and caP-assisted colonoscopy independently reduced insertion pain in unsedated colonoscopy. In pilot investigation, WE combined with cap (WECAC) lowered insertion pain. We hypothesize that real-time maximum insertion pain (RTMIP) is significantly lower in unsedated Veterans in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of WECAC vs. WE. Methods: Veterans across 3 sites presenting for unsedated colonoscopy were recruited, randomized and examined by 9 colonoscopists. Demographic and patient characteristics were recorded. Subjects were blinded to method. The highest segmental pain (0=no pain, 9=worst pain) during insertion yielded the RTMIP. RTMIP was analyzed with logistic regression using binarized (0 or 1) RTMIP score with a threshold of 0.5 (“no pain” vs. “some pain”) and 7.5 (“no or manageable pain” vs. “severe pain”) as the dependent variable. p < 0.05 was significant. Results: Screening (84), surveillance (180) and FIT+ (13) cases were included. WE (135) and WECAC (142) were successful in 93% and 92%, respectively. Failure was due to poor preparation (9), stricture (1), technical difficulty (3) and other (2). Table 1A shows racial/ethnic distributions. The mean RTMIP was low in both groups and did not differ (Table 1B). Logistic regression revealed LA & SAC site (P=0.0058), high volume of water infused (P=0.0111) and suctioned (P=0.0241) were significantly associated with no pain. Low body mass index (P=0.0124), poor self-reported health (P=0.0165), and low weight (P=0.0176) were significantly associated with “severe pain”. Colonoscopy method was not significant for any RTMIP cutoff. Adenoma detection rates and adenomas per colonoscopy were satisfactorily high in both groups (Table 1B). Conclusion: In a single (patient) blinded multicenter RCT, WE and WECAC similarly yielded high success and low RTMIP in a racially diverse group of male and female Veterans. This study attests to both the feasibility of unsedated colonoscopy in those without escort and its utility in providing alternative option and access to Veterans who would otherwise have to forgo colonoscopy, including for urgent indications (e.g., FIT+). Intention-to-treat analysis showed high success rates and high adenoma detection rates ( >45%), consistent with quality examinations. Suction of all infused water during insertion (as original WE) is associated with pain reduction and addition of a cap does not further reduce it. Inadequate water exchange and patient specific factors contribute to high RTMIP. Table 1. - A. Racial/Ethnic Distribution. B: Real Time Maximum Insertion Pain and Adenoma Detection A. LA PA SAC Count 126 101 50 Age 67.7 (7.02) 68.5 (7.03) 64.5 (11.43) Male 119 (94.4%) 97 (96%) 50 (100%) Female 7 (5.6%) 4 (4%) 0 (0%) White 84 (66.7%) 73 (72.3%) 30 (62.5%) African American 33 (26.2%) 15 (14.9%) 13 (27.1%) Asian 4 (3.2%) 5 (5%) 5 (10.4%) Native American / Alaska Native 0 (0%) 1 (1%) 0 (0%) Hawaiian / Pacific Islander 0 (0%) 6 (5.9%) 0 (0%) Other 5 (4%) 1 (1%) 0 (0%) Hispanic 22 (17.5%) 8 (7.9%) 2 (4.1%) Non-Hispanic 104 (82.5%) 93 (92.1%) 47 (95.9%) B. WE n=135 WECAC n=142 p Overall RTMIP mean (SD) 2.6 (2.4) 2.9 (2.5) 0.890* Binarized RTMIP Method was not significant predictor for any cutoff* Overall adenoma detection rate, n (%) 76 (55.1%) 69 (48.3%) 0.2527** Adenoma per colonoscopy, mean (SD) 0.9 (1.03) 0.8 (0.98) 0.1867*** WE, water exchange; WECAC, water exchange plus cap; LA, Los Angeles; PA, Palo Alto; SAC, Sacramento. Data mean (SD). RTMIP (0=no pain; 9=worst pain).*p, logistic regression of the binarized RTMIP, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test. **Chi square; ***t test. (Supported by VA Merit Review Research Funds).

A sensitive, accurate and precise method was developed and validated for the trace level determination of 75As, 111Cd, 201Hg, and 208Pb in Cephalopods using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The selectivity and linearity, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery study, repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility, Horwitz ratio (HORRAT), measurement uncertainty and fitness of purpose of the method were determined. The LOD for 75As, 111Cd, 201Hg, and 208Pb were found to be 14.68, 12.70, 5.13, and 2.74 µg/kg respectively whereas, the LOQ obtained were 48.94, 42.33, 17.11 and 9.13 µg/kg respectively. The relative standard deviation for the repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility for all determined trace elements were below 3 and 16%, respectively. The HORRATr and HORRATR values of repeatability and reproducibility were lower than 2. Furthermore, the recovery values of the spiked samples ranged from 81.79 to 101.67%. These results complied with the performance criteria established by Council Regulation (EC) 333/2007 and the clause 5.4.5.2, ISO/IEC 17025:2005. Therefore, the procedure is implemented for the routine analysis to determine trace level quantification of 75As, 111Cd, 201Hg, and 208Pb in Cephalopods.

Introduction: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is defined as excessively heavy, prolonged, or frequent bleeding of uterine origin that is not due to pregnancy or any recognizable pelvic or systemic cause. It is a common problem in the women in the age of 30-50 years. The incidence increases as age advances till menopause. It is also seen in perimenarchal and perimenopausal age group. Objectives:1) To study endometrial cytomorphology in cases of DUB.2) To study correlation of different clinical presentation and clinical finding with histopathology.3) To correlate age and parity with histopathological finding.4) To study incidence of various hyperplasia in women with DUB.Material and methods: The study was done during January 2014 to December 2015. During this period a total of 205 cases were studied. In this study endometrium specimen (specimens) were obtained by Dilatation & Curettage and hysterectomy. Sections were stained by H&E stain and histopathological examination was done. strong>Result & Conclusion: Maximum numbers of DUB patients were in the age group 31-40 years. Most common presenting complaint was menorrhagia. Most of patients with DUB shows proliferative phase with hyperplastic pattern. Simple hyperplasia was more common than complex and atypical hyperplasia. As age advances, the incidence of hyperplasia also increased. Parity has no influence on endometrial pattern in DUB.

Power generation from wind farms is known to be uncertain due to its dependence on an uncontrollable natural resource, the wind. While it is well known that wind speeds and the system availability are the two chief sources of uncertainty in wind farm yield estimation, other features like the cross-correlation between wind speeds at different turbines (spatial correlations) and correlation of turbine availability to its wind speed, can add to the error in AEP calculation. In this paper we present a simulation model for evaluating the uncertainties in power production on a wind farm due to various features of wind speed and turbine availbility.

A unilateral double testicle is a rare anomaly characterized by migration of one testicle towards the opposite inguinal canal. The commonest erratic development is the more or less incomplete descent of the testicle along the normal route of descent, which is known as cryptorchidism. In ectopia of the testicles, as opposed to cryptorchidism, the displaced testicle does not descend along the usual route but as it migrates downwards it moves into an entirely abnormal position. Usually the migrating testicle remains on its own side of the body but may end up in an unusual position e.g. in the superficial tissue of the inguinal region above the external ring, in the area of the base of the penis, in the upper part of the thigh, in the region of perineum or in the pelvic cavity. In this case, the right and left testicles were found to descend together on the right side, whereas the left side of the scrotum was entirely empty. The case was treated with 'Bilateral Transeptal Subdartos Orchidopexy'. The case reported here is evidently one of extreme rarity as there are about 148 reported cases since the first described by Von Lenhossek in1886. Key words: Cryptorchidism; Testicle; Ectopia; Orchidopexy; CTE. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v6i2.9214 FMCJ 2011; 6(2): 110-112

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a member of the non-Langerhans cell group of histiocytic proliferative disorders. It is a benign cutaneous fibrohistiocytic lesion most often affecting infants and young children. Juvenile xanthogranuloma is rare in adults, in whom the peak incidence is in the late twenties to early thirties and most adult patients have solitary lesions. A 55 year-old male presented with multiple disseminated cutaneous eruption that started almost a decade ago on the trunk and 7 years ago on the face. The lesions were asymptomatic and followed a slowly progressive course. Cutaneous examination revealed numerous well demarcated, firm, rubbery brownish yellow non tender papulo-nodular lesions of different sizes over the face, neck, and front of the trunk. There were few lesions on the upper extremities, predominantly over the elbows. A differential diagnosis of eruptive xanthoma, xanthogranuloma, histiocytosis and neurofibroma was considered. Skin biopsies were taken and sent for histopathological examination. The diagnosis of multiple xanthogranulomas in an adult was made based on the clinical picture and histopathological findings. We describe a classic, rather an unusual clinical presentation in an adult highlighting the wide variation in presentation and the importance of considering this entity in the differential diagnosis of multiple benign eruptive lesions in an adult.

Breast carcinoma is one of the leading causes of malignancy in females. Diagnosis of breast carcinoma is often made by fine needle aspiration biopsy. The main purpose of fine needle biopsy of breast lumps is to confirm cancer preoperatively and to avoid unnecessary surgery in specific benign conditions. Aims & Objectives 1. To diagnose any palpable breast lump in females by cytology. 2. To study the accuracy of FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology) in diagnosing various breast lumps in females. 3. To confirm cytological diagnosis by doing histopathologic study in cases possible and obtain cytohistopathological correlation. Materials & Methods:This study was conducted on all the patients referred to the Department of Pathology for FNAC and histopathological examination of palpable breast lumps in K.V.G Medical College and Hospital, Sullia ‘between’ September 2013 to October 2014. A FNAC was performed and cytological findings were recorded. After this, the patients were subjected to open/excision biopsy. Later diagnostic accuracy of cytology reporting was compared with that of histopathological study. Results: We have accuracy of 100% for benign lesions and 95.45% for malignant lesions. The sensitivity for FNAC in diagnosing the palpable breast lump is 95.45%, specificity is 100%, positive predictive value is 100%, negative predictive value is 97.06% and diagnostic accuracy is 98.18%. Conclusion: Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a technique utilized in the diagnosis of palpable breast masses owing to its distinct advantages of being sensitive and specific, expedient, economical and safe.

Trichinosis (also called Trichinellosis) is a zoonotic infection caused by the larvae of roundworm species Trichinella spiralis. The disease is caused by consuming raw or undercooked pork and wild genome infected with the larvae of roundworm species. It is a serious condition prevalentin many regions of the world. The disease commonly involves the gastrointestinal tract and muscle tissue, followed by the central nervous system. The parotid gland, however, is a rare site of this disease. Hence, we present a case of Trichinellosis, involving the parotid gland (a rare site). Case report:A 32 yr old female presented with painless swelling of the right parotid gland. She was treated initially with antibiotics butshowedno improvement. The microscopic examination of FNA aspirated material corresponded to a cystic inflammatory process. The parotid tumor was surgically removed. Histopathological study of the cystic lesion revealed the presence of the parasite Trichinella spiralis and hence it was diagnosed as Trichinellosis of the parotid gland.

Forensic identification of mutilated and fragmented body parts is a critical part of forensic investigation. Stature is a major criterion of identification and provides useful clues to the investigating agency. There are established correlations of stature with body parts such as extremities, head, trunk, vertebral column, etc. This study was formulated to find out the correlation between maximum head length and maximum head breadth with stature in humans and to calculate a regression equation to determine stature from the head length and head breadth at Kolkata Police Morgue attached to the Upgraded Department of Forensic and State Medicine, Medical College, Kolkata. It is a cross-sectional, observational study. Total 32 deceased subjects (n= 32, m=26 f=6) were selected for the study depending on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Maximum head length and breadth were measured in each using spreading calipers and stature was measured using standard autopsy procedures. The results were tabulated in an excel spreadsheet and analyzed using Stat Cal C software and SSS (online). The mean, stature of the study population was 162.54 cm, head length 17.78 cm, and head breadth 13.75. cm r = 0.473 (head length, p &lt;0.006) , 0.181 (head breadth, p &lt;0.321). Regression equations: stature = 3.83 × head length + 94.43; 2.09 × head breadth + 133.69 and 3.76 × head length + 0.29 × head breadth +91.60. Head length and head breadth were correlated with stature. Regression equations can be used to estimate stature in forensic cases from head length and breadth.